524:
510:
471:
955:
927:
939:
794:, who governed from 1895–1906 (and for a few shorter times before). It was Puttkammer who began the German behaviors that lend them a reputation of brutality and harshness as colonizers. During his time, he oversaw a number of military campaigns against local peoples like the Bali, forcing those who rebuffed German attempts at a "treaty" that supposedly justified German expansion. Oftentimes, he would not act directly against these people, instead relying on empowering other rival local powers and establishing them as "protected by Germany" and arming them. These groups would then use their newfound power and armaments to conquer dissenting peoples, without the Germans themselves actually ever getting involved.
127:
1015:
142:
47:
740:. On the political side, colonies became a point of national pride, as Germans saw that other nations had colonies, and thought they should too as a matter of national prestige. Several government officials took this stance, and it seemed to enjoy public support as well. On the commercial side, the companies already operating in Cameroon (represented by the likes of Adolph Woermann) wanted the protection and support an official German colony would provide, and many German producers sought new markets for their excess goods.
1003:
1840:
496:
614:
115:
1035:
818:
802:
above, in addition to just taking people whenever they conquered new territories or had to put down a rebellion. These people would then be made to do harsh forced labor, with extremely high rates of death. Extreme forms of discipline were practiced too, including the cutting of hands, genitals, gouging of eyes and decapitations. Severed limbs were often collected and shown to local authorities as proof of death.
1049:
786:
From thereon out the administration of the colonies would be at the hands of the German administrators. Regardless, the focus of the colony remained the same: to support the plantation industry and the trade of the German companies. As such, this time saw major expansion in the agricultural industry,
767:
Eventually, however, it was revealed that the companies were not performing their administrative duties very well. A variety of factors contributed to their failure, but foremost among them were ongoing conflicts with local traders as the traders began to move further inland. This got bad enough that
759:
in July and negotiated a treaty with a number of rulers local to the region around Duala, at that time the center of
Germany's trading operations. From there, he would go on to other parts of Cameroon, securing further treaties with a number of tribes of the regions around the rivers, where trade was
732:
For many years prior to the 1880s, Bismarck had resisted the idea of colonial ventures in Africa. This was primarily due to
Bismarck's focus on shoring up German interests in Europe itself, especially given the lack of a military infrastructure able to protect colonial interests. Moreover, Germany
801:
This leads into the second prominent feature of
Puttkamer's governorship, his expansion and support for the plantations. This became a problem, as the plantations had more fields than they did workers, so there was a labor shortage. To address this, Puttkamer instituted the "man tithes" mentioned
763:
As mentioned above, one of the primary motivations for the colony was German corporations seeking to expand their economic interests in
Cameroon. Bismarck, being aware of this fact and concerned about the substantial costs of a directly administered colony, opted to instead grant the companies
827:
After
Puttkamer left his position, aggressive expansion was less common (though more territory would be added via diplomatic means), and the colony began to focus more on development. With subsidies from the imperial treasury, the colony built two rail lines from the port city of
705:
Both of these West Africa houses expanded into shipping with their own sailing ships and steamers and inaugurated scheduled passenger and freight service between
Hamburg and Duala. These companies and others obtained extensive acreage from local chiefs and began systematic
797:
When the
Germans did become involved, however, it was brutal, often going out of their way to punish those who surrendered to them if their leader still refused, and taking a tithe of people from conquered peoples as essentially slaves, though they did not call them such.
808:
In German
Cameroon the indegenous slave trade were banned in 1902 and all slaves born after 1902 declared born free; however the slave trade supplied by slave raids in Northern German Cameroon were, in practice, tolerated the entire German colonial period.
733:
had no need for the resources that a colony might provide, being largely self sufficient, so a colony would only function as an economic drain. This perspective would change in the early 1880s, due to a variety of internal pressures.
914:
Notably, this did not end German involvement in
Cameroon, as many former German plantation owners bought their plantations back in the 1920s and 30s. It would take until World War II before Germany was "fully out" of Cameroon.
1520:
141:
764:
already involved in
Cameroon a "Chartered" status. As such, initial government fell to large German trading companies and concession companies who had already established themselves in the colony.
710:
operations, including bananas. The Cameroon territory was under the informal control of the British Empire throughout the years preceding 1884, with substantial British trading operations as well.
954:
1958:
717:, as spokesman for all West African companies, petitioned the imperial foreign office for "protection" by the German Empire. This, among a number of other factors, led to
938:
1551:"The British Cameroons mandate regime: The roots of the twenty-first-century political crisis in Cameroon." The American Historical Review 124, no. 5 (2019): 1715–1722"
1948:
457:
443:
429:
415:
401:
1988:
736:
The two key factors motivating this change were pressure from economic interests in Germany, and concerns about missing out on what would later be called the
926:
1993:
787:
and efforts were taken to expand further into the landlocked areas of Cameroon to better trade opportunities and German access to the African interior.
1717:
680:
126:
1682:
1953:
971:
848:. An extensive postal and telegraph system and a river navigation network with government ships connected the coast to the interior.
1239:
1595:
1488:
1943:
1978:
1087:
1605:
1530:
1498:
1464:
1233:
1571:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 41
1405:"David Meetom: Interpreting, Power and the Risks of Intermediation in the Initial Phase of German Colonial Rule in Cameroon"
1710:
805:
These practices, which continued even after Puttkammer retired from his position, would define the German colonial legacy.
743:
These pressures would eventually culminate in Bismarck allowing the establishment of a Cameroonian colony, among others.
1968:
790:
The most notable of the German governors, and the man who would come to define the German legacy in Cameroon, would be
896:
1191:
82:
760:
already well established. This would establish a trend of using treaties as one method of expanding German control.
694:, Johannes Thormählen, expanded activities to the Kamerun River delta. In 1874, together with the Woermann agent in
1014:
1839:
1963:
1865:
1703:
17:
1726:
1741:
1983:
1877:
239:
1973:
1077:
1522:
Nation of Outlaws, State of Violence: Nationalism, Grassfields Tradition, and State Building in Cameroon
832:
to bring agricultural products to market. The Northern line extended 160-kilometre (99 mi) to the
1082:
699:
1550:
995:
broke out before the designs were finished and implemented and the symbols were never actually used.
1850:
1766:
1072:
594:
562:
517:
476:
55:
982:
1002:
988:
574:
176:
157:
1254:
718:
590:
554:
221:
1255:"German Imperialism in Africa The Distorted Images of Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzania, and Togo"
1695:
892:
8:
1454:
1221:
791:
737:
1790:
1676:
1771:
1749:
1653:
1432:
1385:
1377:
1330:
1282:
1067:
837:
751:
The official beginning of the German "Protectorate of Cameroon" was on 17 August 1884.
114:
1818:
1645:
1601:
1526:
1494:
1460:
1436:
1424:
1389:
1369:
1322:
1286:
1274:
1229:
1197:
1187:
1160:
721:
631:
61:
1938:
1637:
1416:
1361:
1266:
1097:
904:
888:
821:
752:
685:
489:
434:
406:
258:
1420:
1754:
1626:"The Anglo-French "Condominium" in Cameroon, 1914–1916: The Myth and the Reality"
1183:
Introduction to the history of Cameroon : nineteenth and twentieth centuries
1040:
987:
In 1914 a series of drafts were made for proposed coat of arms and flags for the
900:
714:
713:
Eventually, these companies would begin agitating for royal protection. By 1884,
640:
503:
448:
420:
196:
1404:
1270:
1054:
462:
270:
216:
206:
30:
This article is about the historical German colony. For the modern nation, see
1690:
768:
it necessitated the German government stepping in and officially taking over.
1932:
1649:
1490:
Southern West Cameroon Revisited Volume Two: North-South West Nexus 1858–1972
1428:
1373:
1326:
1278:
884:
860:
856:
578:
211:
165:
1201:
613:
1909:
1823:
1102:
852:
777:
1164:
887:
troops invaded the German colony in 1914 and fully occupied it during the
1181:
1143:
992:
872:
845:
672:
1334:
1310:
1904:
1782:
781:
707:
35:
1657:
1625:
1581:
1381:
1349:
671:
The first German trading post in the Duala area on the Kamerun River
186:
1795:
1107:
1062:
833:
1800:
1759:
1641:
1365:
1157:
Hamburg und die Kolonialpolitik des Deutschen Reiches 1880 bis 1890
1112:
908:
817:
654:
582:
542:
31:
1870:
880:
695:
676:
602:
546:
1580:
This line was later extended to the current Cameroon capital of
698:, Wilhelm Jantzen, the two merchants founded their own company,
1675:
1131:
1092:
945:
876:
829:
771:
756:
855:(German: Neukamerun) in 1911 as part of the settlement of the
67:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
34:. For the territories ceded to Germany by France in 1911, see
841:
691:
586:
550:
1725:
899:
under the administration of the United Kingdom and France.
666:
598:
558:
27:
West African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916
1630:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1350:"European Alcohol, History, and the State in Cameroon"
746:
972:
List of colonial governors of Cameroon § Kamerun
1959:
1916 disestablishments in the German colonial empire
1030:
1949:1884 establishments in the German colonial empire
1930:
1686:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 110–113.
1409:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1252:
960:Bananas being loaded for export to Germany, 1912
727:
866:
836:mountains, and the 300-kilometre (190 mi)
151:: Territory comprising German colony of Kamerun
976:
1989:States and territories disestablished in 1916
1711:
851:The Cameroon protectorate was enlarged with
772:Expansionary era of colonization (1890–1906)
1597:Business and Government Relations in Africa
581:from 1884 to 1920 in the region of today's
1994:States and territories established in 1884
1718:
1704:
1159:. p. 66. Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag.
812:
585:. Kamerun also included northern parts of
140:
1897:
724:approving the establishment of a colony.
333:790,000 km (310,000 sq mi)
325:495,000 km (191,000 sq mi)
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
1727:Former German colonies and protectorates
1518:
816:
667:Years preceding colonization (1868–1883)
612:
1486:
1402:
1308:
14:
1931:
1623:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1253:Blackshire-Belay, Carol Aisha (1992).
1219:
1179:
907:reunified in 1961 to form present-day
1699:
1619:
1617:
1593:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1347:
1226:The Acquisition of Africa (1870-1914)
1858:
1673:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1175:
1173:
1088:Index: German colonisation in Africa
897:League of Nations mandates (Class B)
40:
1443:
1311:"The Political History of Cameroon"
983:Armorial of Germany § Colonies
747:Initial colonization (1884–1889/90)
120:Service flag of the Colonial Office
24:
1614:
1539:
1507:
1473:
1242:from the original on Jun 23, 2022.
891:. Following Germany's defeat, the
25:
2005:
1954:1916 disestablishments in Kamerun
1667:
1293:
1208:
1170:
132:Coat of arms of the German Empire
1838:
1186:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1047:
1033:
1013:
1001:
953:
937:
932:German surveyor in Kamerun, 1884
925:
522:
508:
494:
469:
455:
441:
427:
413:
399:
125:
113:
45:
1674:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911).
1587:
1574:
1565:
895:divided the territory into two
675:was established in 1868 by the
1944:1884 establishments in Kamerun
1555:The American Historical Review
1453:Linden, Mieke van der (2016).
1403:Schaper, Ulrike (2016-09-02).
1396:
1341:
1246:
1220:Linden, Mieke van der (2016).
1149:
1136:
1124:
948:on the Kaiser's birthday, 1901
690:. The firm's primary agent in
601:and far northeastern parts of
266:• 1914–1916 (last)
13:
1:
1979:German colonisation in Africa
1421:10.1080/03086534.2016.1229259
728:Colonial goals and motivation
1691:Banknotes of German Cameroon
1561:– via Oxford Academic.
1222:"Chapter 7: German Cameroon"
1118:
965:
867:Loss of Cameroon as a colony
7:
1519:Terretta, Meredith (2013).
1180:Njeuma, M. Z., ed. (1989).
1078:German West African Company
1026:
977:Planned symbols for Kamerun
10:
2010:
1456:Chapter 7: German Cameroon
1271:10.1177/002193479202300207
1155:Washausen, Helmut (1968).
980:
969:
918:
775:
618:Cameroon, 1901–1972:
608:
593:with western parts of the
29:
1969:Former colonies in Africa
1890:
1849:
1834:
1811:
1740:
1733:
1594:Dibie, Robert A. (2017).
1525:. Ohio University Press.
538:
378:
370:
366:
356:
346:
342:
337:
329:
321:
316:
312:
302:
292:
288:
280:
276:
264:
252:
248:
238:
230:
192:
182:
172:
139:
109:
104:
97:
1600:. Taylor & Francis.
1259:Journal of Black Studies
1073:German South West Africa
700:Jantzen & Thormählen
597:, southwestern parts of
595:Central African Republic
563:Central African Republic
518:French Equatorial Africa
477:French Equatorial Africa
1683:Encyclopædia Britannica
1624:Elango, Lovett (1985).
1309:Ardener, Edwin (1962).
813:Final years (1907–1916)
54:This article cites its
1964:Former German colonies
1549:Njung, George (2019).
1354:African Studies Review
824:
663:
304:• Disestablished
1487:Anthony, Ndi (2014).
1348:Diduk, Susan (1993).
1020:Proposed coat of arms
820:
616:
555:Republic of the Congo
222:Other local languages
193:Common languages
893:Treaty of Versailles
792:Jesko Von Puttkammer
583:Republic of Cameroon
254:• 1884 (first)
146:Location of Kamerun:
1984:History of Cameroon
1083:History of Cameroon
871:At the outbreak of
738:Scramble for Africa
719:Imperial Chancellor
294:• Established
1974:German West Africa
1068:German East Africa
859:, resolved by the
825:
664:
653: Independent
158:German territories
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1886:
1885:
1832:
1831:
1767:South West Africa
1607:978-1-351-79266-0
1532:978-0-8214-4472-6
1500:978-9956-791-32-3
1466:978-90-04-32119-9
1459:. Brill Nijhoff.
1235:978-90-04-32119-9
1228:. Brill Nijhoff.
722:Otto von Bismarck
632:British Cameroons
568:
567:
534:
533:
530:
529:
482:
481:
201:
93:
92:
85:
60:does not provide
16:(Redirected from
2001:
1913:
1895:
1894:
1856:
1855:
1842:
1791:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
1785:
1738:
1737:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1679:
1677:"Cameroon"
1662:
1661:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1505:
1504:
1493:. Langaa RPCIG.
1484:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1177:
1168:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1098:Kamerun campaign
1057:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1017:
1005:
957:
941:
929:
905:British Cameroon
889:Kamerun campaign
822:Mount Manengouba
753:Gustav Nachtigal
689:
679:trading company
652:
638:
629:
623:
526:
525:
512:
511:
498:
497:
490:British Cameroon
486:
485:
473:
472:
459:
458:
445:
444:
435:Sokoto Caliphate
431:
430:
417:
416:
407:Kingdom of Bamum
403:
402:
396:
395:
380:
379:
374:German gold mark
259:Gustav Nachtigal
199:
144:
129:
117:
95:
94:
88:
81:
77:
74:
68:
49:
48:
41:
21:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1882:
1845:
1828:
1807:
1781:
1755:Kionga Triangle
1729:
1724:
1670:
1665:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1517:
1508:
1501:
1485:
1474:
1467:
1451:
1444:
1401:
1397:
1346:
1342:
1315:The World Today
1307:
1294:
1251:
1247:
1236:
1218:
1209:
1194:
1178:
1171:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:Cameroon portal
1039:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1006:
989:German Colonies
985:
979:
974:
968:
961:
958:
949:
942:
933:
930:
921:
901:French Cameroon
869:
815:
784:
774:
755:had arrived in
749:
730:
715:Adolph Woermann
683:
669:
662:
650:
648:
641:French Cameroon
636:
634:
627:
625:
621:
611:
573:was an African
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
523:
509:
504:French Cameroon
495:
470:
456:
449:Fondom of Bafut
442:
428:
421:Mandara Kingdom
414:
400:
359:
349:
305:
295:
267:
255:
226:
202:
168:
160:
152:
147:
135:
134:
133:
130:
122:
121:
118:
100:
89:
78:
72:
69:
66:
62:page references
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:German Cameroon
15:
12:
11:
5:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:Kiautschou Bay
1862:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1669:
1668:External links
1666:
1664:
1663:
1642:10.2307/218801
1636:(4): 657–673.
1613:
1606:
1586:
1573:
1564:
1538:
1531:
1506:
1499:
1472:
1465:
1442:
1415:(5): 752–776.
1395:
1366:10.2307/525506
1340:
1321:(8): 341–350.
1292:
1265:(2): 235–236.
1245:
1234:
1207:
1192:
1169:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1055:History portal
1044:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1000:
997:
981:Main article:
978:
975:
970:Main article:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
952:
950:
943:
936:
934:
931:
924:
920:
917:
868:
865:
814:
811:
773:
770:
748:
745:
729:
726:
668:
665:
649:
635:
626:
620:
610:
607:
566:
565:
540:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
520:
514:
513:
506:
500:
499:
492:
483:
480:
479:
474:
466:
465:
463:Kotoko kingdom
460:
452:
451:
446:
438:
437:
432:
424:
423:
418:
410:
409:
404:
392:
391:
386:
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
335:
334:
331:
327:
326:
323:
319:
318:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
300:
299:
298:17 August 1884
296:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
274:
273:
271:Karl Ebermaier
268:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
145:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
119:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
91:
90:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2006:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:0-312-03644-2
1189:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1031:
1016:
1011:
1008:Proposed flag
1004:
999:
998:
996:
994:
990:
984:
973:
956:
951:
947:
944:Policemen at
940:
935:
928:
923:
922:
916:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
862:
861:Treaty of Fez
858:
857:Agadir Crisis
854:
849:
847:
844:on the river
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
819:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
793:
788:
783:
779:
769:
765:
761:
758:
754:
744:
741:
739:
734:
725:
723:
720:
716:
711:
709:
703:
701:
697:
693:
687:
682:
678:
674:
660:
656:
646:
642:
633:
624: Kamerun
619:
615:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:German Empire
576:
572:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
539:Today part of
537:
521:
519:
516:
515:
507:
505:
502:
501:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
478:
475:
468:
467:
464:
461:
454:
453:
450:
447:
440:
439:
436:
433:
426:
425:
422:
419:
412:
411:
408:
405:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
355:
351:
345:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
301:
297:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
269:
263:
260:
257:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
178:
177:German colony
175:
171:
167:
166:German Empire
163:
159:
155:
150:
143:
138:
128:
116:
108:
103:
96:
87:
84:
76:
64:
63:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1926:
1910:Nazi Germany
1908:(claimed by
1891:Unrecognised
1776:
1681:
1633:
1629:
1596:
1589:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1521:
1489:
1455:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1318:
1314:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1225:
1182:
1156:
1151:
1138:
1130:present-day
1126:
1103:New Cameroon
986:
913:
903:and part of
870:
853:New Cameroon
850:
826:
807:
804:
800:
796:
789:
785:
778:Adamawa Wars
766:
762:
750:
742:
735:
731:
712:
704:
670:
658:
644:
617:
570:
569:
389:Succeeded by
388:
383:
358:• 1912
348:• 1910
162:Darkest grey
161:
153:
148:
79:
70:
59:
1851:Concessions
1772:West Africa
1750:East Africa
1360:(1): 1–42.
1144:Wouri River
993:World War I
991:. However,
873:World War I
684: [
681:C. Woermann
384:Preceded by
73:August 2022
1933:Categories
1905:New Swabia
1898:Antarctica
1819:New Guinea
1783:Neukamerun
782:Bafut Wars
780: and
776:See also:
708:plantation
338:Population
231:Government
200:(official)
36:Neukamerun
1796:Mahinland
1650:0361-7882
1437:152280180
1429:0308-6534
1390:144978622
1374:0002-0206
1327:0043-9134
1287:141534668
1279:0021-9347
1165:186017338
1119:Footnotes
1108:Ossidinge
1063:Elo Sambo
966:Governors
834:Manenguba
362:4,645,000
352:2,600,000
154:Dark grey
105:1884–1920
1878:Tientsin
1871:Tsingtao
1801:Togoland
1760:Wituland
1734:Colonies
1335:40393427
1240:Archived
1202:19981143
1142:now the
1113:Togoland
1027:See also
909:Cameroon
840:went to
838:mainline
659:Cameroun
655:Cameroon
645:Cameroun
589:and the
543:Cameroon
371:Currency
240:Governor
156:: Other
32:Cameroon
1939:Kamerun
1812:Oceania
1777:Kamerun
1582:Yaoundé
919:Gallery
885:British
881:Belgian
702:there.
696:Liberia
677:Hamburg
609:History
603:Nigeria
577:of the
571:Kamerun
547:Nigeria
281:History
183:Capital
99:Kamerun
56:sources
1742:Africa
1658:218801
1656:
1648:
1604:
1529:
1497:
1463:
1435:
1427:
1388:
1382:525506
1380:
1372:
1333:
1325:
1285:
1277:
1232:
1200:
1190:
1163:
1132:Douala
1093:Iwindo
877:French
651:
639:
637:
630:
628:
622:
575:colony
284:
244:
234:Colony
197:German
187:Jaunde
173:Status
1859:China
1824:Samoa
1654:JSTOR
1433:S2CID
1386:S2CID
1378:JSTOR
1331:JSTOR
1283:S2CID
1146:delta
946:Duala
846:Nyong
842:Makak
830:Duala
757:Duala
692:Gabon
688:]
673:delta
591:Congo
587:Gabon
551:Gabon
217:Duala
207:Basaa
149:Green
1646:ISSN
1602:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1425:ISSN
1370:ISSN
1323:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1230:ISBN
1198:OCLC
1188:ISBN
1161:OCLC
883:and
599:Chad
559:Chad
330:1912
322:1910
317:Area
308:1920
212:Beti
58:but
1638:doi
1559:124
1417:doi
1362:doi
1267:doi
1935::
1680:.
1652:.
1644:.
1634:18
1632:.
1628:.
1616:^
1557:.
1553:.
1541:^
1509:^
1475:^
1445:^
1431:.
1423:.
1413:44
1411:.
1407:.
1384:.
1376:.
1368:.
1358:36
1356:.
1352:.
1329:.
1319:18
1317:.
1313:.
1295:^
1281:.
1273:.
1263:23
1261:.
1257:.
1238:.
1224:.
1210:^
1196:.
1172:^
911:.
879:,
875:,
863:.
686:de
605:.
164::
1912:)
1719:e
1712:t
1705:v
1660:.
1640::
1610:.
1584:.
1535:.
1503:.
1469:.
1439:.
1419::
1392:.
1364::
1337:.
1289:.
1269::
1204:.
1167:.
661:)
657:(
647:)
643:(
86:)
80:(
75:)
71:(
65:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
