451:
in the constitutional sense, to those available at
Claymont High to white children, similarly situated? The answer to this question is often much more difficult than appears, because many of the factors to be compared are just not susceptible of mathematical evaluation, e. g., aesthetic considerations. Moreover, and of real importance, the United States Supreme Court has not decided what should be done if a Negro school being compared with a white school is inferior in some respects and superior in others. It is easy, as some courts do, to talk about the necessity for finding substantial equality. But, under this approach, how is one to deal with a situation where, as here, the mental and physical health services at the Negro school are superior to those offered at the white school while the teacher load at the Negro school is not only substantially heavier than that at the white school, but often exceeds the State announced educationally desirable maximum teacher-pupil ratio. The answer, it seems to me is this: Where the facilities or educational opportunities available to the Negro are, as to any substantial factor, inferior to those available to white children similarly situated, the constitutional principle of "separate but equal" is violated, even though the State may point to other factors as to which the Negro school is superior. I reach this conclusion because I do not believe a court can say that the substantial factor as to which the Negro school is inferior will not adversely affect the educational progress of at least some of those concerned. Moreover, evaluating unlike factors is unrealistic. If this be a harsh test, then I answer that a State which divides its citizens should pay the price.
464:
No. 29 who, except for color, are in the same situation as this infant plaintiff. Yet neither school bus transportation, nor its equivalent is provided this plaintiff even to attend No. 107. In fact, the State Board of
Education refused to authorize the transportation of this then seven-year-old plaintiff to the Negro school, even though the bus for white children went right past her home, and even though the two schools are no more than a mile apart. Moreover, there is no public transportation available from or near plaintiff's home to or near the Negro school. The State Board ruled that because of the State constitutional provision for separate schools, a Negro child may not ride in a bus serving a white school. If we assume that this is so, then this practice in and of itself, is another reason why the facilities offered this plaintiff at No. 107 are inferior to those provided at No. 29. To suggest, under the facts here presented, that there are not enough Negroes to warrant the cost of a school bus for them is only another way of saying that they are not entitled to equal services because they are Negroes. Such an excuse will not do here. I conclude that the facilities and educational opportunities at No. 107 are substantially inferior in a constitutional sense, to those at No. 29. For the reasons stated in connection with Claymont I do not believe the relief should merely be an order to make equal. An injunction will issue preventing the defendants and their agents from refusing these plaintiffs, and those similarly situated, admission to School No. 29 because of their color.
153:
299:. Mrs. Bulah's daughter, Shirley, had been denied admission to the modern, whites-only Hockessin School No. 29, and instead was compelled to attend a one-room "colored" school, Hockessin School No. 107, which, though very near School No. 29, had vastly inferior facilities and construction. Moreover, Shirley Bulah was required to walk to school every day, even though a school bus serving the nearby whites-only school passed by her house every day. Mrs. Bulah had attempted to obtain transportation for Shirley on that bus, but she was told they would never transport a black student.
469:
The
Claymont High Board of Education met on September 3, 1952, and decided they would enroll the black students even without a mandate. At the last minute the State Board of Education called and gave a verbal mandate for the children to attend. On the morning of September 4, 1952, eleven black students got on their bus and came to Claymont High School and there were no incidents. The next day, Delaware Attorney Young called and told Claymont Superintendent Stahl to "send the children home" because the cases were being appealed and eventually became part of the
27:
474:
Claymont administrators were willing to defy the state. After many meetings, the State School Board agreed to allow the students remain in
Claymont, Hockessin and Arden. Arden had an elementary school which fed into the Claymont High School. Recently moved into Ardencroft was a family that had three students which were now attending Claymont High School and three children that were elementary school aged. Arden had voted to allow these younger children to attend their school. The State Board of Education decided to allow these children to remain in Arden.
511:
282:. Howard High School was Delaware's sole business and college-preparatory school for black students and served the entire state of Delaware. Related concerns involved class size, teacher qualifications, and curriculum; indeed, Howard students interested in vocational training were required to walk several blocks to a nearby annex to attend classes offered only after the conclusion of the normal school day.
3221:
578:, where 116 of the 146 pupils in the local elementary school boycotted in solidarity. Mass protests continued in Milford; the school board eventually ceded to the protestors, expelling the black students. Several weeks later, Bowles was arrested for "conspiring to violate the state education law by leading a boycott at Milford’s integrated high school". The
450:
I now consider whether the facilities of the institutions are separate but equal, within the requirements of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Are the separate facilities and educational opportunities offered to these Negro plaintiffs, and those similarly situated, "equal"
368:
litigation, Seitz had given a graduation speech at a local
Catholic boys' high school, in which he discussed the courage that would be required to address "a subject that was one of Delaware's great taboos -- the subjugated state of its Negroes. How can we say that we deeply revere the principles of
209:
The schools provided shall be of two kinds; those for white children and those for colored children. The schools for white children shall be free for all white children between the ages of six and twenty-one years, inclusive; and the schools for colored children shall be free to all colored children
463:
Another factor connected with these two schools demands separate attention, because it is a consequence of segregation so outlandish that the
Attorney General, with commendable candor, has in effect refused to defend it. I refer to the fact that school bus transportation is provided those attending
396:
valuations prepared by the State of
Delaware in 1941, which featured photographs of all Delaware public schools as well as their assessed value. For example, the "colored" school in Hockessin was valued at only $ 6,250.00, while the whites-only Hockessin school was valued almost seven times higher.
473:
case. Superintendent Stahl and the School Board refused to send the children home, because they wanted the school to be integrated and had worked hard to have integration occur through the court systems. Even the high school teachers signed a letter stating that they wanted the students to remain.
468:
On August 28, 1952, the
Supreme Court of Delaware unanimously affirmed the Chancery Court's ruling. Despite this, the two schools of Hockessin Elementary and Claymont High School did not integrate in 1952 because the State Board of Education did not give these schools an official mandate to do so.
525:
affirmed the
Supreme Court of Delaware's order to allow black students to enrolled in previously all-white schools. This was the only case the Supreme Court affirmed in part. The Supreme Court then reversed the Delaware Supreme Court on the constitutional issues and remanded the cases for further
620:
For his efforts in defeating segregation, Louis Redding was honored with a life-size bronze statue of him embracing a young black schoolboy and a young white schoolgirl outside the City-County government complex in downtown Wilmington, which is also named for him. Redding was also honored by the
569:
requesting the presence of state police officers "adequate to assure personal safety of eleven children whose admittance to that school last night was confirmed by state board of education." Redding closed his telegram with an optimistic line: "Hope also no occasion for powers of the police will
372:
The plaintiffs presented evidence throughout the course of the trial demonstrating the patently inferior conditions of the Wilmington and Hockessin schools, consisting of testimony and documentary evidence of the schools' infrastructures. In addition, the plaintiffs offered expert testimony from
434:
and that he did not feel able, as a judge of an inferior court, to "reject a principle of United States constitutional law which has been adopted by fair implication by the highest court of the land." For this reason, the Court refused to find that the segregated schools violated the Fourteenth
538:. The result of this ruling was that Delaware became fully integrated, albeit with time and much effort. The state Department of Public Instruction agreed to integrate all Delaware schools in light of the Supreme Court's order. In Northern and Central Delaware, most were willing to accept the
336:
Redding was the first black attorney in the history of Delaware and had developed a notable civil-rights practice in his years before the bar. Frequently, he would be sought out by families unable to afford his services, offering his assistance anyway. Over the years, Redding had developed a
204:
persisted in the state well into the 1960s, and its educational system was segregated by operation of law. In fact, Delaware's segregation was written into the state constitution, which, while providing at Article X, Section 2, that "no distinction shall be made on account of race or color",
4692:
397:
The most powerful evidence, however, probably came from the plaintiffs themselves, who described the conditions in their segregated schools and the hardship they were forced to endure to attend those schools in lieu of the much nicer, and more convenient, whites-only schools.
493:
to the Delaware Supreme Court. The plaintiffs, believing the Court of Chancery had not gone far enough in overturning the concept of "separate but equal", cross-appealed. The Supreme Court affirmed the decision in a relatively short opinion, relying on
148:
cases, all of which were filed in federal rather than state court, federal district courts all found continued segregation constitutional, though some judges questioned its effects on black students, and instead ordered some lesser remedy.
502:
was unconstitutional, while ordering integration and leaving open the possibility of resegregation in the future. From there, the school-district defendants appealed to the United States Supreme Court, where the consolidation with
5675:
435:
Amendment, but not by any means on the merits of the system; as the Court observed, "I believe the 'separate but equal' doctrine in education should be rejected, but I also believe its rejection must come from ourt."
214:
Despite this optimistic language, black schools in Delaware were generally decrepit, with poor facilities, substandard curricula, and shoddy construction. Without substantial financial support provided by Wilmington's
3682:
5528:
4628:
438:
That, however, did not end the Court's analysis. The Court found that the separate "colored" facilities were in no way equal to the whites-only facilities, and, exercising the broad powers of a court of
4620:
172:
arose in large part because of Delaware's unique legal and historical position. At the time of the litigation, Delaware was one of 17 states with a segregated school system. Delaware is considered a
5331:
4772:
389:—none of which was rebutted by the defense—demonstrating that the inadequate educational facilities and curricula found in segregated schools were harmful to the mental health of black children.
246:, "regards as done that which ought to be done." As a result, cases brought in equity generally seek relief which cannot be awarded as a sum of money, but rather "that which ought to be done".
4740:
4596:
561:. On September 27, 1954, as eleven black students were preparing to enroll at the school, unrest from angry townspeople was feared to be imminent. In response, Louis Redding issued an urgent
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550:
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opinion the prior year. In 1946, at the age of 35, Seitz had been appointed to the Court of Chancery, making him the youngest judge in the history of Delaware. Just prior to the
4604:
3864:
574:
to protest the integration of Delaware schools. Only 456 out of 1562 Milford High School students attended the next day, and the movement gained traction in the nearby town of
4732:
3918:
274:. Despite the existence of a well-maintained, spacious high school in Claymont, segregation forced the parents to send their children on a public bus to attend the run-down
3456:
5552:
2979:
1264:
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4349:
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210:
between the ages of six and twenty-one years, inclusive. ... The State Board of Education shall establish schools for children of people called Moors or Indians.
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3003:
405:
5395:
5045:
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3706:
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613:. Delaware's response to the Wilmington riots was heavy-handed in the opinion of some, involving the virtual occupation of the city for over one year by the
369:
our Declaration and our Constitution and yet refuse to recognize these principles when they are applied to the American Negro in a down-to-earth fashion?"
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927:
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The separate facilities and educational opportunities offered to black children were not equal to those furnished to white children similarly situated.
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5109:
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4201:
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nonetheless required that "separate schools for white and colored children shall be maintained." Furthermore, a 1935 state education law required:
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2699:
1431:
1340:
721:
4161:
1480:
1182:
5387:
4919:
3934:
3257:
3036:
1587:
1289:
3071:
3026:
2694:
1577:
1505:
1231:
1111:
767:
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5200:
4065:
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3533:
2985:
1373:
973:
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3557:
1351:
3926:
2722:
842:
795:
Public School Insurance Evaluation Reports, 1941: Insurance evaluations of public schools recorded and photographed in 1941.
594:
in most of Southern Delaware being delayed for another ten years. School segregation in the state would not end until 1967.
5077:
4764:
4748:
4652:
3108:
1572:
1520:
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The State Board of Education declared that no other public schools in Delaware were permitted to integrate until after the
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which had previously expressed an opinion prohibiting racial segregation was clearly attractive to Greenberg and Redding.
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782:
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591:
181:
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arise." A mass meeting in Milford held in October of that year attracted a crowd of 3,000 people. Bowles encouraged a
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48:
41:
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from Louis L. Redding to Governor J. Caleb Boggs requesting assistance to integrate Milford High School in 1954
3577:
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3250:
3103:
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1187:
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341:, 75 A.2d 225 (Del. Ch. 1950), which resulted in a ruling from the Court of Chancery that segregation at the
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553:(NAAWP) to oppose the ruling. Bowles briefly attracted nationwide attention for leading a pro-segregation
270:
was brought by Ethel Louise Belton and six other parents of eight black high school students who lived in
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2493:
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1456:
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1199:
906:
115:
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1898:
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1472:
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311:
185:
97:
678:
152:
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5544:
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1963:
1602:
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1552:
1461:
1395:
1368:
1334:
1077:
858:
788:
5576:
5520:
4684:
4241:
4209:
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2128:
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1390:
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1356:
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35:
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5005:
4266:
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2408:
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1843:
1823:
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1209:
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1016:
968:
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ruling, but there was much opposition from white residents in the southern portion of the state.
318:
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2183:
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173:
101:
52:
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830:
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Chancellor Seitz decried the unequal conditions of the plaintiffs' schools in strong terms:
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1973:
1131:
863:
762:
622:
412:, in that they did not offer black children equal protection of the law; but, if not, then:
279:
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8:
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1628:
1597:
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1241:
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296:
141:
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was unconstitutional. The prospect of Southern-style segregation being adjudicated by a
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2814:
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2413:
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2213:
2158:
2103:
2008:
1788:
1703:
1362:
1346:
1326:
1092:
1057:
984:
610:
430:
425:
271:
189:
119:
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1903:
1067:
1062:
920:
913:
874:
626:
583:
575:
227:
223:
89:
799:
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4847:
4428:
4177:
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4017:
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3131:
2872:
2819:
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2653:
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2428:
2418:
2313:
2188:
2123:
1998:
1913:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1838:
1833:
1808:
1698:
1082:
997:
960:
357:
326:
322:
243:
177:
137:
123:
597:
Some argue that while the state of race relations was dramatically improving post-
4693:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
4285:
4025:
3894:
3448:
3408:
3332:
3181:
3166:
3151:
2969:
2598:
2588:
2548:
2528:
2488:
2363:
2353:
2318:
2278:
2263:
2198:
2063:
2013:
1943:
1828:
1778:
1763:
1753:
1748:
1728:
1713:
1708:
1683:
1623:
1547:
1150:
1121:
1116:
1072:
1052:
1031:
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683:
346:
257:
involved two separate actions which were consolidated for the purposes of trial.
219:
of chemical fame, segregated schools would likely have been in even worse shape.
5435:
5267:
5013:
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4855:
4365:
4121:
4033:
3802:
3308:
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3201:
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2638:
2623:
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2468:
2453:
2438:
2398:
2378:
2368:
2323:
2308:
2288:
2058:
2028:
2018:
1988:
1978:
1888:
1858:
1658:
1284:
1236:
1126:
605:
that broke out in Wilmington in April 1968 in the wake of the assassination of
566:
459:, the Court noted similar disparities demonstrating a lack of equal treatment:
393:
216:
5644:
5529:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
5157:
4548:
4420:
4089:
4057:
3985:
3848:
3754:
3602:
3517:
3196:
3126:
2974:
2840:
2663:
2593:
2498:
2348:
2283:
2268:
2258:
2218:
2143:
2133:
2093:
2078:
1968:
1958:
1918:
1868:
1743:
1668:
1638:
587:
546:
201:
773:
140:
children be admitted to the state's segregated whites-only schools, and the
5676:
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
5443:
4807:
3993:
3348:
3156:
3136:
2658:
2613:
2608:
2568:
2403:
2383:
2338:
2273:
2208:
2193:
2108:
2098:
2053:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1923:
1883:
1818:
1798:
1793:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1718:
1673:
1643:
1026:
440:
382:
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231:
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3176:
3146:
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2513:
2423:
2373:
2303:
2298:
2238:
2223:
2073:
2068:
1933:
1813:
1783:
1723:
1688:
949:
739:
4773:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
238:. As opposed to legal remedies, which usually involve awarding money as
4863:
2800:
2458:
2388:
2358:
2228:
2203:
2148:
2048:
1663:
1633:
392:
Dramatically illustrating the disparate conditions in the schools were
4741:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
4597:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
337:
reputation as a skilled advocate for racial equality, most notably in
2778:
2248:
2233:
772:
American Bar Association, National Conference of State Trial Judges.
386:
226:, Delaware had developed a judicial system which included a separate
3659:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
2138:
774:
Hon. Collins J. Seitz: A Profile in Courage of a State Trial Judge.
562:
531:
514:
510:
428:
law had already been adopted by the United States Supreme Court in
489:
The State Attorney General appealed Chancellor Seitz' decision in
222:
At the same time, as a remnant of its days as one of the original
2727:
571:
554:
535:
239:
3865:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
3265:
2795:
586:
in September 1955. However, the ensuing unrest, which included
315:
3919:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
703:
Rabble Rousers: the American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era
590:, rallies, and pro-segregation demonstrations, contributed to
1530:
330:
295:
was brought by Sarah Bulah, a resident of the rural town of
602:
331:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
5553:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
3457:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
443:, ordered that black students be immediately integrated.
235:
4350:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
793:
Delaware Department of State, Delaware Public Archives.
551:
National Association for the Advancement of White People
3763:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
2980:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
2758:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
530:
ruling, a sea change occurred in American and Delaware
4445:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3004:
African American founding fathers of the United States
1357:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1222:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
740:"In Delaware, school segregation persisted until 1967"
144:
affirmed the trial court's decision. In the remaining
4509:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
3651:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
829:
96:, 91 A.2d 137 (Del. 1952), was a case decided by the
5340:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
4405:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3731:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
5228:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
3052:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
4888:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
4757:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
3611:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
4525:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
4202:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
455:With regard to the Hockessin schools at issue in
136:cases in that the state trial court ordered that
5642:
5404:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
4613:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
1588:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
601:, any progress was destroyed in the wake of the
4485:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
4010:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
1578:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1511:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1402:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3057:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
5561:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
4912:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
4669:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
4517:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
4310:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
3251:
2965:List of lynching victims in the United States
1303:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
815:
3779:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3683:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
3566:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
5656:United States school desegregation case law
5364:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
5276:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
4265:
3903:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
1432:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
763:Decision by the Delaware Court of Chancery.
424:Initially, Chancellor Seitz noted that the
156:Educational segregation in the US prior to
4629:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
4162:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
3258:
3244:
1481:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
822:
808:
5388:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
4920:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
3935:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
3037:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
621:naming of Louis Redding Middle School in
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
5671:Education in New Castle County, Delaware
4621:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
3072:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1112:University of Georgia desegregation riot
582:later took action to revoke the NAAWP's
509:
400:In summary, the plaintiffs argued that:
151:
108:was one of the five cases combined into
34:This article includes a list of general
5332:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
5201:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
4066:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
3667:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
3534:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
2986:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2723:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2718:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
768:Decision by the Delaware Supreme Court.
5643:
5475:
4573:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
3368:
3279:
2900:African-American women in the movement
1352:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1183:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
705:. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
5603:
5474:
4264:
3927:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
3367:
3278:
3239:
1341:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
803:
789:Delaware: Conflict in a Border State.
647:"Chapter - Delaware General Assembly"
498:to reject arguments that segregation
4653:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
3794:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
3109:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1573:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1521:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1467:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
944:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
869:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
716:
714:
712:
700:
696:
694:
673:
671:
669:
667:
260:
20:
5420:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
5236:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
4661:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
3771:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
3747:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
3558:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1516:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1452:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1122:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
285:
13:
5193:Arlington County Board v. Richards
5118:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
4896:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
4382:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
3267:United States Fourteenth Amendment
2960:African-American churches attacked
1526:Montgomery Improvement Association
1501:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1486:Council of Federated Organizations
1457:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1215:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1173:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
979:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
883:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5692:
5537:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
5078:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
3032:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2905:Jews in the civil rights movement
722:"White Supremacy Leader Arrested"
709:
691:
664:
5356:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
4765:Fisher v. University of Texas II
4226:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
3226:Civil rights movement portal
3219:
3067:Freedom Riders National Monument
2809:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1321:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1280:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1167:Second Emancipation Proclamation
521:The Supreme Court's decision in
484:
404:Segregated schools violated the
339:Parker v. University of Delaware
224:thirteen former British colonies
25:
16:United States Supreme Court case
5070:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
4749:Fisher v. University of Texas I
4106:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
3951:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
3465:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
3094:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3082:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1558:National Council of Negro Women
1496:Deacons for Defense and Justice
549:raised $ 6,000 and founded the
419:
325:under a strategy formulated by
249:
5681:Civil rights movement case law
5661:1952 in United States case law
4936:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
974:Mansfield school desegregation
779:Historical Society of Delaware
732:
639:
242:, equity— as expressed in the
1:
4605:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
3810:McNeese v. Board of Education
3317:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
3104:National Voting Rights Museum
3047:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2846:Lynching in the United States
2733:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1188:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1161:University of Chicago sit-ins
928:Davis v. Prince Edward County
632:
230:, hearing matters arising in
163:
118:which found unconstitutional
4334:Hirabayashi v. United States
4186:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
4138:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
3879:Owen v. City of Independence
3494:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
3099:National Civil Rights Museum
2955:March on Washington Movement
2940:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1409:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
679:"Education: Racial Flare-Up"
302:
100:in 1952 and affirmed by the
7:
5220:United States v. Cruikshank
4390:Brown v. Board of Education
3691:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
3542:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2743:"This Little Light of Mine"
1491:Dallas County Voters League
1437:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1200:Letter from Birmingham Jail
907:Brown v. Board of Education
116:United States Supreme Court
114:, the 1954 decision of the
111:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
5697:
4342:Korematsu v. United States
3077:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2945:Holt Street Baptist Church
2915:16th Street Baptist Church
1899:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1543:Nashville Student Movement
1473:An Appeal for Human Rights
607:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
410:United States Constitution
312:Delaware Court of Chancery
192:. It nonetheless was both
184:that remained part of the
98:Delaware Court of Chancery
5610:
5604:
5599:
5545:United States v. Morrison
5483:
5470:
5211:
5176:
4997:
4962:
4952:United States v. Skrmetti
4944:United States v. Virginia
4783:
4557:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
4277:
4273:
4260:
3978:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
3969:
3911:Gonzaga University v. Doe
3789:
3576:
3475:
3380:
3376:
3363:
3287:
3274:
3215:
3117:
3019:
2833:
2766:
2708:
2687:
2574:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2544:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1616:
1608:Women's Political Council
1603:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1598:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1583:Southern Regional Council
1553:Northern Student Movement
1462:Committee for Freedom Now
1422:
1369:Memphis sanitation strike
1335:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1257:
1078:Savannah Protest Movement
1040:
898:
859:Journey of Reconciliation
851:
838:
787:Smithsonian Institution.
310:was filed in 1951 in the
132:is unique among the five
5577:United States v. Georgia
5521:City of Boerne v. Flores
4685:United States v. Fordice
4242:Williams v. Pennsylvania
4210:Washington v. Glucksberg
1442:Atlanta Student Movement
1391:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1316:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1297:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1195:1963 Birmingham campaign
1088:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1012:Civil Rights Act of 1957
557:of previously all-white
5651:Delaware state case law
5585:Shelby County v. Holder
5150:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
5006:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
4267:Equal Protection Clause
4194:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
3587:United States v. Vuitch
3502:Griswold v. Connecticut
2994:Voter Education Project
2748:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2409:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1844:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1270:Chester school protests
1265:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1227:Detroit Walk to Freedom
969:Tallahassee bus boycott
890:Baton Rouge bus boycott
615:Delaware National Guard
526:proceedings. After the
55:more precise citations.
5452:Armour v. Indianapolis
4816:Moritz v. Commissioner
3872:Procunier v. Navarette
3790:Civil rights liability
3578:Abortion jurisprudence
3207:Movement photographers
2449:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2169:Martin Luther King Sr.
2164:Martin Luther King Jr.
1734:William Holmes Borders
1506:Highlander Folk School
1396:Poor People's Campaign
1249:St. Augustine movement
1099:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1022:Katz Drug Store sit-in
993:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
955:Montgomery bus boycott
545:The white supremacist
518:
481:decision was decided.
466:
453:
343:University of Delaware
212:
168:The unusual status of
160:
102:Delaware Supreme Court
88:, 33 Del. Ch. 144, 87
5505:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
5348:Richardson v. Ramirez
5316:Boddie v. Connecticut
4904:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
4733:Johnson v. California
4453:McLaughlin v. Florida
3841:O'Connor v. Donaldson
3401:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
3293:Slaughter-House Cases
3042:Civil Rights Memorial
2930:Bethel Baptist Church
2579:Charles Kenzie Steele
2024:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1929:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1909:Patricia Stephens Due
1879:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1814:Colia Lafayette Clark
1568:Operation Breadbasket
1563:National Urban League
1310:Katzenbach v. McClung
1178:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
831:Civil rights movement
726:Indianapolis Recorder
565:to Delaware Governor
513:
461:
448:
360:, who had issued the
356:trial was Chancellor
207:
155:
92:862 (Del. Ch. 1952),
5497:Katzenbach v. Morgan
5244:Breedlove v. Suttles
5094:Graham v. Richardson
4987:Obergefell v. Hodges
4792:Breedlove v. Suttles
4725:Grutter v. Bollinger
4565:Jefferson v. Hackney
4234:Obergefell v. Hodges
4170:Edwards v. Aguillard
4050:Epperson v. Arkansas
3887:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
3822:Jenkins v. McKeithen
3715:Mazurek v. Armstrong
3675:Hodgson v. Minnesota
3635:Bellotti v. Baird II
3627:Colautti v. Franklin
3382:Economic substantive
3087:other King memorials
3062:Freedom Rides Museum
2999:1960s counterculture
2950:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2629:Walter Francis White
2534:Alexander D. Shimkin
1048:New Year's Day March
1017:Ministers' Manifesto
864:Executive Order 9981
701:Webb, Clive (2010).
406:Fourteenth Amendment
5428:Gregory v. Ashcroft
5396:Mills v. Habluetzel
5380:Zablocki v. Redhail
5324:Eisenstadt v. Baird
5260:Oyama v. California
5252:Skinner v. Oklahoma
5185:Shapiro v. Thompson
5102:Sugarman v. Dougall
5046:Porterfield v. Webb
5038:Terrace v. Thompson
4701:Missouri v. Jenkins
4645:Hunter v. Underwood
4589:Milliken v. Bradley
4581:Norwood v. Harrison
4533:McDaniel v. Barresi
4218:Troxel v. Granville
4098:Mathews v. Eldridge
4082:Taylor v. Louisiana
3959:Connick v. Thompson
3739:Gonzales v. Carhart
3723:Stenberg v. Carhart
3707:Lambert v. Wicklund
3619:Bellotti v. Baird I
3417:Lochner v. New York
3301:Minor v. Happersett
2825:Mary McLeod Bethune
2786:Sermon on the Mount
2753:"We Shall Overcome"
2334:William Lewis Moore
2114:Frank Minis Johnson
2089:Richie Jean Jackson
2044:Donald L. Hollowell
1849:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1654:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1649:William G. Anderson
1629:Victoria Gray Adams
1593:The Freedom Singers
1447:Black Panther Party
1232:March on Washington
1145:Garner v. Louisiana
1106:Boynton v. Virginia
728:. October 16, 1954.
687:. October 11, 1954.
559:Milford High School
352:Presiding over the
297:Hockessin, Delaware
142:state Supreme Court
5489:Civil Rights Cases
5477:Enforcement Clause
5308:Oregon v. Mitchell
5300:Williams v. Rhodes
5126:Nyquist v. Mauclet
5086:Hernandez v. Texas
4971:Bowers v. Hardwick
4963:Sexual orientation
4840:Stanton v. Stanton
4832:Geduldig v. Aiello
4800:Goesaert v. Cleary
4717:Gratz v. Bollinger
4541:Palmer v. Thompson
4493:Hunter v. Erickson
4469:Loving v. Virginia
4437:Anderson v. Martin
4358:Shelley v. Kraemer
4302:Plessy v. Ferguson
4294:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
4146:Kolender v. Lawson
4042:Loving v. Virginia
3857:Imbler v. Pachtman
3834:Wood v. Strickland
3699:Leavitt v. Jane L.
3526:Bowers v. Hardwick
3441:Buchanan v. Warley
3370:Due Process Clause
3281:Citizenship Clause
3142:Michael Eric Dyson
3027:In popular culture
2910:Fifth Circuit Four
2894:Loving v. Virginia
2887:Hernandez v. Texas
2866:Buchanan v. Warley
2858:Separate but equal
2852:Plessy v. Ferguson
2815:Frederick Douglass
2649:Robert F. Williams
2559:Kelly Miller Smith
2539:Fred Shuttlesworth
2464:Frederick D. Reese
2444:George Raymond Jr.
2434:A. Philip Randolph
2414:Fay Bellamy Powell
2329:Queen Mother Moore
2214:Z. Alexander Looby
2159:Coretta Scott King
2104:Barbara Rose Johns
2084:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2009:William E. Harbour
1789:Stokely Carmichael
1704:Randolph Blackwell
1374:King assassination
1363:Loving v. Virginia
1347:March Against Fear
1327:How Long, Not Long
1205:Children's Crusade
1156:Cambridge movement
1093:Ax Handle Saturday
1058:Greensboro sit-ins
985:Give Us the Ballot
651:legis.delaware.gov
519:
431:Plessy v. Ferguson
426:separate but equal
276:Howard High School
272:Claymont, Delaware
161:
120:racial segregation
104:in the same year.
5638:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5624:Trump v. Anderson
5616:Gold Clause Cases
5595:
5594:
5569:Tennessee v. Lane
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5372:Trimble v. Gordon
5292:Levy v. Louisiana
5284:Rinaldi v. Yeager
5166:Bernal v. Fainter
5142:Ambach v. Norwick
5134:Foley v. Connelie
5030:Crane v. New York
4928:Lehr v. Robertson
4880:Caban v. Mohammed
4637:Palmore v. Sidoti
4477:Lee v. Washington
4461:Reitman v. Mulkey
4412:Gebhart v. Belton
4398:Briggs v. Elliott
4374:Sweatt v. Painter
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4130:Parratt v. Taylor
4114:Duren v. Missouri
4074:Arnett v. Kennedy
4002:Powell v. Alabama
3943:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
3828:Scheuer v. Rhodes
3643:H. L. v. Matheson
3550:Lawrence v. Texas
3486:Meyer v. Nebraska
3433:Coppage v. Kansas
3359:
3358:
3325:Perez v. Brownell
3233:
3232:
3010:Eyes on the Prize
2925:A.G. Gaston Motel
2920:Kelly Ingram Park
2880:Sweatt v. Painter
2564:Mary Louise Smith
2524:Cleveland Sellers
2509:Michael Schwerner
2474:Gloria Richardson
2254:Thurgood Marshall
2174:Bernard Lafayette
1904:John Wesley Dobbs
1418:
1417:
1137:Birmingham attack
1117:Rock Hill sit-ins
1068:Sibley Commission
1063:Nashville sit-ins
935:Gebhart v. Belton
921:Briggs v. Elliott
914:Bolling v. Sharpe
875:Sweatt v. Painter
783:Louis L. Redding.
627:New Castle County
584:corporate charter
268:Belton v. Gebhart
262:Belton v. Gebhart
228:Court of Chancery
122:in United States
85:Gebhart v. Belton
81:
80:
73:
5688:
5666:1952 in Delaware
5601:
5600:
5513:Dellmuth v. Muth
5472:
5471:
4872:Parham v. Hughes
4848:Edwards v. Healy
4677:Freeman v. Pitts
4432:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
4429:Browder v. Gayle
4275:
4274:
4262:
4261:
4178:Turner v. Safley
4154:Hudson v. Palmer
4018:NAACP v. Alabama
3477:Right to privacy
3425:Muller v. Oregon
3393:Mugler v. Kansas
3378:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3341:Rogers v. Bellei
3276:
3275:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3187:Charles M. Payne
3172:Steven F. Lawson
3162:David Halberstam
3132:Clayborne Carson
2873:Hocutt v. Wilson
2820:W. E. B. Du Bois
2669:Sammy Younge Jr.
2654:Q. V. Williamson
2619:Wyatt Tee Walker
2484:Bernice Robinson
2429:Lincoln Ragsdale
2419:Rodney N. Powell
2314:Douglas E. Moore
2189:Sanford R. Leigh
2124:J. Charles Jones
1999:Fannie Lou Hamer
1914:Joseph Ellwanger
1874:Jonathan Daniels
1864:Claudette Colvin
1854:Annie Lee Cooper
1839:Kathleen Cleaver
1834:Eldridge Cleaver
1809:Shirley Chisholm
1699:Gloria Blackwell
1290:workers' murders
1237:"I Have a Dream"
1132:Anniston bombing
1083:Greenville Eight
998:Little Rock Nine
961:Browder v. Gayle
849:
848:
824:
817:
810:
801:
800:
755:
754:
752:
750:
736:
730:
729:
718:
707:
706:
698:
689:
688:
675:
662:
661:
659:
657:
643:
580:Attorney General
358:Collins J. Seitz
327:Robert L. Carter
323:Louis L. Redding
293:Bulah v. Gebhart
287:Bulah v. Gebhart
244:maxims of equity
178:US Census Bureau
76:
69:
65:
62:
56:
51:this article by
42:inline citations
29:
28:
21:
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5606:
5591:
5479:
5458:
5207:
5172:
5110:In re Griffiths
5054:Webb v. O'Brien
4993:
4958:
4779:
4709:Texas v. Lesage
4501:Hadnott v. Amos
4286:Pace v. Alabama
4269:
4248:
4026:Hoyt v. Florida
3965:
3895:Felder v. Casey
3791:
3785:
3572:
3471:
3449:Adams v. Tanner
3409:Holden v. Hardy
3383:
3372:
3355:
3333:Afroyim v. Rusk
3283:
3270:
3264:
3234:
3229:
3218:
3211:
3192:Thomas E. Ricks
3182:Diane McWhorter
3167:Vincent Harding
3152:Adam Fairclough
3119:
3113:
3015:
2970:Freedom Schools
2829:
2762:
2710:
2704:
2695:Omaha, Nebraska
2683:
2599:Hartman Turnbow
2589:Dorothy Tillman
2549:Glenn E. Smiley
2529:Charles Sherrod
2489:Jo Ann Robinson
2364:Charles Neblett
2354:Elijah Muhammad
2319:Harriette Moore
2279:Floyd McKissick
2264:Franklin McCain
2199:Stanley Levison
2064:T. R. M. Howard
2014:Vincent Harding
1944:Walter Fauntroy
1829:Xernona Clayton
1779:John H. Calhoun
1764:Aurelia Browder
1754:Stanley Branche
1749:Raylawni Branch
1729:Joseph E. Boone
1714:Ezell Blair Jr.
1709:Unita Blackwell
1684:Harry Belafonte
1624:Ralph Abernathy
1612:
1548:Nation of Islam
1424:
1414:
1253:
1210:Birmingham riot
1151:Albany Movement
1073:Atlanta sit-ins
1053:Sit-in movement
1036:
1032:Biloxi wade-ins
1004:Cooper v. Aaron
894:
840:
834:
828:
759:
758:
748:
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710:
699:
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653:
645:
644:
640:
635:
487:
422:
383:anthropologists
347:court of equity
305:
290:
265:
252:
234:rather than in
166:
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60:
57:
47:Please help to
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5509:
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5484:
5481:
5480:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5448:
5440:
5436:Vacco v. Quill
5432:
5424:
5416:
5412:Clark v. Jeter
5408:
5400:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5268:Oyler v. Boles
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5197:
5189:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5022:Heim v. McCall
5018:
5014:Truax v. Raich
5010:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4979:Romer v. Evans
4975:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4856:Craig v. Boren
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4824:Kahn v. Shevin
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4366:Perez v. Sharp
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4326:Smith v. Texas
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4122:Parham v. J.R.
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4034:Oyler v. Boles
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3816:Pierson v. Ray
3813:
3807:
3803:Monroe v. Pape
3798:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3309:Elk v. Wilkins
3305:
3297:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3202:Akinyele Umoja
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2791:Mahatma Gandhi
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2700:South Carolina
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:Hosea Williams
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Hollis Watkins
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:A. Maceo Smith
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Bernie Sanders
2501:
2496:
2494:Angela Russell
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:David Richmond
2476:
2471:
2469:Walter Reuther
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Cordell Reagon
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:George Raymond
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Charles Person
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:Huey P. Newton
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:Harry T. Moore
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Cecil B. Moore
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:James Meredith
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Clarence Jones
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Zilphia Horton
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:Lola Hendricks
2026:
2021:
2019:Dorothy Height
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Lawrence Guyot
1986:
1981:
1979:Jack Greenberg
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Andrew Goodman
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Joseph DeLaine
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Dorothy Cotton
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:J. L. Chestnut
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:Amelia Boynton
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Arnold Aronson
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1285:Freedom Summer
1282:
1277:
1275:Bloody Tuesday
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
995:
990:
989:
988:
976:
971:
966:
965:
964:
952:
947:
940:
939:
938:
931:
924:
917:
902:
900:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
879:
871:
866:
861:
855:
853:
846:
836:
835:
827:
826:
819:
812:
804:
798:
797:
791:
785:
776:
770:
765:
757:
756:
731:
708:
690:
663:
637:
636:
634:
631:
588:cross burnings
567:J. Caleb Boggs
486:
483:
479:Brown v. Board
471:Brown v. Board
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
394:fire insurance
319:Jack Greenberg
304:
301:
289:
284:
264:
259:
251:
248:
217:Du Pont family
165:
162:
124:public schools
79:
78:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5693:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5602:
5598:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:Plyler v. Doe
5155:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:Frick v. Webb
5059:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:Coit v. Green
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:Lucy v. Adams
4418:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:Goss v. Lopez
4087:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:In re Winship
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:Zucht v. King
3983:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:Paul v. Davis
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:Azar v. Garza
3752:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:Doe v. Bolton
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:Doe v. Bolton
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Timothy Tyson
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Taylor Branch
3125:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Freedom songs
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Jim Crow laws
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:"Oh, Freedom"
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Whitney Young
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Kale Williams
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Albert Turner
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:A. P. Tureaud
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Bayard Rustin
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:William Moyer
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Joseph McNeil
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Charles McDew
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Benjamin Mays
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Vivian Malone
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Joseph Lowery
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Clyde Kennard
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Vernon Jordan
2132:
2130:
2129:Matthew Jones
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:T. J. Jemison
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Jesse Jackson
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Robert Graetz
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Golden Frinks
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Charles Evers
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Vernon Dahmer
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Septima Clark
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Bruce Boynton
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:James Baldwin
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Mathew Ahmann
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:Youth Council
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:Freedom Rides
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
991:
986:
982:
981:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
963:
962:
958:
957:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:
941:
937:
936:
932:
930:
929:
925:
923:
922:
918:
916:
915:
911:
910:
909:
908:
904:
903:
901:
897:
891:
888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
852:Prior to 1954
850:
847:
844:
837:
832:
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
806:
805:
802:
796:
792:
790:
786:
784:
780:
777:
775:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
745:
741:
735:
727:
723:
717:
715:
713:
704:
697:
695:
686:
685:
680:
674:
672:
670:
668:
652:
648:
642:
638:
630:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
592:desegregation
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Bryant Bowles
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
516:
512:
508:
506:
501:
497:
492:
485:The aftermath
482:
480:
475:
472:
465:
460:
458:
452:
447:
444:
442:
436:
433:
432:
427:
414:
411:
407:
403:
402:
401:
398:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
379:psychiatrists
376:
375:psychologists
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
300:
298:
294:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
258:
256:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
211:
206:
203:
202:Jim Crow laws
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:state by the
175:
171:
159:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:
75:
72:
64:
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
5622:
5614:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5450:
5444:Bush v. Gore
5442:
5434:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4808:Reed v. Reed
4806:
4798:
4790:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3994:Buck v. Bell
3992:
3984:
3976:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3349:Saenz v. Roe
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3217:
3157:David Garrow
3137:John Dittmer
3008:
2935:Brown Chapel
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2850:
2807:
2659:Andrew Young
2614:A. T. Walden
2609:C. T. Vivian
2569:Maxine Smith
2404:Homer Plessy
2384:James Orange
2339:Irene Morgan
2294:William Ming
2274:Ralph McGill
2209:Viola Liuzzo
2194:Jim Letherer
2179:James Lawson
2109:Vernon Johns
2099:Esau Jenkins
2054:Myles Horton
2004:Fred Hampton
1994:Prathia Hall
1984:Dick Gregory
1954:Marie Foster
1949:James Forman
1939:James Farmer
1924:Medgar Evers
1884:Angela Davis
1819:Ramsey Clark
1799:James Chaney
1794:Johnnie Carr
1774:Ralph Bunche
1769:H. Rap Brown
1759:Ruby Bridges
1719:Joanne Bland
1694:Claude Black
1674:Marion Barry
1644:Muhammad Ali
1471:
1407:
1400:
1361:
1339:
1308:
1301:
1143:
1104:
1097:
1027:Kissing Case
1002:
959:
942:
934:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
881:
873:
747:. Retrieved
744:Cape Gazette
743:
734:
725:
702:
682:
654:. Retrieved
650:
641:
619:
598:
596:
544:
539:
527:
522:
520:
504:
499:
495:
490:
488:
478:
476:
470:
467:
462:
456:
454:
449:
445:
437:
429:
423:
420:The decision
399:
391:
387:sociologists
371:
365:
361:
353:
351:
338:
335:
307:
306:
292:
291:
286:
278:in downtown
267:
266:
261:
254:
253:
250:The disputes
221:
213:
208:
200:segregated;
197:
193:
182:border state
169:
167:
157:
145:
133:
129:
128:
109:
105:
93:
84:
83:
82:
67:
61:October 2019
58:
39:
18:
4369:(Cal. 1948)
4318:Lum v. Rice
3595:Roe v. Wade
3510:Roe v. Wade
3384:due process
3177:Doug McAdam
3147:Chuck Fager
2774:Nonviolence
2679:James Zwerg
2674:Bob Zellner
2634:Roy Wilkins
2584:Hank Thomas
2519:Pete Seeger
2514:Bobby Seale
2379:Jack O'Dell
2374:Edgar Nixon
2304:Amzie Moore
2299:Jack Minnis
2239:Mae Mallory
2224:Clara Luper
2184:Bernard Lee
2074:Cecil Ivory
2069:Ruby Hurley
2039:Oliver Hill
2034:Aaron Henry
1934:Chuck Fager
1894:Dave Dennis
1784:Guy Carawan
1724:Julian Bond
1689:James Bevel
1679:Daisy Bates
950:Emmett Till
833:(1954–1968)
188:during the
53:introducing
5645:Categories
4864:Orr v. Orr
3120:historians
2801:Satyagraha
2767:Influences
2459:James Reeb
2394:James Peck
2389:Rosa Parks
2359:Diane Nash
2229:Danny Lyon
2204:John Lewis
2149:A. D. King
2049:James Hood
1664:Ella Baker
1634:Zev Aelony
633:References
623:Middletown
507:occurred.
280:Wilmington
180:yet was a
164:Background
36:references
5177:Residency
2779:Padayatra
2728:"Kumbaya"
2688:By region
2344:Bob Moses
2249:Bob Mants
2234:Malcolm X
2154:C.B. King
1974:Fred Gray
1617:Activists
1258:1964–1968
1041:1960–1963
899:1954–1959
749:March 11,
303:The trial
190:Civil War
4998:Alienage
3269:case law
2709:Movement
2139:Tom Kahn
1423:Activist
843:timeline
656:June 29,
563:telegram
532:politics
515:Telegram
194:de facto
174:Southern
4393:(1954)
2834:Related
2424:Al Raby
1379:funeral
1242:Big Six
611:Memphis
603:rioting
576:Lincoln
572:boycott
555:boycott
536:society
491:Gebhart
408:of the
366:Gebhart
354:Gebhart
329:of the
316:lawyers
308:Gebhart
255:Gebhart
240:damages
198:de jure
170:Gebhart
130:Gebhart
106:Gebhart
49:improve
5627:(2024)
5619:(1935)
5588:(2013)
5580:(2006)
5572:(2004)
5564:(2003)
5556:(2001)
5548:(2000)
5540:(2000)
5532:(1999)
5524:(1997)
5516:(1989)
5508:(1976)
5500:(1966)
5492:(1883)
5455:(2012)
5447:(2000)
5439:(1997)
5431:(1991)
5423:(1988)
5415:(1988)
5407:(1985)
5399:(1982)
5391:(1979)
5383:(1978)
5375:(1977)
5367:(1976)
5359:(1974)
5351:(1974)
5343:(1973)
5335:(1973)
5327:(1972)
5319:(1971)
5311:(1970)
5303:(1968)
5295:(1968)
5287:(1966)
5279:(1966)
5271:(1962)
5263:(1948)
5255:(1942)
5247:(1937)
5239:(1928)
5231:(1886)
5223:(1876)
5204:(1985)
5196:(1977)
5188:(1969)
5169:(1984)
5161:(1982)
5153:(1982)
5145:(1979)
5137:(1978)
5129:(1977)
5121:(1976)
5113:(1973)
5105:(1973)
5097:(1971)
5089:(1954)
5081:(1948)
5073:(1927)
5065:(1923)
5057:(1923)
5049:(1923)
5041:(1923)
5033:(1915)
5025:(1915)
5017:(1915)
5009:(1914)
4990:(2015)
4982:(1996)
4974:(1986)
4955:(2024)
4947:(1996)
4939:(1994)
4931:(1983)
4923:(1982)
4915:(1981)
4907:(1981)
4899:(1980)
4891:(1979)
4883:(1979)
4875:(1979)
4867:(1979)
4859:(1976)
4851:(1975)
4843:(1975)
4835:(1974)
4827:(1974)
4819:(1972)
4811:(1971)
4803:(1948)
4795:(1937)
4776:(2023)
4768:(2016)
4760:(2014)
4752:(2013)
4744:(2007)
4736:(2005)
4728:(2003)
4720:(2003)
4712:(1999)
4704:(1995)
4696:(1993)
4688:(1992)
4680:(1992)
4672:(1991)
4664:(1989)
4656:(1986)
4648:(1985)
4640:(1984)
4632:(1982)
4624:(1982)
4616:(1978)
4608:(1977)
4600:(1977)
4592:(1974)
4584:(1973)
4576:(1973)
4568:(1972)
4560:(1971)
4552:(1971)
4544:(1971)
4536:(1971)
4528:(1971)
4520:(1969)
4512:(1969)
4504:(1969)
4496:(1969)
4488:(1968)
4480:(1968)
4472:(1967)
4464:(1967)
4456:(1964)
4448:(1964)
4440:(1964)
4424:(1955)
4385:(1950)
4377:(1950)
4361:(1948)
4353:(1948)
4345:(1944)
4337:(1943)
4329:(1940)
4321:(1927)
4313:(1899)
4305:(1896)
4297:(1886)
4289:(1883)
4245:(2016)
4237:(2015)
4229:(2009)
4221:(2000)
4213:(1997)
4205:(1990)
4197:(1989)
4189:(1989)
4181:(1987)
4173:(1987)
4165:(1985)
4157:(1984)
4149:(1983)
4141:(1982)
4133:(1981)
4125:(1979)
4117:(1979)
4109:(1977)
4101:(1976)
4093:(1975)
4085:(1975)
4077:(1974)
4069:(1974)
4061:(1971)
4053:(1968)
4045:(1967)
4037:(1962)
4029:(1961)
4021:(1958)
4013:(1950)
4005:(1932)
3997:(1927)
3989:(1922)
3981:(1905)
3962:(2011)
3954:(2010)
3946:(2009)
3938:(2009)
3930:(2005)
3922:(2003)
3914:(2002)
3906:(1989)
3898:(1988)
3890:(1982)
3882:(1980)
3874:(1978)
3868:(1978)
3860:(1976)
3852:(1976)
3844:(1975)
3836:(1975)
3830:(1974)
3824:(1969)
3818:(1967)
3812:(1963)
3806:(1961)
3792:under
3782:(2022)
3774:(2020)
3766:(2019)
3758:(2018)
3750:(2016)
3742:(2007)
3734:(2006)
3726:(2000)
3718:(1997)
3710:(1997)
3702:(1996)
3694:(1992)
3686:(1990)
3678:(1990)
3670:(1989)
3662:(1986)
3654:(1983)
3646:(1981)
3638:(1979)
3630:(1979)
3622:(1976)
3614:(1976)
3606:(1973)
3598:(1973)
3590:(1971)
3569:(2022)
3561:(2016)
3553:(2003)
3545:(1992)
3537:(1989)
3529:(1986)
3521:(1973)
3513:(1973)
3505:(1965)
3497:(1925)
3489:(1923)
3468:(1937)
3460:(1931)
3452:(1917)
3444:(1917)
3436:(1915)
3428:(1908)
3420:(1905)
3412:(1898)
3404:(1897)
3396:(1887)
3352:(1999)
3344:(1971)
3336:(1967)
3328:(1958)
3320:(1898)
3312:(1884)
3304:(1875)
3296:(1873)
3020:Legacy
2796:Ahimsa
1425:groups
886:(1950)
878:(1950)
839:Events
500:per se
496:Plessy
441:equity
385:, and
362:Parker
232:equity
38:, but
5605:Other
5212:Other
3970:Other
3118:Noted
2711:songs
1531:NAACP
1384:riots
599:Brown
540:Brown
528:Brown
523:Brown
505:Brown
457:Bulah
186:Union
158:Brown
146:Brown
138:black
134:Brown
94:aff'd
4278:Race
751:2023
684:Time
658:2024
534:and
321:and
196:and
90:A.2d
4784:Sex
609:in
314:by
236:law
5647::
781:.
742:.
724:.
711:^
693:^
681:.
666:^
649:.
629:.
625:,
617:.
381:,
377:,
333:.
126:.
3259:e
3252:t
3245:v
2988:"
2984:"
1329:"
1325:"
1169:"
1165:"
987:"
983:"
845:)
841:(
823:e
816:t
809:v
753:.
660:.
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
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