German Brazilians - Knowledge

2354: 1824: 2517: 3029: 864:"Nowhere are our colonies, those loyal offshoots from the mother root, so promising as here. Today in these provinces, over thirty per cent of the inhabitants are Germans, or of German descent, and the ratio of their natural increase far exceeds that of the Portuguese. Surely to us belongs this part of the world, and the key to it all is Santa Catharina, stretching from the harbor of San Francisco far into the interior with its hitherto undeveloped, hardly suspected wealth. Here indeed, in southern Brazil, is a rich and healthy land, where the German emigrant may retain his nationality, where for all that is comprised in the word 'Germanismus,' a glorious future smiles." 2257: 307: 2545: 47: 1374: 319: 2571: 2012: 2824: 2089: 1412: 5443:

quiseram ser caldeados dentro dos princípios da formação brasileira. Nesse caso, o erro maior estaria na ausência de imposição de um processo assimilador desde o início da República ¾ período em que o fluxo imigratório se intensificou. Enfim, na década de 30, o Vale do Itajaí aparece como um lugar de costumes estranhos, cheio de brasileiros (segundo o princípio do jus soli) desnacionalizados, contaminados por ideais de nação que solapavam a brasilidade, um lugar de "desagregação do espírito nacional".

1063: 2053: 3709: 1291: 2430: 331: 2107: 532: 2125: 2961: 3041: 2529: 2724: 887: 1361:" is also dominant among German Brazilians, since the cultural world of their ancestors was completely changed. It has become unrealistic for them to assert any other ethnic identity than Brazilian. Since the second half of 20th century to present, the only notable differences between Brazilians of German and of non-German European and Arab ancestry are in levels of education (higher among German Brazilians), in a few surviving 10506: 3897: 1853:

3.6 million. For Rio Grande do Sul, based on data from Birsa (Bilingualism in Rio Grande do Sul), for 1970, Altenhofen (1996, p. 56) estimated at 1,386,945 the number of speakers of a variety of German. As of 1996, he estimated that it had dropped to between 700,000 and 900,000 speakers. Damke (1997, p. 59), as of 1996, estimated more than 2 million speakers of any variety of the German language in Brazil.

2836: 1832: 1009: 10518: 3883: 7758: 2071: 991: 774: 1045: 1027: 2736: 408:"The natural increase of the German population in southern Brazil is marvelous. As a rule they rear from ten to fifteen children in each family. Blumenau, a colony which was settled by the Germans over fifty years ago, more than doubles itself every ten years. Southern Brazil is now called 'Greater Germany', and the Germans exercise there a commercial and financial supremacy." 432:

Germans immigrated mainly from what is now Germany, but also from other countries where German communities were established. From 1824 to 1969, around 250,000 Germans emigrated to Brazil, being the fourth largest immigrant community to settle in the country, after the Portuguese, Italians and Spaniards. About 30% of them arrived between World War I and World War II.

2579: 607:. To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised large tracts of land where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. In fact, these lands were in the middle of big forests and the first Germans had been abandoned by the Brazilian government. From 1824 to 1829, the Major brought 5,000 Germans to Brazil. 423:, then with 46,482 inhabitants, had only 1,159 foreigners. In the new German communities the proportion of foreigners was larger, for example in Ijuí (15%) and Erechim (25%), indicating they were newer destinations of immigrants in the state. The census of 1940 revealed that virtually all the population of German descent was native-born. 2495:

outside of Germany, with 2,822 members. The large number of people with German roots and a notable number of Nazi members were used by the Brazilian government to justify their programs of nationalization. During World War II, in 1942, Nazi Germany attacked Brazilian ships and Brazil declared war against Germany. President

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since the beginning of their settlement. The record of the first impressions about the city of Blumenau in his book received the subtitle of "One Weird City", arguing that "the German language is spoken without constraints, including in public offices". Silvio Romero (1906) compared German immigration to the

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intensified in 1939, when the public use of foreign languages was forbidden, including in elementary schools and religious ceremonies (harsh as this is, it is necessary to remember, as René Gertz points out, that about half of Lutheran ministers in Rio Grande do Sul were affiliated with the Nazi Party) .

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O discurso racial que, em grande parte, dominou a discussão da política imigratória não vai ser invocado em termos críticos quando os nacionalizadores de 1937 e 1939 falam dos "erros" da velha República liberal. Para alguns deles, como Nogueira (1947), o racismo é prerrogativa dos alienígenas que não

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Germans also founded hospital such as the Hospital Moinho de Ventos in Porto Alegre, Hospital do Amparo and Hospital Alemão (today Hospital Central da Aeronáutica) in Rio de Janeiro and Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Hospital Samaritano, Hospital Santa Catarina and Hospital Santa Helena in São Paulo.

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In fact, the fears of the Brazilian authorities regarding the expansion of Nazism in Brazil seem exaggerated in retrospect; however, it should be taken into consideration that in 1938 Germany annexed Austria, and in 1939 it dismembered, then also annexed Czechoslovakia, and that the local sections of

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This was a problem, since the Integralists were able to attract some membership among Brazilians of German ancestry, thus competing with the Nazi organisation; moreover, until 1937, when Vargas imposed a dictatorship, the Integralists, unlike the Nazi Party, were able to participate in elections, and

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In the 1930s, Brazil was home to one of the largest German populations outside Germany, with 100,000 German-born people and a community of 1 million people of German descent, whose ancestors had been settling the country since 1824. Brazil also had the largest number of members of the Nazi Party

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were common. Isolated from other settlements, the Germans also had to face the difficulty of finding markets for their products. The initial difficulty was to define which productive activities could be integrated into the Brazilian economy. Only the penury faced by these people in Europe, due to the

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In April, Vargas forbade any political activity by foreigners; in May, the Integralists attempted a coup against Vargas, which further complicated relations between Brazil and Germany. Up to this moment, however, no actions were taken against cultural, religious or sports associations. Measures were

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people who worked for them in poor conditions, similar to the rest of Brazil and very different from the areas of German settlements, where each family had their own small farm. Due to the expansion of German and other European settlements in Southern Brazil, the lands for each family became limited

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and a few Afro-Brazilians) showed that the differences with the locals were also great. The misery faced by Brazilians of other origins was also not attractive to German Brazilians. Hence, German Brazilians eventually created a third identity, which was not completely German (because of the distance

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In these remote pastoral and farming areas, the immigrants were not under the control of the powerful Brazilian landowners. Due to this isolation, the immigrants were able to organize themselves independently, building their own churches, schools and municipal authorities. The children were educated

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Two of the first Germans that arrived in Brazil were the cousins Sebald Linz von Dorndorf and Christoph Linz (or Sebald Lins von Dorndorf and Christoph Lins) who arrived in Brazil in 1570 as landowners. At the time they arrived, they married into the Luso-Brazilian nobility living there and changed

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that resulted in more than 600 deaths. When the Army repressed those riots and ensured the physical integrity of the citizens, Cordeiro de Farias offered his resignation, which was rejected, but he was soon sent to Italy as a military commander and replaced by Colonel Ernesto Dornelles, a much more

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governmental precincts was forbidden, as well as the use of foreign languages in religious services. Members of the Brazilian army were sent to areas of "foreign colonization" to "monitor" the local population. There are records of arrest or moral coercion motivated by the use of foreign languages.

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in Brazil. Schools were required to teach exclusively in Portuguese, and the publishing of books, newspapers and magazines in foreign languages (which in practice meant German language and Italian language) was subjected to prior censorship by the Ministry of Justice The use of foreign languages in

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As we can see, the German colonization has deep roots, has developed across the south of Brazil and would have terrifying aspects if the appropriate measures were not adopted, aimed at defending the interests of the sacred homeland and cut any and all possibility of disintegration of our territory"

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is in decline in Brazil, however, there are 3,000,000 Brazilians who speak German and important German-speaking communities in Brazil even almost 200 years after the beginning of immigration. According to Born and Dickgiesser (1989, p. 55) the number of Brazilians of German descent in 1986 was

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The first years were not easy. Many Germans died of tropical disease, while others left the colonies to find better living conditions. The German colony of São Leopoldo was in the early years a disaster. Nevertheless, in the following years, a further 4,830 Germans arrived at São Leopoldo, and then

2701:(unelected governor) of Rio Grande do Sul, Cordeiro de Farias, was notable for his harshness. At the time of Brazil's declaration of war against Germany, popular riots against citizens of German origin erupted in Rio Grande do Sul, as a response to the sinking of Brazilian merchant ships by German 2593:

About 3,000 people joined it, making the Brazilian section the numerically most important foreign branch of the Nazi Party; however, the considerable population of German origin in Brazil may have been more a problem than an asset for the German Nazi Party: if on the one hand it raised the hope of

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was a "condition to be Brazilian", has masked the presence of minority languages and contributed to ideas that German Brazilians were separatist and did not want to learn Portuguese or assimilate. However, these beliefs did not take into account that the German communities in Brazil were formed in

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Between 1878 and 1892, another 7 million Germans left Germany; after the 1870s Germany was one of the countries from which the largest numbers of people emigrated, the vast majority to the United States. From 1820 to 1840, Germans represented 21.4% of all European immigrants entering the USA;

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In the southern states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Germans were 22.34% and 19.3% respectively of the population in the 1940s and 6.9% for Paraná. Only in the state of Rio Grande do Sul there are approximately between 2.5 million (or even a third of its population) German descent

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The cultural associations had to stop promoting foreign cultures. In 1942, when Brazil entered World War II, further restrictions were put in place, and their enforcement was made stricter. No effort was made to suppress the Lutheran church; the teaching of foreign languages, including German, in

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Nogueira also compared the German Brazilians to "an octopus extending its tentacles" in Southern Brazil. Nogueira used the image of the occupation of the most fertile areas of southern territory by foreigners, who had no intention of being integrated into the country, but had remained segregated

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In this context, monolingualism appeared to solve the problems of learning Portuguese, and the language of immigrants was regarded as responsible for school failure and difficulties in learning Portuguese. In 1989 there was a controversy regarding German speakers in Brazil when the mayor of Santa

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The Brazilian census of 1940 revealed that German was the second most spoken language in Brazil, with 644,458 speakers. In a total population of nearly 1 million German Brazilians at that time, over half still spoke German as their mother tongue. The vast majority of the German speakers were

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In this way, the Southern Brazilian areas of European settlements formed a prosperous regional economy and a European cultural landscape, contrasting with the relative Portuguese-Brazilian uniformity found in the rest of Brazil. In recent years a large industrial development has occurred in these

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Since then, the Southern Brazilian German regional culture has been in decline. Some have decried this as a tragic loss for the country while others feel that this means national progress, arguing that assimilation ultimately leads to togetherness. However, German influence can still be seen all

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Ritter had a problem in that his powers as Ambassador did not enable him to interfere on behalf of Brazilian citizens of German origin. However, in February 1938 Ritter met Vargas, and demanded criticism of Germany and Nazism in the Brazilian press be gagged. As confirmed by diplomatic documents

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in 1937, the Vale do Itajaí was viewed in the eyes of the dominant national ideology as a place of "strange customs full of non-national Brazilians, contaminated by ideals of a nation that collapsed Brazil, a place of disintegration of national spirit". During this period of nationalization, the

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The German Brazilian areas form, today, a Brazilian region with its own character, made up of towns and large concentrations of residents around the church, commerce and school. These rural villages are connected to major cities where the economy was diversified, adding cottage industries to the

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Even though the population of German descent makes up a small minority in Brazil, they represent a very large percentage of the population of the South. Jean Roche estimated that people of German descent made up 13.3% of the population in Rio Grande do Sul in 1890, and that they had increased to

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The city of Blumenau has, since 2019, adopted a policy aiming to turn all of its public elementary schools in bilingual schools, where all the subjects are taught simultaneously in Portuguese and in a second language. By 2022, the city has adopted this policy in 18 schools, of which 4 now teach

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The Unidos da Tijuca school, the third-oldest samba school, reigning carnival champions, chose to go for a German theme at this year's Carnival with an unusual title for their 80-minute performance in February 2013: "Alemanha Encantada" or "Enchanted Germany," which is about "Brazil and Germany

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The following generations benefited from the efforts of the pioneer immigrants and prospered. The families grew and the settlements expanded, coming to constitute a thriving German community of small landowners. At first, they found virgin forests that could be occupied or bought at low prices.

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was founded on 7 September 1899 by German immigrants as Sport Club Germânia. Germânia is the fourth oldest football club of Brazil and was part of the very first interclub match of the country. During the course of World War II the club abandoned references to its German origin and in 1941 was

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From Rolf Hoffmann's archive, roll 29, frames 26.600–656, mentioned by Alton Frye in "Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere, 1933–1941", p. 101–102, the Brazilian diplomat Sérgio Corrêa da Costa, in the book 'The history of a secret war' ('Crônica de uma guerra secreta' in Portuguese),

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German immigrants preserved their language more than any other group of immigrants in Brazil. This was mainly due to shared cultural identity and the desire to recreate in Brazil an environment with characteristics of the country they believed they would never return to. In addition, the large

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When German-speaking immigrants first arrived in Brazil starting at the beginning of the 19th century, they did not identify themselves so much as a unified German-Brazilian group. However, as time went on this common regional identity did emerge for many different geo-socio-political reasons.

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South America will provide a space of colonization where our immigrants will keep their language and autonomy. We will demand that German be taught in the schools as a second language. Southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay will become German culture countries and German will be their national

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was presented as a fundamental criterion of nationality and this justified the nationalization of education and the closing of ethnic schools. Most German Brazilians could barely speak Portuguese, and when German was prohibited in the country, they faced many difficulties due to this language

2398:. In the following decades, however, waves of German-speaking immigrants arrived, to the point that in many areas of Southern Brazil the vast majority of the inhabitants were Germans and even after three or four generations born in Brazil, these people used to consider themselves Germans. 1309:, despite their isolation, the descendants of Germans knew that Brazil was their home now. The new immigrants who arrived from Germany were clearly different from German Brazilians of older stock. German Brazilians had moved away from European standards, habits, language and aspirations. 2490:

From this perspective, the human element representative of the "more legitimate" national formation had the task of conforming immigrants and their descendants to the myth of the amalgam of the three races that makes up the Brazilian nation (Europeans, Black Africans and Amerindians).

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and of the crisis during the consolidation of European nations, can explain their persistence in Brazil, sometimes facing miserable conditions which were worse than those they left in Europe. Once in Brazil, however, they became small landowners, which facilitated their development.

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The plan was not new. In his "Gross Deutschland, die Arbeit des 20. Jahrhunderts", published in Leipzig, 1911, Tannenberg outlines the principle of partition of Central and South American between the great powers, to Germany belonging the subtropical part facing the Atlantic Ocean:

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the Nazi Party were fully involved in these actions; manipulation of German minorities also played an important role in the internal politics of Poland (Danzig) and Lithuania (Memel). So, while exaggerated, the Brazilian government's worries seem to a certain extent justifiable.

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and as well as the speakers of immigrant languages. But it also hides the majority of the Brazilian population that speaks discredited varieties of Portuguese instead of the formal standard Portuguese taught in schools. According to Oliveira (2000: 84), Brazil is one of the most

7649: 1332:, etc.) on one side, and Brazilians of older extraction on the other. The nationalization was fundamental, compelling the teaching of foreign languages at schools, breaking the isolation of the communities and recruiting young people of foreign origins to serve in the military. 381:

Even though the immigration of Germans to Brazil was small, it had a notable impact on the ethnic composition of the country, particularly of the Southern Brazilian population. Different factors led to this large influence. First of all, German immigration to Brazil is an old

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We most desire that at any cost a German country containing some 20 to 30 million Germans may grow in the twentieth century in Brazil, and that, no matter whether it remains a portion of Brazil or becomes a self-containing state or enters into close relations with our

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was not a novelty in regard to the definition of the Brazilian nation-state: long before 1939, Brazilian nationalists feared the collapse of the South, considering it "too Germanized". Many members of the Brazilian army participated during this process, such as Nogueira:

2405:" by the Brazilian government – was composed of immigrants and their descendants. Both the Brazilian Empire and the early Republic allowed groups of immigrants to settle in isolated communities, mainly in Southern Brazil, and to some extent in other parts, such as 1877:

Hamel (1988, p. 64) and Damke (1997, p. 60–61) observed that there is a balance between the use of German and Portuguese in the German-speaking communities of Brazil. But, gradually, the trend is that Portuguese is becoming dominant. Despite the "myth of

961:, Germans founded their first colony in 1829. By the beginning of the 20th century, the city was considered the center of the German Brazilian Culture. The city attracted German immigrants until the 1950s. Today, there are 400,000 German Brazilians living within 1811:

because there was no more land available. Plots of land previously settled by a single family started to be occupied by two or four families. Without their own land, some descendants of Germans regressed to a situation of poverty, mingling with the mass of

378:, who together made up over 80% of the immigrants to Brazil during the period of greatest immigration by Europeans. Germans appeared in fourth place among immigrants to Brazil, but dropped to fifth place when Japanese immigration increased after 1908. 350:

of these areas. Between 1816 and 1850, 5 million people left Europe; between 1850 and 1880 another 22 million people emigrated. Between 1846 and 1932, 60 million Europeans emigrated. Many Germans left the German states after the failed

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Not only the people of German origin were considered "alien": almost all descendants of immigrants, in some degree, were "non-assimilated", in the opinion of Bethlem and other participants in the campaign. However, evidence of greater resistance to

267:, in a universe of 46,801,772 names of Brazilians analyzed, 1,525,890 or 3.3% of them had the only or the last surname of German origin, a proportion that represents about 6.7 million individuals if applied to the entire population in that year. 2686:; this was especially enforced against the public use of German. Stores owned by Germans were ransacked. Establishments registered in foreign names had to be changed and worship in churches had to be only in Portuguese. During World War II, the 2413:. The army had an important role during this process of forced assimilation of these areas of "foreign colonization" that created so-called "ethnic cysts" in Brazil. German Brazilians saw themselves as part of a pluralist society, so that the 7641: 2636:

reveals that Hitler had planned to colonize Brazil (which several historians from the English speaking world had already shown, as well as the testimony of Rauschning, who was present when Hitler spoke of plans of colonizing Brazil).

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interfering in Brazilian internal politics, on the other hand there was a concern not to alienate the Brazilian government, which Germany at the time hoped could be brought to its side , or at least remain in a benevolent neutrality.

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If in the beginning Germans found a region with vast empty areas, later with the compulsory occupation of the lands, the German expansion came to an end. As they expanded, the German settlements encountered the pastoral areas of the

2446:(Brazilianization) was found in those areas considered "redoubts of Germanism", a situation considered risky to the cultural, racial and territorial integrity of the nation. One of the areas considered "non-patriotic" was the 3310:

their names to Portuguese names and surnames of Portuguese writing conventions, respectively, Cibaldo Lins and Cristovão Lins, founding the Lins family in Brazil. The surname is original from the surrounding areas around

837:. Nowadays these areas of German colonization are among the wealthiest parts of Brazil, with the lowest levels of unemployment and illiteracy found in the country, and still retain a strong influence from German culture. 6577: 5627:

Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des

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The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal

630:, mainly close to sources of rivers. The whole region of Vale dos Sinos was populated by Germans. During the 1830s and part of the 1840s German immigration to Brazil was interrupted due to conflicts in the country ( 920:

who immigrated to Brazil during the 20th century settled in big towns, although many of them also settled in the old rural German colonies. German immigration to Brazil peaked during the 1920s, after World War I.

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among German Brazilians. Research has found that between 1826 and 1828 a first-generation German Brazilian woman had an average of 8.5 children, and the second generation had an average of 10.4 children per woman.

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Support for the Nazi regime in Germany was widespread among Brazilians of German descent, which certainly worried the Brazilian authorities. The racial and nationalist views of the Nazis easily blended into the

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The German settlements, and also those of other European ethnic groups, occupy a vast area in the centers of the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. To the east, they border the old areas of

256:, in a representative sample of the Brazilian population, 3.6% said they had some degree of German ancestry, a percentage that in a population of about 200 million amounts to 7.2 million descendants. In 2004, 4788: 2417:

conception (of being part of a community with a shared German ancestry) seemed compatible with the fact that they were also Brazilian citizens. However, the Brazilian government only accepted the idea of the

1451:. The Germans became entrepreneurs due to their knowledge of more complex techniques of production than those dominated by other Brazilians. In addition their bilingualism gave them better European contacts. 5316: 7283:[Law No. 2251, 2010 SEPTEMBER 1: ESTABLISHING THE GERMAN LANGUAGE AS ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE AND SECONDARY IN THE MUNICIPALITY] (in Portuguese). www.LeisMunicipais.com.br. September 2010. Archived from 2627:

ideology. However, the Nazis weren't able to capitalise this into a really strong membership, and their local actions, such as proposed boycotts, were resisted by most of the population of German ancestry.

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is on the rise. Almost 85% of all Lutherans in Latin America and the Caribbean live in Brazil. Brazil has the second largest Lutheran community in the Americas, after the United States and ahead of Canada.

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in the country", i.e., that all Brazilians speak only Portuguese, German continues to have a strong presence even today. This myth is effective in hiding the country's linguistic minorities, including the

9388: 7185:[Law No. 1136/2009 co-officialising the Pomeranian language in Santa Maria de Jetibá-ES] (in Portuguese). Institute for Research and Development of Linguistic Policy. 7 July 2009. Archived from 2715:

across the southern states, be it in architecture, shops, town names or the way of life. Many German schools re-opened during the 1950s and are regarded as some of the best places to educate children.

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differences between the German and Portuguese languages hindered learning of the national language of Brazil, which was and remains a pretext for continuing use of German dialects. The main German

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is the most consumed beverage in Brazil. The tradition of brewing in Brazil dates back to German immigration in the early 19th century. The first breweries date from the 1830s, although the brand

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In April 1938, Vargas outlawed the Nazi Party in Brazil (the Brazilian parties themselves were outlawed in December 1937). However, in December 1937 the Nazi German Ambassador to Rio de Janeiro,

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Brazilian-born, with a minority born in Germany or in another German-speaking country. The other main languages spoken were Italian with 458,054, Japanese with 192,698 and Spanish with 74,381.

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Germans were considered the most "alien", the Italians closest to the Brazilians, and the Poles in an intermediary position, but none of them were seen as unequivocally Brazilian. The fear of

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in Germany. The Nazi Party soon took to the task of organizing abroad, wherever significant populations of German origin were present. In Brazil, the results were not as the party expected.

7382: 5761:, Editora Record, 52004, from Nazi Germany's archive, Rolf Hoffmann, roll 29, frames 26.600–656, mencionted by Alton Frye in "Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere, 1933–1941", p. 101-102 614:

in Portuguese). These colonies were created by the Brazilian government, and the lands were distributed among the immigrants. They had to construct their own houses and cultivate the land.

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after the arrival of the first Germans. When the settlement of other Europeans in Brazil began, the Germans had already been living there for many generations. Another factor was the high

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also have connections with the German community after merging, during the World War II, with the former Associação Alemã de Esportes (Deutscher SC). The club has 12 international titles.

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by the Swiss immigrant Joseph Villiger. Antarctica (Companhia Antarctica Paulista) was founded in the same year by the Brazilian Joaquim Salles and the German immigrant Louis Bücher in

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as a noble ideal of representation of the people, which they thought was essential to Brazilian national identity; this directly conflicted with the Nazi ideology of racial purity.

573:. The absence of a unified population in the interior was regarded as a problem by the Brazilian government because Southern Brazil could easily be invaded by neighboring countries. 9374: 6095: 6404: 7121: 7051: 6225: 5607: 4349: 2401:

Between 1937 and 1945 a significant portion of the Brazilian population suffered interference in daily life produced by a "campaign of nationalization". This population – called "

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in Brazil. Since the second half of 20th century to present, this population is no longer seen as "foreign" by other Brazilians, but as a modern progressive urban population.

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and Japan), the use of the German language was repressed: teaching German in schools and publication of German newspapers were forbidden (together with Italian and Japanese).

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The rapid increase in numbers was due to a relatively high birth rate, the highest in Brazil amongst immigrant groups although still lower than that of the local population.

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to the west and south. The Gaúcho area was an impoverished region consisting of huge farms, dominated by a small elite of landowners who monopolized the lands and a mass of

7257:[Immigrants seeking better living conditions in Brazil were isolated and without support from the Government] (in Portuguese). Guiaresplendor.com.br. Archived from 4009: 9970: 7204: 5965:"A EDUCAÇÃO NO PROJETO NACIONALISTA DO PRIMEIRO GOVERNO VARGAS (1930–1945). Artigos. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil – HISTEDBR – Faculdade de Educação – UNICAMP" 2659:, was already reporting nationalising actions by the Brazilian government. At that moment, conditions were being imposed for the continued functioning of German schools. 6513: 6490: 5939: 4668: 4521: 9784: 9767: 2232:(1969), Mariza Sommer (1974), Ingrid Budag (1975), Eveline Schroeter (1980), Maria Carolina Portella Otto (1990), Leila Cristine Schuster (1993), Thaisa Thomsen (2002), 2759:

by the Germans immigrants in São Paulo, is the largest German School worldwide. In Rio de Janeiro, Germans founded their first school in 1862 (today Colégio Cruzeiro).

9991: 7746: 4995: 4612: 9415: 8107: 5853: 5775: 4795: 7280: 5971: 5892: 5814: 5312: 4218: 1462:, during the last decade of the 19th century, 70% of the population was ethnically Germanic, 15% were Italians, and 15% others. The German Brazilian population in 6832: 6774: 4255:

Altenhofen, C. V.; Frey, J.; Käfer, M. L.; Klassmann, M. S.; Neumann, G. R.; Spinassé, K. P. 2007. Fundamentos para uma escrita do Hunsrückisch falado no Brasil.

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were 15% of Porto Alegre's population, 10% of São Paulo's population in 1860, and 60% of the immigrants living in Curitiba by the end of the 19th century. In

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Sometimes, Germans surnames were adapted or changed in Brazil to a more "understandable" writing in Portuguese since many were incomprehensible to Brazilians.

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The first generation of immigrants faced the arduous task of surviving while opening gaps in the virgin forest to build their own houses and roads. Attacks by

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The above-average social, economic and cultural progress of the German settlements and their simultaneous integration into Brazilian markets as producers and

554:, in 1818. One year later, 200 families settled São Jorge, in the same state. Some Germans were brought to work in the Brazilian army after Independence from 10207: 7540: 2422:, so that all people born in Brazil should see themselves as Brazilians, and leave other ethnic associations behind. The Brazilian view contrasted with the 10263: 5479: 5218: 4134: 3128: 7460: 6603: 6308: 5161: 10287: 10251: 9849: 8742: 7302: 7092: 2003:) supporting the mayor on the basis that not being able to speak Portuguese is a handicap in Brazilian society. The guideline has since been overturned. 10224: 7029: 6967: 2345:

and toys. The whole spectacle was broadcast in its entirety on Brazilian TV station Globo-TV, with an audience of more than 190 million viewers.

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during break time to "teach them Portuguese". Disagreement ensued, with some decrying the initiative as repressive, and others (including people of

10447: 7378: 5535: 5510: 2874:, new types of sausage and vegetables are some examples of food introduced in Brazil by the immigrants. In Curitiba, sausage are commonly known as 2353: 7329: 10483: 7164: 6438: 5290: 2317:

Artistic director Paulo Barros, who has already choreographed two winning Sambadrome performances, packed Germany into five acts, beginning with

249: 7712: 6169: 5253: 4638: 7739: 6994: 2409:, in the Southeast. These people had not been assimilated into the majority Brazilian society, a fact that worried the government of President 1823: 7671: 6378: 4296: 4030: 6655: 5563: 1454:

Historically, a considerable number of German Brazilians and others of European ancestry populated certain cities and states. In the city of

7254: 8064: 6887: 6087: 2797:

schools dating back to 1924, organized by Lutheran Brazilians, mainly German Brazilians. Classes were taught in German in the early years.

2390:

and culture very different from those of Germany. Southern Brazil was a land of gauchos, cattle herders who lived, and still live, in the

10043: 9189: 7724: 7404: 6709: 6408: 5039: 4947: 4837: 860:. Germans helped to establish a middle-class population in Brazil, a country that was formerly divided between slaves and their masters. 7058: 6748: 6217: 5611: 4714: 4585: 4494: 4405: 4353: 8072: 7598: 4196: 2287:

of black, red and gold to point towards this awaited event. The motto of the year is "Germany and Brazil – when ideas come together."

7510: 6057: 7732: 7379:"Ontem e hoje : percurso linguistico dos pomeranos de Espigão D Oeste-RO – Artigos Acadêmicos Científicos, Teses e Dissertações" 6464: 6023: 7355: 7227: 4552: 1172:

in German. Portuguese became dominant later, as a means of communication with Brazilians or with immigrants of other nationalities.

8288: 8097: 8087: 8077: 5932: 5610:[Experience of concentration camps on the lives of Paraná immigrants] (in Portuguese). hojecentrosul.com.br. Archived from 5393: 2146:

The printed media include newspapers like "Deutsche Zeitung" or magazines like "Entre Rios", "Lindenpost" and "Sankt Paulusblatt".

834: 352: 8230: 7141: 6148: 5186: 4322: 1983:'s government, during World War II, when Brazil broke off diplomatic relations with Germany (and also with the other Axis Powers, 584:, overpopulation and poverty in the countryside. Many Germans were willing to immigrate to Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil's Empress, 366:

was small compared to the numbers who went to the United States, and also compared to immigration of other nationalities, such as

8698: 8466: 8135: 7492: 6913: 6629: 386:

which started as early as 1824, many decades before the beginning of the immigration of other European ethnic groups to Brazil.

5455: 5368: 5346: 419:

constituted only 3% of the population of the old German communities of São Leopoldo, Estrela, Montenegro and Bom Retiro do Sul.

359:

32.2% in the following two decades; and at the end of the 19th century they were the largest immigrant group (21.9%) in the US.

8893: 8848: 8257: 8155: 8082: 6486: 4660: 4517: 3071:. It is considered the most "German" city in Brazil. Many towns in Southern Brazil have a majority of German-descent citizens. 3020:

Brazil's first Olympic Bobsleigh athlete and founder of the Brazilian Ice Sports Federation (Brasilianischer Eissportverband).

603:, a German who was living in Brazil, was sent to Germany in order to bring immigrants. He brought immigrants and soldiers from 264: 6195: 4883: 3396: 10558: 10161: 9214: 8492: 8145: 8092: 6742: 6407:[Santa Catarina Hospital – A history of love and dedication] (in Portuguese). hsc.org.br. 2 July 2012. Archived from 5886: 5847: 5808: 5640: 5033: 4941: 4831: 4708: 4579: 4488: 4144: 6682: 10543: 10399: 9955: 8883: 8772: 8140: 6854: 6277: 4999: 4608: 4062: 3945: 1419:

descended from Germans. The other main groups were Italians (25%), Poles (6%), and Hungarians (3%); 21% had other ancestry.

1321:

that created sharp differences) but also not completely Brazilian (because of the undesirable misery seen in Brazilians).

8309: 7430: 7200: 5736: 4383: 10538: 10404: 10005: 9964: 8991: 8150: 7284: 7182: 6255: 5964: 2687: 2559: 946:

People of German descent actively participated in the industrialization and development of big cities in Brazil, such as

6828: 6770: 5674: 4431: 4222: 3662: 2969: 2752: 2450:, where the population was composed mostly of Germans, Italians and Poles. Following the establishment of the Brazilian 10548: 8252: 6547: 5705: 4461: 8240: 3830: 2537: 1904:

People who usually do not speak Portuguese at home, by gender and nationality, according to the 1940 Brazilian census

10374: 10126: 9674: 9532: 8278: 6942: 6599: 6334: 4969: 3955: 1168:

grazing areas. The areas of German settlement emerged in the center of the region, isolated from other settlements.

412:

21.6% of the population in 1950. By 1920, the vast majority of the population of German descent was Brazilian-born.

191:

Between 1824 and 1972, about 260,000 Germans settled in Brazil, the fifth largest nationality to immigrate after the

7281:"LEI Nº 2251, DE 1º DE SETEMBRO DE 2010: INSTITUI A LINGUA ALEMÃ COMO IDIOMA COMPLEMENTAR E SECUNDÁRIO NO MUNICÍPIO" 7167:[In Brazil, Pomeranians seek a culture that is lost] (in Portuguese). gabeira.locaweb.com.br. Archived from 6364: 5122: 4275: 1343:. When they returned to their hometowns, they endorsed a Brazilian identity which was already becoming imperative. 1324:

Their isolation and cultural and linguistic conservatism gave rise to conflicts between German Brazilians (and also

9075: 8833: 6796: 5187:"Política lingüística, mitos e concepções lingüísticas em áreas bilíngües de imigrantes (alemães) no Sul do Brasil" 3950: 2298:

It was a mammoth show, involving eight floats, built on buses, with various Germanic features – including outsized

1964:, where the Portuguese-speaking population was not present, and it was natural that the children continue speaking 2694:

forces, which was difficult for many of them, considering that the soldiers were forced to fight against Germany.

8767: 7956: 2766: 2740: 3648: 2991:

Other clubs were founded in other cities as Sociedade Germania in Rio de Janeiro founded in 1821. In São Paulo,

2846:

Germans introduced new types of food and beverage in Brazil or reinforced their utilizations by Brazilians. The

2528: 870:

By 1905 the German Navy Office listed that there were over 140k Germans living in Brazil, 131.5k of those being

10369: 9242: 8826: 8653: 8385: 8225: 7934: 7452: 6312: 3028: 2862: 2772: 9355: 7096: 10194: 10074: 9975: 9614: 9442: 9437: 9350: 9032: 8727: 8362: 7951: 7255:"Imigrantes que buscaram no Brasil melhores condições de vida, ficaram isolados e sem apoio do poder público" 3011: 913:

were empty. Most of them had been settled by German, Italian and Polish immigrants during the 19th century.

375: 7033: 6971: 2516: 295: 275: 104: 9302: 9090: 8939: 8732: 8283: 7791: 7762: 4100:[The role of international migration in the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 to 1972)]. 3910: 2280: 1991:

Maria do Herval, a town in Rio Grande do Sul, issued a verbal orientation to the municipality's elementary

1884: 1176: 570: 565:

had a very low population density. Most of its inhabitants were concentrated on the coast and a few in the

7754: 7700: 7595:"A heterogeneidade do hunsruckisch em Salvador do Sul: formas de discursivização e políticas linguísticas" 7571: 5088: 4909: 4762: 1815:

and descendants of Azorean Portuguese who make up the poor in Southern Brazil, in search of land to work.

9179: 8986: 8959: 8949: 8934: 8853: 8691: 7032:[The Pomeranian people in Espirito Santa – Interview] (in Portuguese). rog.com.br. Archived from 6118: 4740: 2284: 585: 117: 8010: 5539: 5494: 389:

For example, the first significant groups of Italians to immigrate to Brazil only arrived in 1875, many

10553: 10496: 10151: 9832: 9297: 9127: 9042: 9027: 7325: 5282: 2426:

conception of most German Brazilians of that time, who were still connected to the ancestral homeland.

833:; these attracted thousands of German immigrants to the region. Some of the mass influx was due to the 8543: 7168: 6430: 5061: 3843:(language teaching is compulsory in schools, standing on stage in public official of the municipality) 932:, different from the poor peasants who had settled in the colonies of Brazil during the 19th century. 10023: 9631: 9368: 9322: 9312: 9052: 8976: 8863: 8843: 8762: 7706: 6165: 5264: 4547:[German Immigration and Catholic Education in Curitiba from the End of XIX and XX centuries] 4376:"DVHH | Destination: The Americas | Brazil | German immigration to Brazil, periods from 1824 to 1969" 2357: 7627: 7002: 5089:"Ciro Damke: Políticas lingüísticas e a conservação da língua alemã no Brasil- nº 40 Espéculo (UCM)" 4634: 4292: 9113: 8873: 8809: 8752: 8605: 8262: 8130: 7675: 6382: 3518: 2582:"Warning: It is forbidden to speak in the German, Italian and Japanese language in a public place." 1874:

is still quite similar to that of modern German speakers, even after almost 200 years of distance.

185: 83: 6651: 3749: 3683: 3048: 1865:, and according to Ammon, who visited German-speaking communities in Southern Brazil in 2004, the 10275: 9837: 9420: 9199: 8507: 8335: 8293: 8054: 7258: 4409: 3558: 3068: 2992: 2977: 2803: 2544: 1618: 821:

Immigration restarted after 1845 with the creation of new colonies. The most important ones were

279: 121: 7993: 6891: 6797:"XXVII : Lins, Accioly Lins: os barões de Goicana, de Granito, e o general João Figueiredo" 2256: 600: 9895: 9730: 9717: 9209: 9159: 9037: 8981: 8944: 8924: 8919: 8684: 8633: 8357: 4061:[Germans abroad] (in German). German Federal Agency for Civic Education. Archived from 3835: 3064: 2691: 2656: 2342: 2229: 1662: 1626: 1596: 1581: 1566: 1521: 1506: 1491: 1459: 943:, by 1830 there were 20 businesses owned by Germans. Twenty years later the number reached 50. 845: 830: 561:

However, the cradle of the German settlement in Brazil was São Leopoldo, in 1824. At that time

306: 230: 218: 8497: 7408: 6705: 5837: 5771: 5657: 5146:"Contribuição ao desenvolvimento de uma ortografia da língua Hunsrik falada na América do Sul" 5023: 4931: 4821: 3698: 10425: 9905: 9900: 9880: 9525: 9247: 9174: 9022: 8954: 8821: 8648: 8643: 8548: 8502: 8345: 8165: 7614: 6732: 5876: 5798: 4698: 4569: 4478: 4076: 3915: 3868: 2602: 2503:- that worked quite efficiently, if not initially. He forbade any organised manifestation of 1373: 1298: 1294: 1279: 1181: 363: 192: 7594: 7495:[A piece of Austria in Brazil] (in Portuguese). guarios.com.br. 2008. Archived from 7481: 5389: 3808: 3067:, 90% of the population are Brazilians of German descent, and the main local language is an 46: 10018: 9712: 9332: 9277: 9149: 9144: 8799: 8523: 8476: 8440: 8160: 8115: 8044: 8039: 8031: 7796: 7518: 4609:"Carlos Fatorelli: FREGUESIA DE SANTO AMARO E A COLÔNIA PAULISTA, NÚCLEO COLONIAL IMPERIAL" 3925: 2928:

is claimed to be the first Brazilian beer, with production starting in 1853 in the city of

2909: 2697:

There were differences in emphasis during the nationalization campaign; in particular, the

2451: 2376: 1313: 604: 367: 181: 96: 79: 6921: 6460: 6035: 5505: 5157: 2182: 962: 849: 226: 8: 10394: 10109: 9920: 9885: 9317: 9292: 9184: 9164: 9105: 8996: 8966: 8929: 8816: 8782: 8584: 8553: 8528: 8425: 8367: 8340: 8325: 8235: 8120: 8017: 7988: 7299:"Vereadores propõem ensino da língua pomerana nas escolas do município – clicRBS Canguçu" 7231: 2548: 2483: 2471: 2174: 2031:. As with other Brazilians, there is a significant minority of non-religious people, and 1956: 626:). From São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, the German immigrants spread into other areas of 283: 271: 204: 165: 10268: 10234: 7352:"Sessão Solene em homenagem a Comunidade Pomerana – Prefeitura de Espigão do Oeste (RO)" 4026: 2578: 2570: 2478:. Writings by different authors against the German settlement in Brazil displayed clear 318: 10420: 10389: 10379: 10173: 10136: 10094: 9910: 9854: 9789: 9740: 9707: 9695: 9690: 9662: 9626: 9432: 9360: 9342: 9307: 9257: 9139: 9085: 9057: 8907: 8888: 8660: 8580: 8574: 8558: 8538: 8471: 8220: 8125: 8022: 7228:"Descendentes de etnia germânica vivem isolados em área rural de Minas – Nãna de Minas" 6890:[The Poetess Cora Coralina] (in Portuguese). Nehscfortaleza.com. Archived from 6144: 5193: 5145: 4318: 4013: 3979: 3920: 3676: 3575: 3349: 2598: 2504: 2307: 2275:

Beginning May 2013 Brazil celebrates the "Year of Germany in Brazil". Just in time for

1325: 200: 196: 10055: 6625: 3488: 2166: 535: 10168: 10104: 10084: 10079: 10013: 9960: 9932: 9915: 9859: 9799: 9794: 9700: 9485: 9478: 9272: 9234: 9095: 9010: 8868: 8838: 8804: 8719: 8711: 8595: 8445: 8350: 8247: 8049: 7137: 6738: 5882: 5843: 5804: 5636: 5473: 5338: 5029: 4937: 4827: 4704: 4575: 4484: 4457: 4140: 4098:"O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)" 3935: 3453: 2968:

The German community founded two of the main football clubs in Brazil. The first one

2933: 2932:

founded by the German-Brazilian Henrique Kremer. In 1913 there were 134 breweries in

2322: 2303: 2186: 1682: 1611: 1603: 1551: 1536: 1329: 1278:, influenced by popular German traditions of Protestant aspirations. This led to the 894: 866:– Dr. Leyser, a German traveller in South Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century 841: 627: 577: 371: 253: 214: 9080: 7564:"Ata 2.ª da Comissão de Justiça, Redação e Bem Estar Social – Sessão Ordinária 2019" 5436: 5419: 4114: 4097: 3853: 3712: 2762:

Aside from Colégio Visconde, Brazil has the following German international schools:

2496: 2447: 2410: 2406: 1980: 1702: 1588: 1463: 1416: 569:. The interior was covered by forests and sparsely populated by different groups of 291: 242: 222: 10384: 10364: 10342: 10246: 10156: 10141: 10131: 10114: 10069: 10061: 10033: 9937: 9890: 9875: 9809: 9777: 9750: 9745: 9655: 9518: 9267: 9262: 9169: 9062: 9047: 8747: 8665: 8600: 8590: 8533: 8450: 8430: 8400: 8194: 8179: 7849: 7814: 6191: 5500: 5431: 5153: 4879: 4109: 3940: 3930: 3739: 3729: 3571: 2823: 2682:

Publicly speaking foreign languages, including German, was banned under penalty of

2382:

When Germans first arrived in Southern Brazil in 1824, they found a country with a

2334: 2276: 2206: 2178: 2011: 1339:, the younger generations broadened their cultural horizon and their own vision of 100: 20: 9219: 7496: 6681:["German Brazil" commemorates 180 years] (in Portuguese). Deutsche Welle. 4869:

RIBEIRO, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008)

1431:

Some of the old German communities are now prosperous industrial centers, such as

576:

Since Brazil was recently independent from Portugal, it was not possible to bring

10202: 10099: 10089: 10050: 9722: 9636: 9619: 9592: 9494: 9427: 9327: 9287: 9224: 9154: 8737: 8638: 8330: 7903: 7888: 6678: 6218:"Blumenau terá mais sete escolas bilíngues municipais a partir de 2022 | ND Mais" 4279: 3863: 3433: 3429: 3425: 2976:. Today, the club is the most popular football club in Southern Brazil. In 1909, 2883: 2434: 2264: 2260: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2194: 2024: 1965: 1849: 1807: 910: 562: 347: 287: 149: 7093:"Pommern in Brasilien – LernCafe – Online-Journal zur allgemeinen Weiterbildung" 6861: 6285: 5313:"Christ statue in Rio de Janeiro illuminated in German national colours – OSRAM" 3840: 3474: 3372: 2997: 2158:

business, influences of German ancestry have been noticeable throughout Brazil.

1996: 1862: 1543: 1432: 1411: 782: 420: 10510: 9842: 9827: 9804: 9760: 9726: 9667: 9564: 9067: 8878: 7835: 7438: 5732: 4375: 4191: 3902: 3007: 3003: 2941: 2925: 2867: 2728: 2619:

so there was a natural tendency of informal Nazi support for the Integralists.

2338: 2326: 2202: 2162: 2032: 1976: 1971:

The fact that they spoke German did not prevent them from seeing themselves as

1968:

rather than adopt the Portuguese language with which they rarely had contact.

1879: 1362: 1159: 1068: 940: 857: 631: 335: 257: 7326:"Ontem e hoje : percurso linguistico dos pomeranos de Espigão D'Oeste-RO" 7186: 6247: 4763:"São Paulo: Deutsche Wirtschaft boomt – Amerika – Deutsche Welle – 31.08.2009" 4545:"Imigração alemã e educação católica na Curitiba de finais do século XIX e XX" 3385: 794: 103:

dialects as their mother tongue; the largest group with est. 3,000,000 native

10532: 10522: 10297: 10180: 9772: 9755: 9734: 9580: 9499: 9252: 8971: 5678: 3888: 3672: 3624: 3340: 2937: 2606: 2423: 2395: 2318: 2214: 2198: 2190: 2058: 1558: 1528: 1436: 1306: 786: 619: 7541:"Dialeto de origem alemã passa a fazer parte da grade escolar de Nova Hartz" 6543: 5709: 3754: 3412: 2929: 2574:"It is forbidden to speak Italian, German and Japanese in any public place." 1513: 618:

the colony started to develop, with the immigrants establishing the town of

610:

German immigrants in Brazil settled mostly in rural areas, called colonies (

10146: 9648: 8794: 7999: 7183:"Lei n. 1136/2009 cooficializa Língua Pomerana em Santa Maria de Jetibá-ES" 5662: 4906:"Portal de Cultura da Prefeitura Municipal de Jaraguá do Sul – XT-Conteúdo" 4081: 3770: 3716: 3699:

Municipalities with co-official German dialects or other Germanic languages

3550: 3017: 2973: 2913: 2828: 2787: 2683: 2533: 2475: 2302:

figures, the moon (to represent Germany pioneering rocket scientists, e.g.

2292: 2170: 1889: 1336: 951: 853: 840:

By the end of the 19th century, 122 German communities had been created in

778: 234: 9447: 7672:":: Brasil Alemanha :: O portal oficial da imigração alemã no Brasil" 5800:

The Brazilian-American Alliance, 1937–1945 by Frank D. McCann Jr., page 80

5114: 4272: 4139:. United States of America: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 35. 3441: 2945: 2690:

enlisted many Germans and people of German descent to fight alongside the

2268: 2016: 1720: 1290: 958: 53: 10476: 9924: 9282: 5608:"Experiência dos campos de concentração na vida dos imigrantes do Paraná" 3975: 3389: 3353: 3044: 2555: 2429: 2402: 2225: 2218: 2210: 416: 7856: 7110:

Município de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana

6803: 6626:"Clube alemão, com restaurante alemão e espaço para aluguel para festas" 4136:

Hitler's Man in Havana: Heinz Luning and Nazi Espionage in Latin America

3708: 3502: 3405: 3381: 1955:

The "myth of monolingualism", along with the general idea that speaking

346:

of Europeans to different parts of the world, which led to a process of

330: 322:

German Diaspora (c. 1930). Brazil received the second largest number of

10280: 9194: 8757: 7909: 7785: 7001:(in Portuguese). Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Archived from 5772:"Quarterly Review: A Journal of University Perspectives, Volumes 48–49" 3983: 3858: 3631: 3511: 3421: 3059:

The percentages are higher in some cities. For example, in the town of

2857: 2521: 2479: 2387: 2330: 1972: 1358: 925: 906: 790: 394: 383: 343: 238: 173: 137: 10217: 9641: 7801: 6708:[Of "Germanness" and adaptation] (in German). Deutsche Welle. 5413: 5411: 4176:

Many authors. Os Alemães no Sul do Brasil, Editora Ulbra, 2004 (2004).

3795: 2866:, is also used as derogatory term to designate Germans, and people of 2597:

In addition there was the issue of the local Brazilian traditionalist

531: 10038: 9571: 9452: 8005: 6997:[Schooling among Pomeranian descendants in Domingos Martins] 6152: 5456:"EXTREMA DIREITA E QUESTÃO NACIONAL: o nazismo no Brasil dos anos 30" 3597: 3463: 3445: 3437: 3357: 2964:

A match between Coritiba and Ceará in the 2007 Campeonato Brasileiro.

2552: 2456: 2299: 2112: 2028: 1483: 1444: 826: 810: 543: 7875: 3040: 2960: 2679:

high schools and colleges continued, as well as their private use.

2611: 1896:, of which about 170 are indigenous and 30 languages of immigrants. 1573: 1448: 547: 10302: 10292: 8858: 7829: 6570:"Pesquisa aponta Grêmio como o clube mais popular do Sul do Brasil" 6155:(West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 19/51. 5839:

How Roosevelt Failed America in World War II by Stewart Halsey Ross

5706:"EIAL VII1 – Influencia política alemã no Brasil na década DE 1930" 5408: 4970:"As marcas dos alemães no Espírito Santo – Brasil – Deutsche Welle" 4091: 4089: 3815: 3783: 3615: 3583: 3542: 3532: 3060: 3033: 2981: 2794: 2723: 2563: 2419: 1893: 1836: 1498: 1455: 1440: 1347: 972: 947: 886: 822: 581: 555: 311: 207:. By 1940, the German diaspora in Brazil totaled about a million. 8676: 6995:"A escolarização entre descendentes pomeranos em Domingos Martins" 6431:""Brasil alemão" comemora 180 anos – Brasil – DW.COM – 25.07.2004" 5997:"Um processo cultural forçado – Vida e Cidadania – Gazeta do Povo" 2988:

due to the presence of German Brazilians among its first players.

2835: 2802:

German as a second language (the other 14 teach either English or

1831: 580:

immigrants. Germany was suffering the effects of the wars against

10357: 10352: 10347: 10314: 9541: 9457: 7915: 7865: 7822: 7721:(an Internet magazine published both in German and in Portuguese) 3734: 3607: 3546: 3467: 3365: 2871: 2383: 2155: 2130: 2000: 1992: 1871: 1866: 1858: 1415:

By 2002 City Hall research concluded that 45% of the people from

1351: 1272: 1014: 936: 929: 917: 890: 773: 589: 438:

German immigration to Brazil, decennial periods from 1824 to 1969

323: 177: 157: 133: 10324: 9510: 7807: 7592: 7225: 6514:"Aumenta consumo de bebidas alcoólicas no Brasil, segundo a OMS" 5254:"The Lutheran World Federation 2009 Membership Figures: Summary" 4086: 2341:. Meanwhile, the "Universe of Children" section is dedicated to 1271:

During this period, the more isolated communities suffered from

294:. It is estimated that between 2 and 3 million people can speak 184:, with a smaller but still significant percentage living in the 10440: 10435: 10212: 10119: 8707: 7766: 6168:(in Portuguese). Centro Tecnológico Frederico Jorge Longemann. 4119: 3766: 3744: 3641: 3361: 3047:, the German Nobel Prize winner is son of the German Brazilian 2853: 2839: 2744: 2735: 2702: 2587: 2391: 2094: 2076: 1961: 1340: 1275: 1164: 1050: 996: 902: 442:

Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)

390: 4237: 1282:

in the 1870s, which culminated in several crimes and murders.

19:

For the dialects of the German language spoken in Brazil, see

10256: 7842: 3567: 2949: 2847: 2499:

initiated a strict program of forced cultural assimilation –

1984: 1892:

countries in the world, with inhabitants speaking around 200

1312:

However, coexistence with the local Brazilians (Amerindians,

1032: 802: 566: 551: 260:

cited the number of 5 million Brazilians of German descent.

6405:"Hospital Santa Catarina – Uma história de amor e dedicação" 5635:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. 3023: 10452: 10319: 6116: 4551:(in Portuguese). Universidade São Francisco. Archived from 3314:(Austria). The Brazilian family comes from the branch from 3311: 2972:

was founded in 1903 by the German and English community in

2921: 2917: 2842:, a common German dessert in southern Brazil called "cuca." 2663:

later declassified, the interest of the embassy was in the

2605:. In contrast to the Nazi Party, the Integralists favoured 2311: 2291:

coming together: colours, cultures, and capabilities," the

7718: 6734:

Histзria da Imigraусo Alemс no Sul ... – Felipe Kuhn Braun

5926: 5924: 5922: 3703: 3315: 3006:

is the famous German Brazilian goalkeeper, who plays for

1466:

was 73,000 in 1960, 145,000 in 1980 and 250,000 in 2004.

180:

ancestry. German Brazilians live mostly in the country's

6829:"RootsWeb's WorldConnect Project: Süddeutsche Patrizier" 6026:[The unexpected rehabilitation Getúlio Vargas]. 5930: 2743:(Lutheran University of Brazil, also known as Ulbra) in 1400: Between 20 – 25% of population (Rio Grande do Sul) 270:

German dialects together make up the second most spoken

7435:

State of Santa Catarina, Municipality of Antônio Carlos

7323: 6992: 5919: 7701:

German Oversee Migration in the Online-Databank HISTAT

7165:"No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde" 6936:"AÇÃO ANTROPOGÊNICA – OCUPAÇÃO DAS TERRAS E POPULAÇÃO" 4219:"Olivet Second Most Spoken Languages Around the World" 3610:, Oldenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Switzerland 1742:

German population – first decade of the 20th century

971:

Owners of industrial and commercial establishments in

781:'s Metropolitan Area were founded by Germans, such as 274:

after Portuguese. A few Brazilian municipalities have

10494: 6363:. Hospital Samaritano São Paulo. 1996. Archived from 6145:

Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672

5933:"Alemanha e Brasil: as relações diplomáticas em 1938" 5530: 5528: 4661:"Alemães ajudaram a formar a classe média paulistana" 4542: 4518:"Alemães ajudaram a formar a classe média paulistana" 924:

These Germans were mostly middle-class laborers from

546:

to settle in Brazil were 165 families who settled in

5420:"A assimilação dos imigrantes como questão nacional" 3878: 3671:

Pomerania, Rhineland, Prussia, Saxony, Switzerland,

2783:

Escola Hygienopolis – Waldorf-Schule – in São Paulo.

526: 16:

Brazilian person of ethnic German ancestry or origin

7707:

Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa Lingüística – IPOL

7301:. Wp.clicrbs.com.br. 24 August 2011. Archived from 6771:"As Mudanças nos Nomes de Família – Família MEURER" 6487:"Chopp X Cerveja: Aprenda as principais diferenças" 4823:

Italianos no Brasil: "andiamo in ... – Franco Cenni

5525: 4454:Germany's Vision of Empire in Venezuela, 1871-1914 4187:"As Diferentes Fases da Imigração Alemã no Brasil" 1350:facilitated the integration of the descendants of 6968:"Fundação de Cultura e Turismo Petrópolis – FCTP" 5796: 5248: 5246: 5143: 4005: 4003: 1368: 592:and encouraged the arrival of German immigrants. 10530: 7437:(in Portuguese). 9 February 2010. Archived from 7162: 7049: 6885: 6676: 5478:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5283:"Off Runway, Brazilian Beauty Goes Beyond Blond" 4052: 4050: 4048: 4010:A little piece of Germany in the heart of Brazil 3657:Hunsrück, Pomerania, Rhineland, Prussia, Saxony 2850:culture in Brazil arrived by German immigrants. 2586:These problems were aggravated with the rise of 213:The majority settled in the Brazilian states of 7664: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 6918:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 5878:The Voice of Destruction por Hermann Rauschning 5390:"Brasil: migrações internacionais e identidade" 5369:"Full text of "The aims and claims of Germany"" 5083: 5081: 5079: 3321: 1406: Around 35% of population (Santa Catarina) 7703:(toll-free, registration necessary, in German) 7252: 7027: 6941:. 2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br. 2003. Archived from 6831:. Wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 18 November 2014. 5243: 5181: 5179: 4246:. The German Times. Retrieved 11 October 2016. 4000: 1975:, since they saw themselves as "Brazilians of 1388: Between 1 – 5% of population (São Paulo) 1377:German population in Southern Brazil in 1911. 10178: 9526: 8692: 7740: 6166:"O que é, afinal, a Rede Sinodal de Educação" 6024:"A inesperada reabilitação de Getúlio Vargas" 6021: 5496:Nazismo tropical? O partido Nazista no Brasil 4908:. Cultura.jaraguadosul.com.br. Archived from 4056: 4045: 2321:and assorted mythic creatures. There follows 1162:colonization, and to the south and west, the 901:Not all Germans who settled in Brazil became 10474: 9646: 9578: 9562: 9555: 7642:"Decreto 5 2009 de Santa Maria do Herval RS" 7397: 7140:. Lpniceia.wordpress.com. 27 December 2008. 7076: 7012: 6224:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 November 2021. 5700: 5698: 5696: 5605: 5461:. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009 5076: 4606: 3032:Students and teachers at a German school in 2671:, or Brazilian citizens of German ancestry. 1428:areas, stemming from the cottage industry. 1394: Between 5 – 10% of population (Paraná) 10484:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 7122:"Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES" 6970:. Fctp.petropolis.rj.gov.br. Archived from 6703: 6335:"O Hospital – Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz" 5574: 5280: 5176: 4515: 2482:against the so-called "German threat". The 9533: 9519: 8699: 8685: 7747: 7733: 7045: 7043: 6511: 6361:"Hospital Samaritano São Paulo – História" 6353: 5874: 5018: 5016: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4729: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4456:. Princeton University Press. p. 52. 4350:"Interpretação Sociológica Do Catarinense" 4249: 4221:. olivet.edu. 7 April 2015. Archived from 4211: 4132: 2562:during World War II. Albrecht was born in 1382: Less than 1% of population (Uruguay) 881: 342:The 19th century was marked by an intense 7593:Azevedo, Liliam Keide Arnhold de (2016). 7570:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from 7547:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 March 2019. 7324:Maria do Socorro Pessoa (16 April 2008). 6306: 5693: 5504: 5435: 4476: 4113: 4096:Levy, Maria Stella Ferreira (June 1974). 3024:Number of German Brazilians and ethnicity 2948:. In 1999 the two brands merged creating 7715:("We German-Brazilians" (PDF) in German) 7433:[Legislative Project 132/2010]. 6088:"Former pupils of German schools abroad" 5999:. Portal.rpc.com.br. 26 September 2008. 5658:O Brasil e sua guerra quase desconhecida 5624: 5492: 5417: 5025:Os Alemгes no sul do Brasil: cultura ... 4172: 4170: 4168: 3719:in which East Pomeranian is co-official. 3707: 3039: 3027: 2980:was founded by the German population in 2959: 2882:(Wiener Würstchen). In Southern Brazil, 2834: 2822: 2734: 2722: 2577: 2569: 2543: 2527: 2515: 2428: 2352: 2255: 2010: 1830: 1822: 1410: 1372: 1289: 885: 835:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 772: 530: 329: 317: 305: 263:According to a 2016 survey published by 10064:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 10058:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 7511:"Estância Velha – RS – Notícia Leitura" 7052:"A CO-OFICIALIZAÇÃO DA LÍNGUA POMERANA" 7040: 5916:, "Défense de l'Amérique, p. 218 e 3374 5062:"Konfessionskarte von Mitteleuropa Map" 5013: 4852: 4683: 4344: 4342: 4340: 2709: 2248:(2015), who all share German ancestry. 1265: 10531: 7376: 7226:Agência Web IC Inteligência Criativa. 4451: 3847: 3704:East Pomeranian dialect (Ostpommersch) 2532:Children make the Nazi version of the 2348: 905:. In the early 20th century, very few 893:is a touristic Italo-Germanic city in 768: 265:Institute of Applied Economic Research 9514: 8680: 7728: 7385:from the original on 21 December 2012 6777:from the original on 13 February 2009 6730: 6712:from the original on 11 February 2016 6670: 6658:from the original on 20 November 2014 6632:from the original on 17 December 2014 6580:from the original on 20 December 2014 6550:from the original on 2 September 2011 6546:. CervejasDoMundo. 22 November 2006. 6467:from the original on 17 December 2014 6341:from the original on 17 December 2014 6258:from the original on 17 December 2014 6198:from the original on 22 February 2017 6172:from the original on 22 February 2017 6125:from the original on 18 December 2014 6098:from the original on 18 December 2014 6068:from the original on 18 December 2014 5730: 5559: 5557: 5506:10.11606/T.8.2007.tde-10072007-113709 5339:"Rio gives Carnival a Teutonic touch" 5192:. Ibero-americana.net. Archived from 4976:from the original on 11 February 2016 4819: 4696: 4615:from the original on 20 November 2015 4165: 3080:Germans surnames adapted in Brazil 2283:in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated in 2149: 878:Citizens, with 24 German consulates. 233:. Less than 5% of Germans settled in 7030:"O povo pomerano no ES – Entrevista" 6835:from the original on 12 October 2012 6606:from the original on 13 January 2022 5977:from the original on 18 January 2018 5945:from the original on 12 October 2010 5895:from the original on 2 November 2023 5856:from the original on 2 November 2023 5817:from the original on 2 November 2023 5778:from the original on 2 November 2023 5448: 5396:from the original on 30 January 2009 5293:from the original on 20 October 2016 5164:from the original on 2 November 2023 4996:"Primeiros resultados do Censo 2010" 4432:"Full text of "The Monroe Doctrine"" 4337: 4325:from the original on 10 October 2007 4153:from the original on 2 November 2023 4095: 4033:from the original on 7 December 2013 3946:German colonial projects before 1871 3789: 2818: 1079: 595: 74:Regions with significant populations 8773:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) 8706: 7634: 7445: 7207:from the original on 6 October 2020 7163:Eduardo Nunomura (1 January 2005). 7144:from the original on 6 October 2020 6685:from the original on 9 October 2012 6679:""Brasil alemão" comemora 180 anos" 6652:"São Paulo Futebol Clube – Canindé" 6493:from the original on 26 August 2015 6441:from the original on 9 January 2016 6397: 6003:from the original on 24 August 2011 5739:from the original on 17 August 2016 5735:(in Portuguese). nacaomestica.org. 5677:. Veja.abril.com.br. Archived from 5513:from the original on 28 August 2010 5486: 5349:from the original on 9 January 2016 5319:from the original on 9 January 2016 5281:Barrionuevo, Alexei (8 June 2010). 5137: 5042:from the original on 12 August 2023 4950:from the original on 12 August 2023 4840:from the original on 12 August 2023 4769:from the original on 9 January 2016 4755: 4717:from the original on 12 August 2023 4671:from the original on 9 January 2016 4588:from the original on 12 August 2023 4524:from the original on 9 January 2016 4497:from the original on 12 August 2023 4386:from the original on 21 August 2017 3824: 2688:Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) 2474:which brought about the end of the 2279:on 3 October 2012 the world-famous 1796: 1424:original agricultural production. 874:Nationals and the other 8.5k being 13: 7332:from the original on 25 April 2013 5797:Frank D Mccann JR (8 March 2015). 5757:da Costa, Sérgio Corrêa da Costa, 5564:Document accessed 2 September 2009 5554: 5125:from the original on 20 April 2014 5095:from the original on 20 April 2016 4509: 3304: 2251: 2023:Most German Brazilians are either 14: 10570: 9540: 8768:Military dictatorship (1964–1985) 7694: 7652:from the original on 26 June 2020 7551:from the original on 26 June 2020 7463:from the original on 27 June 2020 7377:Pessoa, Maria do Socorro (1996). 7112:, Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana 6751:from the original on 30 July 2023 6677:Geraldo Hoffmann (25 July 2004). 6524:from the original on 7 March 2016 6117:Atuaweb – Soluções em Web Sites. 4886:from the original on 4 March 2016 4641:from the original on 2 March 2012 4299:from the original on 5 March 2016 4077:Latin America: Regions and People 3956:Ratlines (World War II aftermath) 3777: 3723: 1950: 1087:Farms owned by foreigners (1920) 527:First German settlement in Brazil 415:The census of 1920 revealed that 10516: 10504: 8753:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) 7756: 7601:from the original on 8 July 2020 7586: 7533: 7503: 7493:"Um pedaço da Aústria no Brasil" 7485: 7475: 7453:"LEI Nº 1.685/16, DE 12/07/2016" 7423: 7370: 7344: 7317: 7291: 7273: 7246: 7219: 7193: 7175: 7156: 7138:"Pomerano!? – Língua Portuguesa" 7130: 7115: 7103: 7028:Mandato Vereza (November 2009). 6993:Gerlinde Merklein Weber (1998). 6986: 6960: 6928: 6906: 6879: 6847: 6821: 6789: 6763: 6706:"Von "Deutschtum" und Anpassung" 6278:"Histórico – Hospital do Amparo" 6228:from the original on 5 July 2022 5835: 5418:Seyferth, Giralda (April 1997). 5231:from the original on 6 July 2011 4571:Histуrias de imigrantes e de ... 3951:German inventors and discoverers 3895: 3881: 3335:Place of origin of the settlers 2970:Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense 2753:Colégio Visconde de Porto Seguro 2560:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 2123: 2105: 2087: 2069: 2051: 1061: 1043: 1025: 1007: 989: 326:, only behind the United States. 45: 7568:Câmara de Vereadores Nova Hartz 7431:"Projecto Legislativo 132/2010" 7253:Daniel Antunes (12 June 2011). 7057:. Farese.edu.br. Archived from 6920:(in Portuguese). Archived from 6724: 6697: 6644: 6618: 6592: 6562: 6536: 6505: 6479: 6453: 6423: 6371: 6327: 6300: 6270: 6240: 6210: 6194:(in Portuguese). Rede Sinodal. 6184: 6158: 6137: 6110: 6080: 6050: 6015: 5989: 5957: 5907: 5868: 5829: 5790: 5764: 5751: 5724: 5667: 5650: 5618: 5599: 5568: 5437:10.1590/S0104-93131997000100004 5382: 5361: 5331: 5305: 5274: 5219:"Recenseamento Geral do Brasil" 5211: 5150:Summer Institute of Linguistics 5107: 5054: 4988: 4962: 4924: 4898: 4872: 4813: 4781: 4653: 4627: 4600: 4562: 4536: 4470: 4445: 4424: 4398: 4368: 4311: 4285: 4266: 4115:10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003 3760: 2870:origin or descent in general), 2741:Universidade Luterana do Brasil 2538:Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo 6379:"Hospital Unimed Santa Helena" 5931:Andrea Helena Petry Rahmeier. 5803:. Princeton University Press. 5606:Silvia Costa (29 April 2009). 5577:"Um processo cultural forçado" 5158:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-96BA-9 4933:Quase-cidadсo: histзrias e ... 4739:. Brasilien.de. Archived from 4700:Etnicidade, nacionalismo e ... 4543:Régis Ferreira Negrão (2008). 4480:Comunicaусo de massa sem massa 4244:German Roots – Gisele Bündchen 4179: 4126: 4069: 4019: 3968: 2773:Deutsche Schule Rio de Janeiro 2667:, or German citizens, not the 1369:Panorama of German communities 426: 248:According to a 1999 survey by 1: 7457:www.diariomunicipal.sc.gov.br 6916:[Brazil: 500 years]. 6860:. Buratto.net. Archived from 6802:. Buratto.net. Archived from 6704:Neusa Soliz (19 March 2004). 6058:"Education "made in Germany"" 5759:Crônica de uma Guerra Secreta 5731:Costa, Sérgio Correa (2004). 4352:. Cfh.ufsc.br. Archived from 3993: 3483:Rhineland, Saxony, Pomerania 3012:Brazil national football team 2433:German communities (pink) in 2228:beauty pageant have included 1316:of Azorean stock, mixed-race 1191:Colonies created since 1808 640:First settlers in Joinville 538:, settled by Germans in 1858. 5875:Rauschning, Hermann (1940). 5493:Dietrich, Ana Maria (2007). 4697:Alves, Eliane Bisan (2006). 4016:. Retrieved 11 October 2016. 3322:The first German communities 2793:Rede Sinodal – a network of 2718: 2603:Brazilian Integralist Action 2306:), and figures from ancient 2281:Christ the Redeemer monument 1779:Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo 7: 10544:European diaspora in Brazil 9965:Alsatians and Lotharingians 9215:Water supply and sanitation 8763:Fourth Republic (1946–1964) 8738:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) 7648:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 7515:www.estanciavelha.rs.gov.br 6731:Braun, Felipe Kuhn (2010). 6600:"Coxa: a origem do apelido" 6022:Mário Maestri (July 2006). 5970:. Histedbr.fae.unicamp.br. 5938:. Eeh2008.anpuh-rs.org.br. 5708:. Tau.ac.il. Archived from 4516:Neusa Soliz (26 May 2004). 4133:Schoonover, Thomas (2008). 4104:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 3874: 3802: 3497:Pomerania, Saxony, Bohemia 2379:, German economist (1900). 2333:robots, and a depiction of 2006: 1843: 1285: 916:Given this situation, most 301: 10: 10575: 10539:German diaspora by country 8743:United Kingdom (1815–1822) 7709:(Blumenau, Santa Catarina) 5733:"Adolf Hitler (1889–1945)" 5224:. Biblioteca.ibge.gov.br. 5144:Wiesemann, Ursula (2008). 4477:Caparelli, Sérgio (1986). 3818:Riograndenser Hunsrückisch 3290:Müller, Miller and Muller 2786:Instituto Preteologico in 2767:Colégio Humboldt São Paulo 2161:Renowned German Brazilian 1818: 1190: 639: 437: 105:Riograndenser Hunsrückisch 18: 10549:German diaspora in Brazil 10467: 10413: 10335: 10193: 10004: 9984: 9948: 9868: 9820: 9683: 9607: 9600: 9591: 9548: 9472: 9341: 9233: 9135: 9126: 9104: 9018: 9009: 8997:President of the Republic 8915: 8906: 8790: 8781: 8718: 8626: 8567: 8516: 8485: 8459: 8418: 8409: 8393: 8384: 8318: 8302: 8271: 8213: 8204: 8187: 8178: 8106: 8063: 8030: 7982: 7975: 7943: 7926: 7896: 7887: 7777: 7773: 7050:Ismael Tressmann (2009). 6888:"A poetisa Cora Coralina" 6252:Hospital Moinhos de Vento 4635:"Projeto Imigração Alemã" 4293:"Projeto Imigração Alemã" 3769:(only in the district of 3079: 2827:Brahma's Old Building in 2809: 2779:Historic German schools: 2511: 2360:and its German influence. 2285:Germany's national colors 1995:to retain students using 1741: 1636: 1086: 970: 132: 127: 116: 111: 94: 89: 78: 73: 66: 61: 44: 10559:Brazil–Germany relations 8920:Administrative divisions 7989:American (United States) 6028:Revista Espaço Acadêmico 5499:(Thesis). Teses.usp.br. 5028:Editora da ULBRA. 1994. 4102:Revista de Saúde Pública 3961: 3911:Brazil–Germany relations 3574:, Rhineland, Pomerania, 3154:Heizeriter or Aizenrita 2955: 2860:(known in Portuguese as 2310:, including thunder god 2141: 272:first language in Brazil 9985:Multinational dimension 5625:Scherzer, Veit (2007). 4452:Herwig, Holger (2016). 3069:East Pomeranian dialect 2993:Esporte Clube Pinheiros 2984:. The club nickname is 2978:Coritiba Foot Ball Club 2940:was founded in 1888 in 2804:Brazilian Sign Language 2329:'s outcast characters, 1835:German architecture in 1357:The identification as " 882:Urban Germans in Brazil 405:by T B Edgington said: 310:German architecture in 10475: 10179: 9906:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9647: 9579: 9563: 9556: 9076:Science and technology 8758:Vargas Era (1930–1946) 8634:Demographics of Brazil 7763:Ancestry and ethnicity 7713:Wir Deutschbrasilianer 7622:Cite journal requires 6886:David Gueiros Vieira. 5836:Ross, Stewart Halsey. 5263:. 2010. Archived from 4820:Cenni, Franco (2003). 4737:"Deutsche Einwanderer" 4057:Wilhelm Bleek (2003). 4027:"Hunsrik | Ethnologue" 3720: 3194:Lamberty and Lamberti 3052: 3037: 2996:renamed to Pinheiros. 2965: 2843: 2832: 2748: 2732: 2653: 2583: 2575: 2567: 2541: 2525: 2467: 2438: 2361: 2272: 2020: 1921:Naturalized Brazilians 1840: 1828: 1827:Brazilian Oktoberfest. 1420: 1408: 1302: 898: 868: 818: 539: 339: 327: 315: 296:Brazilian Hunsrückisch 286:, they are located in 276:Brazilian Hunsrückisch 169: 99:. Great numbers speak 52:German descendants in 8011:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste 7646:leismunicipais.com.br 6737:. Felipe Kuhn Braun. 4882:. Tonijochem.com.br. 4558:on 30 September 2011. 4278:20 April 2014 at the 3916:Brazilians in Germany 3869:Santa Maria do Herval 3816:Hunsrik Language (or 3750:Santa Maria de Jetibá 3711: 3684:Santa Maria de Jetibá 3527:Pomerania, Rhineland 3049:Júlia da Silva Bruhns 3043: 3031: 2963: 2838: 2826: 2755:, founded in 1872 as 2738: 2726: 2642: 2581: 2573: 2558:and recipient of the 2547: 2531: 2519: 2462: 2432: 2356: 2295:newspaper reported. 2259: 2014: 1834: 1826: 1414: 1376: 1314:Portuguese Brazilians 1295:Jacobina Mentz Maurer 1293: 1280:Revolt of the Muckers 1182:Industrial Revolution 889: 862: 844:, and many others in 776: 534: 364:immigration to Brazil 333: 321: 309: 128:Related ethnic groups 68:5,000,000–12,000,000 10405:United Arab Emirates 9713:Transylvanian Saxons 8894:World Heritage Sites 8827:Environmental issues 8800:Brazilian Antarctica 7203:. Secult.es.gov.br. 7036:on 21 December 2012. 7008:on 21 December 2012. 6544:"Tudo Sobre Cerveja" 5199:on 24 September 2015 4483:. Summus Editorial. 4282:, Ethnologue (2016). 4257:Revista Contingentia 3926:Demography of Brazil 3202:Leffa, Lefa or Leva 2910:Brazilian Portuguese 2710:Postwar developments 2609:, and had the rural 2377:Gustav von Schmoller 2205:, Jeísa Chiminazzo, 1861:spoken in Brazil is 1297:, the leader of the 1266:Period of prosperity 1180:consequences of the 831:Santa Catarina state 605:Rhineland-Palatinate 282:as co-official with 9992:Central and Eastern 9896:Italy (South Tyrol) 9443:Syncretic Religions 9351:Freedom of religion 9033:Automotive industry 7358:on 21 December 2012 7261:on 20 November 2015 7064:on 21 December 2012 6924:on 23 January 2009. 6855:"XIII Albuquerques" 6315:on 18 December 2014 6288:on 18 December 2014 5345:. 27 January 2013. 5315:. 26 October 2012. 4936:FGV Editora. 2007. 4703:Editora Humanitas. 4199:on 5 September 2019 3519:São Lourenço do Sul 2549:Egon Albrecht-Lemke 2484:Portuguese language 2472:Barbarian Invasions 2465:(Nogueira 1947:18). 2349:Forced assimilation 2263:is provided by the 2175:Ana Claudia Michels 2015:Lutheran Church in 1960:places isolated by 1905: 1326:Japanese Brazilians 769:Waves of immigrants 403:The Monroe Doctrine 353:revolutions of 1848 176:of full or partial 162:Deitschbrasiliooner 84:Southeastern region 41: 10137:Pennsylvania Dutch 9403:Eastern Orthodoxy 9396:Ukrainian Catholic 9091:Telecommunications 8748:Empire (1822–1889) 8733:Indigenous peoples 7792:Indigenous peoples 7545:Jornal Repercussão 7411:on 6 February 2015 7381:. Academicoo.com. 7234:on 2 December 2013 6367:on 31 August 2010. 5002:on 2 December 2010 4789:"Lista de Tabelas" 4607:Carlos Fatorelli. 4321:. Mluther.org.br. 4059:"Auslandsdeutsche" 3721: 3677:Schleswig-Holstein 3576:Schleswig-Holstein 3162:Junckes or Junkes 3053: 3038: 2966: 2890:, from the German 2878:, from the German 2844: 2833: 2749: 2733: 2669:Deutschbrasilianer 2584: 2576: 2568: 2542: 2526: 2439: 2362: 2308:Germanic mythology 2273: 2150:Fashion and models 2021: 1903: 1885:indigenous nations 1841: 1829: 1637:German Brazilians 1421: 1409: 1330:Italian Brazilians 1303: 1160:Azorean Portuguese 899: 819: 571:native Amerindians 540: 340: 328: 316: 154:Deutschbrasilianer 39:Deutschbrasilianer 31: 10554:German minorities 10492: 10491: 10463: 10462: 10000: 9999: 9800:Russian Mennonite 9508: 9507: 9468: 9467: 9410: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9375:Armenian Catholic 9180:Income inequality 9122: 9121: 9005: 9004: 8992:Political parties 8987:National Congress 8950:Freedom of speech 8935:Foreign relations 8902: 8901: 8674: 8673: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8174: 8173: 7965: 7964: 7405:"Espigaonews.com" 7171:on 28 March 2012. 7126:itarana.es.gov.br 6974:on 16 August 2011 6914:"Brasil 500 anos" 6809:on 9 October 2011 6744:978-85-88134-10-2 6030:(in Portuguese). 5888:978-1-4556-1365-6 5849:978-0-7864-2512-9 5810:978-1-4008-7015-8 5642:978-3-938845-17-2 5614:on 23 March 2010. 5587:on 24 August 2011 5575:Pollianna Milan. 5343:The Local Germany 5261:lutheranworld.org 5064:. Images.zeno.org 5035:978-85-85692-05-6 4943:978-85-225-0590-6 4880:"Imigração Alemã" 4833:978-85-314-0671-3 4710:978-85-7732-013-4 4581:978-85-7388-222-3 4490:978-85-323-0252-6 4356:on 10 August 2014 4146:978-0-8131-2501-5 4065:on 10 March 2011. 3936:German Argentines 3848:Rio Grande do Sul 3836:São João do Oeste 3790:Rio Grande do Sul 3696: 3695: 3640:Swabian Germans; 3302: 3301: 3170:Justo or Justino 3018:Eric Leme Walther 2934:Rio Grande do Sul 2819:Food and beverage 2727:German School in 2706:moderate leader. 2343:German fairytales 2304:Wernher von Braun 2187:Raquel Zimmermann 2183:Letícia Birkheuer 2139: 2138: 1948: 1947: 1794: 1793: 1763:Rio Grande do Sul 1737: 1736: 1683:Rio Grande do Sul 1632: 1631: 1612:Rio Grande do Sul 1604:Santa Cruz do Sul 1552:Rio Grande do Sul 1537:Rio Grande do Sul 1475:Population (2010) 1363:German traditions 1263: 1262: 1201:Rio Grande do Sul 1155: 1154: 1080:Pioneering period 1077: 1076: 963:Greater São Paulo 895:Rio Grande do Sul 842:Rio Grande do Sul 829:in 1851, both in 766: 765: 628:Rio Grande do Sul 596:First communities 542:The first German 524: 523: 444: 254:Simon Schwartzman 215:Rio Grande do Sul 170:teuto-brasileiros 146:German Brazilians 143: 142: 118:Roman Catholicism 57: 35:Teuto-brasileiros 32:German Brazilians 10566: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10500: 10480: 10431:Papua New Guinea 10269:Kapitaï and Koba 10235:Kapitaï and Koba 10184: 10062:Los Lagos Region 10044:British Columbia 9652: 9605: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9584: 9568: 9559: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9512: 9511: 9488: 9481: 9406: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9298:National symbols 9133: 9132: 9071: 9043:Economic history 9028:Animal husbandry 9016: 9015: 8913: 8912: 8788: 8787: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8678: 8677: 8416: 8415: 8391: 8390: 8211: 8210: 8185: 8184: 7980: 7979: 7894: 7893: 7775: 7774: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7726: 7725: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7674:. Archived from 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7625: 7620: 7618: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7517:. Archived from 7507: 7501: 7500: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7441:on 2 April 2012. 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7407:. Archived from 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7354:. Archived from 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7305:on 27 March 2019 7295: 7289: 7288: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7230:. Archived from 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7189:on 2 April 2012. 7179: 7173: 7172: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7095:. Archived from 7089: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7056: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7025: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7000: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6948:on 7 August 2015 6947: 6940: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6894:on 27 March 2012 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6801: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6576:. 9 April 2013. 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6512:Agência Brasil. 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6381:. Archived from 6375: 6369: 6368: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6311:. Archived from 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6284:. Archived from 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6248:"Nossa História" 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6162: 6156: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6034:. Archived from 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5917: 5914:Chéradame, André 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5671: 5665: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5583:. Archived from 5572: 5566: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5538:. Archived from 5532: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5508: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5258: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5085: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5020: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 4998:. Archived from 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4801:on 26 March 2012 4800: 4794:. Archived from 4793: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4550: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4408:. Archived from 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4346: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4270: 4264: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4195:. Archived from 4183: 4177: 4174: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4093: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4054: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4007: 3987: 3972: 3941:German Canadians 3931:German Americans 3905: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3811:(under approval) 3798:(under approval) 3740:Laranja da Terra 3730:Domingos Martins 3663:Santa Leopoldina 3326: 3325: 3266:Webber or Veber 3242:Paulos or Paulo 3077: 3076: 2912:is the word for 2868:Central European 2651: 2444:abrasileiramento 2335:Marlene Dietrich 2277:German Unity Day 2207:Shirley Mallmann 2179:Mariana Weickert 2129: 2127: 2126: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2039: 2038: 1906: 1902: 1867:Hunsrik Language 1797:End of expansion 1739: 1738: 1634: 1633: 1469: 1468: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1188: 1187: 1084: 1083: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1013: 1011: 1010: 995: 993: 992: 968: 967: 637: 636: 586:Maria Leopoldina 443: 440: 435: 434: 334:German dance in 186:Southeast Region 101:Brazilian German 62:Total population 51: 49: 42: 30: 21:Brazilian German 10574: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10517: 10515: 10505: 10503: 10495: 10493: 10488: 10459: 10409: 10331: 10189: 10056:Los Ríos Region 9996: 9980: 9944: 9869:Southern Europe 9864: 9838:North Schleswig 9821:Northern Europe 9816: 9679: 9620:Sudeten Germans 9587: 9544: 9539: 9509: 9504: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9464: 9337: 9323:Science fiction 9313:Public holidays 9229: 9190:Life expectancy 9118: 9100: 9069: 9001: 8977:Law enforcement 8898: 8884:Water resources 8864:Protected areas 8777: 8714: 8705: 8675: 8670: 8610: 8563: 8512: 8481: 8455: 8411: 8405: 8372: 8314: 8298: 8267: 8206: 8200: 8170: 8102: 8065:Central America 8059: 8026: 7971: 7961: 7945: 7944:Central Africa 7939: 7928: 7922: 7883: 7769: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7697: 7692: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7678:on 2 April 2012 7670: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7611: 7604: 7602: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7562: 7554: 7552: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7521:on 26 June 2020 7509: 7508: 7504: 7499:on 13 May 2008. 7491: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7333: 7322: 7318: 7308: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7287:on 30 May 2012. 7279: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7224: 7220: 7210: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7099:on 30 May 2016. 7091: 7090: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7048: 7041: 7026: 7013: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6867:on 3 March 2016 6864: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6745: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6713: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6581: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6411:on 2 April 2013 6403: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6385:on 21 July 2015 6377: 6376: 6372: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6307:Administrator. 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6094:. 26 May 2014. 6086: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6038:on 4 March 2016 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5850: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5811: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5681:on 9 March 2012 5673: 5672: 5668: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5623: 5619: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5536:"DECRETO-LEI N" 5534: 5533: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5491: 5487: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5416: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5279: 5275: 5270:on 4 June 2011. 5267: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5036: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4944: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4912:on 28 July 2011 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4743:on 2 April 2013 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4695: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4582: 4574:7Letras. 2000. 4568: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4412:on 2 March 2009 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4280:Wayback Machine 4271: 4267: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4225:on 29 July 2018 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4094: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4055: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3864:Salvador do Sul 3850: 3827: 3822: 3809:Espigão d'Oeste 3805: 3792: 3780: 3763: 3726: 3706: 3701: 3578:, Braunschweig 3489:Nova Petrópolis 3324: 3307: 3305:The Lins family 3104:Dimer or Timer 3026: 2958: 2884:Fruit preserves 2821: 2812: 2757:Deutsche Schule 2721: 2712: 2665:Reichsdeutschen 2652: 2650:Otto Tannenberg 2649: 2514: 2435:Southern Brazil 2351: 2265:Goethe-Institut 2261:German language 2254: 2252:Year of Germany 2246:Marthina Brandt 2242:Gabriela Markus 2238:Rafaela Zanella 2234:Carina Beduschi 2224:Winners of the 2195:Solange Wilvert 2167:Gisele Bündchen 2152: 2144: 2124: 2122: 2106: 2104: 2088: 2086: 2070: 2068: 2052: 2050: 2025:Roman Catholics 2009: 1953: 1909:German speakers 1850:German language 1848:The use of the 1846: 1821: 1799: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1288: 1268: 1082: 1062: 1060: 1044: 1042: 1026: 1024: 1008: 1006: 990: 988: 911:Southern Brazil 884: 865: 777:Many cities in 771: 601:Major Schaeffer 598: 563:Southern Brazil 536:Nova Petrópolis 529: 441: 439: 429: 348:Europeanisation 304: 288:Southern Brazil 280:East Pomeranian 120: 80:Southern region 50: 37: 33: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10572: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10526: 10525: 10513: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10448:German Samoans 10445: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10428: 10423: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10339: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10285: 10284: 10283: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10238: 10237: 10227: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10205: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10171: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10129: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10059: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10010: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9978: 9976:United Kingdom 9973: 9968: 9958: 9952: 9950: 9949:Western Europe 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9843:Potato Germans 9840: 9830: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9778:North Caucasus 9775: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9720: 9715: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9693: 9687: 9685: 9684:Eastern Europe 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9644: 9639: 9629: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9615:Czech Republic 9611: 9609: 9608:Central Europe 9602: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9565:Reichsdeutsche 9560: 9557:Bundesdeutsche 9552: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9538: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9490: 9489: 9482: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9239: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9114:Rail transport 9110: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8960:Women's rights 8957: 8952: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8849:Largest cities 8846: 8841: 8836: 8834:Extreme points 8831: 8830: 8829: 8819: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8810:Climate change 8802: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8704: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8681: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8627:Related topics 8624: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8577: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8420: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8397: 8395: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8191: 8189: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8112: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7996: 7986: 7984: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7847: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7836:Amazonian Jews 7833: 7812: 7794: 7789: 7781: 7779: 7771: 7770: 7752: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7696: 7695:External links 7693: 7690: 7689: 7663: 7633: 7624:|journal= 7585: 7574:on 9 July 2020 7532: 7502: 7484: 7474: 7444: 7422: 7396: 7369: 7343: 7316: 7290: 7272: 7245: 7218: 7192: 7174: 7155: 7129: 7114: 7102: 7075: 7039: 7011: 6985: 6959: 6927: 6905: 6878: 6846: 6820: 6788: 6762: 6743: 6723: 6696: 6669: 6643: 6617: 6591: 6561: 6535: 6518:Gazeta do Povo 6504: 6478: 6452: 6422: 6396: 6370: 6352: 6326: 6299: 6269: 6239: 6209: 6183: 6157: 6136: 6109: 6092:Deutschland.de 6079: 6049: 6014: 5988: 5956: 5918: 5906: 5887: 5867: 5848: 5828: 5809: 5789: 5763: 5750: 5723: 5712:on 4 June 2011 5692: 5675:"VEJA on-line" 5666: 5649: 5641: 5628:Bundesarchives 5617: 5598: 5581:Gazeta do Povo 5567: 5553: 5542:on 6 July 2011 5524: 5485: 5447: 5407: 5381: 5360: 5330: 5304: 5287:New York Times 5273: 5242: 5210: 5175: 5136: 5106: 5075: 5053: 5034: 5012: 4987: 4961: 4942: 4923: 4897: 4871: 4851: 4832: 4812: 4780: 4754: 4728: 4709: 4682: 4652: 4626: 4599: 4580: 4561: 4535: 4508: 4489: 4469: 4463:978-0691638355 4462: 4444: 4423: 4397: 4367: 4336: 4319:"imigracao II" 4310: 4284: 4265: 4248: 4236: 4210: 4192:Deutsche Welle 4178: 4164: 4145: 4125: 4085: 4068: 4044: 4018: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3903:Germany portal 3892: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3854:Estância Velha 3849: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3838: 3833: 3831:Antônio Carlos 3826: 3825:Santa Catarina 3823: 3821: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3778:Santa Catarina 3776: 3775: 3774: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3724:Espírito Santo 3722: 3717:municipalities 3713:Espírito Santo 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3666: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3580: 3579: 3565: 3562: 3555: 3554: 3539: 3536: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3457: 3450: 3449: 3419: 3416: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3393: 3392: 3379: 3376: 3369: 3368: 3347: 3344: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3065:Santa Catarina 3056:living there. 3025: 3022: 3004:Alisson Becker 2957: 2954: 2942:Rio de Janeiro 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2729:Rio de Janeiro 2720: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2647: 2520:Nazi group in 2513: 2510: 2505:German culture 2497:Getúlio Vargas 2448:Vale do Itajaí 2411:Getúlio Vargas 2407:Espírito Santo 2394:region of the 2374: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2350: 2347: 2339:The Blue Angel 2327:Bertolt Brecht 2323:Goethe's Faust 2253: 2250: 2203:Carol Trentini 2151: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2033:Pentecostalism 2008: 2005: 2001:German descent 1981:Getúlio Vargas 1977:German culture 1952: 1951:Discrimination 1949: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918:Brazilian born 1916: 1913: 1910: 1880:monolingualism 1845: 1842: 1820: 1817: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787:Rest of Brazil 1784: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755:Santa Catarina 1752: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663:Santa Catarina 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1629: 1627:Santa Catarina 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597:Santa Catarina 1594: 1591: 1589:Jaraguá do Sul 1585: 1584: 1582:Santa Catarina 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1567:Rio de Janeiro 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1522:Rio de Janeiro 1519: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1507:Santa Catarina 1504: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1492:Santa Catarina 1489: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1464:Espírito Santo 1460:Santa Catarina 1417:Jaraguá do Sul 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1370: 1367: 1287: 1284: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222:Espírito Santo 1220: 1219:Rio de Janeiro 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207:Santa Catarina 1205: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069:United Kingdom 1057: 1056: 1053: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1003: 1002: 999: 985: 984: 981: 977: 976: 941:Rio de Janeiro 883: 880: 858:Rio de Janeiro 846:Santa Catarina 807:Berghanschneis 770: 767: 764: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 703: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 642: 641: 632:Ragamuffin War 597: 594: 528: 525: 522: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 484: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 446: 445: 428: 425: 336:Rio de Janeiro 303: 300: 292:Espírito Santo 258:Deutsche Welle 243:Espírito Santo 231:Rio de Janeiro 219:Santa Catarina 141: 140: 130: 129: 125: 124: 114: 113: 109: 108: 95:Predominantly 92: 91: 87: 86: 76: 75: 71: 70: 64: 63: 59: 58: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10571: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10524: 10514: 10512: 10502: 10501: 10498: 10485: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10466: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10298:Dar es Salaam 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10183: 10182: 10181:Colonia Tovar 10177: 10176: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10132:United States 10130: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10063: 10060: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10003: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9931: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9828:Baltic states 9826: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9673: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9582: 9581:Volksdeutsche 9577: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9542:German people 9536: 9531: 9529: 9524: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9421:Protestantism 9419: 9417: 9414: 9409: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9365:Christianity 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9205:States by HDI 9203: 9201: 9200:Social issues 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9008: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8695: 8690: 8688: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8607: 8606:Luxembourgian 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8203: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8108:South America 8105: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7983:North America 7981: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7925: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7750: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7629: 7616: 7600: 7596: 7589: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7111: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7044: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7004: 6996: 6989: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6944: 6937: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6863: 6856: 6850: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6805: 6798: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6227: 6223: 6222:ndmais.com.br 6219: 6213: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6062:Young Germany 6059: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5973: 5966: 5960: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5915: 5910: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5842:. McFarland. 5841: 5840: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5793: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5661:, p. 304, at 5660: 5659: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5475: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5433: 5430:(1): 95–131. 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5412: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5370: 5364: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5063: 5057: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4816: 4797: 4790: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4565: 4554: 4546: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4433: 4427: 4411: 4407: 4406:"Educacional" 4401: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3921:Cândido Godói 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3893: 3890: 3889:Brazil portal 3879: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3625:Volga Germans 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3341:Nova Friburgo 3339: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904:(from German 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2886:are known as 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2607:miscegenation 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2580: 2572: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2551:was a German 2550: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2518: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2424:jus sanguinis 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2396:Southern Cone 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Germanic gods 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2215:Bruna Erhardt 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199:Monique Olsen 2196: 2192: 2191:Cintia Dicker 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2147: 2134: 2132: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2059:United States 2049: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2013: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1838: 1833: 1825: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1808:underemployed 1805: 1790:Less than 1% 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1559:Nova Friburgo 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1529:Novo Hamburgo 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:Novo Hamburgo 1434: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1413: 1375: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1337:urban centers 1335:Migrating to 1333: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1307:Darcy Ribeiro 1305:According to 1300: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1072: 1070: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1005: 1004: 1000: 998: 987: 986: 982: 980:Ethnic origin 979: 978: 974: 969: 966: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 922: 919: 914: 912: 908: 904: 896: 892: 888: 879: 877: 873: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:Novo Hamburgo 784: 780: 775: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 638: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:Novo Hamburgo 615: 613: 608: 606: 602: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 537: 533: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 485: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 447: 436: 433: 424: 422: 418: 413: 409: 406: 404: 399: 396: 392: 387: 385: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 356: 354: 349: 345: 337: 332: 325: 320: 313: 308: 299: 297: 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