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at the eastern end of the lake. He located the river on 29 August and returned to the fort to winter. In March 1834 he received a packet of letters saying that Ross was back in
England and telling him to explore the coast from Ross's King William Land to Franklin's Point Turnagain. This was the main
568:
George Back was an accomplished artist. Historian Leslie H. Neatby wrote, “Back had neither the seriousness of disposition nor the intensity of purpose which are indispensable to the great captain. His virtues were of a different order. No other man has viewed the scenery of the
Canadian North with
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appeared in
January and three men died of it. In the spring of 1837, an encounter with an iceberg further damaged the ship. Sometimes the pressure of the ice was enough to force turpentine out of the planks. The ship drifted with the ice south along Southampton Island and then east toward Hudson
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Soon a large mass of ice frozen to the vessel broke off causing the remaining ice to tip the ship on its side until the ice was hacked off. The vessel was in a sinking condition by the time he was able to beach the ship on the coast of
Ireland at
453:. These were the two easternmost known points on the north coast west of Hudson Bay. The area between them and between the Back River and Hudson Bay was unknown. In fact, 60 mi (97 km) northwest of Repulse Bay is the cul-de-sac of the
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A watercolour of an iceberg, believed to have been painted by Back following his 1836–37 expedition, sold at auction on 13 September 2011 for $ 59,600, despite its being unsigned and undated. Experts at the prestigious London auction house
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Narrative of the recent voyage of
Captain Ross to the Arctic regions in the years 1829-30-31-32-33, and a notice of Captain Back's expedition; with a preliminary sketch of polar discoveries, from the earliest period to the year
968:
Canadian Airs, Collected by
Captain George Back, R.N. during the Late Arctic Expedition under Captain Sir John Franklin, with Symphonies and Accompaniments by Edward Knight, Junior. The words by G. Soane, and J.B.
592:(between Canada and Greenland) that reads "in the evening (of 29 July 1836) when the weather cleared ... we observed an enormous berg, the perpendicular face of which was not less than 300 feet high..."
541:, having received its gold and silver medal. Although nominally retired, Back remained on the Admiralty List and, based on seniority, he was promoted to vice-admiral in 1863 and finally admiral in 1867.
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until the peace of early 1814; during this time he studied French and mathematics and practised his skills as an artist, which he later put to use in recording his travels through the
Canadian
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in 1824–1826, during which time he was promoted first to lieutenant and then to commander in 1825. Lacking appointment to a ship, Back was unemployed on the half-pay list, from 1827 to 1833.
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392:. He explored the inlet, saw King William Island to the north and then wisely turned back. He reached Fort Reliance on 27 September 1834 and England on 8 September 1835.
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on 18 March 1839, and maintained an interest in Arctic exploration for the rest of his life. In 1859, he was nominated a rear-admiral. Back served as an advisor to the
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Although a number of Arctic explorers allowed their ships to be frozen in harbours for the winter, this seems to be the only case of a ship – save for the disastrous
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and reached the river on 28 June. He ran east down a river in the barren grounds with 83 rapids but only one portage. On 23 July he reached salt water at
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987:
Narrative of the Arctic Land
Expedition to the Mouth of the Great Fish River, and along the Shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the Years 1833, 1834 and 1835
399:, who contributed appendices on meteorology and botany to Back's account of the expedition; he also wrote his own two-volume account of the expedition.
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credited the watercolour to Back, claiming it had been presented by Back to his sister
Katherine Pares, and thence descended through her family.
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in his first expedition to the Arctic in 1818. Back also served under
Franklin in his two overland expeditions to survey the northern coast of
457:. To reach the Back River he would have had to drag his boats 250 mi (400 km) west-northwest. He was given command of the converted
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Narrative of an Expedition in HMS Terror, Undertaken with a View to Geographical Discovery on the Arctic Shores, in the Years 1836–37
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in 1808 and took part in the destruction of batteries on the Spanish coast. In the following year, he was involved in combat in the
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He left in June 1836, which was late in the season. Because of contrary winds they had to be towed by steamship all the way to the
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and follow the Great Fish River northeast to Ross's probable location. No European had ever seen this river but it was known from
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603:(1823), which was later reworked into an engraving. He painted the watercolour 'Winter View of Fort Franklin' (1825–26).
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449:. From there he would drag boats overland to seawater and sail the unknown coast west to the Back River and Franklin's
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The auction house opined that the scene surrounding the towering iceberg appears to match a description in Back's
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510:. "There was not one on board who did not express astonishment that we had ever floated across the Atlantic."
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so appreciative an eye, nor has been able to give such full and vigorous expression to that appreciation.”
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944:. MacLaren, I.S. (commentary) (reprint ed.). Montreal; Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press.
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A recent collection of twelve portrait studies of male and female characters mainly from the Canadian
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610:, eleven of which were personally signed by the artist, sold for £24,000 at auction on 16 June 2020.
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He left England in February 1833, reached Great Slave Lake in August where George McLeod of the
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Arctic Artist: The Journal and Paintings of George Back, Midshipman with Franklin, 1819–1822
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since 1829, and plans were made to find him. Back proposed to take fur trade routes to
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The Man Who Mapped the Arctic: The Intrepid Life of George Back, Franklin's Lieutenant
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The Man Who Ate His Boots; The Tragic History of the Search for the Northwest Passage
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was pushed 40 ft (12 m) up the side of a cliff by the pressure of the ice.
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Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean in 1833, 1834, and 1835
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Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean in 1833, 1834, and 1835
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In 1846, Back married Theodosia Elizabeth Hammond, a widow. He is buried in the
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Strait. It was not until July that the ice retreated sufficiently to allow
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Poor health caused Back to retire from active service. He was made a
446:
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24:
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292:, until he was captured by the French. Back remained a prisoner at
667:
The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland
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unknown region, along with a few hundred miles eastward from
4868:
Recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal
437:, a rare honour. The goal this time was the northern end of
1023:
670:(Twentieth ed.). London: Whitaker and Co. p. 99.
868:
Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates
486:. It remained icebound for 10 months: at one point
2929:
281:
As a boy, he went to sea as a volunteer in the frigate
493:
Several times preparations were made to abandon ship.
341:
By 1832 nothing had been heard of the Arctic explorer
798:
Arctic Labyrinth; The Quest for the Northwest Passage
467:
with a crew of 60 and provisions for 18 months.
748:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd. p. 249.
261:(6 November 1796 – 23 June 1878) was a British
746:
Ordeal by ice; the search for the Northwest Passage
317:as a midshipman before volunteering to serve under
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4853:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
4266:
825:. Vancouver, B.C.: Raincoast Books. p. 277.
478:on the first of August. By the end of the month,
4759:
938:Back, George (1995) . Houston, C. Stuart (ed.).
4838:Napoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by France
897:"Wotton Auction Rooms | General Sale | Lot 653"
1024:Ross, J; Back, G. & Williams, E. (2008) .
4252:
1131:
686:"Portrait of an Explorer Artist: George Back"
637:. Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.).
1054:
1031:(reprint ed.). New York: BiblioBazaar.
4863:Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
4843:People educated at Stockport Grammar School
582:Narrative of an Expedition in H.M.S. Terror
402:
4798:British prisoners of war (Napoleonic Wars)
4259:
4245:
1138:
1124:
1099:
1085:
141:
683:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4196:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
795:
560:
406:
336:
269:, naturalist and artist. He was born in
3771:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
730:. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley.
713:. Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley.
4760:
918:
820:
766:
303:Following his release, Back served on
16:British Royal Navy admiral (1796–1878)
4240:
2915:
1157:
1145:
1119:
990:(Re-print ed.). Adegi Graphics.
864:
796:Williams, Glyn (2009). "Chapter 14".
740:
717:
700:
688:. National Gallery of Canada Magazine
679:
677:
659:
657:
655:
626:
417:(right) anchored near an iceberg off
983:
965:
937:
923:. Vancouver, B.C.: Raincoast Books.
723:
706:
684:Appleyard, Kirsten (15 April 2020).
377:which was completely misunderstood.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3557:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1754:Norse colonization of North America
871:. Fitzhenry and Whiteside. p.
663:
482:was beset by ice somewhere east of
13:
4818:Military personnel from Manchester
4808:English explorers of North America
3086:United States Exploring Expedition
907:
674:
652:
380:He set out on 7 June 1834, passed
265:officer, explorer of the Canadian
14:
4879:
4160:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3528:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1072:
556:
4054:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3447:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
634:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
544:
395:The expedition's naturalist was
353:reports (it was later named the
207:
191:
23:
889:
858:
839:
613:
537:, and as vice-president of the
34:needs additional citations for
4778:19th-century British explorers
4768:19th-century Canadian painters
814:
789:
775:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
760:
734:
620:
429:In 1836, Back was promoted to
1:
4267:Royal Navy Arctic exploration
3433:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3368:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2916:
1107:Works by or about George Back
1083:Biodiversity Heritage Library
823:The man who mapped the Arctic
520:
364:had built winter quarters at
4828:Fellows of the Royal Society
3790:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3606:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3412:French Antarctic Expeditions
3342:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3228:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1346:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
421:, as painted by Back. Three
7:
2875:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2554:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1419:Andrée's balloon expedition
639:University of Toronto Press
597:HMS Terror Thrown Up By Ice
10:
4884:
2076:Franklin's lost expedition
1776:Christian IV's expeditions
1158:
1041:; Original scanned copies
1002:; Original scanned copies
865:Pound, Richard W. (2005).
539:Royal Geographical Society
535:Franklin's lost expedition
331:Mackenzie River expedition
4609:
4339:
4272:
3893:
3624:
3211:
2951:
2928:
2924:
2911:
2430:Great Northern Expedition
2324:
2106:Rae–Richardson expedition
1855:
1700:
1306:British Arctic Expedition
1198:
1170:
1166:
1153:
631:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
276:
238:
228:
220:
202:
186:
172:
152:
140:
125:
4281:Phipps expedition (1773)
3714:British Antarctic Survey
3708:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2953:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
846:"Back to the Arctic, or
767:Brandt, Anthony (2010).
627:Marsh, James H. (1972).
599:(1836) and the portrait
403:Frozen Strait Expedition
4823:Explorers of the Arctic
4793:British polar explorers
4355:Sir Alexander Armstrong
4190:Pole of inaccessibility
3853:Antarctic Treaty System
2194:2nd Grinnell expedition
1059:. London: John Murray.
664:Dod, Robert P. (1860).
4773:Canadian male painters
4502:Sir Leopold McClintock
4295:Mackenzie River (1825)
984:Back, George (2011) .
919:Steele, Peter (2003).
854:: 32-B. November 2011.
821:Steele, Peter (2003).
724:King, Richard (1836).
707:King, Richard (1836).
565:
533:during the search for
426:
4848:People from Stockport
4803:English entomologists
4460:Sir Edward Inglefield
4411:Sir Richard Collinson
4309:Rae–Richardson (1848)
3860:Transglobe Expedition
3759:Operation Deep Freeze
3168:Challenger expedition
2034:Coppermine expedition
1555:Drifting ice stations
1055:Back, George (1838).
966:Back, George (1823).
852:Maine Antiques Digest
564:
551:Kensal Green Cemetery
410:
337:Back River Expedition
327:Coppermine expedition
4600:Sir Henry Stephenson
4537:Sir Erasmus Ommanney
4474:Skeffington Lutwidge
4446:William Hulme Hooper
1093:Works by George Back
1079:Works by George Back
971:. London: J. Power.
373:and the area around
362:Hudson's Bay Company
43:improve this article
4858:Royal Navy admirals
4813:Explorers of Canada
4572:Sir John Richardson
4481:George Francis Lyon
4030:South magnetic pole
2696:Brusilov expedition
1805:Danish colonization
1243:North magnetic pole
515:Franklin Expedition
386:Clinton-Colden Lake
375:King William Island
4558:Constantine Phipps
4509:Sir Robert McClure
4495:Sir Albert Markham
4397:Sir Edward Belcher
4369:Sir Horatio Austin
3721:Operation Windmill
3702:Operation Highjump
2677:Rusanov expedition
2582:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2326:North East Passage
2130:McClure expedition
850:and the Iceberg".
629:"Back, Sir George"
608:Yellow Knife Tribe
566:
502:to head for home.
427:
221:Service years
4755:
4754:
4593:Sir Edward Sabine
4467:Sir Henry Kellett
4439:Sir John Franklin
4390:Frederick Beechey
4323:McClintock (1857)
4288:Coppermine (1819)
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
3688:Operation Tabarin
3550:Far Eastern Party
3396:Nimrod Expedition
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2466:M. Pronchishcheva
2388:Siberian Cossacks
1857:Northwest Passage
1190:Research stations
1147:Polar exploration
997:978-1-4021-6098-1
951:978-0-7735-1181-1
930:978-1-55192-648-3
807:978-0-14103-715-8
782:978-0-30759-290-3
445:(now Naujaat) or
248:
247:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4875:
4833:Knights Bachelor
4748:
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4560:
4553:
4551:Sir Edward Parry
4546:
4539:
4532:
4530:Sir George Nares
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4488:Rochfort Maguire
4483:
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4427:
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4418:Samuel Cresswell
4413:
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4318:
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4304:
4297:
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4283:
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4238:
4237:
3735:Ronne Expedition
3220:
3214:
3078:Dumont d'Urville
2926:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2461:V. Pronchishchev
1168:
1167:
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1116:
1111:Internet Archive
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584:(1838) when the
435:Order in Council
347:Great Slave Lake
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4432:James Fitzjames
4430:
4425:Francis Crozier
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4383:Sir John Barrow
4381:
4376:Sir George Back
4374:
4367:
4360:
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4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4302:Franklin (1845)
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4268:
4265:
4235:
4222:
3897:
3889:
3765:McMurdo Station
3634:Modern research
3632:
3620:
3355:O. Nordenskjöld
3218:
3212:
3207:
3123:Ross expedition
2947:
2920:
2899:
2328:
2320:
1861:Northern Canada
1859:
1851:
1704:
1696:
1202:
1194:
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908:Further reading
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625:
621:
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601:A Buffalo Pound
559:
547:
527:Knight Bachelor
523:
455:Gulf of Boothia
451:Point Turnagain
405:
339:
325:, first on the
279:
256:
254:Sir George Back
243:Napoleonic Wars
208:
206:
192:
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182:London, England
181:
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163:6 November 1796
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127:Sir George Back
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4579:Sir James Ross
4575:
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4561:
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4547:
4544:Sherard Osborn
4540:
4533:
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4523:Arthur Morrell
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4362:Pelham Aldrich
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4337:
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4330:British (1875)
4326:
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4316:McClure (1850)
4312:
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3973:Southern Cross
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3895:Farthest South
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3279:Southern Cross
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3025:Bellingshausen
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2330:Russian Arctic
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1200:Farthest North
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1073:External links
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1008:at Archive.org
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800:. Allen Lane.
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557:Back as artist
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472:Orkney Islands
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390:Chantrey Inlet
382:Artillery Lake
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4586:Sir John Ross
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4516:George Mecham
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3313:Discovery Hut
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2843:A. Sibiryakov
2840:
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2833:
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2815:Glavsevmorput
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2117:J. Richardson
2115:
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2110:
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1879:M. Corte-Real
1877:
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1874:G. Corte-Real
1872:
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1797:C. Richardson
1795:
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1606:Georgiy Sedov
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1493:Riiser-Larsen
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974:
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964:
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942:
936:
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917:
916:
915:
914:
898:
892:
884:
882:1-55041-171-3
878:
874:
870:
869:
861:
853:
849:
842:
834:
832:1-55192-648-2
828:
824:
817:
809:
803:
799:
792:
784:
778:
774:
770:
763:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:Mowat, Farley
737:
729:
728:
720:
712:
711:
703:
687:
680:
678:
669:
668:
660:
658:
656:
640:
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623:
619:
611:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
570:
563:
554:
552:
545:Personal life
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
518:
516:
511:
509:
503:
501:
496:
491:
489:
485:
484:Frozen Strait
481:
477:
476:Hudson Strait
474:. He reached
473:
468:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
420:
419:Baffin Island
416:
415:
409:
400:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
367:
366:Fort Reliance
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:North America
320:
319:John Franklin
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
299:
295:
291:
290:Bay of Biscay
287:
286:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
252:
244:
241:
237:
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231:
227:
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205:
201:
189:
185:
175:
171:
167:
155:
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144:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2022
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
58:"George Back"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4718:Investigator
4717:
4708:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4404:David Buchan
4375:
4348:Edward Adams
4188:
4176:Pole of Cold
4174:
4100:
4091:
4059:
4052:
4028:
3999:
3985:
3979:Borchgrevink
3971:
3958:
3943:
3923:
3908:
3877:
3858:
3851:
3835:
3821:
3812:
3795:
3788:
3769:
3757:
3733:
3719:
3712:
3700:
3686:
3672:
3658:
3651:
3612:
3604:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3563:
3555:
3548:
3535:
3526:
3488:
3480:
3471:
3464:
3452:
3445:
3431:
3419:Pourquoi-Pas
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3389:Orcadas Base
3387:
3379:
3366:
3360:C. A. Larsen
3348:
3340:
3326:
3319:
3306:
3298:
3292:Borchgrevink
3285:
3277:
3234:
3226:
3201:C. A. Larsen
3194:
3175:
3166:
3148:
3130:
3121:
3108:
3093:
3084:
3071:
3032:
3018:
3011:
2992:
2977:
2887:
2880:
2863:
2856:
2842:
2827:
2813:
2800:
2775:
2761:
2759:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2701:
2694:
2675:
2641:
2639:
2625:
2623:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2573:
2571:
2552:
2428:
2386:
2369:
2337:
2301:
2299:
2279:
2278:
2258:
2257:
2243:
2230:
2215:
2201:
2192:
2179:
2150:
2138:Investigator
2137:
2128:
2104:
2091:
2083:
2074:
2061:
2044:
2032:
2009:
1994:
1979:
1949:
1934:
1904:
1823:
1803:
1774:
1770:Erik the Red
1752:
1730:
1723:
1680:submersibles
1677:
1671:Arktika 2007
1669:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1605:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1560:
1553:
1529:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1470:
1468:
1439:
1436:
1425:S. A. Andrée
1417:
1404:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1344:
1326:
1313:
1304:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1241:
1097:Open Library
1056:
1049:Google Books
1042:
1026:
1018:Google Books
1011:
986:
967:
959:
958:
940:
920:
912:
911:
891:
867:
860:
851:
847:
841:
822:
816:
797:
791:
772:
762:
745:
736:
726:
719:
709:
702:
690:. Retrieved
666:
644:24 September
642:. Retrieved
632:
622:
614:Bibliography
605:
600:
596:
594:
590:Davis Strait
585:
581:
579:
571:
567:
548:
524:
512:
508:Lough Swilly
504:
499:
492:
487:
479:
469:
463:
428:
425:are at left.
413:
397:Richard King
394:
379:
371:Point Barrow
359:
340:
313:
306:
302:
284:
280:
253:
249:
178:(1878-06-23)
176:23 June 1878
147:Back in 1833
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4788:1878 deaths
4783:1796 births
4565:Bedford Pim
4273:Expeditions
3879:Lake Vostok
3829:Tryoshnikov
3751:Schlossbach
3642:Christensen
3584:James Caird
3505:E. R. Evans
3271:Dobrowolski
3241:de Gerlache
2943:Expeditions
2829:Aviaarktika
2783:Samoylovich
2654:Kolomeitsev
2548:Middendorff
2508:Gedenshtrom
1928:I. Fyodorov
1690:Chilingarov
1578:E. Fyodorov
1185:Expeditions
1044:George Back
1013:George Back
588:was in the
459:bomb vessel
447:Wager Inlet
443:Repulse Bay
4762:Categories
4664:Enterprise
4628:Assistance
4102:Terra Nova
4007:Shackleton
3950:J. C. Ross
3909:Resolution
3899:South Pole
3674:New Swabia
3598:Mackintosh
3570:Shackleton
3489:Terra Nova
3482:Terra Nova
3216:Heroic Age
3176:Challenger
3136:J. C. Ross
3046:Bransfield
2978:Resolution
2893:icebreaker
2857:Chelyuskin
2598:expedition
2576:Expedition
2518:Matyushkin
2476:Kh. Laptev
2471:Chelyuskin
2365:Heemskerck
2355:Chancellor
2350:Willoughby
2345:Koch boats
2288:Stefansson
2222:McClintock
2186:Inglefield
2028:J. C. Ross
1935:Resolution
1787:Cunningham
1685:Sagalevich
1374:expedition
1333:Stephenson
1293:C. F. Hall
1280:expedition
1254:J. C. Ross
1217:Heemskerck
1204:North Pole
960:Historical
595:Back drew
553:, London.
521:Retirement
441:at either
439:Hudson Bay
355:Back River
263:Royal Navy
215:Royal Navy
187:Allegiance
159:1796-11-06
69:newspapers
4727:Racehorse
4655:Discovery
4201:Tolstikov
3987:Discovery
3957:HMS
3942:HMS
3924:Adventure
3922:HMS
3907:HMS
3843:Tolstikov
3564:Endurance
3349:Antarctic
3334:Drygalski
3307:Discovery
3300:Discovery
3261:Arctowski
3174:HMS
3147:HMS
3141:Abernethy
3129:HMS
3107:USS
3094:Vincennes
3092:USS
3072:Astrolabe
3012:San Telmo
2993:Adventure
2991:HMS
2976:HMS
2971:Kerguelen
2933:Continent
2918:Antarctic
2795:Urvantsev
2753:Vilkitsky
2606:Jeannette
2604:USS
2596:Jeannette
2560:Weyprecht
2538:Pakhtusov
2488:Chichagov
2481:D. Laptev
2424:Permyakov
2399:Stadukhin
2394:Perfilyev
2371:Mangazeya
2309:H. Larsen
2274:Rasmussen
2229:HMS
2200:USS
2149:HMS
2136:HMS
2100:Collinson
2090:HMS
2082:HMS
2060:HMS
2008:HMS
1993:HMS
1978:HMS
1963:Mackenzie
1950:Discovery
1948:HMS
1933:HMS
1905:Discovery
1884:Frobisher
1847:Rasmussen
1760:Gunnbjörn
1706:Greenland
1635:USS
1626:USS
1498:Ellsworth
1440:Roosevelt
1370:Nansen's
1327:Discovery
1325:HMS
1312:HMS
1259:Abernethy
1227:Marmaduke
977:181890333
531:Admiralty
462:HMS
343:John Ross
312:HMS
305:HMS
283:HMS
271:Stockport
224:1808–1878
168:, England
166:Stockport
4736:Resolute
4213:A. Fuchs
4170:V. Fuchs
4150:McKinley
4113:E. Evans
4072:Bjaaland
4067:Amundsen
4017:Marshall
3930:Furneaux
3782:V. Fuchs
3746:E. Ronne
3741:F. Ronne
3680:Ritscher
3534:SY
3522:Filchner
3466:Framheim
3460:Amundsen
3266:Racoviță
3251:Amundsen
3246:Lecointe
3115:Ringgold
3109:Porpoise
2999:Furneaux
2835:Shevelev
2790:Begichev
2769:Amundsen
2731:Nagórski
2709:Brusilov
2703:Sv. Anna
2617:Melville
2587:Palander
2543:Tsivolko
2503:Sannikov
2498:Billings
2441:Chirikov
2360:Barentsz
2302:St. Roch
2293:Bartlett
2267:Amundsen
2251:Sverdrup
2151:Resolute
2040:Franklin
1968:Kotzebue
1835:Sverdrup
1818:Scoresby
1792:Lindenov
1643:Plaisted
1628:Nautilus
1573:Shirshov
1547:Belyakov
1542:Baydukov
1516:Nautilus
1478:Amundsen
1438:SS
1397:Sverdrup
1392:Johansen
1362:Brainard
1357:Lockwood
1212:Barentsz
1037:74413181
769:"Ch. 20"
744:(1973).
423:walruses
285:Arethusa
4646:Carcass
4637:Blossom
4218:Messner
4165:Hillary
4145:Balchen
4093:Polheim
4087:Wisting
3965:Crozier
3937:Weddell
3915:J. Cook
3885:Kapitsa
3866:Fiennes
3808:Klenova
3777:Hillary
3727:Ketchum
3653:BANZARE
3628:·
3473:Polheim
3439:Shirase
3425:Charcot
3235:Belgica
3154:Crozier
3066:Morrell
3061:Weddell
3039:Lazarev
2984:J. Cook
2938:History
2888:Arktika
2864:Krassin
2849:Voronin
2821:Schmidt
2807:Ushakov
2746:Vaygach
2714:Albanov
2683:Rusanov
2664:Kolchak
2659:Matisen
2633:Makarov
2612:De Long
2513:Wrangel
2493:Lyakhov
2446:Malygin
2404:Dezhnev
2231:Pandora
2202:Advance
2169:Kennedy
2164:Belcher
2157:Kellett
2144:McClure
2068:Beechey
2062:Blossom
2055:Simpson
2023:Crozier
2016:Hoppner
1973:J. Ross
1941:J. Cook
1889:Gilbert
1782:J. Hall
1748:Ingólfr
1738:Naddodd
1732:Vikings
1719:Brendan
1714:Pytheas
1702:Iceland
1656:Arktika
1648:Herbert
1613:Badygin
1583:Krenkel
1568:Papanin
1537:Chkalov
1523:Wilkins
1488:Wisting
1432:F. Cook
1338:Markham
1298:Bessels
1287:Polaris
1278:Polaris
1249:J. Ross
1232:Carolus
1180:History
1109:at the
1065:1275534
969:Planché
754:1391959
575:Bonhams
431:captain
314:Bulwark
251:Admiral
233:Admiral
83:scholar
4745:Terror
4709:Herald
4691:Griper
4673:Erebus
4340:People
4128:Bowers
4123:Wilson
4082:Hassel
4077:Helmer
4046:Mackay
4036:Mawson
4001:Nimrod
3959:Terror
3944:Erebus
3871:Burton
3666:Rymill
3542:Mawson
3536:Aurora
3515:Lashly
3500:Wilson
3403:Nimrod
3380:Scotia
3187:Murray
3162:Cooper
3149:Terror
3131:Erebus
3100:Wilkes
3051:Palmer
3019:Vostok
2966:Bouvet
2890:-class
2870:Gakkel
2738:Taymyr
2719:Konrad
2688:Kuchin
2626:Yermak
2533:Lavrov
2451:Ovtsyn
2436:Bering
2414:Ivanov
2377:Hudson
2339:Pomors
2316:Cowper
2281:Karluk
2180:Isabel
2174:Bellot
2124:Austin
2092:Terror
2084:Erebus
1980:Griper
1956:Clerke
1916:Baffin
1899:Hudson
1830:Nansen
1743:Garðar
1664:Barneo
1531:ANT-25
1507:Italia
1483:Nobile
1452:Henson
1411:Amedeo
1387:Nansen
1352:Greely
1222:Hudson
1160:Arctic
1063:
1035:
994:
975:
948:
927:
913:Recent
879:
848:Terror
829:
804:
779:
752:
586:Terror
500:Terror
495:Scurvy
488:Terror
480:Terror
464:Terror
433:by an
414:Terror
351:Indian
298:Arctic
294:Verdun
277:Career
267:Arctic
212:
203:Branch
196:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4700:Hecla
4619:Alert
4610:Ships
4208:Crary
4155:Dufek
4118:Oates
4108:Scott
4041:David
4022:Adams
3993:Barne
3814:Mirny
3803:Somov
3613:Quest
3510:Crean
3495:Scott
3374:Bruce
3328:Gauss
3321:Gauss
3195:Jason
3182:Nares
3056:Davis
3033:Mirny
3006:Smith
2961:Roché
2881:Lenin
2801:Sadko
2726:Wiese
2671:Sedov
2642:Zarya
2565:Payer
2528:Litke
2523:Anjou
2456:Minin
2419:Vagin
2409:Popov
2382:Poole
2237:Young
2050:Dease
1995:Hecla
1986:Parry
1911:Bylot
1894:Davis
1869:Cabot
1842:Peary
1824:Jason
1811:Egede
1725:Papar
1637:Skate
1618:Wiese
1598:NP-37
1591:NP-36
1471:Norge
1459:Sedov
1447:Peary
1405:Jason
1320:Nares
1314:Alert
1269:Hayes
1237:Parry
1175:Ocean
692:1 May
307:Akbar
90:JSTOR
76:books
4682:Fury
4140:Byrd
4061:Fram
4012:Wild
3694:Marr
3660:BGLE
3647:Byrd
3575:Wild
3454:Fram
3256:Cook
2777:AARI
2762:Maud
2649:Toll
2574:Vega
2260:Gjøa
2245:Fram
2208:Kane
2045:Back
2010:Fury
2001:Lyon
1923:Munk
1562:NP-1
1464:Byrd
1381:Fram
1372:Fram
1264:Kane
1061:OCLC
1033:OCLC
1028:1827
992:ISBN
973:OCLC
946:ISBN
925:ISBN
877:ISBN
827:ISBN
802:ISBN
777:ISBN
750:OCLC
694:2020
646:2013
412:HMS
384:and
310:and
239:Wars
229:Rank
173:Died
153:Born
62:news
3837:3rd
3823:2nd
3797:1st
3630:IGY
3626:IPY
2216:Fox
2112:Rae
1678:Mir
1654:NS
1095:at
1081:at
1047:at
1016:at
873:174
357:).
258:FRS
133:FRS
45:by
4764::
2742:/
1010:;
1006:;
875:.
771:.
676:^
654:^
300:.
273:.
4260:e
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4246:v
3219:"
3213:"
3156:)
3152:(
3143:)
3134:(
1139:e
1132:t
1125:v
1067:.
1051:.
1039:.
1020:.
1000:.
979:.
954:.
933:.
899:.
885:.
835:.
810:.
785:.
756:.
696:.
648:.
161:)
157:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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