732:
546:
439:
754:
33:
532:
475:
with few or no changes. This postponed the redesign and tooling costs of these components. Single-point injection was used extensively on
American-made passenger cars and light trucks during 1980–1995, and in some European cars in the early and mid-1990s. In the US, the G10 engine in the 2000 Chevrolet Metro became the last engine available on an American-sold vehicle to use throttle body injection.
776:
487:(also called an ante-chamber) that is connected to the main one. The fuel is injected only into the pre-chamber (where it begins to combust), and not directly into the main combustion chamber. Therefore, this principle is called indirect injection. There exist several slightly different indirect injection systems that have similar characteristics.
708:
engine in 1952. This mechanically-controlled system was essentially a specially lubricated high-pressure diesel direct-injection pump of the type that is governed by the vacuum behind an intake throttle valve. A Bosch mechanical direct-injection system was also used in the straight-eight used in the
212:
Direct injection means that the fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder. The air and fuel are mixed only inside the combustion chamber. Therefore, only air is sucked into the engine during the intake stroke. The injection scheme is always intermittent (either sequential or
574:
copied
Brayton's air-blast injection system for the diesel engine, but also improved it. He increased the air blast pressure from 4–5 kp/cm (390–490 kPa) to 65 kp/cm (6,400 kPa). In the meantime, the first manifold injection system was designed by Johannes Spiel in 1884, while
474:
to comply with tightening regulations while providing better "driveability" (easy starting, smooth running, no engine stuttering) than could be obtained with a carburettor. Many of the carburettor's supporting components—such as the air filter, intake manifold, and fuel line routing—could be used
618:
aircraft engine (the world's first V8 engine) was another early four-stroke engine that used manifold injection. The first petrol engine with direct-injection was a two-stroke aircraft engine designed by Otto Mader in 1916. Another early spark-ignition engine to use direct-injection was the 1925
594:
at high pressure to an injector. Another development in early diesel engines was the pre-combustion chamber, which was invented in 1919 by
Prosper l'Orange to avoid the drawbacks of air-blast injection systems. The pre-combustion chamber made it feasible to produce engines in size suitable for
874:
to calculate the amount of fuel required. L-Jetronic was widely adopted on
European cars during the 1970s and 1980s. As a system that uses electronically-controlled fuel injectors which open and close to control the amount of fuel entering the engine, the L-Jetronic system uses the same basic
216:
This can be done either with a blast of air or hydraulically, with the latter method being more common in automotive engines. Typically, hydraulic direct injection systems spray fuel into the air inside the cylinder or combustion chamber. Direct injection can be achieved with a conventional
253:), and then sent through tubing to the injectors, which inject it into the combustion chamber. The accumulator has a high-pressure relief valve to maintain pressure and return the excess fuel to the fuel tank. The fuel is sprayed with the help of a nozzle that is opened and closed with a
717:
sports car. However the engine suffered lubrication problems due to petrol diluting the engine oil, and subsequent
Mercedes-Benz engines switched to a manifold injection design. Likewise, most petrol injection systems prior to the 2000s used the less-expensive manifold injection design.
862:
system, which used a continuous flow of fuel from the injectors (rather than the pulsed flow of the D-Jetronic system). K-Jetronic was a mechanical injection system, using a plunger actuated by the intake manifold pressure which then controlled the fuel flow to the injectors.
450:, rather than at a central point within an intake manifold. Typically, multi-point injected systems use multiple fuel injectors, but some systems, such as GM's central port injection system, use tubes with poppet valves fed by a central injector instead of multiple injectors.
86:) became available in the late 1930s and early 1940s, being the first fuel-injected engines for passenger car use. In passenger car petrol engines, fuel injection was introduced in the early 1950s and gradually gained prevalence until it had largely replaced
953:
introduced in 2000. However, the stratified charge systems were largely no longer in use by the late 2010s, due to increased exhaust emissions of NOx gasses and particulates, along with the increased cost and complexity of the systems.
942:
model. Since the 2010s, many petrol engines have switched to direct-injection (sometimes in combination with separate manifold injectors for each cylinder). Similarly, many modern diesel engines use a common-rail design.
364:, used in some diesel engines from the 1960s to the 1980s, sprayed the fuel onto the walls of the combustion chamber, as opposed to most other direct-injection systems which spray the fuel into the middle of the chamber.
1647:
105:
The term "fuel injection" is vague and comprises various distinct systems with fundamentally different functional principles. Typically, the only thing all fuel injection systems have in common is a lack of
391:. In a manifold injection system, air and fuel are mixed outside the combustion chamber so that a mixture of air and fuel is sucked into the engine. The main types of manifold injections systems are
470:. As in a carburetted induction system, the fuel is mixed with the air before entering the intake manifold. Single-point injection was a relatively low-cost way for automakers to reduce
410:
design. In a continuous injection system, fuel flows at all times from the fuel injectors, but at a variable flow rate. The most common automotive continuous injection system is the
2164:
161:
Several early mechanical injection systems used relatively sophisticated helix-controlled injection pump(s) that both metered fuel and created injection pressure. Since the 1980s,
950:
903:
single-point fuel injection system, introduced in 1980, was another early digital fuel injection system. These and other electronic manifold injection systems (using either
742:
1141:
Richard van
Basshuysen (ed.): Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
858:. The system was a speed/density system, using engine speed and intake manifold air density to calculate the amount of fuel to be injected. In 1974, Bosch introduced the
1066:
700:
The first mass-produced petrol direct-injection system was developed by Bosch and initially used in small automotive two-stroke petrol engines. Introduced in the 1950
217:
helix-controlled injection pump, unit injectors, or a sophisticated common-rail injection system. The latter is the most common system in modern automotive engines.
1307:
Kurt Lohner, Herbert MĂĽller (auth): Gemischbildung und
Verbrennung im Ottomotor, in Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine, Band 6, Springer, Wien 1967,
922:(i.e. the injectors located at the intake ports or throttle body, instead of inside the combustion chamber). This began to change when the first mass-produced
911:) became more widespread through the 1980s, and by the early 1990s they had replaced carburettors in most new petrol-engined cars sold in developed countries.
142:
The fundamental functions of a fuel injection system are described in the following sections. In some systems, a single component performs multiple functions.
2262:
GĂĽnter P. Merker, RĂĽdiger
Teichmann (ed.): Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik, 7th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2014,
126:
injection). Internal mixture formation systems can be separated into several different varieties of direct and indirect injection, the most common being the
2298:
808:
option, consisting of a fuel injection system for the V8 engine in the
Chevrolet Corvette. During the 1960s, fuel injection systems were also produced by
2238:
623:, designed by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman. This engine could run on a variety of fuels (such as oil, kerosene, petrol or diesel oil) and used a
681:
had switched from traditional carburettors to fuel-injection (called "pressure carburettors" at the time), however these engines used throttle body
150:
Fuel injection is operated by spraying pressurised fuel into the engine. Therefore a device to pressurise the fuel is needed, such as a fuel pump.
673:. The German direct-injection systems were based on diesel injection systems used by Bosch, Deckel, Junkers and l'Orange. By around 1943, the
200:
Fuel injectors which also control the metering are called "injection valves", while injectors that perform all three functions are called
2171:
713:
Formula One racing car. The first four-stroke direct-injection petrol engine for a passenger car was released the following year, in the
2058:
483:
In indirect-injected diesel engines (as well as Akroyd engines), there are two combustion chambers: the main combustion chamber, and a
827:
system was introduced, which used analogue electronics for the control system. The
Electrojector was intended to be available for the
122:
system. There exist two types of manifold injection systems: multi-point injection (or port injection) and single-point injection (or
645:
diesel engine (using a precombustion chamber) became one of the first fuel-injected engines used in a mass-production passenger car.
422:, in which fuel is injected to the cylinders in groups, without precise synchronization to any particular cylinder's intake stroke;
2291:
1283:
130:
system, a variety of direct injection. The term "electronic fuel injection" refers to any fuel injection system controlled by an
599:
presented the first direct-injected diesel engine for trucks in 1924. Higher pressure diesel injection pumps were introduced by
2121:
2866:
2267:
2225:
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2151:
2015:
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system, introduced in 1974 and used until the mid-1990s by various car manufacturers. Intermittent injection systems can be
566:
obtained a patent on an internal combustion engine that used a pneumatic fuel injection system, also invented by Brayton:
235:
or indirect fuel injection. Use of direct injection in petrol engines has become increasingly common in the 21st century.
2284:
1961:
446:
Multi-point injection (also called 'port injection') injects fuel into the intake ports just upstream of each cylinder's
158:
The system must determine the appropriate amount of fuel to be supplied and control the fuel flow to supply this amount.
2805:
1161:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.): Handbuch Dieselmotoren, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2018,
1121:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.): Handbuch Dieselmotoren, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2018,
1104:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.): Handbuch Dieselmotoren, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2018,
1648:"1933 Kenworth Cummins Diesel – The First American Production Diesel Truck And With The First Vertical Exhaust Stack"
1468:
1245:
Hellmut Droscha (ed.): Leistung und Weg – Zur Geschichte des MAN-Nutzfahrzeugbaus, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1991,
1228:
Hellmut Droscha (ed.): Leistung und Weg – Zur Geschichte des MAN-Nutzfahrzeugbaus, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1991,
1187:
1074:
583:
847:
offered the Electrojector system, becoming the first cars known to use an electronic fuel injection (EFI) system.
2960:
832:
2483:
796:
had begun developing a fuel injection system in 1941 and by 1956 it was used in the Jaguar racing cars. At the
2722:
1832:
831:
mid-size car, however reliability problems meant that the fuel injection option was not offered. In 1958, the
2780:
2246:
494:
17:
792:
Throughout the 1950s, several manufacturers introduced their manifold injection systems for petrol engines.
2364:
978:
823:
Up until this time, the fuel injection systems had used a mechanical control system. In 1957, the American
82:), use fuel injection of one kind or another. Mass-produced diesel engines for passenger cars (such as the
850:
The Electrojector patents were subsequently sold to Bosch, who developed the Electrojector into the Bosch
2251:
895:
is controlled by the same device as the fuel injection system) was the first mass-produced system to use
110:. There are two main functional principles of mixture formation systems for internal combustion engines:
90:
by the early 1990s. The primary difference between carburetion and fuel injection is that fuel injection
1324:
1997 Chevrolet Truck Service Manual, page 6A-24, drawing, item (3) Central Sequential Muliport injector.
499:
2955:
2307:
1040:
731:
545:
48:
185:
that performs the final stage in the delivery of fuel into the engine. The injector is located in the
2916:
2830:
2795:
2775:
2727:
2635:
871:
471:
2911:
2752:
2461:
2218:
Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
1786:
Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
1765:
Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
1695:
Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
1627:
Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
1556:
Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
1439:
Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
797:
624:
931:
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principle whereby fuel is injected towards the end of the compression stroke, then ignited with a
2686:
983:
923:
914:
The aforementioned injection systems for petrol passenger car engines - except for the 1954-1959
226:
1935:
2508:
2625:
2466:
2066:
1905:
484:
438:
269:
250:
244:
973:
430:, in which the engine control unit can adjust the injection for each cylinder individually.
313:
This injection method was previously used in many diesel engines. Types of systems include:
249:
In a common rail system, fuel from the fuel tank is supplied to a common header (called the
118:
mixture formation. A fuel injection system that uses external mixture formation is called a
2620:
2392:
2239:"Mitsubishi Motors Adds World First V6 3.5-liter GDI Engine to Ultra-efficiency GDI Series"
884:
824:
642:
83:
56:
657:, several petrol engines for aircraft used direct-injection systems, such as the European
586:
became the first engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system. This design, called a
8:
2770:
2668:
2398:
896:
804:
entries using a Lucas fuel injection system. Also in 1957, General Motors introduced the
714:
662:
648:
567:
350:
261:
166:
131:
2088:
2691:
2488:
1738:
1016:
Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen fĂĽr Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen
988:
710:
674:
596:
378:
186:
119:
1962:"Automobiles: Races; Everybody Manages to Win Something at the Daytona Beach Contests"
458:
Single-point injection (also called 'throttle-body injection') uses one injector in a
165:
have been used to control the metering of fuel. More recent systems use an electronic
2493:
2433:
2384:
2263:
2221:
2200:
2147:
2011:
1789:
1768:
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52:
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2536:
2523:
1806:
1730:
805:
793:
738:
705:
690:
658:
620:
934:
V6 engine. The first common-rail system for a passenger car diesel engine was the
2896:
2607:
2456:
2413:
2036:
1486:
A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From Earliest Records to 2000
892:
878:
694:
693:
engine from 1941. In 1943, a low-pressure fuel injection system was added to the
685:, rather than the direct-injection systems of the German engines. From 1940, the
670:
587:
511:
467:
194:
170:
94:
the fuel through a small nozzle under high pressure, while carburetion relies on
91:
1718:"Engine Fuels and Lubrication Systems at Nakajima Aircraft Co. from 1936 - 1945"
1265:
Konrad Reif (ed.): Ottomotor-Management, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2014,
2762:
2732:
2354:
809:
563:
254:
190:
99:
71:
418:, in which injection is timed to coincide with each cylinder's intake stroke;
2949:
2934:
2825:
2818:
2640:
2572:
2567:
2531:
2448:
2388:
2349:
2339:
2276:
1750:
1742:
1717:
993:
949:
injection was used in several petrol engines in the early 2000s, such as the
844:
840:
828:
801:
701:
678:
615:
571:
552:
459:
388:
292:
265:
201:
123:
79:
67:
60:
55:, by the means of a fuel injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in
1857:
891:
multi-point fuel injection system (also amongst the first systems where the
383:
Manifold injection systems are common in petrol-fuelled engines such as the
2551:
2546:
2513:
2418:
2408:
2344:
2328:
900:
817:
760:
753:
654:
447:
257:
182:
32:
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232:
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127:
107:
75:
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2577:
2503:
2443:
2374:
867:
859:
851:
782:
721:
628:
87:
649:
1940s – 1950s: WWII aircraft and early direct-injection petrol engines
531:
426:, in which fuel is injected at the same time to all the cylinders; or
264:
injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 300
2856:
2597:
2592:
2379:
2359:
411:
1488:(1st ed.). Purdue University Press – via Credo Reference.
641:
diesel truck engine was introduced in America in 1933. In 1936, the
2879:
2875:
2747:
2478:
2403:
2369:
1734:
888:
854:. The D-Jetronic was produced from 1967-1976 and first used on the
607:
591:
361:
2906:
2790:
764:
666:
635:
95:
1284:"Multi Point Fuel Injection or MPFI System- Working, advantages"
2717:
2696:
2473:
2423:
324:
2089:"1958 DeSoto Electrojector - First electronic fuel injection?"
883:
Prior to 1979, the electronics in fuel injection systems used
879:
1980s – present: digital electronics and common-rail injection
875:
principles as modern electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems.
689:
engine used a direct-injection system, along with the related
1833:"Driving the Awesome Mercedes 300 SL 'Gullwing' - slide 8/22"
813:
334:
775:
490:
Types of indirect injection used by diesel engines include:
2871:
231:
During the 20th century, most petrol engines used either a
44:
1041:"A Brief History of Aircraft Carburetors and Fuel Systems"
1018:(in German). Vol. 11. Vienna: Springer. p. 125.
2318:
1501:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
1203:(in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. 131.
340:
Flat piston (combustion chamber between piston and head)
2051:
220:
1461:
Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Railway Locomotives
722:
1950s – 1970s: manifold injection for petrol engines
537:
Air-blast injection system for an 1898 diesel engine
2165:"A Timeline Overview of Motorola History 1928-2009"
1137:
1135:
1716:
36:A cutaway model of a petrol direct-injected engine
1397:
1395:
1373:
1371:
2947:
1714:
1503:(in German). Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. p. 11.
1132:
308:
238:
2197:Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen
2144:Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen
1674:Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen
1379:Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen
1201:Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik: Nutzfahrzeuge
1095:RĂĽdiger Teichmann, GĂĽnter P. Merker (publisher)
521:
442:Schematic of a mechanical port injection system
297:Used by diesel engines, these systems include:
2306:
2189:
2136:
1666:
1492:
1458:
1392:
1368:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1192:
344:
330:Gardner system (hemisphere combustion chamber)
2292:
1157:
1155:
938:straight-four engine, introduced in the 1999
367:
173:and controls various other engine functions.
2035:. Petersen Automotive Museum. Archived from
1715:Nakagawa, Ryoichi; Mizutani, Sotaro (1988).
1523:
1517:
1303:
1301:
98:created by intake air accelerated through a
1261:
1259:
1239:
1217:
908:
870:system, a pulsed flow system which used an
551:Mechanical port injection system on a 1906
260:. Third-generation common rail diesels use
207:
2299:
2285:
2081:
2033:"American Musclecars: Power to the People"
1463:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 27.
1198:
1152:
904:
2220:, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
1788:, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
1767:, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
1697:, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
1629:, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
1558:, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
1441:, 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
1298:
453:
275:The types of common-rail systems include
70:), and many spark-ignition engines (i.e.
2365:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1959:
1256:
1089:
1047:. US: Aircraft Engine Historical Society
1038:
437:
433:
286:
31:
1897:
1729:. US: Society of Automobile Engineers.
1452:
1013:
919:
763:mechanical port injection system (on a
741:mechanical port injection system (on a
704:small saloon, it was also added to the
682:
66:All compression-ignition engines (e.g.
14:
2948:
1903:
1600:
27:Feature of internal combustion engines
2280:
2114:"D-Jetronic History and Fundamentals"
1960:Ingraham, Joseph C. (24 March 1957).
1575:
1359:
610:started producing four-stroke petrol
505:
372:
2005:
1858:"A short history of Lucas injection"
1483:
1180:Motoren. Technik, Praxis, Geschichte
169:which meters the fuel, controls the
145:
2030:
1605:(in Swedish). Förlagshuset Norden.
1498:
1364:. London: Odhams Press. p. 75.
1182:. Motorbuchverlag, Stuttgart 1982,
866:Also in 1974, Bosch introduced the
221:Direct injection for petrol engines
181:The fuel injector is effectively a
137:
24:
2124:from the original on 9 August 2010
800:, the 1st to 4th placed cars were
614:with manifold injection. The 1906
25:
2972:
1603:Volvo – Lastbilarna igår och idag
1526:"Early IC and Automotive Engines"
1335:"How Fuel Injection Systems Work"
478:
176:
102:to draw fuel into the airstream.
2065:. 22 August 2007. Archived from
1578:Scania fordonshistoria 1891-1991
1459:Ransome-Wallis, Patrick (2001).
926:system for passenger cars was a
785:electronic port injection system
774:
752:
730:
544:
530:
355:
153:
2467:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
2256:
2231:
2210:
2199:, VDI-Verlag, DĂĽsseldorf 1986,
2157:
2146:, VDI-Verlag, DĂĽsseldorf 1986,
2106:
2024:
1999:
1980:
1953:
1928:
1872:
1850:
1825:
1799:
1778:
1757:
1708:
1687:
1676:, VDI-Verlag, DĂĽsseldorf 1986,
1640:
1619:
1594:
1569:
1548:
1477:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1381:, VDI-Verlag, DĂĽsseldorf 1986,
1353:
1327:
1318:
1276:
1039:Welshans, Terry (August 2013).
590:used a 'jerk pump' to dispense
495:Precombustion-chamber injection
2216:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
1784:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
1763:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
1725:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
1693:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
1625:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
1554:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
1524:Cummins, Jr., C. Lyle (1976).
1437:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
1362:How it works and how it's done
1199:von Fersen, Olaf, ed. (1987).
1172:
1115:
1098:
1071:Global Fuel Economy Initiative
1059:
1032:
1007:
930:system introduced in the 1997
13:
1:
1906:"How Good is Fuel Injection?"
1000:
309:Helix-controlled pump systems
239:Common-rail injection systems
2008:Bosch fuel injection systems
1904:Walton, Harry (March 1957).
979:Jacketed fuel injection pipe
887:for the control system. The
522:1870s – 1930s: early systems
7:
957:
687:Mitsubishi Kinsei 60 series
402:These systems use either a
345:Air-blast injection systems
10:
2977:
2308:Internal combustion engine
2170:. Motorola. Archived from
1580:(in Swedish). Streiffert.
1576:Lindh, Björn-Eric (1992).
671:Shvetsov ASh-82FN (M-82FN)
516:
509:
500:Air-cell chamber injection
376:
368:Indirect injection systems
348:
290:
242:
224:
49:internal combustion engine
2925:
2889:
2849:
2804:
2776:Diesel particulate filter
2761:
2728:Idle air control actuator
2710:
2677:
2669:Engine control unit (ECU)
2659:
2606:
2560:
2522:
2442:
2327:
2314:
1601:Olsson, Christer (1990).
951:Volkswagen 1.4 FSI engine
916:Mercedes-Benz 300 SL
584:Herbert-Akroyd oil engine
577:Hallesche Maschinenfabrik
193:or - less commonly - the
72:petrol (gasoline) engines
2841:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2753:Throttle position sensor
2462:Overhead camshaft layout
2010:. HP Trade. p. 29.
1401:von Fersen (ed.), p. 130
798:1957 24 Hours of Le Mans
695:Nakajima Homare Model 23
606:In 1898, German company
208:Direct injection systems
2380:Core plug (freeze plug)
2195:Olaf von Fersen (ed.):
2142:Olaf von Fersen (ed.):
1672:Olaf von Fersen (ed.):
1377:Olaf von Fersen (ed.):
1360:Hawks, Ellison (1939).
984:Petrol direct injection
924:petrol direct injection
909:throttle-body injection
462:mounted similarly to a
317:Lanova direct injection
304:Pump-rail-nozzle system
227:Petrol direct injection
43:is the introduction of
2961:Fuel injection systems
1936:"Spica Fuel Injection"
1884:www.lucasinjection.com
1807:"Mercedes-Benz 300 SL"
1484:Hall, Carl W. (2008).
940:Alfa Romeo 156 1.9 JTD
781:Components of a 1970s
454:Single-point injection
443:
408:intermittent injection
397:single-point injection
320:Afterchamber injection
281:spray-guided injection
213:cylinder-individual).
114:mixture formation and
37:
2243:mitsubishi-motors.com
2059:"Rambler Measures Up"
2006:Aird, Forbes (2001).
582:In 1891, the British
564:George Bailey Brayton
441:
434:Multi-point injection
393:multi-point injection
287:Unit injector systems
245:Common-rail injection
128:common-rail injection
35:
2621:Compression ignition
1880:"Lucas Le Mans 1957"
1860:. lucasinjection.com
1499:Mau, GĂĽnter (1984).
1014:Kremser, H. (1942).
885:analogue electronics
825:Bendix Electrojector
743:Chevrolet 283 engine
643:Mercedes-Benz OM 138
404:continuous injection
277:air-guided injection
84:Mercedes-Benz OM 138
57:reciprocating piston
2771:Catalytic converter
897:digital electronics
715:Mercedes-Benz 300SL
663:Daimler-Benz DB 601
597:MAN Truck & Bus
568:air-blast injection
428:cylinder-individual
351:Air-blast injection
337:combustion chamber)
327:combustion chamber)
167:engine control unit
132:engine control unit
2897:Knocking / pinging
2489:Combustion chamber
2249:on 1 October 2009.
2039:on 27 October 2011
1966:The New York Times
1286:. 25 November 2019
996:for diesel engines
989:Indirect injection
920:manifold injection
711:Mercedes-Benz W196
683:manifold injection
675:Rolls-Royce Merlin
612:stationary engines
506:Hot-bulb injection
444:
379:Manifold injection
373:Manifold injection
187:combustion chamber
163:electronic systems
120:manifold injection
53:automotive engines
38:
2956:Engine components
2943:
2942:
2912:Stratified charge
2679:Electrical system
2661:Engine management
2494:Compression ratio
2434:Starter ring gear
2333:rotating assembly
2268:978-3-658-03194-7
2226:978-3-658-12215-7
2205:978-3-642-95773-4
2152:978-3-642-95773-4
2031:Kendall, Leslie.
2017:978-1-55788-365-0
1813:. 10 October 2007
1794:978-3-658-12215-7
1773:978-3-658-12215-7
1703:978-3-658-12215-7
1682:978-3-642-95773-4
1654:. 7 December 2021
1635:978-3-658-12215-7
1612:978-91-86442-76-7
1587:978-91-7886-074-6
1564:978-3-658-12215-7
1510:978-3-322-90621-2
1447:978-3-658-12215-7
1387:978-3-642-95773-4
1313:978-3-7091-8180-5
1271:978-3-8348-1416-6
1251:978-3-642-93490-2
1234:978-3-642-93490-2
1210:978-3-662-01120-1
1167:978-3-658-07696-2
1147:978-3-658-12215-7
1127:978-3-658-07696-2
1110:978-3-658-07696-2
1077:on 6 October 2012
1045:enginehistory.org
1025:978-3-7091-5016-0
947:Stratified charge
837:DeSoto Adventurer
625:stratified charge
472:exhaust emissions
255:solenoid-operated
146:Pressurising fuel
16:(Redirected from
2968:
2786:Exhaust manifold
2651:Spark plug wires
2537:Boost controller
2524:Forced induction
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2245:. Archived from
2235:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2118:www.rennlist.com
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1989:Consumer Reports
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:www.hemmings.com
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1811:www.jalopnik.com
1803:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1652:Curbside Classic
1644:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1573:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1530:SAE Transactions
1521:
1515:
1514:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1390:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1341:. 4 January 2001
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1263:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1226:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1176:
1170:
1159:
1150:
1139:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1073:. Archived from
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1011:
806:Rochester Ramjet
794:Lucas Industries
778:
756:
739:Rochester Ramjet
734:
706:Gutbrod Superior
691:Mitsubishi Kasei
659:Junkers Jumo 210
621:Hesselman engine
595:automobiles and
548:
534:
412:Bosch K-Jetronic
138:System functions
51:, most commonly
21:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2921:
2917:Top dead centre
2885:
2845:
2800:
2757:
2706:
2680:
2673:
2662:
2655:
2602:
2556:
2518:
2474:Tappet / lifter
2457:Flathead layout
2447:
2438:
2332:
2323:
2310:
2305:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2215:
2211:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2177:on 20 June 2011
2174:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2069:on 29 July 2020
2063:How Stuff Works
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2004:
2000:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1910:Popular Science
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1783:
1779:
1762:
1758:
1713:
1709:
1692:
1688:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1574:
1570:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1457:
1453:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1376:
1369:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1306:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1240:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1193:
1178:Helmut HĂĽtten:
1177:
1173:
1160:
1153:
1140:
1133:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1012:
1008:
1003:
960:
932:Mitsubishi 6G74
893:ignition system
881:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
779:
770:
769:
768:
757:
748:
747:
746:
735:
724:
697:radial engine.
651:
588:hot-bulb engine
560:
559:
558:
557:
556:
549:
540:
539:
538:
535:
524:
519:
514:
512:Hot-bulb engine
508:
481:
468:intake manifold
456:
436:
381:
375:
370:
358:
353:
347:
333:Saurer system (
311:
295:
289:
268:or 44,000
247:
241:
229:
223:
210:
179:
171:ignition timing
156:
148:
140:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2806:Cooling system
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2763:Exhaust system
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Inlet manifold
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Fuel injection
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Connecting rod
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2255:
2230:
2209:
2188:
2156:
2135:
2105:
2080:
2050:
2023:
2016:
1998:
1979:
1952:
1927:
1896:
1871:
1849:
1824:
1798:
1777:
1756:
1735:10.4271/881610
1707:
1686:
1665:
1639:
1618:
1611:
1593:
1586:
1568:
1547:
1516:
1509:
1491:
1476:
1469:
1451:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1391:
1367:
1352:
1326:
1317:
1297:
1275:
1255:
1238:
1216:
1209:
1191:
1171:
1151:
1131:
1114:
1097:
1088:
1058:
1031:
1024:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
959:
956:
905:port injection
889:Bosch Motronic
880:
877:
872:air flow meter
780:
773:
772:
771:
758:
751:
750:
749:
736:
729:
728:
727:
726:
725:
723:
720:
650:
647:
550:
543:
542:
541:
536:
529:
528:
527:
526:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
510:Main article:
507:
504:
503:
502:
497:
480:
479:Diesel engines
477:
455:
452:
435:
432:
377:Main article:
374:
371:
369:
366:
357:
354:
349:Main article:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
331:
328:
321:
318:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
291:Main article:
288:
285:
243:Main article:
240:
237:
225:Main article:
222:
219:
209:
206:
202:unit injectors
191:inlet manifold
178:
177:Injecting fuel
175:
155:
152:
147:
144:
139:
136:
68:diesel engines
41:Fuel injection
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:Water cooling
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2796:Oxygen sensor
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:Intake system
2709:
2703:
2702:Starter motor
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Ignition coil
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Petrol engine
2571:
2569:
2568:Diesel engine
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Blowoff valve
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2449:Cylinder head
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Balance shaft
2338:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1987:"1957 cars".
1983:
1968:. p. 153
1967:
1963:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1859:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1470:0-486-41247-4
1466:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1340:
1339:HowStuffWorks
1336:
1330:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1188:3-87943-326-7
1185:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1006:
995:
994:Unit injector
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
974:Diesel engine
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
955:
952:
948:
944:
941:
937:
936:Fiat Multijet
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
876:
873:
869:
864:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
845:Plymouth Fury
842:
838:
834:
833:Chrysler 300D
830:
829:Rambler Rebel
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:Jaguar D-Type
799:
795:
784:
777:
766:
762:
755:
744:
740:
733:
719:
716:
712:
707:
703:
702:Goliath GP700
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Wright R-3350
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
640:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
616:Antoinette 8V
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
589:
585:
580:
579:in Germany.
578:
573:
572:Rudolf Diesel
569:
565:
554:
553:Antoinette 8V
547:
533:
513:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
488:
486:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:throttle body
451:
449:
440:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
389:Wankel engine
386:
380:
365:
363:
356:Other systems
352:
339:
336:
332:
329:
326:
322:
319:
316:
315:
314:
303:
300:
299:
298:
294:
293:Unit injector
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
262:piezoelectric
259:
256:
252:
246:
236:
234:
228:
218:
214:
205:
203:
198:
196:
195:throttle body
192:
188:
184:
174:
172:
168:
164:
159:
154:Metering fuel
151:
143:
135:
133:
129:
125:
124:throttle body
121:
117:
113:
109:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
61:Wankel rotary
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
18:Fuel injected
2826:Electric fan
2626:Coil-on-plug
2587:
2552:Turbocharger
2547:Supercharger
2419:Main bearing
2409:Firing order
2399:Displacement
2345:Block heater
2329:Engine block
2317:Part of the
2316:
2258:
2247:the original
2242:
2233:
2217:
2212:
2196:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2172:the original
2159:
2143:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:the original
2062:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2026:
2007:
2001:
1995:: 154. 1957.
1992:
1988:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1965:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1913:
1909:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1785:
1780:
1764:
1759:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1694:
1689:
1673:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1626:
1621:
1602:
1596:
1577:
1571:
1555:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1533:
1529:
1519:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1460:
1454:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1378:
1361:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1320:
1288:. Retrieved
1278:
1241:
1200:
1194:
1179:
1174:
1117:
1100:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1070:
1067:"IC Engines"
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1034:
1015:
1009:
945:
939:
915:
913:
901:Ford EEC-III
882:
865:
849:
822:
818:Kugelfischer
791:
761:Kugelfischer
699:
655:World War II
652:
638:
633:
605:
581:
576:
561:
489:
482:
457:
448:intake valve
445:
427:
424:simultaneous
423:
419:
415:
407:
403:
401:
396:
392:
382:
359:
312:
296:
280:
276:
274:
258:needle valve
248:
230:
215:
211:
199:
183:spray nozzle
180:
160:
157:
149:
141:
115:
111:
104:
100:Venturi tube
65:
40:
39:
29:
2850:Lubrication
2814:Air cooling
2631:Distributor
2583:Fuel filter
2561:Fuel system
2542:Intercooler
2509:Timing belt
2499:Head gasket
2429:Piston ring
2128:26 December
1889:25 December
1842:26 December
1817:26 December
1658:24 December
1637:, pp. 17–18
1345:26 December
1290:26 December
969:Common rail
964:Carburettor
928:common rail
918:- all used
856:VW 1600TL/E
841:Dodge D-500
575:working at
570:. In 1894,
485:pre-chamber
464:carburettor
385:Otto engine
251:accumulator
233:carburettor
108:carburetion
88:carburetors
2950:Categories
2902:Power band
2862:Oil filter
2836:Thermostat
2781:EGT sensor
2743:MAF sensor
2738:MAP sensor
2723:Air filter
2687:Alternator
2646:Spark plug
2578:Carburetor
2504:Rocker arm
2444:Valvetrain
2375:Crankshaft
2319:Automobile
2181:20 January
2098:8 November
2093:allpar.com
1945:30 October
1916:(3): 88–93
1540:7 February
1001:References
868:L-Jetronic
860:K-Jetronic
852:D-Jetronic
783:K-Jetronic
669:, and the
629:spark plug
416:sequential
323:G-System (
301:Pumpe-DĂĽse
74:, such as
2636:Glow plug
2598:Fuel tank
2593:Fuel pump
2360:Crankcase
1751:0148-7191
1743:2688-3627
1536:(3): 1966
1129:, p. 1000
603:in 1927.
562:In 1872,
63:engines.
2935:Category
2880:Dry sump
2876:Wet sump
2867:Oil pump
2831:Radiator
2748:Throttle
2608:Ignition
2479:Camshaft
2404:Flywheel
2385:Cylinder
2370:Crankpin
2270:, p. 179
2228:, p. 138
2207:. p. 262
2154:. p. 256
2122:Archived
2073:13 March
2043:13 March
1684:. p. 274
1389:. p. 273
1273:, p. 107
1253:. p. 433
1236:. p. 429
1169:, p. 295
1112:, p. 289
958:See also
608:Deutz AG
592:fuel oil
387:and the
362:M-System
116:external
112:internal
92:atomizes
2907:Redline
2791:Muffler
2692:Battery
2616:Magneto
2252:Alt URL
1796:, p. 20
1775:, p. 19
1723:Mobilus
1705:, p. 10
1315:, p. 64
1149:, p. 62
1051:28 June
810:Hilborn
767:engine)
765:BMW M88
667:BMW 801
653:During
639:Model H
636:Cummins
517:History
420:batched
96:suction
2930:Portal
2718:Airbox
2697:Dynamo
2424:Piston
2414:Stroke
2393:layout
2321:series
2266:
2224:
2203:
2150:
2014:
1792:
1771:
1749:
1741:
1701:
1680:
1633:
1609:
1584:
1566:, p. 7
1562:
1507:
1467:
1449:, p. 6
1445:
1385:
1311:
1269:
1249:
1232:
1207:
1186:
1165:
1145:
1125:
1108:
1022:
899:. The
759:1970s
737:1950s
555:engine
466:on an
406:or an
325:sphere
80:Wankel
47:in an
2890:Other
2514:Valve
2484:Chest
2175:(PDF)
2168:(PDF)
1972:1 May
1920:1 May
1864:1 May
1837:Wired
1739:eISSN
1081:1 May
814:SPICA
709:1954
601:Bosch
335:torus
2872:Sump
2389:bank
2350:Bore
2264:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2183:2014
2148:ISBN
2130:2022
2100:2018
2075:2022
2045:2022
2012:ISBN
1974:2015
1947:2023
1922:2015
1891:2022
1866:2015
1844:2022
1819:2022
1790:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1747:ISSN
1699:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1660:2022
1631:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1542:2024
1505:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1428:Sass
1419:Sass
1410:Sass
1383:ISBN
1347:2022
1309:ISBN
1292:2022
1267:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1083:2014
1053:2016
1020:ISBN
843:and
816:and
677:and
634:The
395:and
360:The
279:and
76:Otto
59:and
45:fuel
2857:Oil
2446:and
2331:and
1914:170
1731:doi
907:or
399:.
270:psi
266:MPa
78:or
2952::
2878:,
2391:,
2241:.
2120:.
2116:.
2091:.
2061:.
1993:22
1991:.
1964:.
1938:.
1912:.
1908:.
1882:.
1835:.
1809:.
1745:.
1737:.
1721:.
1650:.
1534:85
1532:.
1528:.
1394:^
1370:^
1337:.
1300:^
1258:^
1219:^
1154:^
1134:^
1069:.
1043:.
839:,
835:,
820:.
812:,
665:,
661:,
631:.
283:.
272:.
204:.
197:.
189:,
134:.
2882:)
2874:(
2395:)
2387:(
2300:e
2293:t
2286:v
2185:.
2132:.
2102:.
2077:.
2047:.
2020:.
1976:.
1949:.
1924:.
1893:.
1868:.
1846:.
1821:.
1753:.
1733::
1727:1
1662:.
1615:.
1590:.
1544:.
1513:.
1473:.
1349:.
1294:.
1213:.
1085:.
1055:.
1028:.
745:)
20:)
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