1220:(or Vienna valve), which is a double-piston operating inside the valve slides, and usually situated on the opposite side of the corpus from the player's left hand, and operated by a long pushrod. Unlike the German horn, which has grown considerably larger internally (for a bigger, broader, and louder tone), and considerably heavier (with the addition of valves and tubing in the case of the double horn) the Vienna horn very closely mimics the size and weight of the natural horn, (although the valves do add some weight, they are lighter than rotary valves) even using crooks in the front of the horn, between the mouthpiece and the instrument. The bore of the Vienna horn is even smaller than that of the French horn, averaging only 10.7 mm (0.421 in). Vienna horn players use a conical F crook inserted at the mouthpipe end. Vienna horns are often used with funnel shaped mouthpieces similar to those used on the natural horn, with very little (if any) backbore and a very thin rim. The Viennese horn requires very specialized technique and can be quite challenging to play, even for accomplished players of modern horns. The Vienna horn has a warmer, softer sound than the modern horn. Its pumpenvalves facilitate a continuous transition between notes (
1102:. It is activated through the use of a second thumb valve. The triple horn was met with considerable resistance when it first appeared. Horn players were reluctant to spend far more money for a triple horn than they would for a double horn, and they were much heavier than the average double horn. Players noted that their arms became fatigued much faster. Moreover, the combination of three different horns creates issues with sonority, because the piping shared among all three sides (that is, the lead pipe and bell) are mathematically disproportionate to two or all three horn lengths. Horn makers have had to make concessions to "even out" the sound between all three, often to the loss of sound quality of each side or entire ranges of the instrument. Advances in horn production are gradually eliminating these drawbacks, and the triple horn is gaining popularity. They are rarely available in anything lower than professional quality. Like double horns, triple horns can come in both full and compensating wraps. Today they are found being played in many professional orchestras, although the substantial cost difference between double and triple horns limits their usage elsewhere.
660:
772:
a master tuning slide. The German horn had a broader bell than the "French" single horn and was played using a conical mouthpiece with a flat-edged rim. French makers, by contrast, preferred to preserve as much as possible the character of the natural horns exemplified by the instruments built in the eighteenth century by Raoux, which meant a narrower bore between 10.8 and 11.0 mm (0.425–0.433 in) and, in many earlier models, a removable set of piston valves which could be replaced by a simple centre crook to transform the instrument for hand-horn use. After about 1847, the French generally used an "ascending" third valve which normally sends the air through the extra length of the valve slide but, when, depressed, cuts out the slide instead of adding it as in the German horn and older French horns. Single horns use a single set of tubes connected to the valves. This allows for simplicity of use and a much lighter weight. They are usually in the keys of F or B
588:
horn. The adjective is normally omitted when referring to the instrument, which in colloquial usage is sometimes confusingly referred to as the "French" horn. The added word "French" is still found in some tutors and instrumental books, but is now regarded as a colloquialism, having passed out of the usage of composers, scholars, and professional players since about 1930 because of the increasing ubiquity of the German horn. Since that time, the true French horn's use has been confined mainly to France, and even in that country the German horn was already gaining favour with some French players as early as 1938.
571:(or less frequently, a hornist). The word "German" is used only to distinguish this instrument from the now-rare French and Viennese instruments. Although the expression "French horn" is still used colloquially in English for any orchestral horn (German, French, or Viennese), since the 1930s professional musicians and scholars have generally avoided this term in favour of just "horn". Vienna horns today are played only in Vienna, and are made only by Austrian firms. German horns, by contrast, are not all made by German manufacturers (e.g.,
759:
1319:
2219:
1125:
1147:. The natural horn can only play from a single harmonic series at a time because there is only one length of tubing available to the horn player. A proficient player can indeed alter the pitch by partially muting the bell with the right hand, thus enabling the player to reach some notes that are not part of the instrument's natural harmonic series—of course this technique also affects the quality of the tone. The player has a choice of key by using crooks to change the length of tubing.
1273:. Though they are usually played with a V-cup cornet-like mouthpiece, their range overlaps the common playing range of the horn. This mouthpiece switch makes the mellophone louder, less mellow, and more brassy and brilliant, making it more appropriate for marching bands. Often now with the use of converters, traditional conical horn mouthpieces are used to achieve the more mellow sound of a horn to make the marching band sound more like a concert band.
869:
966:" to correct the intonation of the lowest notes of the euphonium and the bombardon. It was eventually applied also to the horn, but the extra weight and cost proved excessive. Although the French firm JĂ©rĂ´me Thibouville-Lamy in about 1928 introduced a piston-valved double-horn with ascending third valve, designed in collaboration with the horn player Louis Vuillermoz, the double horn has continued to be identified mainly as a German horn.
22:
1156:
634:
horn, introduced in 1897 by Fritz Kruspe of Erfurt. The French horn, using either two or three piston valves (also called PĂ©rinet valves after their inventor) and with crooks inserted at the mouthpipe end, continued to be preferred by many
British orchestral players until the 1930s. By the mid-1940s, however, the German horn was achieving dominance in the UK. The last great British exponent of the French instrument was
1183:
962:), in collaboration with a nephew of the horn player F. A. Gumbert, who introduced a prototype of the "double horn" in Markneukirchen in 1897. The French maker Pierre Louis Gautrot, in the meantime, had been experimenting along similar lines from 1858 onwards. In 1864 he patented his "système équitonique", originally conceived not for the horn but rather as a "
1032:(also called German silver), while Geyer horns tend to be of yellow brass. Both models have their own strengths and weaknesses, and while the choice of instrument is very personal, an orchestral horn section is usually found to have either one or the other, owing to the differences in tone color, response, and projection of the two different styles.
1281:. Because the bore is more cylindrical than the orchestral horn the "feel" of the mellophone can be foreign to a horn player. Another unfamiliar aspect of the mellophone is that it is designed to be played with the right hand instead of the left (although it can be played with the left). Intonation can also be an issue when playing the mellophone.
1170:
an "ascending" third valve. This is a whole-tone valve arranged so that with the valve in the "up" position the valve loop is engaged, but when the valve is pressed the loop is cut out, raising the pitch by a whole tone. Some early examples had only two valves, and on others the valve section, called the
1169:
The French horn (when the name is used specifically for a horn type) in modern use is a narrow-bore horn (10.8–11.0 mm ) with three Périnet (piston) valves. It retains the narrow bell-throat and mouthpipe crooks of the orchestral hand horn of the late eighteenth century, and most often has
1047:
countries, the
Alexander 103 is extremely popular. These horns do not fit strictly into the Kruspe or Knopf camps, but have features of both. Alexander prefers the traditional medium bell size, which they have produced for many years, whereas Paxman offer their models in a range of bell throat sizes.
1003:
In the twentieth century German horn makers devised further variations on the double-horn pattern. One of these was the "omnitonic" horn invented by
Hermann Prager in 1918 and built by Knopf of Markneukirchen, but its complicated mechanism made the instrument very heavy. A more successful model which
797:
horn, which, although easier to play accurately, has a less desirable sound in the mid and especially the low register where it is not able to play all of the notes. The solution has been the development of the double horn, which combines the two into one horn with a single lead pipe and bell. Both
771:
From the second half of the nineteenth century until the 1920s, "German horn" meant the most common type of F horn, with a bore as wide as 11.5 mm (0.453 in) in the cylindrical valve portion of the instrument. It had three rotary valves and was fitted with a slide-crook which also served as
617:
were invented in order to make such horns playable in different keys, they were first devised by German makers. Since these new instruments (which had appeared as early as 1704) were also popularized in
England starting in the 1730s by the playing of the sons and grandsons of German emigrant Nicholas
587:
The name "German horn" is used to distinguish this instrument from its counterpart the 'French Horn' which was made in Paris 1685, similar types of orchestral horn, such as the French horn (in the sense of the type of instrument designed by French makers and favoured by French players) and the Vienna
1284:
In orchestral or concert band settings, regular concert horns are normally preferred to mellophones because of their tone, which blends better with woodwinds and strings, and their greater intonational subtlety—since the player can adjust the tuning by hand. For these reasons, mellophones are played
1052:
8D, a mass-produced instrument based on the Kruspe design, has been extremely popular in many areas (New York, Los
Angeles, Cleveland, Philadelphia). Since roughly the early 1990s, however, for reasons ranging from changing tastes to a general dislike of Conn's newer 8Ds, orchestras have been moving
1027:
change valve above the first valve, near the thumb. The Geyer wrap has the change valve behind the third valve, near the little finger (although the valve's trigger is still played with the thumb). In effect, the air flows in a completely different direction in the two models. Kruspe-wrap horns tend
1309:
side of a regular double horn). It is also available in F alto (one octave above the F side of a regular double horn). The marching horn is also normally played with a horn mouthpiece (unlike the mellophone, which needs an adapter to fit the horn mouthpiece). These instruments are primarily used in
1288:
While horn players may be asked to play the mellophone, it is unlikely that the instrument was ever intended as a substitute for the horn, mainly because of the fundamental differences described. As an instrument, it compromises between the ability to sound like a horn and a playing position like a
987:
horn. The two sets of tones are commonly called "sides" of the horn. Using the fourth valve not only changes the basic length (and thus the harmonic series and pitch) of the instrument, it also causes the three main valves to use proportionate slide lengths. Other double-horn combinations have also
741:
The sound and playing character of the German horn is distinctly different from those of the French model (the instrument of Franck, Debussy and Ravel), which is smaller in volume and regarded as more refined. The tone of the German horn is warm, rich, and dark in contrast to the French horn, which
1089:
In the second half of the twentieth century the principle of the German double horn was extended by adding yet another "side" to create the triple horn. This design was developed by the horn player
Richard Merewether and the London firm of Paxman to afford the player even more security in the high
790:
horns have a fourth valve to put them in the key of A. The problem with single horns is the inevitable choice between accuracy or tone. While the F horn has the "typical" horn sound, above third-space C accuracy is a concern for the majority of players because, by its nature, one plays high in the
633:
By the middle of the 19th century the most common type of single F horn was the German horn, with three rotary valves and a centrally placed slide crook. This instrument remained the dominant type of orchestral horn until the 1920s, by which time it had been supplanted by the (also German) double
1389:
When writing for the horn, composers rarely specify the particular type of instrument (natural, French, German, or Vienna), but the ubiquity of the German horn means that this is the type of instrument most often heard today in horn repertoire composed from the eighteenth century to the present.
1253:
The first is an instrument shaped somewhat like a horn, in that it is formed in a circle. It has piston valves and is played with the right hand on the valves. Manufacturing of this instrument sharply decreased in the middle of the twentieth century, and this mellophone (or mellophonium) rarely
1310:
marching bands so that the sound comes from a forward-facing bell, as dissipation of the sound from the backward-facing bell becomes a concern in open-air environments. Many college marching bands and drum corps prefer mellophones, which better balance the tone of the other brass instruments.
596:
In the late seventeenth century, French makers became preeminent in the manufacture of hunting horns, and were credited with the creation of the now-familiar, circular "hoop" shape of the instrument. As a result, even in
England these instruments were often referred to by their French names,
1276:
As they are pitched in F or G and their range overlaps that of the horn, mellophones can be used in place of the horn in brass and marching band settings. Mellophones are, however, sometimes unpopular with horn players because the mouthpiece change can be difficult and requires a different
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The national rivalry between French and German makers continued into the era of the valved horn. Although French designs for brass-instrument valves exist from as early as 1815, a design incorporating the use of valves on the horn was first patented in 1818 by the German makers
1233:
659:
1142:
is the ancestor of the modern horn. It is essentially descended from hunting horns, with its pitch controlled by air speed, aperture (opening of the lips through which air passes) and the use of the right hand moving in and out of the bell. Today it is played as a
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major for horn, violin, two violas, and cello (KV407/386c) and the other for piano, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn (KV452). Beethoven also wrote a
Quintet for piano and winds, Op. 16, as well as a Sextet for two horns and strings, Op. 81b, and a
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Despite the introduction of valves, the single F horn proved difficult for use in the highest range, where the partials grew closer and closer, making accuracy a great challenge. An early solution was simply to use a single horn of higher pitch—usually in
1010:
to A and from F to E) was patented by Paul Geyer of
Schwerin in 1924. The extra valve not only made playing difficult passages in sharp keys easier, but also acted as a "compensating" mechanism for the otherwise sharp pitch of stopped notes on the
1516:
contains one of the best known horn solos from this period, relying on the chromatic facility of the valved horn. Brahms had a lifelong love for the instrument, with many prominently featured parts throughout his four symphonies.
1057:, and Ricco-Kuhn) are used in other areas (San Francisco, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Boston, Houston). The CF Schmidt double, with its unique piston change valve, is occasionally found in sections playing Geyer/Knopf model equipment.
687:
of the instrument. Pitch may also be controlled by the position of the hand in the bell, in effect reducing the bell's diameter. The pitch of any note can easily be raised or lowered by adjusting the hand position in the bell.
1332:
The Wagner tuba is a rare brass instrument that is essentially a horn modified to have a larger bell throat and a vertical bell. Like the German horn, it uses rotary valves. Despite its name, it is not considered part of the
1020:
In the United States, the two most common styles ("wraps") of double horns are named Kruspe and Geyer/Knopf, after the German instrument makers who first developed and standardized them. The Kruspe wrap locates the
644:/A Alexander model 90 in October 1951. Though he did not like the sound as much, he said he "was paid to get the notes" and the German horn was "virtually foolproof" in contrast to the French horn. His father,
618:
Jacob
Christopher Messing, the national designators "French" and "German" came to be used to distinguish the simple hunting horn from the newer horn with crooks, which was also called by the Italian name
2630:
567:. Its use among professional players has become so universal that it is only in France and Vienna that any other kind of horn is used today. A musician who plays the German horn is called a
849:
1398:
The horn is most often used as an orchestral and concert-band instrument, with its singular tone being employed by composers to achieve specific effects. In the orchestral repertory,
2429:, second English edition, translated by Edward Suddard, with an appendix by Gordon Jacob, 199–216. London: Joseph Williams, Limited. Reprinted Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2005.
2574:, with a foreword by Charles Schlueter and illustrations by Cathy L. Whitener. London: Schirmer Books; Toronto: Collier Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International.
2377:
Beakes, Jennifer. 2007. "The Horn Parts in Handel's Operas and Oratorios and the Horn Players Who Performed in These Works". DMA diss. New York: The City University of New York.
981:. By depressing a fourth valve (usually operated by the thumb), the horn player can quickly switch from the deep, warm tones of the F horn to the higher, brighter tones of the B
3333:
1257:
The second instrument is used in modern brass bands and marching bands, and is more accurately called a "marching mellophone" or simply "mellophone". A derivative of the F
1635:
did not write a concerto as such, but did compose two Romances for horn (or cello) and orchestra, Op. 67 in E major (1866), and Op. 36 in F major (1874), and a
1375:, below the bass clef staff to high C above the treble staff when read in F. These low pedals are substantially easier to play on the Wagner tuba than on the horn.
1694:
was not the first example, it nevertheless was the first important work in the genre and inspired many later composers to write for the same grouping, notably
2386:. London: Macmillan and Co. Reprinted, with an introduction by Himie Voxman. New York: Da Capo Press, 1965. Paperback reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1975.
1269:
than regular horns because their position is more stable on the mouth, they project better, and they weigh less. It is primarily used as the middle voice of
534:
1655:, and often appears in other configurations. Notable works from the late-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include two quintets by Mozart, one in E
2384:
Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time
1769:
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horns are sometimes used in solo and chamber performances and the single F survives orchestrally as the Vienna horn. Additionally, single F alto and B
1077:
slides, an F extension, and another set of smaller slides. This "compensated" for the longer length of the F slides, producing a horn now called the
638:
who, even after the Second World War continued to favour the purer tone of his 1818 Raoux single horn until finally abandoning it for a four-valved B
798:
main types of single horns are still used today as student models because they are cheaper and lighter than double horns. In addition, the single B
1116:
The variety in horn history necessitates consideration of the natural horn, French horn, Vienna horn, mellophone, marching horn, and Wagner tuba.
648:, also a celebrated horn player and lifelong champion of the French style of instrument, declared that his son had given up the horn altogether.
1285:
more usually in marching bands and brass band ensembles, occasionally in jazz bands, and almost never in orchestral or concert band settings.
1951:
1081:
It was, and still is, widely used by European horn players because of its light weight and ease of playing, especially in the high register.
2627:
1174:, could be removed and replaced by a simple main tuning slide and coupling tubes, allowing the instrument to be played as a natural horn.
2677:
1695:
2590:, edited by Trevor Herbert and John Wallace, 157–76. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
1895:
1589:
527:
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and high-F branches. This configuration provides a high-range horn while avoiding the additional complexity and weight of a triple.
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and Friedrich Blümel. The French followed by about 1839 with a rival design, using the piston valves perfected by François Périnet.
1703:
1699:
2643:
1554:
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1065:
The first design of the double horn did not have a separate set of slides pitched in F. Rather, the main key of the horn was B
2621:
2595:
2553:
2545:
2464:
2443:
2434:
2408:
969:
The double horn essentially combines two instruments into a single frame: one horn in F, and a second, higher horn keyed in B
705:
has a fourth valve, usually operated by the thumb, which routes the air to one set of tubing tuned to F or another tuned to B
555:
made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell, and in bands and orchestras is the most widely used of three types of
975:. Like the single horn it has three valves, but each has a double set of tubing, the first tuned in F and a shorter set in B
860:
6D double horn. The three lever keys (above the large valves) can be depressed toward the large outer tube. The thumb key (
520:
3364:
1947:
1765:
1747:
1736:
1722:
1512:
1265:, with piston valves played with the right hand and a forward-pointing bell. These horns are generally considered better
1128:
A natural horn has no valves, but can be tuned to a different key by inserting different tubing, as during a rest period.
2579:
2524:
1837:
1740:
579:
in the US), nor are all French-style instruments made in France (e.g., Reynolds, during the 1940s and 50s in the US).
2507:
2391:
2369:
2352:
1144:
1096:
horns a third, descant horn in high F, an octave above the normal F horn, though it may alternatively be pitched in E
1053:
away from the popular Conn 8D. Geyer model horns (by Carl Geyer, Karl Hill, Keith Berg, Steve Lewis, Jerry Lechniuk,
1495:
satirizes the limitations of contemporary horn playing, including the risk of selecting the wrong crook by mistake.
1955:
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2670:
1365:
or F, or, more recently, as a double tuba similar to the double horn. Its common range is similar to that of the
3251:
1905:
958:. Late in the nineteenth century a new design was worked out by the German horn maker Ed. Kruspe (namesake of
3287:
3256:
2537:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1919:
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1726:
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2519:, second edition. Instruments of the Orchestra. London: Ernest Benn; New York: Philosophical Library. Inc.
1783:
3359:
2481:
1962:
1224:); conversely, a more precise operating of the valves is required to avoid notes that sound out of tune.
1028:
to be larger in the bell throat than the Geyer-wrap horns. Typically, Kruspe models are constructed from
3318:
2663:
1966:
1871:
1857:
1827:
1732:
1432:
made great use of the horn's uniquely haunting and distant sound in his symphonies, notably the famous
1428:
had been developed, allowing fully chromatic playing, composers began to write seriously for the horn.
1040:
963:
572:
1297:
The marching horn is similar to the mellophone in shape and appearance, but is pitched in the key of B
3297:
1985:
1937:
1909:
695:, which is tuned to F or nowadays with increasing frequency among first (or "high") horn players in B
3102:
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horn's harmonic series where the overtones are closer together. This led to the development of the B
3292:
1817:
1457:
Many composers have written works that have become favorites in the horn repertoire. These include
1071:(the preference of German horn players) and it could be played in F by directing air through the B
3277:
3215:
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1877:
1867:
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1525:
In the eighteenth century some outstanding concertos were written for solo horn and orchestra by
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1813:
1576:, in addition to giving the horn a prominent orchestral place in the overtures to the operas
1417:
1615:
in two works written in 1849: the Adagio and Allegro for horn and piano Op. 70 and the
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2403:, illustrated reprint, revised. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1943:
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8:
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German horns may be classified as single, double, compensating double, and triple horns.
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441:
52:
2078:
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By the 1990s even players in France were turning to the darker-toned German instrument.
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2707:
1923:
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for four horns and orchestra. Other important works from this era are the concertos by
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trumpet or flugelhorn, a tradeoff that sacrifices acoustic properties for ergonomics.
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1961:
William VerMeulen – Internationally renown horn soloist and former principal horn of
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1973:
reputed to have the highest placement rating of his students in American Orchestras.
1584:
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1915:
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1680:(D803), written in 1824, which adds a second violin to Beethoven's Septet scoring.
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1970:
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The advent of the valved horn brought new possibilities, which were exploited by
1550:
1507:
1458:
1356:
1352:
1036:
833:
816:, and F-alto (an octave above the usual F horn) singles are occasionally used by
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alto descants are used in the performance of some baroque horn concertos and F, B
2517:
The French Horn: Some Notes on the Evolution of the Instrument and Its Technique
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1933:
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2457:
Horn and Conductor: Reminiscences of a Practitioner with a Few Words of Advice
1498:
The development of the valve horn was exploited by romantic composers such as
1369:, but its possible range is the same as that of the horn, extending from low F
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Anon. 2015. "F. A. Reynolds Horns". Contempora Corner (accessed 2 July 2015).
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1672:, for clarinet, horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, and double bass. One of
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129:
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2459:, with a foreword by Alfred Mann. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
2427:
The Technique of the Modern Orchestra: A Manual of Practical Instrumentation
1608:
and orchestra (1828). All of these works were written for the natural horn.
1124:
613:—horns—did not exist at that time). When, early in the eighteenth century,
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826:'s benchmark recordings of the Mozart Horn Concerti were made on a single B
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2444:
Reversed Chirality in Horns, or Is Left Right? The Horn, on the Other Hand
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1976:
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was a noted horn player, wrote extensively for the instrument, including
1327:
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added a valve to lower both sides of the instrument by a semitone (from B
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149:
74:
2532:
Myers, Arnold. 1997. "Design Technology and Manufacture since 1800". In
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exploited the instrument's association with hunting in a piece called
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381:
321:
139:
104:
2655:
1510:, whose father was a well-known professional horn player. Strauss's
1412:
wrote much for the horn, and it features prominently in the work of
1159:
French single horn by Jean Baptiste Arban, with three PĂ©rinet valves
1155:
671:, The term French horn was another name for this same horn, and the
21:
3200:
3049:
2824:
2793:
1486:
1261:, it is usually keyed in F, occasionally in G. It is shaped like a
1035:
In Europe the most popular German horns are arguably those made by
885:
868:
396:
356:
331:
276:
266:
164:
79:
59:
2315:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
1359:. It uses a horn mouthpiece and is available as a single tuba in B
727:
or F. Also common are "descant" doubles, which typically provide B
3039:
3008:
2976:
2961:
2909:
2853:
2832:
2737:
2701:
1205:
1044:
1000:" and "double F" horns, each with the two sides an octave apart.
718:
401:
366:
341:
336:
291:
286:
251:
169:
99:
64:
2612:, one of the largest organizations of horn players in the world.
1182:
3069:
3064:
3059:
2971:
2745:
2615:
2035:
1739:
and former principal horn in various orchestras, including the
1578:
1503:
1201:
506:
483:
301:
241:
224:
134:
109:
2609:
1850:– a player of the French horn, playing in the free jazz scene.
1347:, it has been used subsequently by other composers, including
3334:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
3079:
3054:
2765:
2231:
1232:
478:
386:
376:
281:
236:
219:
209:
199:
84:
2649:
1393:
778:, although many F horns have longer slides to tune them to E
711:. Triple horns with five valves are also made, tuned in F, B
2868:
1864:
horn and author of several books on horn and brass playing.
1334:
994:
side, an octave higher than the usual F horn, and "double B
817:
563:(in the less common, narrower meaning of the term) and the
351:
326:
296:
261:
174:
94:
2154:
2130:
1683:
The combination of horn with violin and piano is called a
2425:
Jacob, Gordon. 1946. "Appendix". In Charles-Marie Widor.
1596:, produced by humming into the instrument while playing.
1402:, for example, used horns to signify the hunt, as in his
2586:
Wills, Simon. 1997. "Brass in the Modern Orchestra". In
2255:
2540:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
2536:, edited by Trevor Herbert and John Wallace, 115–130.
2472:
Meucci, Renato, and Gabriele Rocchetti. 2001. "Horn".
1908:
competition in 1988 and current principal horn of the
1592:
which, amongst other things, includes an early use of
1553:
include concertos for two horns by Vivaldi and Bach’s
2178:
2166:
2054:
1760:– Famous Czech horn player, former principal horn in
1569:(Jan Václav Stich), a master of hand-horn technique.
2500:
The World of Romantic and Modern Musical Instruments
2471:
2321:
2297:
2279:
2267:
2249:
2207:
2201:
2108:
2048:
2011:
2118:
2066:
1565:in F major, Op. 17, for the Bohemian virtuoso
2142:
988:been made, for example with the F side above the B
2303:
2090:
3346:
2493:". Al's Mellophone Page (accessed 29 July 2008).
2362:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development
2023:
25:German horn by GebrĂĽder Alexander, model 90 in B
2474:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1440:. Band works with prominent horn parts include
1627:, and the First Concerto (1882–83) by his son
2671:
528:
2588:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments
2565:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
2534:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments
2514:
2237:
1940:and author of several books on horn playing.
888:or mouthpipe, where the mouthpiece is placed
864:) moves inward toward the three finger keys.
691:Three valves control the flow of air in the
2637:at Paxman, compiled with the assistance of
2415:
2136:
1950:, former principal horn and soloist of the
1639:Op. 94 (1887) for horn and orchestra.
1090:register. One variation adds to the F and B
1060:
2678:
2664:
2610:Homepage of the International Horn Society
2087:, 50, 116–18, 176, 223–25, 439–40, 444–45.
535:
521:
1896:Indiana University Jacobs School of Music
1471:Morceau de Concert for horn and orchestra
1394:Orchestra and concert (and military) band
909:Valve levers, operated with the left hand
2618:, UK-based organisation for horn playing
2569:
2160:
1836:– former principal horn for a number of
1317:
1231:
1181:
1154:
1123:
867:
847:
757:
658:
20:
2497:
2416:Gamble, Stephen, and William C. Lynch.
2398:
2060:
2017:
1709:
3347:
2560:
2376:
2359:
2342:
2261:
2225:
2184:
2112:
2084:
1746:Nobert Hauptmann – 1969 winner of the
944:; the right hand is cupped inside this
900:Fourth valve to change between F and B
679:. A horn without valves is known as a
605:(the clear modern distinction between
16:Musical instrument often made of brass
2685:
2659:
2585:
2531:
2502:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
2488:
2441:
2424:
2381:
2337:
2309:
2285:
2273:
2213:
2124:
2072:
2029:
1647:The horn is a standard member of the
1588:, composed a spectacularly difficult
663:Rotary valves of a German double horn
2622:First steps of making a horn by hand
2454:
2347:, second edition. New York: Norton.
2172:
2148:
2096:
1200:is a special horn used primarily in
675:which uses double-piston valves, or
2345:The Acoustical Foundations of Music
1997:- First female brass player of the
1948:ARD International Music Competition
1766:ARD International Music Competition
1748:ARD International Music Competition
1737:ARD International Music Competition
1723:ARD International Music Competition
683:, changing pitch along the natural
13:
1741:Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra
1721:Gerd Seifert – 1956 winner of the
960:his family's brass instrument firm
923:Long tubing for F pitch with slide
14:
3381:
2603:
1812:and former principal horn of the
1572:In the early nineteenth century,
1520:
667:German horns have lever-operated
2624:(QuickTime Movie) at Finke Horns
1956:Mozarteum University of Salzburg
1840:studios and composers including
1808:– current principal horn of the
1642:
1513:Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks
1477:, op. 36). Others, particularly
1292:
1105:
560:
2484:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
1952:Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra
1936:– former principal horn of the
1918:– former principal horn of the
1870:– former principal horn of the
1856:– former principal horn of the
1826:– former principal horn of the
1782:– former principal horn of the
1489:and other solo works. Mozart's
1119:
742:is light, brilliant, and open.
654:
3252:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
2515:Morley-Pegge, Reginald. 1973.
2448:Historic Brass Society Journal
2102:
1965:current principal horn of the
1906:BBC Young Musician of the Year
1874:. notable teacher and composer
1794:made well-known recordings of
1772:in 1988 and 1990, holder of a
1313:
1177:
1150:
1084:
1043:in London. In Germany and the
843:
753:
1:
3257:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
2538:Cambridge Companions to Music
2491:The History of the Mellophone
2418:Dennis Brain: A Life in Music
2331:
1999:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1990:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1981:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1920:Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra
1762:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1752:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1750:and former principal horn in
1727:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1725:and former principal horn in
1385:List of compositions for horn
1249:Two instruments are called a
1227:
2476:, second edition, edited by
1924:Metropolitan Opera Orchestra
1784:Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
1557:. At the end of the century
1378:
736:
7:
2364:. London: Faber and Faber.
1963:Honolulu Symphony Orchestra
10:
3386:
3365:German musical instruments
3319:Pitch of brass instruments
1979:– current principal horn,
1967:Houston Symphony Orchestra
1872:Madison Symphony Orchestra
1858:Chicago Symphony Orchestra
1828:Chicago Symphony Orchestra
1713:
1555:First Brandenburg Concerto
1436:(serenade) section of his
1422:Brandenburg Concerto no. 1
1382:
1341:specifically for his work
1325:
1242:
1189:
1162:
1131:
1109:
1048:In the United States, the
897:(also called a spit valve)
591:
559:, the other two being the
3311:
3265:
3224:
3131:
3088:
3032:
2897:
2693:
2572:A Complete Guide to Brass
2442:Martz, Richard J. 2003. "
2322:Meucci and Rocchetti 2001
2298:Meucci and Rocchetti 2001
2250:Meucci and Rocchetti 2001
2202:Meucci and Rocchetti 2001
2109:Meucci and Rocchetti 2001
2049:Meucci and Rocchetti 2001
1986:Stefan de Leval Jezierski
1938:London Symphony Orchestra
1910:London Symphony Orchestra
1563:Sonata for Horn and Piano
872:Scheme of a double horn (
2644:How to dismantle a valve
2401:Anatomy of the Orchestra
2004:
1988:– longest serving horn,
1898:horn faculty since 2006.
1880:– principal horn of the
1818:Los Angeles Philharmonic
1424:. Once the technique of
1061:Compensating double horn
862:near the left-most valve
836:, now on display at the
745:
2570:Whitener, Scott. 1990.
2498:Montagu, Jeremy. 1981.
2399:Del Mar, Norman. 1983.
2360:Baines, Anthony. 1976.
2137:Gamble & Lynch 2011
1894:hornist since 2000 and
1543:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1479:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1344:Der Ring des Nibelungen
920:, for tuning each valve
762:German single horn in B
582:
3103:Marching baritone horn
2652:- List of horn etudes
2561:Piston, Walter. 1955.
2455:Meek, Harold L. 1997.
1323:
1240:
1187:
1160:
1129:
948:
865:
838:Royal Academy of Music
768:
664:
32:
3288:Classical trombonists
2885:Double bell euphonium
1954:and professor at the
1946:– 1983 winner of the
1882:New York Philharmonic
1814:New York Philharmonic
1764:. 1994 winner of the
1735:– 1964 winner of the
1602:Rendez-vous de chasse
1590:Concertino in E Minor
1337:family. Invented for
1321:
1235:
1185:
1158:
1127:
871:
851:
761:
662:
24:
2616:British Horn Society
2489:Monks, Greg. 2006. "
2343:Backus, John. 1977.
1716:List of horn players
1710:Notable horn players
1574:Carl Maria von Weber
1408:(hunting symphony).
1271:drum and bugle corps
1267:marching instruments
1079:compensating double.
874:view from underneath
2382:Carse, Adam. 1939.
1860:, developer of the
1792:Herbert von Karajan
1633:Camille Saint-Saëns
1208:. Instead of using
964:compensating system
891:Adjustable handrest
459:Electronic keyboard
44:Musical instruments
38:Part of a series on
31:/A, Mainz (c. 1950)
3360:B-flat instruments
3237:British brass band
3108:Marching euphonium
2875:Subcontrabass tuba
2633:2017-06-30 at the
1676:last works is the
1670:major, Op. 20
1637:Morceau de concert
1621:Saverio Mercadante
1537:and Joseph Haydn,
1324:
1322:Double Wagner tuba
1303:(the same as the B
1241:
1188:
1161:
1130:
1037:Alexander Brothers
949:
929:Short tubing for B
866:
834:Alexander Brothers
769:
701:. The more common
665:
188:String instruments
33:
3342:
3341:
3298:Euphonium players
2687:Brass instruments
2596:978-0-521-56522-6
2554:978-0-521-56522-6
2546:978-0-521-56343-7
2465:978-1-878822-83-3
2435:978-0-486-44269-3
2409:978-0-520-05062-4
2238:Morley-Pegge 1973
1969:and professor at
1944:Radovan Vlatković
1598:Gioachino Rossini
1531:Christoph Förster
1452:for Military Band
1145:period instrument
1112:Horn (instrument)
832:/A instrument by
545:
544:
123:Brass instruments
3377:
3293:Jazz trombonists
3273:(all) Trumpeters
3211:Axial flow valve
3123:Contrabass bugle
2680:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2628:Horn maintenance
2599:
2582:
2566:
2557:
2528:
2511:
2494:
2485:
2468:
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2217:
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2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
1926:and played with
1916:Gunther Schuller
1904:– winner of the
1810:Seattle Symphony
1770:Concertino Praga
1768:, Winner of the
1669:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1451:
1450:
1446:First Suite in E
1374:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1076:
1075:
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1069:
1039:of Mainz and by
1026:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
999:
998:
993:
992:
986:
985:
980:
979:
974:
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956:
935:pitch with slide
934:
933:
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904:
831:
830:
815:
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808:
803:
802:
796:
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783:
782:
777:
776:
767:
766:
732:
731:
726:
725:
716:
715:
710:
709:
700:
699:
643:
642:
628:Heinrich Stölzel
599:trompe de chasse
553:brass instrument
537:
530:
523:
35:
34:
30:
29:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3307:
3278:Jazz trumpeters
3261:
3220:
3216:Harmonic series
3132:Parts/technique
3127:
3084:
3028:
2987:Soprano helicon
2957:Baroque trumpet
2952:Natural trumpet
2893:
2844:Alto/Tenor horn
2728:Fanfare trumpet
2689:
2684:
2635:Wayback Machine
2606:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
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2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2007:
1971:Rice University
1733:Hermann Baumann
1718:
1712:
1696:Lennox Berkeley
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1629:Richard Strauss
1613:Robert Schumann
1606:corni da caccia
1551:Concerti grossi
1523:
1508:Richard Strauss
1481:, whose friend
1448:
1447:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1357:Richard Strauss
1330:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1254:appears today.
1247:
1230:
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1167:
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773:
764:
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756:
748:
739:
729:
728:
723:
722:
713:
712:
707:
706:
697:
696:
657:
640:
639:
620:corno cromatico
594:
585:
541:
512:
511:
502:
494:
493:
444:
434:
433:
404:aka Kettledrums
317:
307:
306:
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125:
115:
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55:
27:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:Soprano cornet
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Pocket trumpet
2720:
2715:
2710:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2646:at Finke Horns
2641:
2639:Simon de Souza
2625:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2604:External links
2602:
2601:
2600:
2583:
2580:978-0028730509
2567:
2558:
2529:
2525:978-0393021714
2512:
2495:
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2065:
2053:
2034:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1959:
1941:
1934:Barry Tuckwell
1931:
1913:
1899:
1892:Canadian Brass
1885:
1875:
1865:
1851:
1848:Richard Dunbar
1845:
1834:Vincent DeRosa
1831:
1824:Dale Clevenger
1821:
1806:John Cerminaro
1803:
1800:horn concertos
1777:
1755:
1744:
1730:
1711:
1708:
1644:
1641:
1585:Der FreischĂĽtz
1567:Giovanni Punto
1522:
1521:Solo repertory
1519:
1492:A Musical Joke
1483:Joseph Leutgeb
1438:Symphony No. 7
1400:Leopold Mozart
1395:
1392:
1380:
1377:
1339:Richard Wagner
1326:Main article:
1315:
1312:
1294:
1291:
1243:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1216:, it uses the
1190:Main article:
1179:
1176:
1163:Main article:
1152:
1149:
1132:Main article:
1121:
1118:
1110:Main article:
1107:
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889:
883:
877:
845:
842:
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653:
609:—trumpets—and
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539:
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525:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
454:Clavicytherium
451:
445:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
421:
415:
410:
405:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3382:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:F instruments
3353:
3352:
3350:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Brass section
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Brass quintet
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Hand-stopping
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Slide trumpet
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:Tenor cornett
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Baritone horn
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2563:Orchestration
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2508:9780715379943
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:Stanley Sadie
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2392:0-306-80005-5
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:0-684-15229-0
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2353:0-393-09096-5
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2161:Whitener 1990
2157:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:Holton-Farkas
1859:
1855:
1854:Philip Farkas
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:John Williams
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:Radek Baborak
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1704:György Ligeti
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:, and though
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1654:
1653:brass quintet
1650:
1643:Chamber music
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Franz Strauss
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:, op. 94 and
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Gustav Mahler
1427:
1426:hand-stopping
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1293:Marching horn
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:piston valves
1211:
1210:rotary valves
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1106:Related horns
1103:
1082:
1080:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:nickel silver
1018:
1001:
967:
965:
961:
943:
940:
937:
928:
926:General slide
925:
922:
919:
916:
914:
913:Rotary valves
911:
908:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
875:
870:
863:
859:
855:
850:
841:
839:
835:
825:
821:
819:
760:
751:
743:
734:
720:
704:
694:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:rotary valves
661:
652:
649:
647:
637:
631:
629:
623:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:cor de chasse
600:
589:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
538:
533:
531:
526:
524:
519:
518:
516:
515:
508:
505:
504:
498:
497:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
438:
437:
430:
427:
425:
422:
419:
418:Tubular bells
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
311:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
232:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
189:
184:
183:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
130:Baritone horn
128:
127:
124:
119:
118:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
70:Contrabassoon
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
54:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
23:
19:
3329:Horn section
3283:Horn players
3242:Balkan brass
3149:Rotary valve
3144:Piston valve
3075:Tibetan horn
2942:Natural horn
2920:Mute cornett
2867:
2831:
2792:
2775:
2758:
2744:
2700:
2587:
2571:
2562:
2533:
2516:
2499:
2482:John Tyrrell
2473:
2456:
2447:
2426:
2417:
2400:
2383:
2361:
2344:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2061:Del Mar 1983
2056:
2025:
2018:Montagu 1981
2013:
1995:Sarah Willis
1884:(1980-2017).
1878:Philip Myers
1868:Douglas Hill
1830:(1966–2013).
1790:, with whom
1788:Philharmonia
1780:Dennis Brain
1774:Grammy Award
1702:(1962), and
1682:
1649:wind quintet
1646:
1636:
1617:ConcertstĂĽck
1616:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1594:multiphonics
1583:
1577:
1571:
1547:Carl Stamitz
1524:
1511:
1497:
1490:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1442:Gustav Holst
1433:
1421:
1405:Jagdsinfonie
1403:
1397:
1388:
1342:
1331:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1195:
1171:
1168:
1140:natural horn
1137:
1134:Natural horn
1120:Natural horn
1115:
1088:
1078:
1064:
1034:
1019:
1002:
968:
950:
873:
861:
824:Dennis Brain
822:
820:performers.
784:, and most B
770:
749:
740:
702:
692:
690:
681:natural horn
677:pumpenvalves
666:
655:Construction
650:
646:Aubrey Brain
636:Dennis Brain
632:
624:
619:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
586:
548:
546:
347:Glockenspiel
230:
229:
192:
18:
2786:Wagner tuba
2781:Vienna horn
2776:German horn
2771:French horn
2650:Horn Etudes
2450:15:173–232.
2262:Baines 1976
2226:Backus 1977
2185:Piston 1955
2113:Baines 1976
2085:Beakes 2007
1977:Stefan Dohr
1928:Miles Davis
1902:David Pyatt
1888:Jeff Nelsen
1698:(ca.1953),
1664:Septet in E
1561:composed a
1467:Saint-Saëns
1328:Wagner tuba
1314:Wagner tuba
1251:mellophone.
1218:pumpenvalve
1198:Vienna horn
1192:Vienna horn
1186:Vienna horn
1178:Vienna horn
1165:French horn
1151:French horn
1085:Triple horn
844:Double horn
840:in London.
754:Single horn
703:double horn
693:single horn
673:Vienna horn
575:in London;
569:horn player
565:Vienna horn
561:French horn
549:German horn
469:Harpsichord
247:Bass guitar
215:Hurdy-gurdy
205:Double bass
150:French horn
75:Cor anglais
3349:Categories
3232:Brass band
3181:Pedal tone
3171:Mouthpiece
3166:Embouchure
3118:Sousaphone
3113:Trombonium
3098:Mellophone
3033:Indigenous
3024:Jazzophone
3014:Saxotromba
3004:Sudrophone
2994:Ophicleide
2915:Cornettino
2898:Antiquated
2849:Flugelhorn
2800:Contrabass
2708:Contrabass
2332:References
2310:Monks 2006
2300:, 1(iii)..
2286:Martz 2003
2274:Carse 1939
2214:Carse 1939
2125:Jacob 1946
2073:Carse 1939
2030:Anon. 2015
1714:See also:
1674:Schubert’s
1434:Nachtmusik
1383:See also:
1353:Stravinsky
1279:embouchure
1263:flugelhorn
1245:Mellophone
1238:mellophone
1228:Mellophone
1172:sauterelle
881:Mouthpiece
449:Clavichord
424:Vibraphone
420:aka Chimes
392:Snare drum
362:Lithophone
315:Percussion
160:Tenor horn
155:Mellophone
145:Flugelhorn
90:Nadaswaram
3225:Ensembles
3206:Water key
3191:Valve oil
2947:Post horn
2880:Euphonium
2859:Kuhlohorn
2820:Superbone
2548:(cloth);
2264:, 221–23.
2173:Meek 1997
2163:, 40, 44.
2149:Meek 1997
2097:Meek 1997
1838:Hollywood
1700:Don Banks
1692:Horn Trio
1685:horn trio
1604:for four
1559:Beethoven
1379:Repertory
1367:euphonium
1259:alto horn
1222:glissando
1055:Dan Rauch
895:Water key
737:Character
685:harmonics
489:Virginals
464:Harmonium
442:Keyboards
429:Xylophone
413:Tubaphone
382:Mridangam
372:MarĂmbula
322:Bass drum
140:Euphonium
105:Saxophone
53:Woodwinds
3201:Leadpipe
3090:Marching
3050:Vuvuzela
2825:Cimbasso
2794:Trombone
2733:Firebird
2631:Archived
2252:, 1(ii).
2240:, 66–68.
2204:, 3(ii).
2175:, 34–35.
1816:and the
1786:and the
1706:(1982).
1689:Brahms's
1667:♭
1658:♭
1527:Telemann
1500:Bruckner
1487:concerti
1449:♭
1410:Telemann
1372:♯
1362:♭
1349:Bruckner
1306:♭
1300:♭
1099:♭
1093:♭
1074:♭
1068:♭
1024:♭
1014:♭
1007:♭
997:♭
991:♭
984:♭
978:♭
972:♭
955:♭
938:Bellpipe
932:♭
903:♭
886:Leadpipe
829:♭
813:♭
807:♭
801:♭
794:♭
787:♭
781:♭
775:♭
765:♭
730:♭
724:♭
717:, and a
714:♭
708:♭
698:♭
641:♭
408:Triangle
397:Steelpan
357:Handbell
332:Carillon
277:Shamisen
267:Mandolin
165:Trombone
80:Clarinet
60:Bagpipes
28:♭
3303:Tubists
3266:Players
3040:Alphorn
3019:Bazooka
3009:Saxtuba
2999:Serpent
2982:Helicon
2977:Sackbut
2962:Buccina
2910:Cornett
2905:Clarion
2854:Fiscorn
2833:Saxhorn
2815:Soprano
2738:Flumpet
2718:Piccolo
2702:Trumpet
1776:(1995).
1539:Leopold
1535:Michael
1475:Romance
1459:Poulenc
1416:and in
1206:Austria
1045:Benelux
719:descant
607:trompes
592:History
402:Timpani
367:Marimba
342:Cymbals
337:Celesta
292:Ukulele
287:Tambura
252:Guzheng
231:Plucked
170:Trumpet
100:Piccolo
65:Bassoon
3176:Falset
3139:Valves
3070:Sringa
3065:Shofar
3060:Carnyx
2972:Buccin
2746:Cornet
2694:Modern
2594:
2578:
2556:(pbk).
2552:
2544:
2523:
2506:
2463:
2433:
2407:
2390:
2368:
2351:
2288:, 202.
2276:, 221.
2216:, 224.
2187:, 225.
2139:, 195.
2127:, 204.
2075:, 225.
2063:, 215.
1796:Mozart
1579:Oberon
1545:, and
1506:, and
1504:Mahler
1465:) and
1463:Elegie
1414:Handel
1202:Vienna
1041:Paxman
1017:side.
918:Slides
854:valves
615:crooks
573:Paxman
507:Ghatam
501:Others
484:Spinet
302:Zither
242:Guitar
225:Violin
135:Cornet
110:Tharai
3370:Horns
3312:Other
3196:Crook
3156:Mutes
3080:Wazza
3055:Nyele
3045:Nabal
2932:Cornu
2766:Bugle
2324:, §5.
2151:, 35.
2115:, 221
2099:, 32.
2020:, 86.
2005:Notes
1678:Octet
906:pitch
856:of a
746:Types
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220:Viola
210:Huqin
200:Cello
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577:Conn
557:horn
547:The
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327:Bell
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272:Harp
262:Lyre
257:Koto
175:Tuba
95:Oboe
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