355:, and were subsequently transformed into recognizable sentences by transformations. This approach necessitated more complex underlying structures than those proposed by Chomsky, and thus more complex transformations. Despite this additional complexity, the approach was appealing in several respects. First, it offered a powerful mechanism for explaining synonymity. In his initial work in generative syntax, Chomsky motivated transformations using
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structures would serve as the input to a semantic computation which would output a denotation. This approach captured the relationship between syntactic and semantic patterns, while allowing the syntax to work independently of the semantics, as
Chomsky and others had argued for on the basis of empirical observations such as the famous "
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in the sense that the meaning of a sentence was computed on the basis of its syntactic structure rather than the other way around. In these approaches, syntactic structures were generated by rules stated in terms of syntactic structure alone, with no reference to meaning. Once generated, these
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cases of synonymity in a similar fashion, which proved to be a challenge given the tools available at the time. Second, the theory had a pleasingly intuitive structure: the form of a sentence was quite literally
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The generative semantics framework took the opposite view, positing that syntactic structures are computed on the basis of meanings. In this approach, meanings were generated directly by the grammar as
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Despite its opposition to generative grammar, the generative semantics project operated largely in
Chomskyan terms. Most importantly, the generative semanticists, following Chomsky, were opposed to
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There is little agreement concerning the question of whose idea generative semantics was. All of the people mentioned here have been credited with its invention (often by each other).
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pairs such as "I hit John" and "John was hit by me", which have different surface forms despite their identical truth conditions. Generative semanticists wanted to account for
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in the mid-1960s, but stood in opposition to it. The period in which the two research programs coexisted was marked by intense and often personal clashes now known as the
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The controversy surrounding generative semantics stemmed in part from the competition between two fundamentally different approaches to
937:(1967). Constraints on variables in syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Free copy available at
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855:; & Fodor, Jerry A. (1964). The structure of a semantic theory. In J. A. Fodor & J. J. Katz (Eds.) (pp. 479–518).
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413:(1957) among others. By contrast, generative semantics was faced with the problem of explaining the emergence of meaning in
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which is very close in spirit to the original generative semantics framework, which he played a role in developing.
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Generative semantics is no longer practiced under that name, though many of its central ideas have blossomed in the
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472:(i.e. the thing that's doing the kicking) must be animate whether it is the subject of the active verb (as in "
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892:(1975). Discussion of Ray C. Dougherty's "Generative semantics methods: A Bloomfieldian counterrevolution".
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that motivated the passive transformation, but the fact that active and passive verb forms have the same
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rather than social and rational terms. This problem was solved in the 1980s by Lakoff in his version of
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Lakoff, George; & Ross, John R. . (1976). Is deep structure necessary?. In J. D. McCawley (Ed.),
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from its meaning via transformations. To some, interpretive semantics seemed rather "clunky" and
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Ross, John R. . (1970). On declarative sentences. In R. A. Jacobs & P. S. Rosenbaum (Eds.),
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Lakoff, George (1990). "Invariance hypothesis: is abstract reasoning based on image-schemas?".
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in the 1970s. The notion that meaning generates grammar is itself old and fundamental to the
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and not learned. Chomsky and Lakoff were united by their opposition to the establishment of
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Dougherty, Ray C. (1975). Reply to the critics on the
Bloomfieldian counterrevolution.
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868:. (1971). On generative semantics. In D. D. Steinberg & L. A. Jakobovits (Eds.),
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tradition. It is also regarded as a key part of the intellectual heritage of
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338:. In the 1960s, work in the generative tradition assumed that semantics was
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Ideology and
Linguistic Theory: Noam Chomsky and the deep structure debates
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Partee, Barbara (2011). "Formal
Semantics: Origins, Issues, Early Impact".
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441:. Such a view of the mind has not been fully approved by neuroscientists.
784:(1974). Generative semantics methods: A Bloomfieldian counterrevolution.
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The
Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle over Deep Structure
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and other sensory input, which crystallizes into language in the form of
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rather than the other way around. Generative semantics developed out of
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The Baltic
International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
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Strictly speaking, it was not the fact that active/passive pairs are
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311:, and some of its insights live on in mainstream generative grammar.
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in comparison. This was especially so before the development of
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Syntax and semantics 7: Notes from the linguistic underground
963:(pp. 222–272). Washington: Georgetown University Press.
872:(pp. 232–296). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Ross, John R. . (1972). Doubl-ing. In J. Kimball (Ed.),
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phrase after the passive verb ("The ball was kicked by
970:(Vol. 1, pp. 157–186). New York: Seminar Press.
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Conjectures and refutations in syntax and semantics
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927:(1972). The best theory. In S. Peters (Ed.),
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