3596:
Bruce, Lori; Buckler, Max; Cabral
Grinspan, Mauro; Cannoot, Pieter; Carpenter, Morgan; Catto, Marie-XaviĂšre; CatalĂĄn, MoisĂ©s; Chambers, Clare; Chapin, Georganne; Chegwidden, James; Christian Ghattas, Dan; Clough, Sharyn; Conroy, RonĂĄn M.; Dabbagh, Hossein; Dalke, Katharine B.; DalliĂšre, Sophie; Danon, Limor Meoded; Davis, Dena S.; Davis, Georgiann; Dawson, Angela J.; DeLaet, Debra L.; Dranseika, Vilius; DuBoff, Max; Dwyer, James G.; Earp, Brian D.; Esho, Tammary; EssĂ©n, Birgitta; Fahmy, Mohamed A. Baky; Feder, Ellen K.; Ferreira, Nuno; Fillod, Odile; Florquin, StĂ©phanie; FoldĂšs, Pierre; Fox, Marie; Frisch, Morten; Fusaschi, Michela; Garland, Fae; Geisheker, John; Gheaus, Anca; GimĂ©nez Barbat, Teresa; Levin Freifrau von Gleichen, Tobe; Godwin, Samantha; Goldman, Ronald; Gonzalez-Polledo, E. J.; Goodman, Jenny; Gradilla, Alexandro JosĂ©; Gruenbaum, Ellen; Gwaambuka, Tatenda; Hatem-Gantzer, Ghada; Hakim, M.; Hammond, Tim; Hannikainen, Ivar R.; van der Have, Miriam; Herbenick, Debby; Higashi, Yuko; Hill, B. Jessie; Johansen, R. Elise B.; Johari, Aarefa; Johnson-Agbakwu, Crista; Johnson, Matthew T.; Kimani, Samue; Komba, Eva; Kolak, Julia; Koukoui, Sophia; Kraus, Cynthia; Latham, Stephen R.; Laurent, Bo; Learner, Hazel; Lempert, Antony; Lenta, Patrick; Lesslar, Olivia; Lewis, Jonathan; Liao, Lih-Mei; Lorshbough, Erika; Lurenbaum, Jean-Christophe; MacDonald, Noni E.; McAllister, Ryan; Meddings, Jonathan; Merli, Claudia; Mertens, Mayli; Milos, Marilyn; Mishori, Ranit; Monro, Surya; Moss, Lisa Braver; Munzer, Stephen R.; Nazri, Hannah M.; Ncayiyana, Daniel; Neiders, Ivars; Ngosso, LondĂ©; Nguena, Marianne; van Niekerk, Anton A.; Nobis, Nathan; Oduor, Alphonce Odhiambo; OâNeill, Sarah; Ottenheimer, Deborah; Paalanen, Panda; Palacios-GonzĂĄlez, CĂ©sar; Qing, Xin; Radcliffe Richards, Janet; Ramus, Franck; Rashid Khan, Abdul; Ray, Saarrah; Reis, Elizabeth; Reis-Dennis, Samuel; Remennick, Larissa; Richard, Fabienne; Roen, Katrina; Rubashkyn, Eliana; Sarajlic, Eldar; Sardi, Lauren; Schuklenk, Udo; Shahvisi, Arianne; Shaw, David; Sinden, Guy; Sidler, Daniel; Skitka, Linda; Somerville, Margaret A.; Sterckx, Sigrid; Svoboda, J. Steven; Taher, Mariya; Tangwa, Godfrey B.; Thomson, Michael; Townsend, Kate Goldie; Travis, Mitchell; Van Howe, Robert S.; Vash-Margita, Alla; Verhagen, Emmanuelle; Vilponen, Tiina; Villani, Michela; Viloria, Hida; Vintiadis, Elly; Virgili, Tommaso; VissandjĂ©e, Bilkis; Ungar-Sargon, Eliyahu; Wahlberg, Anna; Wald, Rebecca; Walsh, Reubs J.; Weisenberg, Desmond; Wenger, Hannah; Wisdom, Travis; Zelayandia, Ernesto; ZiemiĆska, Renata; Zieselman, Kimberly; Ziyada, Mai Mahgoub (17 July 2024).
2922:. Complications are rare. Modern proponents say that circumcision reduces the risks of a range of infections and diseases and confers sexual benefits. Opponents, particularly of routine neonatal circumcision, question its preventive efficacy and object to subjecting non-consenting newborn males to a procedure that is potentially harmful, in their view, with little to no benefit, as well as violating their human rights and possibly negatively impacting their sex life. There is a consensus among the world's major medical organizations and in the academic literature that circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention in high-risk populations if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions. They hold variant perspectives on the prophylactic efficacy of the elective circumcision of minors in
2704:. She states that the media, such as pornography, creates an unhealthy view of what a "good looking vagina" is and how women feel that their privates are inferior and are therefore pressured to act upon that mindset. These insecurities are forced upon women by their partners and other women as well. Also leading to a surge of these types of procedures is increased interest in non-surgical genital alterations, such as Brazilian waxing, that make the vulva more visible to judgment. The incentive to participate in vulvo- and vaginoplasty may also come about in an effort to manage women's physical attributes and their sexual behavior, treating their vagina as something needing to be managed or controlled and ultimately deemed "acceptable".
2719:
2941:
2657:
2895:
111:
2507:
3760:, p. 121, n. 62: "This estimate is derived from weighted averages of FGM/C prevalence among girls aged 0 to 14 and girls and women aged 15 to 49, using the most recently available DHS, MICS and SHHS data (1997â2012) for the 29 countries where FGM/C is concentrated. The number of girls and women who have been cut was calculated using 2011 demographic figures produced by the UN Population Division ... The number of cut women aged 50 and older is based on FGM/C prevalence in women aged 45 to 49."
3774:, USAID, DHS Working Papers, No. 39, March 2008, pp. 13â14: "Infibulation is practiced largely in countries located in northeastern Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. Survey data are available for Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djibouti. Sudan alone accounts for about 3.5 million of the women. ... he estimate of the total number of women infibulated in comes to 8,245,449, or just over eight million women." Also see Appendix B, Table 2 ("Types of FGC"), p. 19.
5684:
2990:
2825:
485:
4518:
Huddart, Simon; Janson, Staffan; Jaszczak, Poul; Kupferschmid, Christoph; Lahdes-Vasama, Tuija; Lindahl, Harry; MacDonald, Noni; Markestad, Trond; MĂ€rtson, Matis; Nordhov, Solveig
Marianne; PÀlve, Heikki; Petersons, Aigars; Quinn, Feargal; Qvist, Niels; Rosmundsson, Thrainn; Saxen, Harri; Söder, Olle; Stehr, Maximilian; von Loewenich, Volker C.H.; Wallander, Johan; Wijnen, Rene (April 2013).
2975:. Nonsurgical restoration is the preferred method as it is less costly and typically yields better results than surgical restoration. A foreskin restoration device may be of help to men pursuing nonsurgical foreskin restoration. While restoration cannot recreate the nerves or tissues lost to circumcision, it can recreate the appearance and some of the function of a natural foreskin.
2555:, a practice found largely in Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan. Infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM (known as Type III), consists of the removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva, while a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual blood; afterwards the vagina will be opened after the wedding for sexual intercourse and childbirth (see
2593:
Hymenorrhaphy refers to the practice of thickening the hymen, or, in some cases, implanting a capsule of red liquid within the newly created vaginal tissue. This new hymen is created to cause physical resistance, blood, or the appearance of blood, at the time that the individual's new husband inserts
3146:
Pearling or genital beading is a form of body modification, the practice of permanently inserting small beads made of various materials beneath the skin of the genitalsâof the labia, or of the shaft or foreskin of the penis. As well as being an aesthetic practice, this is usually intended to enhance
342:
therefore, that as a matter of justice, inclusivity, and gender equality in medical-ethical policy (we do not take a position as to criminal law), clinicians should not be permitted to perform any nonvoluntary genital cutting or surgery in prepubescent minors, irrespective of the latterâs sex traits
3595:
Abdulcadir, Jasmine; Adler, Peter W.; Almonte, Melanie T.; Anderson, Frank W. J.; Arguedas-RamĂrez, Gabriela; Aulisio, Mark P.; Bader, Dina; Balashinsky, David; Baratz, Arlene B.; BariĆ, Maide; Bauer, Greta; Behrensen, Maren; Ben-Yami, Hanoch; Boddy, Janice; Bootwala, Yasmin; Bowman-Smart, Hilary;
4290:
It seems likely that in the near future revised recommendations, taking a more positive attitude to circumcision, are likely in many
English-speaking countries. What of the future? Current medical advice and public health projects now underway seem to point to a worldwide increase in circumcision
2578:
in 1993; it states: "Article Two: Violence against women shall be understood to encompass, but not be limited to, the following: (a) Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including ... female genital mutilation ...". However, because of its importance in traditional
334:
is made up of "physicians, ethicists, nurse-midwives, public health professionals, legal scholars, human rights advocates, political scientists, anthropologists, psychologists, sexologists, sociologists, philosophers, and feminists from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and the
4517:
Aigrain, Yves; Barauskas, Vidmantas; Bjarnason, Ragnar; Boddy, Su-Anna; Czauderna, Piotr; de Gier, Robert P.E.; de Jong, Tom P.V.M.; Fasching, GĂŒnter; Fetter, Willem; Gahr, Manfred; Graugaard, Christian; Greisen, Gorm; Gunnarsdottir, Anna; Hartmann, Wolfram; Havranek, Petr; Hitchcock, Rowena;
2550:
It is practised in several parts of the world, but the practice is concentrated more heavily in Africa, parts of the Middle East, and some other parts of Asia. Over 125 million women and girls have experienced FGM in the 29 countries in which it is concentrated. Over eight million have been
3786:, p. 182, identifies "sewn closed" as most common in Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia for 15â49 age group (survey in 2000 for Sudan was not included), and for daughters, Djibouti, Eritrea, Niger and Somalia. UNICEF statistical profiles on FGM, showing type of FGM:
5307:
is frequently confused with preputial infibulation, which had different objectives and was achieved by surgically piercing the prepuce and using the holes so created for the insertion of a metal clasp (fibula) in order to fasten the prepuce
1464:
3165:
Penectomy involves the partial or total amputation of penis. Sometimes, the removal of the entire penis was done in conjunction with castration, or incorrectly referred to as castration. Removing the penis was often performed on
3840:, 61(6), December 1996 (pp. 999â1017), p. 1002: "Infibulation, the harshest practice, occurs contiguously in Egyptian Nubia, the Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, also known as Islamic Northeast Africa."
2560:
2699:
In the article
Designer Vaginas by Simone Weil Davis, she talks about the modification of woman's vagina and the outside influences women are pressured with, which can cause them to feel shame towards their
4362:
About 0.13% in
American neonates; Krill AJ, Palmer LS, Palmer JS (2011). "Complications of circumcision". TheScientificWorldJournal. 11: 2458â2468. doi:10.1100/2011/373829. PMC 3253617. PMID 22235177.
3300:... statuary present some adult malesâusually priests, functionaries, or low-status workersâas having undergone a vertical slit on the dorsal aspect of the prepuce, although no flesh has been removed.
302:
These surgeries are usually performed for cosmetic benefit rather than for therapeutic reasons. Most surgeries involving children with ambiguous genitalia are sexually damaging and may render them
144:
involves surgical insertion of small, inert spheres under the skin along the shaft of the penis for the purpose of providing sexual stimulation to the walls of the vagina. Similar to tattooing,
2559:). In the past several decades, efforts have been made by global health organizations, such as the WHO, to end the practice. FGM is condemned by international human rights organizations. The
354:
Genital mutilation is common in some situations of war or armed conflict, with perpetrators using violence against the genitals of men, women, and non-binary people. These different forms of
3812:
3801:
3790:
1425:
2527:(FGM), also known as female genital cutting (FGC), female circumcision, or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), refers to "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the
3557:
Karen S Vogt, MD, Michael J Bourgeois, MD, Arlan L Rosenbloom, MD, Mary L Windle, PharmD, George. P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP, Merrily P M Poth, MD, Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD
148:
is primarily done for aesthetic reasons by adding decorative scars to the skin. The genital decoration by scars is an ancient tradition in many cultures, both for men and women.
3312:. In the medical field, it may be performed for as an alternative to circumcision when circumcision is undesired or impractical. It remains a rare surgery and practice overall.
2906:, the double-layered fold of skin, mucosal and muscular tissue at the distal end of the human penis. Around half of all circumcisions worldwide are performed for reasons of
4098:
Green Fiona (2005). "From clitoridectomies to 'designer vaginas': The medical construction of heteronormative female bodies and sexuality through female genital cutting".
5033:
Nanda, S. "Hijras: An
Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India (in Herdt, G. (1996) Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. Zone Books.)
4491:
3082:
subculture made up mostly of men who have had their genitals surgically removed. Those undergoing the procedure often go by the name of nullos, and are not necessarily
6662:
3030:
to conceal the glans. The kynodesme was also used by the
Etruscans and Romans (ligatura praeputii), but the Romans preferred to apply a gold, silver, or bronze ring (
2598:
at the time of marriage. In these cultures, a woman may be punished, perhaps violently, if the community leaders deem that she was not a virgin when her marriage was
4126:
2571:
1931:
5252:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"
957:
3748:, p. 22: "More than 125 million girls and women alive today have been cut in the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where FGM/C is concentrated.
358:
can terrorize targeted individuals and communities, prevent individuals from reproducing, and cause tremendous pain and psychological anguish for victims.
3407:
2685:
strongly criticised this craze, citing its popularity being rooted in commercial and media influences. Similar concerns have been expressed in
Australia.
6156:
5721:
5524:
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401:(cutting part of the tissue between the vagina and the anus) is sometimes performed to increase the amount of space through which the baby may emerge.
2342:
1703:
5123:
Gearhart, JP; Rock, JA (1989). "Total ablation of the penis after circumcision with electrocautery: A method of management and long-term followup".
4812:...defending the casual relation between male circumcision and reduced HIV transmission has become essentially hegemonic in the academic literature.
166:
is a term for various techniques used to attempt to increase the size of the penis, though the safety and efficacy of these techniques are debated.
2474:
1124:
3495:
Gearhart JP, Rock JA (1989). "Total ablation of the penis after circumcision with electrocautery: a method of management and long-term followup".
4597:
3809:
3798:
3787:
3125:
3889:
3388:
Neluis T, Armstrong ML, Young C, Roberts AE, Hogan L, Rinard K (2014). "Prevalence and implications of genital tattoos: A site not forgotten".
1037:
2800:, but that is less common. Castration has been performed in many cultures throughout history, but is now rare. It should not be confused with
4225:
Davis, Simone Weil. "Designer
Vaginas." Women's Voices, Feminist Visions. Ed. Susan Shaw and Janet Lee. New York: McGraw Hill (2012): 270â77.
4134:
6797:
4570:
1708:
6725:
6710:
3975:
1678:
1266:
782:
45:
is generally used for genital modifications that improve the recipient's quality of life in result in positive health outcomes. The term
4631:
3285:
A rectal slit (also known as superincision) is an incision made along the upper length of the foreskin with the intention to expose the
415:
to occur. An adult individual may opt for increasing the size of her hymenal opening, or removal of the hymen altogether, to facilitate
335:
Americas with interdisciplinary or experiential expertise in child genital cutting practices across a wide range of cultural contexts".
6563:
5395:
4790:
It is now generally accepted in public health spheres that medical male circumcision is efficacious in the prevention of HIV infection.
4715:
942:
81:
Many types of genital modification are performed at the behest of the individual, for personal, sexual, aesthetic or cultural reasons.
5202:
2835:
6489:
5663:
3829:
366:
If the genitals become diseased, as in the case of cancer, sometimes the diseased areas are surgically removed. Females may undergo
6652:
3432:
Angulo JC, GarcĂa-DĂez M, MartĂnez M (2011). "Phallic decoration in paleolithic art: genital scarification, piercing and tattoos".
864:
752:
2728:
Clitoral hood reduction is a form of hoodplasty. When performed with the consent of the adult individual, it can be considered an
6675:
6149:
5714:
3919:
299:
children and children with ambiguous genitalia may be subjected to surgeries to "normalize" the appearance of their genitalia.
6687:
5668:
5357:
3871:"A/RES/48/104 â Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women â UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements"
3779:
3753:
3741:
2443:
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874:
702:
687:
682:
512:
4495:
4334:
Alan
Glasper, Edward; Richardson, James; Randall, Duncan (2021). "Promote, Restore, and Stabilise Health Status in Children".
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947:
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4235:
Rodrigues Sara (2012). "From Vaginal Exception to Exceptional Vagina: The Biopolitics of Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery".
2511:
2496:
2467:
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757:
571:
4708:"Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics"
3630:
Eichert, David (2019). "'Homosexualization' Revisited: An Audience-Focused Theorization of Wartime Male Sexual Violence".
3273:. When the surgery is not performed in a hospital or by a licensed medical professional, complications such as infection,
5259:
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1800:
1713:
1256:
1074:
692:
677:
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Vincent Lupo. Family gets $ 2.75 million in wrongful surgery suit. Lake Charles American Press, Wednesday, May 28, 1986.
3102:. Though the procedure is mostly sought by men, female genital mutilation may be referred to as clitoral nullification.
6692:
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5965:
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2776:
1698:
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17:
3851:
3186:. Penis removal may occur through unintentional genital injury, such as during routine neonatal circumcision mishaps.
6419:
5637:
5529:
5152:
5069:"Family Is Awarded $ 850,000 For Circumcision Accident" The New York Times, New York, USA, Published November 2, 1975
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practice elsewhere. It is performed for sexual enhancement of both partners, aesthetics, symmetry and gratification.
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623:
601:
311:
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3411:
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procedure. When these procedures are performed on individuals without their consent, they are considered a form of
2097:
1926:
1820:
1261:
1151:
2747:; the therapeutic goal is thought to improve the sexual functioning of the woman, and the aesthetic appeal of her
3261:. It may also be performed for personal preference. Penile subincision may leave a man with an increased risk of
2885:
2460:
1673:
1168:
912:
707:
5699:
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whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons." It is not the same as the procedures used in
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5647:
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767:
922:
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141:
3329:
Danino, Michel Alain; Trouilloud, Pierre; Benkhadra, Mehdi; Danino, Arthur; Laurent, Romain (2024-02-01).
2696:
standards. The surgery itself is controversial, and critics refer to the procedures as "designer vagina".
6657:
6599:
6118:
5848:
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2285:
2129:
1536:
1119:
1057:
228:
6558:
6206:
5731:
5556:
5350:
5203:"John Bobbitt's surgeons describe the day they reattached his penis: 'It came to us⊠in a hot dog bag'"
5091:
Charles Seabrook. $ 22.8 million in botched circumcision. Atlanta Constitution, Tuesday, March 12, 1991
4003:
2910:; half for religious or cultural reasons. Circumcision involves either a conventional "cut and stitch"
2889:
2394:
1141:
802:
517:
6239:
6201:
6196:
6085:
5586:
5132:
4711:
3727:
3597:
3075:, which is the removal of the testicles only, although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
2764:
2524:
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581:
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4339:
4191:
Braun Virginia (2005). "In search of (better) sexual pleasure: female genital 'cosmetic' surgery".
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1991:
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4127:"Female Genital Mutilation in the West: Traditional Circumcision versus Genital Cosmetic Surgery"
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and high ranking men who would frequently be in contact with women, such as those belonging to a
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through manual manipulation (pulling) or physical equipment (such as weights). It is a familial
1320:
445:. The motivation behind such actions vary widely; it may be done due personal crisis related to
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for purposes of assault or revenge is overwhelmingly a female-on-male crime, particularly in
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2006:
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88:
4707:
4524:"Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision"
3193:
circumcision ceremony, which is performed by spear, accidental penectomy is a serious risk.
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6614:
6449:
6181:
5909:
5611:
5417:
4531:
3041:
In modern times, male infibulation may be performed for personal preferences or as part of
2935:
2751:. The reduction of the clitoral prepuce tissues usually is a sub-ordinate surgery within a
2594:
his penis into her vagina. This is done in cultures where a high value is placed on female
2540:
2228:
1740:
1614:
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1315:
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87:, or splitting of the underside of the penis, is widespread in the traditional cultures of
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may be performed to restore what was lost, often with techniques similar to those used in
8:
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6469:
6409:
6326:
6173:
5960:
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5761:
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5299:
Hodges draws a strong distinction between the kynodesme and infibulation " Tethering the
4742:"Social representations of male circumcision as prophylaxis against HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe"
4275:
3826:
3265:, issues with fertility (due to lack of control over what direction the sperm goes after
3022:
Early Greek infibulation consisted of tying the most distal portion of the foreskin with
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may be performed for aesthetic reasons, but piercings can have the benefit of increasing
3365:
3330:
2944:
Circumcised at birth, the foreskin has been restored over years of foreskin restoration.
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84:
3598:"Genital Modifications in Prepubescent Minors: When May Clinicians Ethically Proceed?"
3508:
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2688:
Some women undergo vaginoplasty or vulvoplasty procedures to alter the shape of their
110:
107:
alone, while bisection is a more extreme form that splits the penis entirely in half.
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Health and Other Unassailable Values: Reconfigurations of Health, Evidence and Ethics
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3512:
3475:
3449:
3370:
3352:
3087:
3079:
2972:
2923:
2635:
2627:
2436:
2347:
2275:
2260:
2043:
1986:
1785:
1693:
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1506:
1335:
606:
408:
163:
126:
92:
71:
34:
5288:
4566:
4467:
4401:
4165:
4073:
3776:
3750:
3738:
3147:
the sexual pleasure of the receptive partner(s) during vaginal or anal intercourse.
2792:
Castration in the genital modification and mutilation context is the removal of the
6746:
6741:
6637:
6621:
5380:
5268:
5174:
4941:
4919:
4878:
4862:
4771:
4753:
4693:
4665:
4613:
4544:
4438:
4428:
4381:
4244:
4200:
4143:
4107:
4045:
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3639:
3605:
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3441:
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3342:
3258:
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2964:
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2615:
2399:
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2018:
1854:
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1099:
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822:
331:
319:
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291:
122:
96:
38:
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3643:
3609:
6568:
6505:
6439:
6399:
6381:
6249:
6134:
6110:
5729:
5551:
5541:
5509:
5504:
5494:
5156:
5100:
Schmidt, William E (October 8, 1985). "A Circumcision Method Draws New Concern".
5044:
4609:
4304:
3833:
3816:
3805:
3794:
3783:
3757:
3745:
3305:
3242:
3175:
3118:
3012:
2732:
2414:
2322:
2218:
2159:
2011:
1996:
1976:
1941:
1648:
1561:
1496:
1278:
1228:
1001:
847:
458:
454:
446:
428:
355:
343:
or gender assignment, unless urgently necessary to protect their physical health.
189:
130:
50:
5226:
4617:
4041:
6100:
5865:
5799:
5789:
5771:
5621:
5546:
5499:
5472:
5432:
5251:
3771:
3530:
3445:
3274:
3250:
3234:
3211:
infamously removed her husband's penis in 1993. In the latter case, the use of
3204:
2919:
2575:
2409:
2367:
2337:
2327:
2245:
2238:
2223:
2213:
2033:
1969:
1911:
1906:
1891:
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1663:
1658:
1546:
1481:
979:
952:
792:
476:
450:
442:
287:
252:
208:
4758:
4111:
4026:"Requests for cosmetic genitoplasty: how should healthcare providers respond?"
3237:
towards to the base. It was performed by people of some cultures, such as the
3011:
literally means "to close with a clasp or a pin.â The word is used to include
322:
on grounds that such surgeries subject patients to unnecessary harm and risk.
6791:
6764:
6479:
6298:
6266:
6261:
6229:
6052:
6025:
5784:
5477:
5467:
4874:
4767:
4677:
4605:
4519:
4248:
4204:
3356:
3292:
The practice appears to have occurred in Ancient Egypt, though not commonly:
3196:
3178:. In the medical field, removal of the penis may be performed for reasons of
3160:
2736:
2588:
2506:
2421:
2028:
1964:
1949:
1805:
1770:
1750:
1621:
1566:
1501:
869:
772:
155:
145:
2606:, who were virginal at the time of their rape, may elect for hymenorrhaphy.
49:
is used for genital modifications that drastically diminish the recipient's
6776:
6759:
6047:
5987:
5876:
5833:
5828:
5779:
5756:
5606:
5489:
5457:
5366:
5280:
4933:
4785:
4685:
4558:
4549:
4452:
4385:
4157:
4059:
3822:
3467:
3453:
3374:
3304:
It may be performed as a part of traditional customs, such as those in the
3212:
3132:. A castrated slave was worth more, and this offset the losses from death.
3054:
2984:
2953:
2881:
2760:
2756:
2701:
2651:
2622:
2552:
2255:
2134:
1954:
1921:
1901:
1825:
1815:
1795:
1775:
1400:
1293:
1288:
1011:
986:
837:
777:
742:
712:
433:
A person may engage in self-inflicted genital injury or mutilation such as
412:
256:
240:
224:
216:
212:
196:
5272:
5149:
4984:"The Most Extreme Body Hacks That Actually Change Your Physical Abilities"
4908:"Preputial infibulation: from ancient medicine to modern genital piercing"
4892:
4433:
4393:
3870:
3516:
6594:
6553:
6520:
6288:
6281:
6090:
6015:
5893:
5838:
5462:
4866:
4656:(July 2013). "Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation".
3309:
3297:
3286:
3266:
3230:
3083:
3016:
2968:
2752:
2740:
2647:
2149:
2109:
2077:
1936:
1896:
1730:
1643:
1596:
1571:
1471:
1146:
859:
842:
797:
717:
379:
367:
232:
204:
200:
181:
134:
104:
4851:"Benefits of newborn circumcision: is Europe ignoring medical evidence?"
3347:
6754:
6454:
6444:
6376:
6080:
6042:
6030:
6020:
5955:
5921:
5688:
5581:
5322:
4905:
4850:
3106:
3072:
2989:
2787:
2599:
2556:
2431:
2426:
2307:
2302:
2198:
2174:
2023:
1916:
1874:
1830:
1638:
1626:
1601:
1591:
1511:
886:
881:
852:
787:
628:
434:
404:
398:
394:
371:
307:
260:
248:
4372:
Williams N, Kapila L (October 1993). "Complications of circumcision".
3890:"nthWORD Magazine Interview with Liz Canner, filmmaker of Orgasm, Inc"
3174:. The hijra of India may remove their penis as an expression of their
6543:
6431:
6271:
5452:
5447:
4169:
3270:
3156:
3025:
3023:
3000:
2998:
2793:
2693:
2595:
2532:
2332:
2280:
1981:
1576:
662:
438:
375:
303:
220:
100:
5683:
6515:
6459:
6316:
6276:
5981:
5601:
5596:
3772:"Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total"
3561:
3200:
3190:
3179:
3064:
2994:
2949:
2903:
2744:
2544:
2297:
2119:
2038:
1683:
1609:
1516:
1476:
817:
812:
807:
732:
727:
672:
296:
3574:
5992:
3254:
3246:
3167:
2960:
737:
633:
613:
586:
561:
484:
374:(to the vagina and vulva, respectively), while males may undergo
4494:. American Academy of Pediatrics. 27 August 2012. Archived from
3229:
Penile subincision is a form of genital modification involves a
2963:
onto a portion of the penile shaft. Nonsurgical methods involve
2811:) is usually done in the modern world only for medical reasons.
6321:
6007:
5944:
5809:
5794:
5484:
5335:
5150:
Description of the problems accompanying the ritual of Ulwaluko
3328:
3183:
3091:
1735:
722:
618:
596:
591:
541:
310:, doctors may recommend the child be reassigned as female. The
4516:
4066:
3920:"Rwandan Women View The Elongation Of Their Labia As Positive"
3594:
3542:
6072:
5748:
4333:
3171:
3060:
2748:
2689:
2528:
1745:
546:
192:. Not all transgender people elect to have these surgeries.
3233:
and vertically slitting the underside of the penis from the
5437:
3868:
3827:"Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account"
3387:
3042:
2959:
Surgical restoration involves grafting skin taken from the
2603:
2379:
2208:
251:. In some cases, a child's gender may be reassigned due to
3113:
communities reportedly undergo emasculation. It is called
4468:"Newborn male circumcision | Canadian Paediatric Society"
3431:
2572:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
5010:
Traversing Gender: Understanding Transgender Realities
3207:
sliced off her husband's penis with a straight razor.
2948:
Foreskin restoration is the partial recreation of the
2807:
The removal of one testicle (sometimes referred to as
2579:
life, it continues to be practised in many societies.
2510:
FGM in Africa, Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemen, as of 2015 (
5170:"Bobbitt's Amputation Case Similar to a 1907 Account"
4023:
306:. For example, in cases involving male children with
235:
to remove fat deposits around their hips and thighs.
4906:
D. Schultheiss; J.J. Mattelaer; F.M. Hodges (2003).
4291:
rates in the first half of the twenty-first century.
4270:
Yosha, Assaf; Bolnick, David; Koyle, Martin (2012).
3078:
Genital nullification is a procedure practiced in a
2735:
procedure for reducing the size and the area of the
382:(removal of the penis and testicles, respectively).
4336:
A Textbook of Children's and Young People's Nursing
3474:(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
3331:"Cosmetic male genital surgery: a narrative review"
6164:
5078:"David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case"
4820:The AIDS Pandemic: Searching for a Global Response
4484:
3692:A Practical Guide to Office Gynecologic Procedures
3529:"David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case"
27:Permanent or temporary changes to human sex organs
4596:. In Denniston, George C.; Hodges, Frederick M.;
4510:
4414:
4269:
2796:. Occasionally the term is also used to refer to
2343:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
154:may be achieved temporarily through the use of a
6789:
4124:
3690:Blumenthal, Paul D.; Berek, Jonathan S. (2013).
158:, or it may be achieved permanently through the
4739:
4306:Current Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics 21/E
4024:Liao, Lih Mei; Sarah M Creighton (2007-05-26).
3689:
3543:ISNA's Amicus Brief on Intersex Genital Surgery
3400:
2967:by stretching the penile skin forward over the
2641:
1987:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
5006:
5000:
4371:
4234:
4190:
3945:
3943:
3941:
2620:Labia stretching is the act of elongating the
1465:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
6150:
5715:
5351:
5042:
4954:
4730:
4135:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
3664:
2852:that contextualizes different points of view.
2838:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
2468:
4602:Genital Autonomy: Protecting Personal Choice
4309:. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 18â19.
3887:
3764:
3494:
2501:
6726:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
6711:Birth control movement in the United States
5036:
4948:
4899:
4817:
4700:
4125:Essen, Birgitta; Johnsdotter, Sara (2004).
4097:
3938:
3667:Pediatric surgery: diagnosis and management
3590:
3588:
3269:), and may require a man to sit down while
2679:. In May 2007, an article published in the
1679:List of people killed for being transgender
169:
91:. This procedure has taken root in Western
6564:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
6157:
6143:
5722:
5708:
5358:
5344:
5013:. Mystic Productions Press. pp. 23â.
3732:
3708:
3669:. Berlin New York: Springer. p. 963.
3665:Puri, Prem; Höllwarth, Michael E. (2009).
3632:International Feminist Journal of Politics
3472:Neither Man nor Woman: the Hijras of India
3277:, or permanent damage are major concerns.
2707:
2475:
2461:
5664:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
5330:A world without female Genital Mutilation
4975:
4923:
4882:
4775:
4757:
4548:
4442:
4432:
4147:
4049:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3364:
3346:
2868:Learn how and when to remove this message
2739:(prepuce) in order to further expose the
103:is a form that involves splitting of the
5200:
4365:
4302:
4296:
3585:
3390:British Journal of Medical Practitioners
3124:It was part of the eunuch-making of the
3059:Emasculation is the removal of both the
2988:
2939:
2893:
2717:
2655:
2505:
753:Social determinants of health in poverty
160:application or injection of testosterone
109:
5260:The Bulletin of the History of Medicine
5159:. Ulwaluko.co.za. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
5082:, New York, USA, Published May 12, 2004
4652:
4415:Krill AJ, Palmer LS, Palmer JS (2011).
4004:"Designer vagina craze worries doctors"
3629:
3280:
2929:
188:to alter their genitals to match their
14:
6790:
5669:False allegation of child sexual abuse
5249:
5243:
5162:
4981:
4848:
4591:
4001:
3981:. WHO. 2004. p. 6. Archived from
3907:
3533:, New York, US, Published May 12, 2004
3215:was able to reattach Bobbitt's penis.
6138:
5703:
5339:
4800:. Taylor & Francis. p. 106.
4718:from the original on 22 November 2021
4408:
4323:from the original on 18 January 2016.
4006:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3997:
3995:
3694:. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 49.
3546:The Intersex Society of North America
3466:
3218:
349:
5323:The Geography of Genital Mutilations
4795:
3575:"What's ISNA's position on surgery?"
2818:
2497:Category:Female genital modification
1487:Capital punishment for homosexuality
758:Social determinants of mental health
223:. Trans women may also benefit from
195:Some of the surgical procedures are
133:for the pierced individual or their
65:
6798:Genital modification and mutilation
5730:Tests and procedures involving the
5428:Genital modification and mutilation
4740:Chikutsa A, Maharaj P (July 2015).
4573:from the original on 6 January 2020
4465:
4327:
4100:Sexualities, Evolution & Gender
4017:
3976:"Sexual healthâa new focus for WHO"
3968:
3922:. February 15, 2008. Archived from
3770:P. Stanley Yoder, Shane Khan,
2902:Circumcision is the removal of the
2898:Penis before and after circumcision
2675:, has become pejoratively known as
2609:
1606:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
4634:from the original on 6 August 2020
4594:"Physical Effects of Circumcision"
4263:
3992:
2777:Category:Male genital modification
407:is the surgical perforation of an
338:In its second statement, it says:
318:performed on people without their
271:
57:, whether physical or mental.
25:
6814:
6420:self-report sexual risk behaviors
5638:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
5525:in education in the United States
5315:
4824:Springer International Publishing
3869:United Nations General Assembly.
3602:The American Journal of Bioethics
3579:Intersex Society of North America
3523:
3408:"Penises, Piercings and Pleasure"
3289:without removing skin or tissue.
2602:. Individuals who are victims of
422:
312:Intersex Society of North America
276:
6490:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
5682:
5617:Sociobiological theories of rape
5365:
5135::10.1016/S0022-5347(17)38893-6.
4925:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04490.x
4855:Archives of Disease in Childhood
4149:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00590.x
4074:"The Perfect Vagina Documentary"
3335:Annals of Translational Medicine
2823:
2582:
2098:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1927:Law for Protection of the Nation
1821:White genocide conspiracy theory
483:
231:, while some trans men may have
6610:Sexually transmitted infections
5219:
5194:
5142:
5117:
5108:
5094:
5085:
5072:
5063:
5027:
4849:Schoen, Edgar J. (1997-09-01).
4842:
4646:
4585:
4459:
4417:"Complications of circumcision"
4356:
4303:Hay W, Levin M (25 June 2012).
4228:
4219:
4184:
4118:
4091:
3881:
3862:
3844:
3720:
3714:
3683:
3658:
3623:
3567:
3203:. In the United States In 1907
3128:, and it was widespread in the
3048:
2978:
2886:Circumcision surgical procedure
2814:
2531:or other surgery of the female
1932:MSM blood donation restrictions
1674:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
411:. It may be performed to allow
361:
6166:Sexual and reproductive health
5648:Sexually violent predator laws
5227:"Meatotomy â BME Encyclopedia"
5201:Effron, Lauren; Dooley, Sean.
4958:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment
4541:American Academy of Pediatrics
4466:Society, Canadian Paediatric.
4374:The British Journal of Surgery
4272:Surgical Guide to Circumcision
3551:
3536:
3488:
3460:
3425:
3381:
3322:
2797:
2671:of female genitalia, known as
1945:(as religious or racial quota)
330:The Brussels collaboration on
266:
211:(elongation of the clitoris),
13:
1:
5592:Effects and aftermath of rape
5250:Hodges, Frederick M. (2001).
5007:Lee Harrington (1 May 2016).
4670:10.1136/medethics-2012-101229
3892:. Nthword.com. Archived from
3644:10.1080/14616742.2018.1522264
3610:10.1080/15265161.2024.2353823
3509:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38893-6
3315:
3263:sexually transmitted diseases
2781:
2692:to meet personal or societal
2375:Second-generation gender bias
2083:Constitutional colorblindness
748:Social determinants of health
325:
6590:Disorders of sex development
5049:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4002:Bourke, Emily (2009-11-12).
3838:American Sociological Review
3410:. 2009-07-23. Archived from
3150:
3142:Pearling (body modification)
3024:
2999:
2759:; and occasionally within a
2642:Vulvoplasty and vaginoplasty
2566:FGM is considered a form of
2563:prohibits FGM (Article 38).
219:(creation of a scrotum) for
76:
7:
6600:Reproductive system disease
6119:Gynecologic ultrasonography
5849:Uterine artery embolization
4982:Knibbs, Kate (2015-05-14).
4618:10.1007/978-90-481-9446-9_7
4492:"Newborn Male Circumcision"
4042:10.1136/bmj.39206.422269.BE
3135:
2755:procedure for reducing the
2574:, which was adopted by the
2537:gender reassignment surgery
2286:Medical model of disability
2130:Hate speech laws by country
281:
229:facial feminization surgery
215:(creation of a penis), and
199:(creation of a vagina) and
10:
6819:
6559:Obstetrics and gynaecology
5732:female reproductive system
4961:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 57â.
4818:Merson M, Inrig S (2017).
4736:For sources on this, see:
3559:Microphallus: Epidemiology
3446:10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.077
3222:
3154:
3139:
3052:
2982:
2933:
2890:Circumcision controversies
2879:
2785:
2774:
2711:
2645:
2613:
2586:
2517:
2494:
2395:Social model of disability
803:Discrimination against men
426:
285:
203:(creation of a vulva) for
173:
69:
60:
6734:
6703:
6630:
6582:
6534:
6498:
6475:Pregnant patients' rights
6430:
6390:
6340:
6297:
6248:
6240:Pre-conception counseling
6222:
6197:Abortion-rights movements
6172:
6109:
6086:Female genital mutilation
6071:
6006:
5941:
5918:
5890:
5862:
5817:
5808:
5770:
5747:
5738:
5677:
5656:
5630:
5587:Causes of sexual violence
5572:
5373:
5046:Slavery in the Arab World
4759:10.1186/s12889-015-1967-z
4712:World Health Organization
4658:Journal of Medical Ethics
4421:TheScientificWorldJournal
4112:10.1080/14616660500200223
3815:October 30, 2014, at the
3728:World Health Organization
3015:of the foreskin over the
2914:or use of a circumcision
2765:female genital mutilation
2529:external female genitalia
2525:Female genital mutilation
2520:Female genital mutilation
2502:Female genital mutilation
2490:
1726:Opposition to immigration
597:Race / Ethnicity
259:, who was the subject of
6361:Gamete Cryopreservation
6207:Circumcision controversy
6187:Compulsory sterilization
4340:Elsevier Health Sciences
4249:10.1177/1363460712454073
4205:10.1177/1363460705056625
3564:, Updated August 3, 2011
3548:, Dated February 7, 1998
1721:Occupational segregation
1492:Compulsory sterilization
388:sex reassignment surgery
186:sex reassignment surgery
176:Sex reassignment surgery
170:Sex-reassignment surgery
6721:Social hygiene movement
6574:Transgender health care
6096:Clitoral hood reduction
6063:Vaginal transplantation
2770:
2723:Clitoral hood reduction
2714:Clitoral hood reduction
2708:Clitoral hood reduction
2682:British Medical Journal
2271:Internalized oppression
2125:Fighting Discrimination
2115:Fat acceptance movement
2073:Anti-discrimination law
1699:Native American mascots
55:adverse health outcomes
6549:Genitourinary medicine
6352:In vitro fertilization
6307:Hormonal contraception
6192:Contraceptive security
5267:(Fall 2001): 375â405.
5125:The Journal of Urology
5043:Murray Gordon (1989).
4955:Margo DeMello (2007).
4550:10.1542/peds.2012-2896
4386:10.1002/bjs.1800801005
3951:"Enlarging Your Labia"
3434:The Journal of Urology
3302:
3239:Indigenous Australians
3005:
2997:(582â485 BC), showing
2945:
2899:
2725:
2665:
2568:violence against women
2515:
2390:Social identity threat
2363:Reverse discrimination
2353:Racial color blindness
1811:Violence against women
1791:Sex-selective abortion
384:Reconstructive surgery
345:
119:
116:clitoral hood piercing
89:Indigenous Australians
6212:Intersex human rights
6124:Hysterosalpingography
5741:Gynecological surgery
5273:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
5180:San Jose Mercury News
5148:Rijken, D.J. (2014).
4592:Warren, John (2010).
3294:
3100:genital nullification
2992:
2952:after its removal by
2943:
2908:preventive healthcare
2897:
2846:by rewriting it in a
2809:unilateral castration
2721:
2673:elective genitoplasty
2659:
2630:in Rwanda, common in
2509:
2358:Religious intolerance
2318:Political correctness
2140:Intersex human rights
2088:Cultural assimilation
1756:Religious persecution
1522:Disability hate crime
1289:Jewish / Antisemitism
461:, or social reasons.
340:
247:, may opt to undergo
146:genital scarification
113:
31:Genital modifications
6770:tax on childlessness
6526:Genital modification
6450:Unintended pregnancy
6182:Reproductive Justice
5910:Endometrial ablation
5612:Rape trauma syndrome
5418:Cybersex trafficking
4867:10.1136/adc.77.3.258
4598:Milos, Marilyn Fayre
4278:. pp. 256â257.
3926:on February 18, 2008
3875:www.un-documents.net
3281:Penile superincision
2936:Foreskin restoration
2930:Foreskin restoration
2541:genital modification
1741:Political repression
708:Anti-left handedness
698:Anti-intellectualism
152:Clitoris enlargement
118: â Taiwan, 2009
6470:Pregnancy from rape
6327:Intrauterine device
5961:Cervical conization
5844:Pelvic exenteration
5762:Salpingoophorectomy
5643:Laws regarding rape
5423:Forced prostitution
4434:10.1100/2011/373829
4276:Springer Publishing
4036:(7603): 1090â1092.
3348:10.21037/atm-23-351
3090:; some identify as
2802:chemical castration
2561:Istanbul Convention
2266:Historical eugenics
1781:Segregation academy
1761:Religious terrorism
1552:Enemy of the people
1460:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
948:Jehovah's Witnesses
828:Perpetual foreigner
263:'s John/Joan case.
245:Indian subcontinent
43:genital enhancement
39:human sexual organs
6716:History of condoms
6605:Sexual dysfunction
6511:Sexual orientation
6465:Options counseling
6312:Male contraception
6235:Genetic counseling
5978:Cervical screening
5933:Uterine myomectomy
5905:Endometrial biopsy
5406:Child prostitution
5396:Child exploitation
5182:. 30 November 1993
5155:2021-10-03 at the
5103:The New York Times
5080:The New York Times
4654:Svoboda, J. Steven
4612:. pp. 75â79.
4498:on 7 November 2017
4078:Documentary Heaven
3988:on March 16, 2008.
3888:nthWORD Magazine.
3832:2019-07-20 at the
3804:2014-10-30 at the
3793:2014-10-30 at the
3782:2015-04-05 at the
3756:2015-04-05 at the
3744:2015-04-05 at the
3726:Definition of the
3531:The New York Times
3296:A few examples of
3225:Penile subincision
3219:Penile subincision
3109:, some members of
3071:. It differs from
3034:), a metal clasp (
3006:
2946:
2912:surgical procedure
2900:
2726:
2666:
2664:surgically removed
2632:Sub-Saharan Africa
2516:
2170:Social integration
2165:Self-determination
2155:Racial integration
2103:Diversity training
2093:Cultural pluralism
2068:Affirmative action
1960:Racial segregation
1870:Crime of apartheid
1766:Religious violence
1253:Indigenous people
624:Sexual orientation
417:sexual penetration
350:As sexual violence
316:elective surgeries
120:
85:Penile subincision
47:genital mutilation
35:body modifications
18:Genital mutilation
6785:
6784:
6485:Teenage pregnancy
6202:Genital integrity
6132:
6131:
6058:Vaginal wet mount
6002:
6001:
5973:Cervical cerclage
5882:Vacuum aspiration
5697:
5696:
5537:Sexual misconduct
5515:Sexual harassment
5411:Child sex tourism
5401:Child pornography
5056:978-0-941533-30-0
5020:978-1-942733-83-6
4968:978-0-313-33695-9
4912:BJU International
4833:978-3-319-47133-4
4807:978-1-317-48203-1
4746:BMC Public Health
4627:978-90-481-9446-9
4316:978-0-07-177971-5
3797:(December 2013),
3676:978-3-540-69560-8
3080:body modification
3017:head of the penis
2924:developed nations
2878:
2877:
2870:
2832:This section may
2677:"designer vagina"
2636:body modification
2628:cultural practice
2485:
2484:
2348:Racism by country
2276:Intersectionality
2261:Heteronormativity
2044:Voter suppression
1786:Sexual harassment
1587:Forced conversion
1507:Cultural genocide
1152:African Americans
958:postâCold War era
943:Eastern Orthodoxy
693:Anti-drug addicts
688:Anti-homelessness
607:Scientific racism
409:imperforate hymen
164:Penis enlargement
127:genital tattooing
123:Genital piercings
97:modern primitives
93:body modification
72:Body modification
66:Body modification
16:(Redirected from
6810:
6747:Two-child policy
6742:One-child policy
6622:Gender dysphoria
6159:
6152:
6145:
6136:
6135:
5949:
5926:
5898:
5870:
5822:
5815:
5814:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5687:
5686:
5381:Bride kidnapping
5360:
5353:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5309:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5256:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5175:Orlando Sentinel
5166:
5160:
5146:
5140:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5106:
5098:
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5089:
5083:
5076:
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5004:
4998:
4997:
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4979:
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4946:
4945:
4927:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4846:
4840:
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4814:
4792:
4779:
4761:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
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4528:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4172:on 14 April 2013
4168:. Archived from
4151:
4131:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4070:
4064:
4063:
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4015:
4014:
4012:
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3904:
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3901:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3848:
3842:
3819:(December 2013).
3768:
3762:
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3718:
3712:
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3687:
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3680:
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3549:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3440:(6): 2498â2503.
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3350:
3326:
3259:Native Hawaiians
3130:Arab slave trade
3029:
3004:
2971:with the aid of
2965:tissue expansion
2873:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2849:balanced fashion
2827:
2826:
2819:
2669:Cosmetic surgery
2616:Labia stretching
2610:Labia stretching
2477:
2470:
2463:
2400:Social privilege
2385:Social exclusion
2313:Police brutality
2234:Multiculturalism
2204:Amatonormativity
2019:Social exclusion
1855:Age of candidacy
1649:Homeless dumping
1557:Ethnic cleansing
487:
464:
463:
332:Bodily integrity
320:informed consent
292:Intersex surgery
21:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6730:
6699:
6672:United Kingdom
6626:
6578:
6569:Sexual medicine
6530:
6506:Gender identity
6494:
6440:Maternal health
6426:
6386:
6382:fertility fraud
6343:
6336:
6293:
6244:
6218:
6168:
6163:
6133:
6128:
6111:Medical imaging
6105:
6067:
5998:
5942:
5937:
5919:
5914:
5891:
5886:
5863:
5858:
5854:Transplantation
5818:
5804:
5772:Fallopian tubes
5766:
5743:
5734:
5728:
5698:
5693:
5681:
5673:
5652:
5626:
5574:
5568:
5552:Sexual violence
5542:Sexual predator
5530:in the military
5510:Sexual grooming
5505:Sexual bullying
5495:Sex trafficking
5369:
5364:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5293:
5291:
5254:
5248:
5244:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5211:
5209:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5157:Wayback Machine
5147:
5143:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
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5005:
5001:
4992:
4990:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4953:
4949:
4904:
4900:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4826:. p. 379.
4808:
4796:Bell K (2016).
4735:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4628:
4610:Springer-Verlag
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4526:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4476:
4474:
4464:
4460:
4413:
4409:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4342:. p. 382.
4332:
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4233:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4189:
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3917:
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3899:
3897:
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3882:
3867:
3863:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3834:Wayback Machine
3817:Wayback Machine
3806:Wayback Machine
3795:Wayback Machine
3784:Wayback Machine
3769:
3765:
3758:Wayback Machine
3746:Wayback Machine
3737:
3733:
3725:
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3713:
3709:
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3426:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3386:
3382:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3306:Pacific Islands
3283:
3227:
3221:
3176:gender identity
3163:
3155:Main articles:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3119:rite of passage
3069:male sex organs
3067:, the external
3057:
3051:
2993:The Greek poet
2987:
2981:
2938:
2932:
2892:
2880:Main articles:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2844:help improve it
2841:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2733:plastic surgery
2716:
2710:
2654:
2646:Main articles:
2644:
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2591:
2585:
2522:
2504:
2499:
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2481:
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2450:
2449:
2448:
2323:Polyculturalism
2219:Civil liberties
2191:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2160:Reappropriation
2060:
2059:Countermeasures
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
1977:Racial steering
1943:Numerus clausus
1847:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1562:Ethnic conflict
1497:Corrective rape
1452:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1017:minority Muslim
905:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
783:HIV/AIDS stigma
655:
647:
646:
645:
644:
643:
592:Mental disorder
534:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
495:
459:body dysmorphia
455:self-mutilation
447:gender identity
431:
429:Self-mutilation
425:
419:of her vagina.
364:
356:sexual violence
352:
328:
294:
286:Main articles:
284:
279:
274:
272:Genital cutting
269:
190:gender identity
180:People who are
178:
172:
131:sexual pleasure
79:
74:
68:
63:
51:quality of life
37:applied to the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6816:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6783:
6782:
6780:
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6762:
6757:
6749:
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6738:
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6732:
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6723:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6688:teen pregnancy
6680:
6679:
6678:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6628:
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6619:
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6607:
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6597:
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6379:
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6359:
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6337:
6335:
6334:
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6324:
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6309:
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6301:
6295:
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6279:
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6242:
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6130:
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6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6101:Vestibulectomy
6098:
6093:
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6077:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
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6039:
6038:
6036:husband stitch
6028:
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6018:
6012:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5990:
5985:
5975:
5970:
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5958:
5952:
5950:
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5936:
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5929:
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5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5899:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5866:Uterine cavity
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5800:Tubal reversal
5797:
5792:
5790:Tubal ligation
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5689:Law portal
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5657:Related topics
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5622:Victim blaming
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5547:Sexual slavery
5544:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5500:Sexual assault
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5435:
5433:Money marriage
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5391:Child-on-child
5383:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5326:
5317:
5316:External links
5314:
5311:
5310:
5242:
5218:
5193:
5161:
5141:
5131:(3): 799â801.
5116:
5107:
5093:
5084:
5071:
5062:
5055:
5035:
5026:
5019:
4999:
4974:
4967:
4947:
4918:(7): 758â763.
4898:
4861:(3): 258â260.
4841:
4839:
4838:
4832:
4815:
4806:
4793:
4729:
4699:
4664:(7): 469â474.
4645:
4626:
4584:
4520:Frisch, Morten
4509:
4483:
4458:
4407:
4380:(10): 1231â6.
4364:
4355:
4348:
4326:
4315:
4295:
4284:
4262:
4227:
4218:
4199:(4): 407â424.
4183:
4142:(7): 611â613.
4117:
4106:(2): 153â187.
4090:
4065:
4016:
3991:
3967:
3937:
3906:
3880:
3861:
3843:
3763:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3700:
3682:
3675:
3657:
3638:(3): 409â433.
3622:
3584:
3566:
3550:
3535:
3522:
3503:(3): 799â801.
3487:
3480:
3459:
3424:
3399:
3380:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3282:
3279:
3275:exsanguination
3223:Main article:
3220:
3217:
3205:Bertha Boronda
3152:
3149:
3140:Main article:
3137:
3134:
3117:and seen as a
3105:In modern-day
3053:Main article:
3050:
3047:
2983:Main article:
2980:
2977:
2934:Main article:
2931:
2928:
2876:
2875:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2786:Main article:
2783:
2780:
2772:
2769:
2712:Main article:
2709:
2706:
2643:
2640:
2614:Main article:
2611:
2608:
2587:Main article:
2584:
2581:
2576:United Nations
2533:genital organs
2518:Main article:
2503:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2368:Reverse racism
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Prisoner abuse
2335:
2330:
2328:Power distance
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Ethnic penalty
2243:
2242:
2241:
2239:Neurodiversity
2236:
2226:
2224:Dehumanization
2221:
2216:
2214:Cisnormativity
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:Related topics
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:State religion
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1970:Nuremberg Laws
1967:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:Ghetto benches
1909:
1907:Gerrymandering
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Gender pay gap
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
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1828:
1823:
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1808:
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1798:
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1778:
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1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Lavender scare
1666:
1664:Kill Haole Day
1661:
1659:Indian rolling
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:Eliminationism
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Cancel culture
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:Manifestations
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1331:Middle Eastern
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:Zoroastrianism
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
984:
983:
982:
980:Untouchability
977:
967:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
930:
925:
920:
915:
909:
908:
907:
906:
901:
900:
897:
896:
890:
889:
884:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
857:
856:
855:
850:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:Leprosy stigma
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
658:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
610:
609:
604:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
499:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
480:
479:
477:Discrimination
473:
472:
451:mental illness
443:clitoridectomy
427:Main article:
424:
423:Self-inflicted
421:
363:
360:
351:
348:
327:
324:
288:Sex assignment
283:
280:
278:
277:Nontherapeutic
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
253:genital injury
209:metoidioplasty
174:Main article:
171:
168:
78:
75:
70:Main article:
67:
64:
62:
59:
53:and result in
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6815:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6778:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6765:child benefit
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6694:
6693:birth control
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6683:United States
6681:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6480:Prenatal care
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6332:Sterilization
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6299:Contraception
6296:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6267:Birth spacing
6265:
6263:
6262:childlessness
6259:
6258:Childfreeness
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6230:Sex education
6228:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6155:
6153:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Hymenorrhaphy
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6026:Culdocentesis
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Salpingectomy
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5571:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5306:
5302:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5246:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5088:
5081:
5075:
5066:
5058:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5039:
5030:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5003:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4359:
4351:
4349:9780702065033
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4285:9781447128588
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:(7): 778â94.
4242:
4238:
4231:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3896:on 2010-07-14
3895:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3856:Treaty Office
3853:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3808:(July 2014),
3807:
3803:
3800:
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3792:
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3778:
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3755:
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3747:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3701:9781451153897
3697:
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3626:
3611:
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3603:
3599:
3591:
3589:
3580:
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3554:
3547:
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3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3481:9780534509033
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:Nanda, Serena
3463:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3414:on 2015-07-09
3413:
3409:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
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3325:
3321:
3313:
3311:
3307:
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3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:Lorena Bobbit
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:Penis removal
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3161:Penis removal
3158:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:Chinese court
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3098:is short for
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3046:
3044:
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3033:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3014:
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3002:
2996:
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2986:
2976:
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2955:
2951:
2942:
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2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2872:
2869:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:penis removal
2795:
2789:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:clitoral hood
2734:
2731:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
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2583:Hymenorrhaphy
2580:
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2422:Social stigma
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2032:
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2029:State atheism
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Jim Crow laws
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:One-drop rule
1948:
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1865:Blood quantum
1863:
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1832:
1829:
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1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Victimisation
1804:
1802:
1801:Trans bashing
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Religious war
1769:
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1764:
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1752:
1751:Racialization
1749:
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1622:Glass ceiling
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1567:Ethnic hatred
1565:
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1502:Counter-jihad
1500:
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1267:United States
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1130:United States
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1076:
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1059:
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1043:Protestantism
1041:
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1032:
1029:
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1027:
1024:
1018:
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953:LDS or Mormon
951:
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910:
904:
899:
898:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
871:
870:Transmisogyny
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
839:
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804:
801:
799:
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789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Gerontophobia
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
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751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Anti-intersex
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:Anti-albinism
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
651:
650:
640:
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635:
632:
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516:
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511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Institutional
501:
500:
491:
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486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
466:
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460:
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317:
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309:
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293:
289:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:found in the
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
177:
167:
165:
161:
157:
156:clitoral pump
153:
149:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
117:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
95:culture, the
94:
90:
86:
82:
73:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:are forms of
32:
19:
6777:Abortion law
6760:bachelor tax
6525:
6410:vulvovaginal
6344:reproduction
6048:Colpocleisis
5988:Cervicectomy
5943:
5920:
5892:
5877:Hysteroscopy
5864:
5834:Hysterectomy
5829:Genitoplasty
5819:
5780:Falloposcopy
5757:Oophorectomy
5607:Rape culture
5573:Sociological
5520:in education
5490:Revenge porn
5427:
5367:Sexual abuse
5328:
5321:
5304:
5301:akroposthion
5300:
5292:. Retrieved
5264:
5258:
5245:
5234:. Retrieved
5231:wiki.bme.com
5230:
5221:
5210:. Retrieved
5206:
5196:
5184:. Retrieved
5173:
5164:
5144:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5096:
5087:
5074:
5065:
5045:
5038:
5029:
5009:
5002:
4991:. Retrieved
4987:
4977:
4957:
4950:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4819:
4811:
4797:
4789:
4749:
4745:
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4702:
4661:
4657:
4648:
4636:. Retrieved
4601:
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4536:
4530:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4496:the original
4486:
4475:. Retrieved
4471:
4461:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4358:
4335:
4329:
4305:
4298:
4289:
4271:
4265:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4221:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4174:. Retrieved
4170:the original
4139:
4133:
4120:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4077:
4068:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4008:. Retrieved
3983:the original
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3954:
3928:. Retrieved
3924:the original
3898:. Retrieved
3894:the original
3883:
3874:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3837:
3823:Gerry Mackie
3821:
3775:
3766:
3749:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3691:
3685:
3666:
3660:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3615:22 September
3613:. Retrieved
3601:
3578:
3569:
3553:
3538:
3525:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3471:
3462:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3416:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3402:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3228:
3213:microsurgery
3195:
3188:
3164:
3145:
3123:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3094:. The term
3077:
3058:
3055:Emasculation
3049:Emasculation
3040:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3009:Infibulation
3008:
3007:
2985:Infibulation
2979:Infibulation
2958:
2954:circumcision
2947:
2901:
2882:Circumcision
2864:
2855:
2847:
2836:undue weight
2833:
2815:Circumcision
2808:
2806:
2791:
2761:vaginoplasty
2757:labia minora
2727:
2702:labia minora
2698:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:labia minora
2661:
2652:vaginoplasty
2623:labia minora
2621:
2619:
2592:
2565:
2549:
2523:
2486:
2256:Gender-blind
2135:Human rights
1955:Racial quota
1942:
1922:Jewish quota
1902:Gerontocracy
1897:Gender roles
1875:Disabilities
1860:Blood purity
1826:Wife selling
1816:White flight
1796:Slut-shaming
1776:Scapegoating
1694:Murder music
1351:Palestinians
1294:Anti-Zionism
1162:South Africa
1147:Black people
1125:South Africa
933:Christianity
923:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
838:Sectarianism
778:Heterosexism
743:Ephebiphobia
713:Anti-Masonry
572:Hair texture
432:
413:menstruation
403:
392:
365:
362:As treatment
353:
346:
341:
337:
329:
301:
295:
257:David Reimer
255:, including
241:third gender
225:hair removal
217:scrotoplasty
213:phalloplasty
197:vaginoplasty
194:
184:may undergo
179:
150:
139:
135:sex partners
121:
83:
80:
46:
42:
30:
29:
6663:Philippines
6595:Infertility
6554:Gynaecology
6521:Transgender
6289:Sperm theft
6282:foster care
6091:Labiaplasty
6016:Vaginectomy
5894:Endometrium
5839:Hysterotomy
5186:27 November
4638:19 November
4543:: 796â800.
4427:: 2458â68.
4237:Sexualities
4193:Sexualities
4083:October 12,
3852:"Full list"
3777:UNICEF 2013
3751:UNICEF 2013
3739:UNICEF 2013
3715:UNICEF 2016
3310:Philippines
3298:Old Kingdom
3287:glans penis
3267:ejaculation
3231:urethrotomy
3084:transgender
3038:) or pin.
2969:glans penis
2753:labiaplasty
2660:Vulva with
2648:vulvoplasty
2600:consummated
2553:infibulated
2150:Nonviolence
2145:LGBT rights
2110:Empowerment
2078:Anti-racism
1992:Segregation
1937:No kid zone
1731:Persecution
1644:Hate speech
1597:Gay bashing
1572:Ethnic joke
1527:Dog whistle
1472:Blood libel
1142:Azerbaijani
1038:Neopaganism
1031:Persecution
992:Persecution
975:Persecution
938:Catholicism
918:Exclusivism
860:Transphobia
843:Supremacism
798:Lesbophobia
718:Aporophobia
683:Anti-autism
518:Taste-based
513:Statistical
380:orchiectomy
368:vaginectomy
314:objects to
267:Unvoluntary
233:liposuction
205:trans women
201:vulvoplasty
182:transgender
140:Similarly,
114:Woman with
105:glans penis
41:. The term
6803:Mutilation
6792:Categories
6755:baby bonus
6751:Financial
6631:By country
6455:childbirth
6445:Obstetrics
6377:Sperm bank
6081:Vulvectomy
6043:Hymenotomy
6031:Episiotomy
6021:Culdoscopy
5956:Colposcopy
5922:Myometrium
5582:Aggression
5557:Statistics
5294:2018-02-06
5236:2017-12-13
5212:2024-04-25
4993:2017-08-23
4752:(1): 603.
4532:Pediatrics
4477:2023-06-05
4176:11 October
4010:2007-05-29
3955:Sexy Labia
3900:2010-11-07
3418:2010-01-17
3316:References
3257:, and the
3107:South Asia
3073:castration
2916:instrument
2788:Castration
2782:Castration
2775:See also:
2557:episiotomy
2547:persons.
2495:See also:
2432:Stereotype
2427:Speciesism
2308:Oppression
2303:Oikophobia
2199:Allophilia
2175:Toleration
2024:Sodomy law
1917:Internment
1831:Witch-hunt
1709:Blackhawks
1639:Hate group
1627:Hate crime
1602:Gendercide
1592:Freak show
1582:Excellence
1542:Employment
1512:Defamation
1431:Vietnamese
1426:Venezuelan
1311:Lithuanian
965:Falun Gong
887:Xenophobia
882:Vegaphobia
865:Non-binary
823:Pedophobia
788:Homophobia
602:Skin color
562:Disability
533:Attributes
508:Structural
435:castration
405:Hymenotomy
399:episiotomy
395:childbirth
372:vulvectomy
326:Opposition
308:micropenis
261:John Money
249:castration
6668:Singapore
6583:Disorders
6544:Andrology
6432:Pregnancy
6416:Research
6272:Parenting
6223:Education
5995:insertion
5473:Statutory
5305:kynodesme
5303:with the
4875:0003-9888
4768:1471-2458
4678:1473-4257
4577:4 January
4502:11 August
4257:145095068
4213:145795666
3960:April 25,
3930:April 25,
3652:150313647
3357:2305-5839
3341:(1): 11.
3271:urinating
3157:Penectomy
3151:Penectomy
3088:nonbinary
3065:testicles
3026:kynodesme
3001:kynodesmÄ
2858:July 2024
2794:testicles
2694:aesthetic
2596:virginity
2405:Christian
2333:Prejudice
2281:Masculism
2229:Diversity
2007:religious
1982:Redlining
1577:Ethnocide
1537:Education
1416:Ukrainian
1346:Pakistani
1336:Mongolian
1257:Australia
1239:Hungarian
1194:Colombian
1174:Bulgarian
1048:Rastafari
997:Ahmadiyya
903:Religious
875:Trans men
833:Pregnancy
768:Gayphobia
763:Fatphobia
668:Acephobia
663:Arophobia
639:Viewpoint
439:penectomy
376:penectomy
304:infertile
221:trans men
101:Meatotomy
77:Voluntary
6658:Pakistan
6536:Medicine
6516:Intersex
6499:Identity
6460:Abortion
6342:Assisted
6317:Safe sex
6277:adoption
6250:Planning
5982:pap test
5820:General:
5602:Misogyny
5597:Misandry
5575:theories
5478:Of males
5468:By proxy
5289:29580193
5281:11568485
5207:ABC News
5153:Archived
4934:14616462
4786:26133368
4716:Archived
4714:. 2020.
4686:23698885
4632:Archived
4606:New York
4600:(eds.).
4571:Archived
4567:40444911
4559:23509170
4453:22235177
4402:27220497
4321:Archived
4166:44583626
4158:15225183
4060:17525451
3830:Archived
3813:Archived
3802:Archived
3791:Archived
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2039:Ugly law
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1615:examples
1610:Genocide
1532:Economic
1517:Democide
1477:Bullying
1381:Scottish
1376:Romanian
1341:Nigerian
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1219:Georgian
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1137:Assyrian
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