Operation Barbarossa

4613: 2848:. After two days of negotiations in Berlin from 12 to 14 November 1940, Ribbentrop presented a draft treaty for a Soviet entry into the Axis. However, Hitler had no intention of allowing the Soviet Union into the Axis and in an order stated, "Political conversations designed to clarify the attitude of Russia in the immediate future have been started. Regardless of the outcome of these conversations, all preparations for the East previously ordered orally are to be continued. directives on that will follow as soon as the basic elements of the army's plan for the operation have been submitted to me and approved by me." There would be no "long-term agreement with Russia" given that the Nazis intended to go to war with them; but the Soviets approached the negotiations differently and were willing to make huge economic concessions to secure a relationship under general terms acceptable to the Germans just a year before. On 25 November 1940, the Soviet Union offered a written counter-proposal to join the Axis if Germany would agree to refrain from interference in the Soviet Union's sphere of influence, but Germany did not respond. As both sides began colliding with each other in Eastern Europe, conflict appeared more likely, although they did sign a 5782: 4815: 3650: 5057: 3386: 5872: 5734: 4930: 4760: 4624:: "... Without a declaration of war, German forces fell on our country, attacked our frontiers in many places ... The Red Army and the whole nation will wage a victorious Patriotic War for our beloved country, for honour, for liberty ... Our cause is just. The enemy will be beaten. Victory will be ours!" By calling upon the population's devotion to their nation rather than the Party, Molotov struck a patriotic chord that helped a stunned people absorb the shattering news. Within the first few days of the invasion, the Soviet High Command and Red Army were extensively reorganised so as to place them on the necessary war footing. Stalin did not address the nation about the German invasion until 3 July, when he also called for a "Patriotic War... of the entire Soviet people". 5262: 4661:

Stalin issued NKO Directive No. 2, which announced the invasion to the Soviet Armed Forces, and called on them to attack Axis forces wherever they had violated the borders and launch air strikes into the border regions of German territory. At around 09:15, Stalin issued NKO Directive No. 3, signed by Timoshenko, which now called for a general counteroffensive on the entire front "without any regards for borders" that both men hoped would sweep the enemy from Soviet territory. Stalin's order, which Timoshenko authorised, was not based on a realistic appraisal of the military situation at hand, but commanders passed it along for fear of retribution if they failed to obey; several days passed before the Soviet leadership became aware of the enormity of the opening defeat.

5487: 5333:. The encirclement of Soviet forces in Kiev was achieved on 16 September. A battle ensued in which the Soviets were hammered with tanks, artillery, and aerial bombardment. After ten days of vicious fighting, the Germans claimed 665,000 Soviet soldiers captured, although the real figure is probably around 220,000. Soviet losses were 452,720 men, 3,867 artillery pieces and mortars from 43 divisions of the 5th, 21st, 26th, and 37th Soviet Armies. Despite the exhaustion and losses facing some German units (upwards of 75 percent of their men) from the intense fighting, the massive defeat of the Soviets at Kiev and the Red Army losses during the first three months of the assault contributed to the German assumption that 5352: 4959:'s 3rd Panzer Group was already involved in the Minsk pocket. On the same day, some of the infantry corps of the 9th and 4th Armies, having sufficiently liquidated the Białystok pocket, resumed their march eastward to catch up with the panzer groups. On 1 July, Bock ordered the panzer groups to resume their full offensive eastward on the morning of 3 July. But Brauchitsch, upholding Hitler's instruction, and Halder, unwillingly going along with it, opposed Bock's order. However, Bock insisted on the order by stating that it would be irresponsible to reverse orders already issued. The panzer groups resumed their offensive on 2 July before the infantry formations had sufficiently caught up. 2766: 5549:

rapidly deteriorated. On 31 October, the German Army High Command ordered a halt to Operation Typhoon while the armies were reorganised. The pause gave the Soviets, far better supplied, time to consolidate their positions and organise formations of newly activated reservists. In little over a month, the Soviets organised eleven new armies that included 30 divisions of Siberian troops. These had been freed from the Soviet Far East after Soviet intelligence assured Stalin that there was no longer a threat from the Japanese. During October and November 1941, over 1,000 tanks and 1,000 aircraft arrived along with the Siberian forces to assist in defending the city.

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production, the centre of the Soviet communications system and an important transport hub. Intelligence reports indicated that the bulk of the remaining Red Army was deployed near Moscow under Timoshenko for the defence of the capital. Guderian was sent to Hitler by Bock and Halder to argue their case for continuing the assault against Moscow, but Hitler issued an order through Guderian (bypassing Bock and Halder) to send Army Group Centre's tanks to the north and south, temporarily halting the drive to Moscow. Convinced by Hitler's argument, Guderian returned to his commanding officers as a convert to the Führer's plan, which earned him their disdain.

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unwieldy, and moreover they were spread out in scattered garrisons, with their subordinate divisions up to 100 kilometres (62 miles) apart. The reorganisation was still in progress and incomplete when Barbarossa commenced. Soviet tank units were rarely well equipped, and they lacked training and logistical support. Units were sent into combat with no arrangements in place for refuelling, ammunition resupply, or personnel replacement. Often, after a single engagement, units were destroyed or rendered ineffective. The Soviet numerical advantage in heavy equipment was thoroughly offset by the superior training and organisation of the

2874: 5499: 238: 5799:, sometimes reluctantly, claiming "military necessity". On the eve of the invasion, German soldiers were informed that their battle "demands ruthless and vigorous measures against Bolshevik inciters, guerrillas, saboteurs, Jews and the complete elimination of all active and passive resistance". Collective punishment was authorised against partisan attacks; if a perpetrator could not be quickly identified, burning villages and mass executions were considered acceptable reprisals. Although the majority of German soldiers accepted these crimes as justified due to Nazi propaganda, which depicted the Red Army as 806: 739: 696: 663: 412: 400: 388: 376: 364: 352: 339: 326: 314: 300: 180: 5630:

the Germans as much by surprise as their own initial attack had the Soviets. Spurred on by the successful defence and in an effort to imitate the Germans, Stalin wanted to begin his own counteroffensive, not just against the German forces around Moscow, but against their armies in the north and south. Anger over the failed German offensives caused Hitler to relieve Brauchitsch of command and in his place, Hitler assumed personal control of the German Army on 19 December 1941, a decision that would progressively prove fatal to Germany's war effort and contribute to its eventual defeat.

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soldiers. May God aid us, especially in this fight!" Later the same morning, Hitler proclaimed to his colleagues, "Before three months have passed, we shall witness a collapse of Russia, the like of which has never been seen in history". Hitler also addressed the German people via the radio, presenting himself as a man of peace, who reluctantly had to attack the Soviet Union. Following the invasion, Goebbels instructed that Nazi propaganda use the slogan "European crusade against Bolshevism" to describe the war; subsequently thousands of

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to come within 30 km (19 mi) of the railway, when the Finnish High Command ordered a stop to all offensive operations in the sector on 17 November. The United States of America applied diplomatic pressure on Finland not to disrupt Allied aid shipments to the Soviet Union, which caused the Finnish government to halt the advance on the Murmansk railway. With the Finnish refusal to conduct further offensive operations and German inability to do so alone, the German-Finnish effort in central and northern Finland came to an end.

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logistical problems with reinforcements and provisions. Operations were now slowed down to allow for resupply; the delay was to be used to adapt strategy to the new situation. In addition to strained logistics, poor roads made it difficult for wheeled vehicles and foot infantry to keep up with the faster armoured spearheads, and shortages in boots and winter uniforms were becoming apparent. Furthermore, all three army groups had suffered 179,500 casualties by 2 August, and had only received 47,000 replacements.

18682: 3348:. In their calculations, they concluded that there was little danger of a large-scale retreat of the Red Army into the Russian interior, as it could not afford to give up the Baltic countries, Ukraine, or the Moscow and Leningrad regions, all of which were vital to the Red Army for supply reasons and would thus, have to be defended. Hitler and his generals disagreed on where Germany should focus its energy. Hitler, in many discussions with his generals, repeated his order of "Leningrad first, the 6084: 3710:

poor performance in Poland and in the Winter War, about 80 percent of the officers dismissed during the Great Purge were reinstated by 1941. Also, between January 1939 and May 1941, 161 new divisions were activated. Therefore, although about 75 percent of all the officers had been in their position for less than one year at the start of the German invasion of 1941, many of the short tenures can be attributed not only to the purge but also to the rapid increase in the creation of military units.

4612: 590: 4994:. Despite these actions the Finnish government insisted via diplomatic channels that they remained a neutral party, but the Soviet leadership already viewed Finland as an ally of Germany. Subsequently, the Soviets proceeded to launch a massive bombing attack on 25 June against all major Finnish cities and industrial centres, including Helsinki, Turku and Lahti. During a night session on the same day the Finnish parliament decided to go to war against the Soviet Union. 2732:), also referring to the imminent battle as the "old struggle of Germans against Slavs" and even stated, "the struggle must aim at the annihilation of today's Russia and must, therefore, be waged with unparalleled harshness." Hoepner also added that the Germans were fighting for "the defence of European culture against Moscovite–Asiatic inundation, and the repulse of Jewish Bolshevism ... No adherents of the present Russian-Bolshevik system are to be spared." 5536:, while the 2nd Army attacked from the west. The Soviet 3rd and 13th Armies were now encircled. To the north, the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies attacked Vyazma, trapping the 19th, 20th, 24th and 32nd Armies. Moscow's first line of defence had been shattered. The pocket eventually yielded over 500,000 Soviet prisoners, bringing the tally since the start of the invasion to three million. The Soviets now had only 90,000 men and 150 tanks left for the defence of Moscow. 56: 1219: 787: 775: 424: 2574: 5032: 1230: 818: 436: 5053:

Motorised Division captured Smolensk on 16 July yet a gap remained between Army Group Centre. On 18 July, the panzer groups came to within ten kilometres (6.2 mi) of closing the gap but the trap did not finally close until 5 August, when upwards of 300,000 Red Army soldiers had been captured and 3,205 Soviet tanks were destroyed. Large numbers of Red Army soldiers escaped to stand between the Germans and Moscow as resistance continued.

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and 662,000 t (652,000 long tons; 730,000 short tons) of meats were sent back to Germany. During the course of the German occupation, some 12 million pigs and 13 million sheep were seized by Nazi forces. The value of this plunder is estimated at 4 billion Reichsmarks. This relatively low number in comparison to the occupied nations of Western Europe can be attributed to the indiscriminate

5774:, quotes Hitler saying, "The giant area must naturally be pacified as quickly as possible; this will happen at best if anyone who just looks funny should be shot". Conveniently for Germany, the fact that the Soviets failed to sign the convention played into their hands as they justified their behavior accordingly. Even if the Soviets had signed, it is highly unlikely that this would have stopped the Nazis' 15295: 4649: 3116:) would only end up as a further economic burden for Germany. It was further argued that the Soviets, in their current bureaucratic form, were harmless and that the occupation would not benefit Germany politically either. Hitler, solely focused on his ultimate ideological goal of eliminating the Soviet Union and Communism, disagreed with economists about the risks and told his right-hand man 5625:, which cited the early onset of winter and the severe cold as the primary reasons for the failed campaign, whereas the main reasons were German military unpreparedness, poor intelligence of actual Soviet strength, extensive logistical difficulties, high levels of attrition and heavy casualties, and overextension of German forces within the vast Soviet territories. On 22 June 1941, the 5306:

and casualties mounted. Hitler, now out of patience, ordered that Leningrad should not be stormed, but rather starved into submission. Along these lines, the OKH issued Directive No. la 1601/41 on 22 September 1941, which accorded Hitler's plans. Deprived of its Panzer forces, Army Group Centre remained static and was subjected to numerous Soviet counterattacks, in particular the

5185:, so it could advance swiftly. The important road junction at Loimola was captured on 14 July. By 16 July, the first Finnish units reached Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja, achieving the goal of splitting the Soviet forces. During the rest of July, the Army of Karelia advanced further southeast into Karelia, coming to a halt at the former Finnish-Soviet border at Mansila. 5935:

Historian Birgit Beck emphasizes that military decrees, which served to authorise wholesale brutality on many levels, essentially destroyed the basis for any prosecution of sexual offenses committed by German soldiers in the East. She also contends that detection of such instances was limited by the fact that sexual violence was often inflicted in the context of

3505:), 7,200–23,435 artillery pieces, 17,081 mortars, about 600,000 motor vehicles and 625,000–700,000 horses. Finland slated 14 divisions for the invasion, and Romania offered 13 divisions and eight brigades over the course of Barbarossa. The entire Axis forces, 3.8 million personnel, deployed across a front extending from the Arctic Ocean southward to the 5310:, in which the Germans suffered their first major tactical defeat since their invasion began; this Red Army victory also provided an important boost to Soviet morale. These attacks prompted Hitler to concentrate his attention back to Army Group Centre and its drive on Moscow. The Germans ordered the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies to break off their 4687:

plausible reason given for the Soviet hesitation to return fire was Stalin's initial belief that the assault was launched without Hitler's authorisation. Significant amounts of Soviet territory were lost along with Red Army forces as a result; it took several days before Stalin comprehended the magnitude of the calamity. The

5464:, fell on 1 October. From there the Army of Karelia moved north along the shores of Lake Onega to secure the remaining area west of Lake Onega, while simultaneously establishing a defensive position along the Svir River. Slowed by winter's onset they nevertheless continued to advance slowly during the following weeks. 4841:

poor coordination. The 22nd Mechanised Corps ran into the 1st Panzer Army's III Motorised Corps and was decimated, and its commander killed. The 1st Panzer Group bypassed much of the 15th Mechanised Corps, which engaged the German 6th Army's 297th Infantry Division, where it was defeated by antitank fire and

3128:, who had produced reports that predicted a net economic drain for Germany in the event of an invasion of the Soviet Union unless its economy was captured intact and the Caucasus oilfields seized in the first blow; Thomas revised his future report to fit Hitler's wishes. The Red Army's ineptitude in the 5443:

Germany had pressured Finland to enlarge its offensive activities in Karelia to aid the Germans in their Leningrad operation. Finnish attacks on Leningrad itself remained limited. Finland stopped its advance just short of Leningrad and had no intentions to attack the city. The situation was different

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At this stage, Hitler ordered the final destruction of Leningrad with no prisoners taken, and on 9 September, Army Group North began the final push. Within ten days it had advanced within 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) of the city. However, the push over the last 10 km (6.2 mi) proved very slow.

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held by six armies. On 6 July, the Soviets launched a massive counter-attack using the V and VII Mechanised Corps of the 20th Army, which collided with the German 39th and 47th Panzer Corps in a battle where the Red Army lost 832 tanks of the 2,000 employed during five days of ferocious fighting. The

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During German-Finnish negotiations, Finland had demanded to remain neutral unless the Soviet Union attacked them first. Germany therefore sought to provoke the Soviet Union into an attack on Finland. After Germany launched Barbarossa on 22 June, German aircraft used Finnish air bases to attack Soviet

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On 29 June, Hitler, through Brauchitsch, instructed Bock to halt the advance of the panzers of Army Group Centre until the infantry formations liquidating the pockets caught up. But Guderian, with the tacit support of Bock and Halder, ignored the instruction and attacked on eastward towards Bobruisk,

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worked with commissars and military commanders to scour possible withdrawal routes of soldiers retreating without military authorisation. Field expedient general courts were established to deal with civilians spreading rumours and military deserters. On 30 June, Stalin relieved Pavlov of his command,

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air attacks. By the night of 25 June, the Soviet counterattack was defeated, and the commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps was captured. The same night, Pavlov ordered all the remnants of the Western Front to withdraw to Slonim towards Minsk. Subsequent counterattacks to buy time for the withdrawal were

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and partly dispersed their tanks to infantry divisions; but following their observation of the German campaign in France, in late 1940 they began to reorganise most of their armoured assets back into mechanised corps with a target strength of 1,031 tanks each. But these large armoured formations were

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also gave Stalin the exact German launch date, but Sorge and other informers had previously given different invasion dates that passed peacefully before the actual invasion. Stalin acknowledged the possibility of an attack in general and therefore made significant preparations, but decided not to run

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During Joseph Stalin's Great Purge in the late 1930s, which had not ended by the time of the German invasion on 22 June 1941, much of the officer corps of the Red Army was executed or imprisoned. Many of their replacements, appointed by Stalin for political reasons, lacked military competence. Of the

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Although the Soviet High Command was alarmed by this, Stalin's belief that Nazi Germany was unlikely to attack only two years after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact resulted in slow Soviet preparation. This fact aside, the Soviets did not entirely overlook the threat of their German neighbor. Well

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to stimulate Germany's overall economy and the expansion of territory to improve Germany's efforts to isolate the United Kingdom. Hitler was further convinced that Britain would sue for peace once the Germans triumphed in the Soviet Union, and if they did not, he would use the resources gained in the

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in 1944, proved to be a decisive success and additional Soviet offensives against the German Army Groups North and South in the autumn of 1944 put the German war machine into further retreat. By January 1945, what had been the Eastern Front was now controlled by the Soviets, whose military might was

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Employing increasingly ambitious and tactically sophisticated offensives, along with making operational improvements in secrecy and deception, by the summer of 1944, the Red Army was eventually able to regain much of the area previously conquered by the Germans. The destruction of Army Group Centre,

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was not equipped for such severe winter warfare. The Soviet army was better adapted to fighting in winter conditions, but faced production shortages of winter clothing. The German forces fared worse, with deep snow further hindering equipment and mobility. Weather conditions had largely grounded the

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With the ground hardening due to the cold weather, the Germans resumed the attack on Moscow on 15 November. Although the troops themselves were now able to advance again, there had been no improvement in the supply situation; only 135,000 of the 600,000 trucks that had been available on 22 June 1941

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For its final attack on Leningrad, the 4th Panzer Group was reinforced by tanks from Army Group Centre. On 8 August, the Panzers broke through the Soviet defences. By the end of August, 4th Panzer Group had penetrated to within 48 kilometres (30 miles) of Leningrad. The Finns had pushed southeast on

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Four weeks into the campaign, the Germans realised they had grossly underestimated Soviet strength. The German troops had used their initial supplies, and General Bock quickly came to the conclusion that not only had the Red Army offered stiff opposition, but German difficulties were also due to the

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against the German 4th Panzer Group with the Soviet 3rd and 12th Mechanised Corps, but the Soviet attack was defeated. On 25 June, the 8th and 11th Armies were ordered to withdraw to the Western Dvina River, where it was planned to meet up with the 21st Mechanised Corps and the 22nd and 27th Armies.

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attacks were carried out against Soviet command and control centres to disrupt the mobilisation and organisation of Soviet forces. In contrast, Soviet artillery observers based at the border area had been under the strictest instructions not to open fire on German aircraft prior to the invasion. One

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At around 01:00 on 22 June 1941, the Soviet military districts in the border area were alerted by NKO Directive No. 1, issued late on the night of 21 June. It called on them to "bring all forces to combat readiness", but to "avoid provocative actions of any kind". It took up to two hours for several

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of 14 million, with at least basic military training, continued to mobilise. The Red Army was dispersed and still preparing when the invasion commenced. Their units were often separated and lacked adequate transportation. While transportation remained insufficient for Red Army forces, when Operation

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on 6 April 1941 until June 1941. Historian Thomas B. Buell indicates that Finland and Romania, which weren't involved in initial German planning, needed additional time to prepare to participate in the invasion. Buell adds that an unusually wet winter kept rivers at full flood until late spring. The

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of an impending attack, they were shot as enemy agents. Some historians believe that Stalin, despite providing an amicable front to Hitler, did not wish to remain allies with Germany. Rather, Stalin might have had intentions to break off from Germany and proceed with his own campaign against Germany

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officers told their soldiers to target people who were described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans," the "Mongol hordes," the "Asiatic flood" and the "Red beast." Nazi propaganda portrayed the war against the Soviet Union as an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism and

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The citizens of Leningrad were subjected to heavy bombardment and a siege that would last 872 days and starve more than a million people to death, of whom approximately 400,000 were children below the age of 14. The German-Finnish blockade cut off access to food, fuel and raw materials, and rations

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While the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, Germany had signed the treaty and was thus obligated to offer Soviet POWs humane treatment according to its provisions (as they generally did with other Allied POWs). According to the Soviets, they had not signed the Geneva Conventions in

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as a whole had 209 divisions at its disposal, 163 of which were offensively capable. On 31 March 1942, less than one year after the invasion of the Soviet Union, the army was reduced to fielding 58 offensively capable divisions. The Red Army's tenacity and ability to counter-attack effectively took

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failed. With Army Norway switching its main effort further south, the front stalemated in this sector. Further south, the Finnish III Corps launched a new offensive towards the Murmansk railway on 30 October, bolstered by fresh reinforcements from Army Norway. Against Soviet resistance, it was able

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was on several occasions forced to halt nearly all aerial operations. The VVS, although faced with the same weather difficulties, had a clear advantage thanks to the prewar experience with cold-weather flying, and the fact that they were operating from intact airbases and airports. By December, the

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by advancing to the western shores of Lake Ladoga. By mid-August the encirclement had succeeded and both towns were taken, but many Soviet formations were able to evacuate by sea. Further west, the attack on Viipuri was launched. With Soviet resistance breaking down, the Finns were able to encircle

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s only squadron of tank-busting aircraft. The 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Dnieper River and closed in on Smolensk from the south while the 3rd Panzer Group, after defeating the Soviet counterattack, closed on Smolensk from the north. Trapped between their pincers were three Soviet armies. The 29th

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On 21 June, at 13:00 Army Group North received the codeword "Düsseldorf", indicating Barbarossa would commence the next morning, and passed down its own codeword, "Dortmund". At around 03:15 on 22 June 1941, the Axis Powers commenced the invasion of the Soviet Union with the bombing of major cities

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into Belorussia, which later proved to be correct. Stalin disagreed, and in October, he authorised the development of new plans that assumed a German attack would focus on the region south of Pripyat Marshes towards the economically vital regions in Ukraine. This became the basis for all subsequent

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paid little attention to politics, culture, and the considerable industrial capacity of the Soviet Union, in favour of a very narrow military view. Hillgruber argued that because these assumptions were shared by the entire military elite, Hitler was able to push through with a "war of annihilation"

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Guderian wrote: "A delay was almost certainly inevitable given that the late spring thaw had swelled and in some cases flooded the major waterways, impeding mobile operations over the sodden ground." Blumentritt: "... the ground was soft and boggy and the roads were covered with mud. Normally

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Barbarossa and the subsequent German defeat changed the political landscape of Europe, dividing it into Eastern and Western blocs. The political vacuum left in the eastern half of the continent was filled by the USSR when Stalin secured his territorial prizes of 1944–1945 and firmly placed the Red

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After the initiation of Operation Barbarossa, Eastern Europe was relentlessly plundered by Nazi German forces. In 1943 alone, 9,000,000 tons of cereals, 2,000,000 t (2,000,000 long tons; 2,200,000 short tons) of fodder, 3,000,000 t (3,000,000 long tons; 3,300,000 short tons) of potatoes,

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of POWs into different camps, contravened the Soviet constitution. Article 82 of the convention specified that "In case, in time of war, one of the belligerents is not a party to the Convention, its provisions shall nevertheless remain in force as between the belligerents who are parties thereto."

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After Kiev, the Red Army no longer outnumbered the Germans and there were no more trained reserves directly available. To defend Moscow, Stalin could field 800,000 men in 83 divisions, but no more than 25 divisions were fully effective. Operation Typhoon, the drive to Moscow, began on 30 September

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The Finnish plan in the south in Karelia was to advance as swiftly as possible to Lake Ladoga, cutting the Soviet forces in half. Then the Finnish territories east of Lake Ladoga were to be recaptured before the advance along the Karelian Isthmus, including the recapture of Viipuri, commenced. The

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attacks. On 26 June, the Soviets launched another counterattack on the 1st Panzer Group from north and south simultaneously with the 9th, 19th and 8th Mechanised Corps, which altogether fielded 1649 tanks, and supported by the remnants of the 15th Mechanised Corps. The battle lasted for four days,

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and 6th Army attacked and broke through the Soviet 5th Army. Starting on the night of 23 June, the Soviet 22nd and 15th Mechanised Corps attacked the flanks of the 1st Panzer Group from north and south respectively. Although intended to be concerted, Soviet tank units were sent in piecemeal due to

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staffs surveyed the wreckage on Soviet airfields, and their original figure proved conservative, as over 2,000 Soviet aircraft were estimated to have been destroyed on the first day of the invasion. In reality, Soviet losses were likely higher; a Soviet archival document recorded the loss of 3,922

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and Hitler's belief that the Red Army would need four years to ready itself. Stalin declared "we must be ready much earlier" and "we will try to delay the war for another two years". As early as August 1940, British intelligence had received hints of German plans to attack the Soviets a week after

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survived Stalin's purge. Tukhachevsky was killed in 1937. Fifteen of 16 army commanders, 50 of the 57 corps commanders, 154 of the 186 divisional commanders, and 401 of 456 colonels were killed, and many other officers were dismissed. In total, about 30,000 Red Army personnel were executed. Stalin

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had finished. By the third week of February 1941, 680,000 German soldiers were gathered in assembly areas on the Romanian-Soviet border. In preparation for the attack, Hitler had secretly moved upwards of 3 million German troops and approximately 690,000 Axis soldiers to the Soviet border regions.

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second, Moscow third;" but he consistently emphasized the destruction of the Red Army over the achievement of specific terrain objectives. Hitler believed Moscow to be of "no great importance" in the defeat of the Soviet Union and instead believed victory would come with the destruction of the Red

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Hitler also utilised the rising tension between the Soviet Union and Germany over territories in the Balkans as one of the pretexts for the invasion. While no concrete plans had yet been made, Hitler told one of his generals in June 1940 that the victories in Western Europe finally freed his hands

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Excludes an additional 395,799 who were deemed unfit for service due to non-combat causes, transported out of their Army Group sectors for treatment, and treated in divisional/local medical facilities. 98% of those 395,799 eventually returned to active duty service, usually after relatively short

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and slowed the German advance on Moscow. Additional snows fell which were followed by more rain, creating a glutinous mud that German tanks had difficulty traversing, which the Soviet T-34, with its wider tread, was better suited to navigate. At the same time, the supply situation for the Germans

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In central Finland, the German-Finnish advance on the Murmansk railway had been resumed at Kayraly. A large encirclement from the north and the south trapped the defending Soviet corps and allowed XXXVI Corps to advance further to the east. In early September it reached the old 1939 Soviet border

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on 24–25 June in hopes of destroying the 3rd Panzer Group. However, the 3rd Panzer Group had already moved on, with its forward units reaching Vilnius on the evening of 23 June, and the Western Front's armoured counterattack instead ran into infantry and antitank fire from the V Army Corps of the

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announced the invasion to the waking nation in a radio broadcast with Hitler's words: "At this moment a march is taking place that, for its extent, compares with the greatest the world has ever seen. I have decided today to place the fate and future of the Reich and our people in the hands of our

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in which he claimed that Stalin had seen the outbreak of war in Western Europe as an opportunity to spread communist revolutions throughout the continent, and that the Soviet military was being deployed for an imminent attack at the time of the German invasion. This view had also been advanced by

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The Soviet Union had around 23,000 tanks available of which 14,700 were combat-ready. Around 11,000 tanks were in the western military districts that faced the German invasion force. Hitler later declared to some of his generals, "If I had known about the Russian tank strength in 1941 I would not

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at the divisional level and below to oversee the political loyalty of the army to the regime. The commissars held a position equal to that of the commander of the unit they were overseeing. But in spite of efforts to ensure the political subservience of the armed forces, in the wake of Red Army's

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in December 1940. Hitler had in July 1937 praised Barbarossa as the emperor who first expressed Germanic cultural ideas and carried them to the outside world through his imperial mission. For Hitler, the name Barbarossa signified his belief that the conquest of the Soviet Union would usher in the

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puts the number of Jews murdered by "mobile killing operations" at 1,400,000. The original instructions to kill "Jews in party and state positions" were broadened to include "all male Jews of military age" and then expanded once more to "all male Jews regardless of age". By the end of July, the

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and then close on Moscow from the south. As the Soviets reacted to their flanks, the 4th Army would attack the centre. In two weeks of fighting, lacking sufficient fuel and ammunition, the Germans slowly crept towards Moscow. In the south, the 2nd Panzer Group was being blocked. On 22 November,

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within the first few hours, paralyzing every level of command from the infantry platoon to the Soviet High Command in Moscow. Moscow failed to grasp the magnitude of the catastrophe that confronted the Soviet forces in the border area, and Stalin's first reaction was disbelief. At around 07:15,

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also told his subordinates that troops should view the war as a "struggle between two different races and act with the necessary severity." Racial motivations were central to Nazi ideology and played a key role in planning for Operation Barbarossa since both Jews and communists were considered

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The failure of Operation Barbarossa reversed the fortunes of Nazi Germany. Operationally, German forces achieved significant victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union (mainly in Ukraine) and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. The German

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Army in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the eastern half of Germany. Stalin's fear of resurgent German power and his distrust of his erstwhile allies contributed to Soviet pan-Slavic initiatives and a subsequent alliance of Slavic states. The historians David Glantz and

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s units, which provided them with supplies such as gasoline and food, they were controlled by the RSHA. The official plan for Barbarossa assumed that the army groups would be able to advance freely to their primary objectives simultaneously, without spreading thin, once they had won the border

6209:

Flooding was so bad that Guderian wrote: "The Balkans Campaign had been concluded with all the speed desired, and the troops there engaged which were now needed for Russia were withdrawn according to plan and very fast. But all the same there was a definite delay in the opening of our Russian

5220:. As the Germans eliminated the pocket, the tanks turned north and crossed the Dnieper. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Group, diverted from Army Group Centre, had crossed the river Desna with 2nd Army on its right flank. The two panzer armies now trapped four Soviet armies and parts of two others. 5934:

relates that in the world of the eastern front, where the German army equated Russia with Communism, everything was "fair game"; thus, rape went unreported unless entire units were involved. Frequently in the case of Jewish women, they were murdered immediately after acts of sexual violence.

5039:

On 2 July and through the next six days, a rainstorm typical of Belarusian summers slowed the progress of the panzers of Army Group Centre, and Soviet defences stiffened. The delays gave the Soviets time to organise a massive counterattack against Army Group Centre. The army group's ultimate

3791:

control, which in the case of a German invasion was tasked to spearhead a Soviet counteroffensive along with the remaining forces of the first echelon. But on 22 June 1941 the first echelon contained 171 divisions, numbering 2.6–2.9 million; and the second strategic echelon contained 57

2860:

was convinced that the overall military strength of the Soviet Union was such that he had nothing to fear and anticipated an easy victory should Germany attack; moreover, Stalin believed that since the Germans were still fighting the British in the west, Hitler would be unlikely to open up a

5068:

Hitler by now had lost faith in battles of encirclement as large numbers of Soviet soldiers had escaped the pincers. He now believed he could defeat the Soviet state by economic means, depriving them of the industrial capacity to continue the war. That meant seizing the industrial centre of

5084:

Halder, Bock, and almost all the German generals involved in Operation Barbarossa argued vehemently in favour of continuing the all-out drive toward Moscow. Besides the psychological importance of capturing the Soviet capital, the generals pointed out that Moscow was a major centre of arms

3960:

wrote books to rebut Suvorov's arguments. The majority of historians believe that Stalin was seeking to avoid war in 1941, as he believed that his military was not ready to fight the German forces. The debate on whether Stalin intended to launch an offensive against Germany in 1941 remains

3828:) held the numerical advantage with a total of approximately 19,533 aircraft, which made it the largest air force in the world in the summer of 1941. About 7,133–9,100 of these were deployed in the five western military districts, and an additional 1,445 were under naval control. 3148:

outlined how entire urban populations of conquered territories were to be starved to death, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and urban space for the German upper class. Nazi policy aimed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political entity in accordance with the

5565:

Soviet Siberian units, augmented by the 49th and 50th Soviet Armies, attacked the 2nd Panzer Group and inflicted a defeat on the Germans. The 4th Panzer Group pushed the Soviet 16th Army back, however, and succeeded in crossing the Moscow Canal in an attempt to encircle Moscow.

2916:

of the 1930s had executed many competent and experienced military officers, leaving Red Army leadership weaker than their German adversary. The Nazis often emphasized the Soviet regime's brutality when targeting the Slavs with propaganda. They also claimed that the Red Army was

5895:. At Kharkov, the fourth largest city in the Soviet Union, food was provided only to the small number of civilians who worked for the Germans, with the rest designated to slowly starve. Thousands of Soviets were deported to Germany for use as slave labour beginning in 1942. 2658:

struggle." The main guideline for German troops was "Where there's a partisan, there's a Jew, and where there's a Jew, there's a partisan" or "The partisan is where the Jew is." Many German troops viewed the war in Nazi terms and regarded their Soviet enemies as sub-human.

2431:

as part of their political imagery, though this was really a continuation of the glorification of the famous Crusader king by German nationalists since the 19th century. According to a Germanic medieval legend, revived in the 19th century by the nationalistic tropes of

5277:

The Germans attacked Leningrad in August 1941; in the following three "black months" of 1941, 400,000 residents of the city worked to build the city's fortifications as fighting continued, while 160,000 others joined the ranks of the Red Army. Nowhere was the Soviet

5621:, all German plans for a quick defeat of the Soviet Union had to be revised. The Soviet counter-offensives in December 1941 caused heavy casualties on both sides, but ultimately eliminated the German threat to Moscow. Attempting to explain matters, Hitler issued 6199:

Concerning this strategic mistake, historian David Stone asserts that, "If Hitler's decision to invade Russia in 1941 was his greatest single error of judgement, then his subsequent decision not to strike hard and fast against Moscow was surely a close second."

3578:. Army Group South was deployed in two sections separated by a 198-mile (319 km) gap. The northern section, which contained the army group's only panzer group, was in southern Poland right next to Army Group Centre, and the southern section was in Romania. 5651:(German army) was able to mount another large-scale offensive in June 1942, although on a much reduced front than the previous summer. Hitler, having realised that Germany's oil supply was severely depleted, attempted to utilise Army Group South to capture the 4792:. The 4th Panzer Group had advanced about 450 kilometres (280 mi) since the start of the invasion and was now only about 250 kilometres (160 mi) from its primary objective Leningrad. On 9 July it began its attack towards the Soviet defences along the 3132:

against Finland in 1939–40 also convinced Hitler of a quick victory within a few months. Neither Hitler nor the General Staff anticipated a long campaign lasting into the winter and therefore, adequate preparations such as the distribution of warm clothing and

4926:: one around Białystok and another west of Minsk. The Germans destroyed the Soviet 3rd and 10th Armies while inflicting serious losses on the 4th, 11th and 13th Armies, and reported to have captured 324,000 Soviet troops, 3,300 tanks, 1,800 artillery pieces. 2699:, executions and enslavement of the populations of conquered countries, with very small percentages undergoing Germanisation, expulsion into the depths of Russia or other fates, while the conquered territories would be Germanised. The plan had two parts, the 4835:

posed a serious challenge to the army group's northern and southern sections respectively. On 22 June, only the northern section of Army Group South attacked, but the terrain impeded their assault, giving the Soviet defenders ample time to react. The German

2597:

notes that "In fact, the military commanders were caught up in the ideological character of the conflict, and involved in its implementation as willing participants". Before and during the invasion of the Soviet Union, German troops were indoctrinated with

3749:

traffic. But Stalin's distrust of the British led him to ignore their warnings in the belief that they were a trick designed to bring the Soviet Union into the war on their side. Soviet intelligence also received word of an invasion around 20 June from

3812:—which were superior to all current German tanks, as well as all designs still in development as of the summer 1941, were not available in large numbers at the time the invasion commenced. Furthermore, in the autumn of 1939, the Soviets disbanded their 15347: 3477:

argued that Hitler's Balkan Campaign had delayed the commencement of Barbarossa by several weeks and thereby jeopardised it. Many later historians argue that the 22 June start date was sufficient for the German offensive to reach Moscow by September.

2304:—invaded the western Soviet Union, along a 2,900-kilometer (1,800 mi) front, with 600,000 motor vehicles and over 600,000 horses for non-combat operations. The offensive marked a major escalation of World War II, both geographically and with the 5847:

were also persecuted. According to a post-war report by Prince Veli Kajum Khan, they were imprisoned in concentration camps in terrible conditions, where those deemed to have "Mongolian" features were murdered daily. Asians were also targeted by the

5539:

The German government now publicly predicted the imminent capture of Moscow and convinced foreign correspondents of an impending Soviet collapse. On 13 October, the 3rd Panzer Group penetrated to within 140 km (87 mi) of the capital.

15323: 4883:

and their supporting anti-communist fifth columns operating in the Soviet rear paralyzed the Front's communication lines, which particularly cut off the Soviet 4th Army headquarters from headquarters above and below it. On the same day, the

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It is additionally important that considerable portions of the German General Staff thought of Russia as a "colossus of clay" which was "politically unstable, filled with discontented minorities, ineffectively ruled, and militarily weak."

5674:

By 1943, Soviet armaments production was fully operational and increasingly outproducing the German war economy. The final major German offensive in the Eastern theatre of World War II took place during July–August 1943 with the launch of

3792:

divisions that were still mobilising, most of which were still understrength. The second echelon was undetected by German intelligence until days after the invasion commenced, in most cases only when German ground forces encountered them.

5452:. On 4 September, this new drive was launched on a broad front. Albeit reinforced by fresh reserve troops, heavy losses elsewhere on the front meant that the Soviet defenders of the 7th Army were not able to resist the Finnish advance. 5839:

Germans were regularly killing women and children. On 18 December 1941, Himmler and Hitler discussed the "Jewish question", and Himmler noted the meeting's result in his appointment book: "To be annihilated as partisans". According to

5584:, only about 8 km (5.0 mi) from the Soviet capital. It captured the bridge over the Moscow-Volga Canal as well as the railway station, which marked the easternmost advance of German forces. In spite of the progress made, the 5982:

assert that Barbarossa influenced not only Stalin but subsequent Soviet leaders, claiming it "colored" their strategic mindsets for the "next four decades". As a result, the Soviets instigated the creation of "an elaborate system of

3680:, forwarded a memo to the Kremlin that lobbied for colossal investment in the resources required for the mass production of weapons, pressing the case for "40,000 aircraft and 50,000 tanks." In the early 1930s, a modern operational 4581:, had crossed the lines at 21:00 on 21 June and informed the Soviets that an attack was coming at 04:00. Stalin was informed, but apparently regarded it as disinformation. Liskow was still being interrogated when the attack began. 6302:

reports that before the war came to its conclusion, the Soviets had an artillery advantage over the Germans of seven-to-one and that artillery production was the only area where they doubled U.S. and British manufacturing output.

5974:. More died fighting on the Eastern Front than in all other fighting across the globe during World War II. Damage to both the economy and landscape was enormous, as approximately 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages were razed. 5142:. The German units had great difficulty dealing with the Arctic conditions. After heavy fighting, Salla was taken on 8 July. To keep the momentum the German-Finnish forces advanced eastwards until they were stopped at the town of 15251: 5843:, "annihilating Jews and solving the so-called 'Jewish question' under the cover of killing partisans was the agreed-upon convention between Hitler and Himmler". In accordance with Nazi policies against "inferior" Asian peoples, 4941:

A Soviet directive was issued on 29 June to combat the mass panic rampant among the civilians and the armed forces personnel. The order stipulated swift, severe measures against anyone inciting panic or displaying cowardice. The

5925:

Rape was a widespread phenomenon in the East as German soldiers regularly committed violent sexual acts against Soviet women. Whole units were occasionally involved in the crime with upwards of one-third of the instances being

3445:

The reasons for the postponement of Barbarossa from the initially planned date of 15 May to the actual invasion date of 22 June 1941 (a 38-day delay) are debated. The reason most commonly cited is the unforeseen contingency of

2558:). Accordingly, it was a partially secret but well-documented Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land west of the Urals with Germanic peoples, under 5328:

Before an attack on Moscow could begin, operations in Kiev needed to be finished. Half of Army Group Centre had swung to the south in the back of the Kiev position, while Army Group South moved to the north from its Dnieper

5899:

reached a low, for the non-working population, of 4 ounces (110 g) (five thin slices) of bread and a little watery soup per day. Starving Soviet civilians began to eat their domestic animals, along with hair tonic and

4922:

launched against the German forces, but all of them failed. On 27 June, the 2nd and 3rd Panzer Groups met near Minsk and captured the city the next day, completing the encirclement of almost all of the Western Front in two

5302:, cutting off all land routes to Leningrad. The Germans severed the railroads to Moscow and captured the railroad to Murmansk with Finnish assistance to inaugurate the start of a siege that would last for over two years. 6220:

May brought a change of conditions; the water receded and movement was less hampered. But 1941 was an exceptional year, and at the end of June the Bug, a Polish river near Brest-Litovsk, was still overflowing its banks."

3804:

have attacked". However, maintenance and readiness standards were very poor; ammunition and radios were in short supply, and many armoured units lacked the trucks for supplies. The most advanced Soviet tank models—the

4853:, which was defended by the Southern Front. Counterattacks by the Front's 2nd Mechanised Corps and 9th Army were defeated, but on 9 July the Axis advance stalled along the defences of the Soviet 18th Army between the 4830:

The northern section of Army Group South faced the Southwestern Front, which had the largest concentration of Soviet forces, and the southern section faced the Southern Front. In addition, the Pripyat Marshes and the

2801:. On 23 August 1939 the rest of the world learned of this pact but were unaware of the provisions to partition Poland. The pact stunned the world because of the parties' earlier mutual hostility and their conflicting 3377:, who believed the decisive victory could only be delivered at Moscow. They were unable to sway Hitler, who had grown overconfident in his own military judgment as a result of the rapid successes in Western Europe. 3782:

In early 1941, Stalin authorised the State Defence Plan 1941 (DP-41), which along with the Mobilisation Plan 1941 (MP-41), called for the deployment of 186 divisions, as the first strategic echelon, in the four

5215:

By mid-July, the German forces had advanced within a few kilometers of Kiev below the Pripyat Marshes. The 1st Panzer Group then went south, while the 17th Army struck east and trapped three Soviet armies near

3087:

and by traditional German stereotypes of Russia as a primitive, backward "Asiatic" country. Red Army soldiers were considered brave and tough, but the officer corps was held in contempt. The leadership of the

5553:

were available by 15 November 1941. Ammunition and fuel supplies were prioritised over food and winter clothing, so many German troops looted supplies from local populations, but could not fill their needs.

3093:

that would be waged in the most inhumane fashion possible with the complicity of "several military leaders," even though it was quite clear that this would be in violation of all accepted norms of warfare.

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Of the AFVs, Askey reports there were 301 assault guns, 257 tank destroyers and self-propelled guns, 1,055 armoured half-tracks, 1,367 armoured cars, 92 combat engineer and ammunition transport vehicles.

4780:'s LVI Panzer Corps reached the river first and secured a bridgehead across it. The Northwestern Front was forced to abandon the river defences, and on 29 June Stavka ordered the Front to withdraw to the 5593:, preventing large-scale air operations. Newly created Soviet units near Moscow now numbered over 500,000 men, who despite their inexperience, were able to halt the German offensive by 5 December due to 2870:

to be followed by one against the rest of Europe. Other historians contend that Stalin did not plan for such an attack in June 1941, given the parlous state of the Red Army at the time of the invasion.

11850: 2157: 5903:. Some desperate citizens resorted to cannibalism; Soviet records list 2,000 people arrested for "the use of human meat as food" during the siege, 886 of them during the first winter of 1941–42. The 15249: 4846:

ending in the defeat of the Soviet tank units. On 30 June Stavka ordered the remaining forces of the Southwestern Front to withdraw to the Stalin Line, where it would defend the approaches to Kiev.

5637:. Nonetheless, the Red Army proved capable of countering the German offensives, particularly as the Germans began experiencing irreplaceable shortages in manpower, armaments, provisions, and fuel. 5544:

was declared in Moscow. Almost from the beginning of Operation Typhoon, however, the weather worsened. Temperatures fell while there was continued rainfall. This turned the unpaved road network

3762:. The Chinese maintain the tipoff helped Stalin make preparations, though little exists to confirm the Soviets made any real changes upon receiving the intelligence. In early 1941, Stalin's own 2817:

that led to the annexation of the eastern part of the country. As a result of the pact, Germany and the Soviet Union maintained reasonably strong diplomatic relations for two years and fostered

3096:

Even so, in autumn 1940, some high-ranking German military officials drafted a memorandum to Hitler on the dangers of an invasion of the Soviet Union. They argued that the eastern territories (

15359: 5686:. Approximately one million German troops confronted a Soviet force over 2.5 million strong. The Soviets, well aware of the attack in advance and fully prepared for it, prevailed in the 3426:, produced a preliminary three-pronged plan of attack for what a German invasion might look like, remarkably similar to the actual attack. Since April 1941, the Germans had begun setting up 3041:, issued by Hitler on 30 March 1941, supplemented the Directive by decreeing that the war against the Soviet Union would be one of annihilation and legally sanctioned the eradication of all 19094: 2522:". On 23 November, once World War II had already started, Hitler declared that "racial war has broken out and this war shall determine who shall govern Europe, and with it, the world". The 2654:

had murdered more than 500,000 Soviet Jews, a figure greater than the number of Red Army soldiers killed in battle by then. German army commanders cast Jews as the major cause behind the "

5781: 5645:

Despite the rapid relocation of Red Army armaments production east of the Urals and a dramatic increase of production in 1942, especially of armour, new aircraft types and artillery, the

5576:

On 2 December, part of the 258th Infantry Division advanced to within 24 km (15 mi) of Moscow. They were so close that German officers claimed they could see the spires of the

5201:. The city itself was taken on 29 August, along with a broad advance on the rest of the Karelian Isthmus. By the beginning of September, Finland had restored its pre-Winter War borders. 6343:

Glantz and House use the expression "The Great Patriotic War", the Soviet name for World War II—but this term represents by and large, the contest between the U.S.S.R. and Nazi Germany.

2769:

The geopolitical disposition of Europe in 1941, immediately before the start of Operation Barbarossa. The grey area represents Nazi Germany, its allies, and countries under its control.

5521:. Russian peasants began fleeing ahead of the advancing German units, burning their harvested crops, driving their cattle away, and destroying buildings in their villages as part of a 5146:

by Soviet resistance. Further south the Finnish III Corps made an independent effort to reach the Murmansk railway through the Arctic terrain. Facing only one division of the Soviet

4997:

Finland was divided into two operational zones. Northern Finland was the staging area for Army Norway. Its goal was to execute a two-pronged pincer movement on the strategic port of

19045: 15250: 5970:, the war's largest theatre, which saw clashes of unprecedented violence and destruction for four years and killed over 26 million Soviet people, including about 8.6 million 3961:

inconclusive but has produced an abundance of scholarly literature and helped to expand the understanding of larger themes in Soviet and world history during the interwar period.

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Campaign. Furthermore we had had a very wet spring; the Bug and its tributaries were at flood level until well into May and the nearby ground was swampy and almost impassable."

3787:

of the western Soviet Union that faced the Axis territories; and the deployment of another 51 divisions along the Dvina and Dnieper Rivers as the second strategic echelon under

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Kay, Alex (2012). "The Purpose of the Russian Campaign Is the Decimation of the Slavic Population by Thirty Million". In Kay, Alex J.; Rutherford, Jeff; Stahel, David (eds.).

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of the units subordinate to the Fronts to receive the order of the directive, and the majority did not receive it before the invasion commenced. A German communist deserter,

2198:. It was the largest and costliest land offensive in human history, with around 10 million combatants taking part, and over 8 million casualties by the end of the operation. 14629: 2510:('living space') to ensure the survival of Germany for generations to come. On 10 February 1939, Hitler told his army commanders that the next war would be "purely a war of 3083:, the invasion plans drawn up by the German military elite were substantially coloured by hubris, stemming from the rapid defeat of France at the hands of the "invincible" 4609:

went into action and faced slightly fewer Soviet troops at the border. Accompanying the German forces during the initial invasion were Finnish and Romanian units as well.

2695:, prepared in 1941 and confirmed in 1942, called for a "new order of ethnographical relations" in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. It envisaged 2399:

s diminished forces could no longer attack along the entire Eastern Front, and subsequent operations to retake the initiative and drive deep into Soviet territory—such as

19150: 17246: 13691:"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 5767: 5720: 4814: 16991: 3649: 18735: 16592: 4670: 12650:. A Paper Presented as the 20th Anniversary Distinguished Lecture at the Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs. Clemson University. Archived from 18604: 16608: 4955:. He also personally conducted an aerial inspection of the Minsk-Białystok pocket on 30 June and concluded that his panzer group was not needed to contain it, since 3027:

had been working on since July 1940, under the codename "Operation Otto." Upon reviewing the plans, Hitler formally committed Germany to the invasion when he issued

1594: 5854:

and were the subjects of lethal medical experiments and murder at a "pathological institute" in Kiev. Hitler received reports of the mass killings conducted by the

3795:

At the start of the invasion, the manpower of the Soviet military force that had been mobilised was 5.3–5.5 million, and it was still increasing as the Soviet

5707:

on 30 April 1945 in order to avoid capture by the Soviets, and the war in Europe finally ended with the total defeat and capitulation of Nazi Germany in May 1945.

16935: 16531: 16503: 15647: 15335: 15088: 6130: 5294:

units, consisting of worker battalions and even schoolboy formations, joined in digging trenches as they prepared to defend the city. On 7 September, the German

2455:, and would awaken in the hour of Germany's greatest need and restore the nation to its former glory. Originally, the invasion of the Soviet Union was codenamed 6113:

Germany's allies, in total, provided a significant number of troops and material to the front. There were also numerous units under German command recruited in

5762:

Despite such mandates, Hitler called for the battle against the Soviet Union to be a "struggle for existence" and emphasized that the Soviet armies were to be "

3482:

wrote in 2012 about the delay caused by German attacks in the Balkans that "most accept that it made little difference" to the eventual outcome of Barbarossa.

2988:, that occupying Western Russia would create "more of a drain than a relief for Germany's economic situation," he anticipated compensatory benefits such as the 19053: 19049: 18583: 17255: 16942: 16069: 5966:

Barbarossa was the largest military operation in history—more men, tanks, guns and aircraft were deployed than in any other offensive. The invasion opened the

2648:

s advance, were to execute all Soviet functionaries who were "less valuable Asiatics, Gypsies and Jews." Six months into the invasion of the Soviet Union, the

4733:

over the battlefields of all the army groups, but was unable to extend this air dominance over the vast expanse of the western Soviet Union. According to the

17558: 16921: 16223: 15848: 5694:, a counter-offensive employing six million men along a 2,400-kilometre (1,500 mi) front towards the Dnieper River as they drove the Germans westwards. 2289: 13840: 11449:

Aitken, Andy, Dave Flitton & James Wignall (directors), Dave Flitton (series producer); Dave Flitton, Andy Aitken & James Wignall (writers) (1996).

5812:

Organised crimes against civilians, including women and children, were carried out on a huge scale by the German police and military forces, as well as the

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pieces of all types. The death or capture of two-thirds of all Southern Front troops in four days unhinged the Front's left flank, allowing the Germans to

15365: 5056: 17028: 16517: 16133: 5188:

With the Soviet forces cut in half, the attack on the Karelian Isthmus could commence. The Finnish army attempted to encircle large Soviet formations at

5005:. Southern Finland was still under the responsibility of the Finnish Army. The goal of the Finnish forces was, at first, to recapture Finnish Karelia at 3485:

The Germans deployed one independent regiment, one separate motorised training brigade and 153 divisions for Barbarossa, which included 104 infantry, 19

2912:

Stalin's reputation as a brutal dictator contributed both to the Nazis' justification of their assault and to their expectations of success, as Stalin's

2877:

1939 German Diplomatic passport with its holder returning after the outbreak of war 2 years later and being evacuated on a special train out of the USSR.

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Beck, Birgit (2005). "Sexual Violence and Its Prosecution by Courts Martial of the Wehrmacht". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (eds.).

4605:. Meanwhile, ground troops crossed the border, accompanied in some locales by Lithuanian and Ukrainian partisans. Roughly three million soldiers of the 19111: 15543: 5556:

Facing the Germans were the 5th, 16th, 30th, 43rd, 49th, and 50th Soviet Armies. The Germans intended to move the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies across the

5073:, the Donbas and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major centre of military production, in the north. 3169:—later appointed Reich Minister of the Occupied Eastern Territories—suggested that conquered Soviet territory should be administered in the following 3124:, that he would no longer listen to misgivings about the economic dangers of a war with the USSR. It is speculated that this was passed on to General 16914: 16354: 16230: 5813: 5167: 2849: 2760: 13103:

Hillgruber, Andreas (1972). "Die "Endlösung" und das deutsche Ostimperium als Kernstück des rassenideologischen Programms des Nationalsozialismus".

6325:

Significant planning for Finnish participation in the campaign against the Soviet Union was conducted well-before the plan's actual implementation.

5789:

Before the war, Hitler had issued the notorious Commissar Order, which called for all Soviet political commissars taken prisoner at the front to be

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Historians have debated whether Stalin was planning an invasion of German territory in the summer of 1941. The debate began in the late 1980s when

2836:

Despite the parties' ostensibly cordial relations, each side was highly suspicious of the other's intentions. For instance, the Soviet invasion of

2818: 2285: 1345: 4784:

on the approaches to Leningrad. On 2 July, Army Group North began its attack on the Stalin Line with its 4th Panzer Group, and on 8 July captured

4771:

On 22 June, Army Group North attacked the Soviet Northwestern Front and broke through its 8th and 11th Armies. The Soviets immediately launched a

4745:

by 5 July had lost 491 aircraft with 316 more damaged, leaving it with only about 70 percent of the strength it had at the start of the invasion.

3361:

rivers, and this pervaded the plan for Barbarossa. This belief later led to disputes between Hitler and several German senior officers, including

2861:

two-front war and subsequently delayed the reconstruction of defensive fortifications in the border regions. When German soldiers swam across the

16644: 15956: 3558:, and link up with Finnish forces. Army Group Centre, the army group equipped with the most armour and air power, was to strike from Poland into 2825:

by which the Soviets received German military equipment and trade goods in exchange for raw materials, such as oil and wheat, to help the German

2737:

equivalent enemies of the Nazi state. Nazi imperialist ambitions rejected the common humanity of both groups, declaring the supreme struggle for

1507: 17: 12499: 19316: 18728: 16463: 15765: 14932: 6126: 5363:

After operations at Kiev were successfully concluded, Army Group South advanced east and south to capture the industrial Donbas region and the

2340: 18476: 3501:. These were equipped with 6,867 armoured vehicles, of which 3,350–3,795 were tanks, 2,770–4,389 aircraft (that amounted to 65 percent of the 2414:

s defeat. These Soviet victories ended Germany's territorial expansion and presaged the eventual defeat and collapse of Nazi Germany in 1945.

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on 18 December 1940, where he outlined the precise manner in which the operation was to be carried out. Hitler also renamed the operation to

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referred to the Germans as the Soviet Union's "most important and strongest enemy," and as early as July 1940, the Red Army Chief of Staff,

19321: 17355: 17211: 17195: 17167: 16408: 15615: 5809:

died of starvation during Barbarossa alone. By the end of the war, 58 percent of all Soviet prisoners of war had died in German captivity.

18119: 17179: 17091: 17035: 16998: 16273: 5971: 5163: 4633: 3732:

In the Soviet Union, speaking to his generals in December 1940, Stalin mentioned Hitler's references to an attack on the Soviet Union in

2375:

pushed the Germans about 250 km (160 mi) back. German high command anticipated a quick collapse of Soviet resistance as in the

5424:

fortifications. On 6 September the first defence line at the Voyta River was breached, but further attacks against the main line at the

5154:. Large Red Army reinforcements then prevented further gains on both fronts, and the German-Finnish force had to go onto the defensive. 3932:

former German generals following the war. Suvorov's thesis was fully or partially accepted by a limited number of historians, including

17084: 15809: 14825: 12223: 5605:. The offensive halted on 7 January 1942, after having pushed the German armies back 100–250 km (62–155 mi) from Moscow. The 5181:

Finnish attack was launched on 10 July. The Army of Karelia held a numerical advantage versus the Soviet defenders of the 7th Army and

4682:

reconnaissance units plotted Soviet troop concentrations, supply dumps and airfields, and marked them down for destruction. Additional

3644: 2785:," Soviet Union and Germany would partition Poland in the event of an invasion by Germany, and the Soviets would be allowed to overrun 1761: 1556: 5891:

Burning houses suspected of being partisan meeting places and poisoning water wells became common practice for soldiers of the German

5871: 19260: 18721: 18597: 17218: 15601: 15559: 12651: 2822: 13279:

Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940–1941

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Barbarossa kicked off, they possessed some 33,000 pieces of artillery, a number far greater than the Germans had at their disposal.

18760: 18446: 16251: 16025: 15788: 15654: 15465: 14763:

Vogel, Detlef (1995). "The German Attack on Yugoslavia and Greece". In Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (eds.).

5461: 3970: 2777:. A secret protocol to the pact outlined an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union on the division of the eastern European 1921: 1916: 1580: 12936: 4947:

and on 22 July tried and executed him along with many members of his staff on charges of "cowardice" and "criminal incompetence".

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reportedly destroyed 1,489 aircraft on the first day of the invasion and over 3,100 during the first three days. Hermann Göring,

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in Soviet-occupied Poland and an artillery barrage on Red Army defences on the entire front. Air-raids were conducted as far as

17537: 17049: 15892: 15430: 11853:[Chancellor Angela Merkel: The Anniversary of Nazi Germany's Attack against the Former Soviet Union is a Day of Shame]. 6233:, the attack against the Soviet Union was part of the struggle against Bolshevism and one of Finland's "traditional enemies". 5659:. Again, the Germans quickly overran great expanses of Soviet territory, but they failed to achieve their ultimate goal of the 3784: 3101: 2250: 1911: 11851:"Kanzlerin Merkel: Jahrestag des Überfalls von Nazi-Deutschland auf die damalige Sowjetunion ist Tag der Scham (19 June 2021)" 4759: 19274: 18140: 18045: 17565: 17311: 17186: 16265: 16239: 16096: 15802: 15719: 15299: 15159: 15121: 15051: 14989: 14890: 14837: 14814: 14795: 14776: 14753: 14734: 14601: 14563: 14541: 14522: 14503: 14430: 14406: 14365: 14344: 14273: 14254: 14211: 14188: 14146: 14107: 14088: 14050: 14031: 14012: 13988: 13969: 13946: 13924: 13886: 13810: 13784: 13755: 13717: 13698: 13679: 13617: 13598: 13553: 13534: 13515: 13441: 13384: 13365: 13346: 13327: 13308: 13152: 13076: 12999: 12925: 12906: 12868: 12846: 12808: 12744: 12668: 12593: 12572: 12469: 12431: 12409: 12334: 12293: 12274: 12252: 12181: 12064: 12045: 12026: 11984: 11944: 11817: 11798: 11741: 11674: 11667:

Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin

11655: 11636: 11613: 11589: 11570: 11551: 11503: 11484: 11420: 11401: 11372: 4123: 1899: 14612: 13491:"Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler in 1941? The Historiographical Controversy Surrounding the Origins of the Nazi-Soviet War" 4849:

On 2 July, the southern section of Army Group South—the Romanian 3rd and 4th Armies, alongside the German 11th Army—invaded

3144:, issued in March 1941, laid out the agenda for the next step after the anticipated quick conquest of the Soviet Union. The 18373: 17773: 17659: 16824: 16284: 16280: 16258: 15862: 15178: 14420: 13030: 12820:

Das Reichskommissariat Ostland: Die Kulturpolitik Der Deutschen Verwaltung Zwischen Autonomie Und Gleichschaltung 1941–1944

11839: 5261: 5127: 4509: 4485: 4316: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4271: 4217: 4178: 4135: 3113: 2977:. The report concluded that—once established—this military border would reduce the threat to Germany from attacks by enemy 1756: 1621: 1338: 3037:

in honor of medieval Emperor Friedrich I of the Holy Roman Empire, a leader of the Third Crusade in the 12th century. The

18943: 18938: 18933: 18918: 18913: 18903: 18898: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18288: 17745: 17077: 17063: 16269: 13460: 5486: 4850: 4692: 4497: 4473: 4456: 4426: 4384: 4369: 4354: 4283: 4229: 4185: 3554:. Army Group North was to march through Latvia and Estonia into northern Russia, then either take or destroy the city of 3181:

Administrative subdivisions of conquered Soviet territory as envisaged, and then partially realised, by Alfred Rosenberg

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was assigned the task of drawing up the initial invasion plans of the Soviet Union. The first battle plans were entitled

2246: 2012: 1722: 1626: 1522: 18713: 5532:, just 121 km (75 mi) south of the Soviet first main defence line. Three days later, the Panzers pushed on to 3497:

to operate in conquered territories, four divisions in Finland and two divisions as reserve under the direct control of

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Roberts, Geoffrey (2014). "Stalin's Wartime Vision of the Peace, 1939–1945". In Snyder, Timothy; Brandon, Ray (eds.).

5107:, approached Murmansk directly by crossing the border at Petsamo. However, in mid-July after securing the neck of the 2949:

as the operational objective of any invasion of the Soviet Union. This assault would extend from the northern city of

18613: 17488: 17460: 17277: 16859: 16571: 16538: 15032: 14859: 13053: 11736:. Vol. IV. Translated by McMurry, Dean S.; Osers, Ewald; Willmot, Louise. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press. 11439: 6254: 6018: 5633:

The Soviet Union had suffered heavily from the conflict, losing huge tracts of territory, and vast losses in men and

5601:, and the poor German situation. On 5 December, the Soviet defenders launched a massive counterattack as part of the 4326: 3109: 2830: 2300:). Over the course of the operation, over 3.8 million personnel of the Axis powers—the largest invasion force in the 1987: 1877: 1778: 1007: 15754: 5395:

were isolated and four days later they had been annihilated. The Soviet defeat was total; 106,332 men captured, 212

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and then Moscow. Army Group South was to strike the heavily populated and agricultural heartland of Ukraine, taking

157:

Axis captured approximately 600,000 sq mi (1,600,000 km) of Soviet territory but failed to reach the

18650: 17801: 17738: 16873: 16702: 15825: 14768: 13801:

Menger, Manfred (1997). "Germany and the Finnish 'Separate War' Against the Soviet Union". In Wegner, Bernd (ed.).

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was the original German plan of attack for Operation Barbarossa, as depicted in a US Government study (March 1955).

1967: 1962: 1732: 1539: 1424: 16379: 5103:

On 29 June, Germany launched its effort to capture Murmansk in a pincer attack. The northern pincer, conducted by

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See for instance the involvement of Latvian and Ukrainian forces in killing Jews cited by historian Raul Hilberg.

5528:

The first blow took the Soviets completely by surprise when the 2nd Panzer Group, returning from the south, took

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process in Eastern Europe would be complete when "in the East dwell only men with truly German, Germanic blood."

1331: 258: 18799: 16549: 16117: 19099: 18923: 18560: 18532: 18410: 18203: 17433: 16884: 16810: 16599: 15970: 15689: 15594: 15479: 13432:

Kirshin, Yuri (1997). "The Soviet Armed Forces on the Eve of the Great Patriotic War". In Wegner, Bernd (ed.).

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s inventory steadily diminished due to combat, demand for air support only increased as the VVS recovered. The

2778: 2715:('large plan'), which covered policies after the war was won, to be implemented gradually over 25 to 30 years. 2038: 1882: 5916: 2682:(dated 25 May 1940), outlined the Nazi plans for the non-German populations in the East. Himmler believed the 19326: 19296: 19253: 18875: 18620: 18553: 18504: 18435: 18260: 17759: 17710: 17474: 17467: 17070: 16831: 16615: 15668: 15311: 14448: 13196: 11390:

Participation of the Royal Hungarian Armed Forces in the attack against the Soviet Union, June–December, 1941

6286: 6278: 6013: 5367:. The Soviet Southern Front launched an attack on 26 September with two armies on the northern shores of the 5351: 4415: 4157: 3494: 3455:

floods may have discouraged an earlier attack, even if they occurred before the end of the Balkans Campaign.

2726:

that the war against the Soviet Union was "an essential part of the German people's struggle for existence" (

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commanders on "the policy of eliminating Jews in Soviet territories, at least in general terms". While the

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for which the Germans were unprepared. Following the heavy losses and logistical strain of Barbarossa, the

2316: 2072: 1827: 1790: 1695: 1604: 1463: 933: 43: 12986:

Heer, Hannes (2000). "The Logic of the War of Extermination: The Wehrmacht and the Anti-Partisan War". In

5865: 2331:(for Soviet and Axis forces alike), all of which influenced the course of World War II and the subsequent 19246: 19222: 19217: 19132: 18961: 18953: 18773: 18657: 17981: 17926: 17544: 17516: 17369: 16984: 16963: 16477: 16140: 16046: 15536: 13917:

Eroberungen. Sexuelle Gewalttaten und intime Beziehungen deutscher Soldaten in der Sowjetunion, 1941–1945

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found itself struggling to maintain local air superiority. With the onset of bad weather in October, the

3677: 2774: 2586: 2566:(General Plan for the East). The Nazis' belief in their ethnic superiority pervades official records and 2332: 2281: 440: 5444:

in eastern Karelia. The Finnish government agreed to restart its offensive into Soviet Karelia to reach

4656:

The initial momentum of the German ground and air attack completely destroyed the Soviet organisational

3141: 2379:, analogous to the reaction Russia had during World War I, but instead the Red Army absorbed the German 18778: 18768: 18455: 17944: 17863: 17808: 17696: 17652: 17302: 16928: 16852: 16747: 16624: 16496: 16489: 16449: 16422: 16154: 16087: 15682: 15493: 15423: 15403: 15391: 15003: 14949: 14454: 6062: 5472:

fell the next day. On 7 December, Finland halted all offensive operations and went onto the defensive.

5286:

spirit stronger in resisting the Germans than at Leningrad where reserve troops and freshly improvised

5026: 4696: 3766:

and American intelligence gave regular and repeated warnings of an impending German attack. Soviet spy

3604: 3231: 3200: 3024: 2853: 2765: 2293: 2104: 2066: 1832: 1177: 12937:"Too Little, Too Late: An Analysis of Hitler's Failure in August 1942 to Damage Soviet Oil Production" 12776:

Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin,

12075: 4912:, the 6th and 11th Mechanised Corps and the 6th Cavalry Corps launched a strong counterstrike towards 3442:

coast included activities such as ship concentrations, reconnaissance flights and training exercises.

19311: 18357: 18274: 18059: 17912: 17884: 17717: 17622: 17412: 16845: 15912: 15566: 15285: 12514: 12215: 6274: 5580:, but by then the first blizzards had begun. A reconnaissance battalion managed to reach the town of 5346: 5119:. Renewed attacks led to nothing, and this front became a stalemate for the remainder of Barbarossa. 5022: 4343: 4191: 3345: 3045:

and intellectual elites in Eastern Europe. The invasion was tentatively set for May 1941, but it was

2840:

in June 1940 went beyond their sphere of influence as agreed with Germany. After Germany entered the

2814: 2806: 2773:

On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact in Moscow known as the

2099: 1707: 1675: 1650: 1483: 1419: 1377: 16110: 15008:. University of Nebraska Press. Generalplan Ost: The Search for a Final Solution through Expulsion. 5150:

it was able to make rapid headway. On 7 August it captured Kestenga while reaching the outskirts of

4904:. Simultaneously, the German 4th and 9th Armies engaged the Western Front forces in the environs of 4620:

At around noon, the news of the invasion was broadcast to the population by Soviet foreign minister

3028: 18096: 18073: 17318: 17119: 17112: 16769: 16429: 16401: 16394: 15781: 15005:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

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Operation Barbarossa: The Complete Organisational and Statistical Analysis, and Military Simulation

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1941. In front of Army Group Centre was a series of elaborate defence lines, the first centred on

3729:

Soviet war plans and the deployment of their armed forces in preparation for the German invasion.

3717:

as the most dangerous threat to the Soviet Union, and that in the case of a war with Germany, the

2347:" worked to solve German food shortages and exterminate the Slavic population through starvation. 19073: 19068: 18981: 18928: 18518: 18462: 18332: 18192: 17870: 17523: 17419: 17325: 16893: 16754: 16724: 16688: 16673: 16545: 16437: 16415: 16361: 16347: 16329: 15993: 15774: 15502: 15451: 5805:, a few prominent German officers openly protested against them. An estimated two million Soviet 5724: 5404: 5388: 5147: 4952: 4909: 4712: 4421: 4364: 4349: 4295: 4266: 4212: 4163: 3997: 3510: 3466: 2733: 2610:

ideology via movies, radio, lectures, books, and leaflets. Likening the Soviets to the forces of

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Uldricks, Teddy (Autumn 1999). "The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?".

14285:

Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik

13145:

Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10

13143:

Himmler, Heinrich (1940). "Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East".

3684:

for the Red Army was developed and promulgated in the 1936 Field Regulations in the form of the

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Erickson, J. (1972). "The Soviet Response to Surprise Attack: Three Directives, 22 June 1941".

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states, designed to insulate the Soviet Union from any possible future attack". In the ensuing

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planned to seal off Leningrad, starve out the population, and then demolish the city entirely.

5172: 5098: 4809: 4602: 3825: 3796: 3778:

Army general (later Marshal) Zhukov speaking at a military conference in Moscow, September 1941

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to substantiate their claims that Britain was the real target. These simulated preparations in

2810: 2309: 2305: 1972: 1945: 1822: 1665: 1448: 1397: 19122: 19027: 19004: 18751: 18701: 18424: 18267: 18163: 18133: 18089: 17958: 17822: 17787: 17780: 17703: 17601: 17042: 17019: 16866: 16470: 16007: 15747: 15733: 15416: 15089:"Hitler's Quest for Oil: The Impact of Economic Considerations on Military Strategy, 1941–42" 13277: 12146: 5955: 5704: 5522: 5372: 5323: 5112: 5104: 4707:

Soviet aircraft in the first three days against an estimated loss of 78 German aircraft. The

4118: 4101: 4028: 4018: 1950: 1939: 1690: 1453: 1073: 791: 762: 757: 681: 676: 16305: 15189: 13934: 11775: 11725: 11721: 11385:

A Magyar Királyi Honvédség részvétele a Szovjetunió elleni támadásban, 1941. június-december

5609:

had lost the Battle for Moscow, and the invasion had cost the German Army over 830,000 men.

3774: 2662:

After the war began, the Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign

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Lopez, Jean; Aubin, Nicolas; Bernard, Vincent; Guillerat, Nicolas; Fenby, Jonathan (2019).

13212:

Humpert, David (2005). "Viktor Suvorov and Operation Barbarossa: Tukhachevskii Revisited".

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which were first conveyed to the RSHA, where they were aggregated into a summary report by

5840: 5668: 5289: 5094: 5002: 4832: 4564: 4130: 4091: 4062: 4057: 3927: 3763: 3742: 3713:

Beginning in July 1940, the Red Army General Staff developed war plans that identified the

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Adolf Hitler's Order of the Day to the German Troops on the Eastern Front (2 October 1941)

13769:[Evaluation by the Soviet leadership of the events of World War II in 1939–1941]. 5498: 4805: 1670: 1402: 8: 19301: 19212: 19031: 18743: 18643: 18417: 18295: 18251: 17766: 16900: 16659: 16186: 16016: 16000: 15949: 11751: 11709: 11563:

Wehrmacht und sexuelle Gewalt. Sexualverbrechen vor deutschen Militärgerichten, 1939–1945

11513:

Bar-Joseph, Uri; Levy, Jack S. (Fall 2009). "Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure".

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Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II

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was taken on 5 September. On 7 September, Finnish forward units reached the Svir River.

5407:

Kharkov on 24 October. Kleist's 1st Panzer Army took the Donbas region that same month.

3755: 3023:

Hitler received the final military plans for the invasion on 5 December 1940, which the

3013:

We only have to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down.

2674:('Eastern workers') that included the death penalty for sexual relations with a German. 2577:

Plan of new German settlement colonies (marked with dots and diamonds), drawn up by the

2570:

articles in German periodicals, on topics such as "how to deal with alien populations."

19166: 19117: 19063: 18840: 18636: 18469: 18394: 18348: 18318: 18226: 18066: 17724: 17608: 17502: 17453: 17391: 17147: 17098: 16907: 16524: 16179: 15977: 15072: 14711: 14703: 14615:[Merkel calls the 1941 attack against the Soviet Union an occasion for shame]. 14221:

Roberts, Cynthia (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941".

13958: 13845: 13655: 13229: 13147:. Vol. 13. District of Columbia: US Government Printing Office. pp. 147–150. 13112: 13065: 12967: 12959: 12754: 12171: 12134: 11920: 11912: 11883: 11875: 11827: 11542:

Baudot, Marcel; Bernard, Henri; Foot, Michael R.D.; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf, eds. (1989).

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Germans defeated this counterattack thanks largely to the coincidental presence of the

4777: 4621: 3957: 3941: 3697: 3685: 3490: 3427: 3423: 3080: 2900: 2471: 2433: 2376: 2355:, carried out by German death squads or willing collaborators, murdered over a million 2301: 2210: 2092: 2053: 2033: 2028: 1926: 1701: 1478: 1218: 900: 786: 774: 510: 484: 423: 404: 200: 14183:. Translated by Michael Idomir Allen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 11960:

Web Genocide Documentation Center – Resources on Genocide, War Crimes and Mass Killing

11858:

Breitman, Richard (1991). "Himmler and the 'Terrible Secret' among the Executioners".

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objective was Smolensk, which commanded the road to Moscow. Facing the Germans was an

4711:

reported the loss of only 35 aircraft on the first day of combat. A document from the

3531:(air fleets, the air force equivalent of army groups) that supported the army groups: 19103: 18966: 18809: 18627: 18511: 18401: 18341: 18302: 18235: 18217: 18183: 18126: 18080: 18024: 17842: 17580: 17572: 17509: 17362: 16956: 16481: 15942: 15921: 15631: 15324:

Adolf Hitler's Letter to Benito Mussolini Explaining the Invasion of the Soviet Union

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855 killed, 2,288 wounded in action, 277 missing and captured, 1,000 sick and injured

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The German position of advances before the start of Operation Typhoon, September 1941

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Shattered Genius: The Decline and Fall of the German General Staff in World War II

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whose spy, Yan Baohang, had overheard talk of the plans at a dinner with a German

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and warned the Soviet Union accordingly. Some of this intelligence was based on

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portrayed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by non-Aryan

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began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 (under the code-name

2232: 2136: 2043: 1905: 1870: 1795: 1685: 822: 767: 729: 724: 686: 536: 380: 124: 68: 18681: 11996: 11582:

A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945

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On 12 November 1941 the temperature around Moscow was −12 °C (10 °F).

5793:. German soldiers participated in these mass killings along with members of the 3071: 2323:

in human history. The area saw some of history's largest battles, most horrific

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Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalization

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Der Krieg als Kreuzzug: Das Deutsche Reich, Hitlers Wehrmacht und die Endlösung

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a racial war between the disciplined Germans and the Jewish, Romani and Slavic

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In the two years leading up to the invasion, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union

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as well as the agricultural resources of various Soviet territories, including

1849: 1680: 1443: 548: 392: 318: 55: 15387: 15104: 14450:

The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture

14234: 13225: 12781: 12376: 11810:

Why Was Barbarossa Delayed? The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean

11450: 11413:

The Eastern Front: Barbarossa, Stalingrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Bagration, Berlin

9595: 6455: 5035:

German advances during the opening phases of Operation Barbarossa, August 1941

5009:

as well as the Karelian Isthmus, which included Finland's second largest city

4616:

Moscovites gather by a loudspeaker to listen to Molotov's speech, 22 June 1941

2465:'s expansive campaigns in Eastern Europe), but Hitler had the name changed to 19290: 19207: 19171: 18985: 18387: 16298: 16147: 15986: 14886: 14624: 14292: 13998: 13667: 13651: 13630:(2003). "Crossing the Rubicon: Soviet Plans for Offensive War in 1940–1941". 13627: 12419: 12240: 12219: 12130: 11599: 11534: 10662: 6565: 6122: 6040: 5876: 5598: 5491: 5135: 4730: 4578: 4569: 3767: 3657: 3479: 3366: 3358: 3134: 3001: 2962: 2857: 2719: 2683: 2529: 2444: 2360: 2343:

3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war, and millions of civilians, as the "

2270: 2238: 1489: 1248: 634: 589: 560: 472: 459: 428: 228: 77: 15269:

was created from a revision of this article dated 10 December 2017

12786:(television documentary). Soviet Storm: World War II in the East. Star Media 11432:

Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945

10230: 5060:

German mechanized forces pushing east through a rapeseed field, August 1941.

3401:

The Germans had begun massing troops near the Soviet border even before the

1437: 18686: 18490: 16776: 16681: 16312: 15675: 15439: 15395: 14551: 13777:

Stalin's Missed Chance: Soviet Union and the Struggle for Europe, 1939–1941

13095: 13090:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Bernard & Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen. 13026: 12641: 12303: 12200: 11937:

Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland

9897: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6162:

treatment, meaning about 8,000 became permanent losses. Askey 2014, p. 178.

6118: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5948: 5835: 5561: 5557: 5457: 5425: 5299: 5198: 4956: 4879:

destroyed the Western Front's air force on the ground, and with the aid of

4250: 4140: 4111: 4072: 4033: 3953: 3952:

is generally considered to be an "anti-Soviet tract" in Western countries.

3540: 3536: 3532: 3374: 3125: 2984:

Although Hitler was warned by many high-ranking military officers, such as

2934: 2905: 2722:

demonstrates the dissemination of the Nazi racial plan, as he informed the

2669: 2611: 2603: 2499: 2489: 2222: 2214: 2195: 2187: 2183: 1800: 1049: 1000: 926: 893: 845: 805: 738: 695: 662: 629: 609: 597: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 518: 505: 492: 479: 467: 453: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 356: 351: 338: 325: 313: 305: 299: 278: 272: 185: 179: 133: 47: 14982:

The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare

14788:

The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War

13546:

Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941–1943

13453:

Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945

12426:. Translated by Lehrer, Natasha. London: C. Hurst and Co. Publishers Ltd. 9858: 9631: 6553: 4905: 3469:, and Hitler study maps during the early days of Hitler's Soviet Campaign. 2622:

that the "Mongolian race" threatened Europe. Following the invasion, many

1413: 19181: 19089: 18325: 18311: 17973: 16635: 16456: 16441: 15795: 14977: 13273: 12987: 11763: 11717: 10722: 10650: 10422: 5931: 5560:

and envelop Moscow from the northeast. The 2nd Panzer Group would attack

5541: 5525:

designed to deny to the Nazi war machine needed supplies and foodstuffs.

5368: 5139: 5041: 5006: 4781: 3547: 3162: 3150: 3145: 3137:

of important military equipment like tanks and artillery, were not made.

2974: 2950: 2913: 2707:('small plan'), which covered actions to be taken during the war and the 2607: 2553: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2261:(living space) for Germany, and the eventual extermination of the native 2191: 330: 14613:"Überfall auf Sowjetunion 1941: Merkel nennt Jahrestag Anlass für Scham" 14160:

Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion

13898:

The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR During World War II

13767:"Оценка советским руководством событий Второй мировой войны в 1939–1941" 13116: 12346:

Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941

11584:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 317–332. 7170: 6577: 6236: 5375:, which was simultaneously advancing into the Crimea. On 1 October, the 5243:

and was even pressing to achieve air superiority over the battlefields.

1371: 19186: 17673: 17426: 17405: 16291: 15624: 15552: 15369: 15152:

Oil, Illiberalism, and War: An Analysis of Energy and US Foreign Policy

14945: 14878: 14722: 14707: 13822:

Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe

13187:"'The World Will Hold Its Breath': Reinterpreting Operation Barbarossa" 13018: 12839:

The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won

12138: 12114: 12040:. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 11705: 9619: 6850: 6820: 6682: 6230: 6030: 5581: 5545: 5449: 5445: 5330: 4854: 4793: 4594: 3759: 3751: 3574:

of southern USSR to the Volga with the aim of controlling the oil-rich

3559: 3526: 3129: 2954: 2929:

for a "final showdown" with Bolshevism. With the successful end to the

2852:

addressing several open issues in January 1941. According to historian

2826: 2798: 2519: 2505: 2494: 2428: 2256: 1323: 12963: 12739:. Vol. Revised and Expanded Edition. University Press of Kansas. 11916: 11879: 10818: 6497: 5031: 3000:

as a reliable and immense source of agricultural products, the use of

2593:

upholding its honor in the face of Hitler's fanaticism, the historian

18744: 17936: 17341: 17138: 16949: 16740: 16695: 15380: 13879:

Cross of Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German War Machine, 1918–1945

10746: 6025: 5927: 5831: 5827: 5775: 5660: 5656: 5400: 5189: 4734: 4586: 3584: 3555: 3506: 3159: 3042: 2966: 2862: 2573: 2452: 2449:

asleep, along with his knights, in a cave in the Kyffhäuser mountains

2400: 2381: 2324: 2218: 2202: 1816: 1295:

566,852 killed in action (101,471 of whom died in hospital of wounds)

27:

1941–1942 invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and its allies

16216: 14824:

Wegner, Bernd (1990). "Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1942/43". In

14699: 13772:Упущенный шанс Сталина. Советский Союз и борьба за Европу: 1939–1941 13044:

Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 1933–1945

12647:

The Soviet-German War 1941–1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay

5258:

both sides of Lake Ladoga to reach the old Finnish-Soviet frontier.

3688:. Defence expenditure also grew rapidly from just 12 percent of the 19191: 19140: 16200: 15928: 13803:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941

13434:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941

12955: 11754:. "Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation". In 7981: 6008: 5992: 5900: 5844: 5823: 5634: 5518: 5469: 5115:

the German advance was stopped by heavy resistance from the Soviet

4998: 4401:

31 Rifle, 36th Rifle, 49th Rifle, 55th Rifle and 1st Airborne Corps

3575: 3563: 3394: 3274: 2946: 2887: 2866: 2837: 2802: 2336: 2274: 2242: 2179: 158: 15354: 15342: 15330: 15318: 15306: 14079:

Pohl, Dieter (2018). "War and Empire". In Robert Gellately (ed.).

12565:

The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945

11977:

Battle of wits: the complete story of codebreaking in World War II

11365:

Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction

10068: 8674: 8410: 6742: 4990:

at the Finnish-Soviet border. Simultaneously Finland proceeded to

2680:

Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East

2217:, put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goals of eradicating 14832:(in German). Vol. VI . Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 13979:

Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Tony; Birks, Chris (2016).

13339:

Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation

12525:

Förster, Jürgen (2005). "The German Military's Image of Russia".

11778:"The Involvement of Scandinavia in the Plans for Barbarossa". In 9875: 9873: 9682: 9506: 7882: 7050: 6802: 5861: 5533: 5453: 5356: 5193: 5143: 5070: 4901: 3239: 3212: 2997: 2978: 2790: 2786: 2615: 2407:

in 1943—were weaker and eventually failed, which resulted in the

2266: 2226: 1550: 1229: 817: 435: 214: 14765:

The Mediterranean, South-east Europe, and North Africa 1939–1941

13011:

Hitler and Russia: The Third Reich in a Two-Front War, 1937–1943

11232: 10926: 10014: 9124: 8427: 8425: 7653: 6730: 4627:

In Germany, on the morning of 22 June, Nazi propaganda minister

3631:

battles and destroyed the Red Army's forces in the border area.

2241:

for the Axis war effort while acquiring the oil reserves of the

1572: 16817: 15408: 15360:

Adolf Hitler Explains His Reasons for Invading the Soviet Union

15294: 14422:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

12861:

Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945

12076:"Operation Barbarossa: The Biggest of All Time (June 18, 2021)" 10446: 10194: 9846: 9810: 9607: 8311: 7592: 7590: 5936: 5514: 5364: 5010: 4934: 4913: 4880: 4764: 4648: 4590: 3788: 3595:

units) were to operate in conquered territories to counter any

3571: 3486: 3435: 3349: 3049:

to allow for further preparations and possibly better weather.

2794: 15063:"Modern History Sourcebook: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939" 14357:

A History of Modern Russia: From Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin

12173:

The German Army, 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure

11340: 10494: 10218: 10182: 9978: 9870: 9834: 9822: 9012: 9010: 8915: 8913: 8746: 8686: 7957: 6862: 5778:

policies towards combatants, civilians, and prisoners of war.

3562:

and the west-central regions of Russia proper, and advance to

3414:

missions over Soviet territory many months before the attack.

2492:

vaguely declared in his political manifesto and autobiography

17005: 14630:

Neptune: The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings

11112: 11085: 10962: 10794: 10554: 10109: 10107: 9494: 9413: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8662: 8422: 6487: 6485: 5749: 5680: 5529: 5131: 4893: 4785: 4526:

20th Rifle, 45th Rifle, 67th Rifle and 21st Mechanised Corps.

3243: 3054: 2970: 2633:. An 'order from the Führer' stated that the paramilitary SS 2262: 13964:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 13472:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

13071:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 11328: 11280: 11034: 11022: 10782: 10338: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9425: 9379: 9377: 8983: 8734: 8650: 8478: 8476: 8374: 8274: 8272: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7677: 7587: 6990: 5999:, and Western Europe aligned itself with the United States. 4888:

crossed the Bug River, broke through the 4th Army, bypassed

2335:. The German armies eventually captured five million Soviet 14746:

Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia

11316: 11304: 10902: 10878: 10830: 10458: 10434: 10410: 10350: 10290: 10266: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9282: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9240: 9238: 9007: 8925: 8910: 8852: 8850: 8806: 8804: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8770: 8284: 8210: 8208: 8113: 7933: 7899: 7897: 7836: 7834: 7524: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7014: 6874: 6694: 6634: 6609: 6607: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6313: 5816:. Under the command of the Reich Security Main Office, the 5721:

German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war

5664: 5396: 5217: 4943: 4788:, devastating the defences of the Stalin Line and reaching 3809: 3805: 3705:

further underscored his control by reasserting the role of

3567: 3053:

the purpose of the Russian campaign the decimation of the

14669:

Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment

13562: 13415:

Operation Barbarossa: The German Invasion of Soviet Russia

11208: 11160: 11058: 10974: 10938: 10578: 10542: 10506: 10428: 10170: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10119: 10104: 10092: 9954: 9786: 9762: 9738: 9672: 9670: 9655: 9482: 9449: 9061: 8898: 8816: 8500: 8461: 8398: 8350: 8041: 8029: 7945: 7747: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7577: 7575: 7500: 7440: 7413: 7346: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7146: 6978: 6925: 6482: 6472: 6470: 5597:, the presence of skilled and experienced leadership like 5387:

the two attacking Soviet armies. By 7 October, the Soviet

4933:

German mechanised forces staging in preparation to attack

4671:

Axis and Soviet air operations during Operation Barbarossa

3696:

five Marshals of the Soviet Union appointed in 1935, only

1301:

1,336,147 sick or wounded via combat and non-combat causes

18794: 13981:

Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45

13259: 12992:

War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II

12918:

The Secret War: Spies, Ciphers, and Guerrillas, 1939–1945

12500:"Barbarossa Revisited: Strategy and Ideology in the East" 11541: 11460: 11124: 11102: 11100: 11046: 10890: 10866: 10824: 10728: 10668: 10656: 10518: 10362: 10314: 10031: 10029: 9990: 9578: 9566: 9542: 9518: 9461: 9374: 9272: 9270: 9177: 9175: 8995: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8616: 8614: 8589: 8587: 8473: 8340: 8338: 8301: 8299: 8269: 8130: 8128: 7846: 7771: 7725: 7723: 7701: 7629: 7452: 7278: 7218: 7206: 6954: 6790: 6646: 5399:

destroyed or captured in the pocket alone as well as 766

5223:

By August, as the serviceability and the quantity of the

5134:

region for Finland and then proceed eastwards to cut the

5122:

The second pincer attack began on 1 July with the German

5080:

German armoured forces cross the Dnieper, September 1941.

4738: 4702:, distrusted the reports and ordered the figure checked. 3724:

s main attack would come through the region north of the

3498: 3462: 2846:

negotiations about a potential Soviet entry into the pact

15188:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (20 June 2014).

14828:; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (eds.). 13978: 13243:

Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine

12880:

Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II

12759:

Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia

12624:

Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War

11292: 11268: 11256: 11136: 10734: 10614: 10482: 10236: 9966: 9921: 9903: 9885: 9864: 9637: 9601: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9335: 9333: 9250: 9235: 9136: 8886: 8874: 8862: 8847: 8801: 8782: 8722: 8698: 8548: 8536: 8323: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8205: 8101: 7894: 7831: 7819: 7783: 7689: 7560: 7382: 7307: 7305: 7266: 7242: 7134: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6886: 6778: 6604: 6521: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6249:

The four Soviet military districts facing the Axis, the

4826:, inspects a large iron works facility in Ukraine, 1941. 2319:, in which more forces were committed than in any other 19268:

Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust

14202:

The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War

11956:"Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution" 11411:

Anderson, Duncan; Clark, Lloyd; Walsh, Stephen (2018).

11244: 10986: 10842: 10758: 10698: 10674: 10590: 10470: 10398: 10374: 10326: 10302: 10278: 10143: 9942: 9694: 9667: 9554: 9306: 9223: 9148: 9102: 9100: 9051: 9049: 8971: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8638: 8599: 8524: 8512: 8362: 8242: 8240: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8053: 7641: 7602: 7572: 7536: 7512: 7370: 7317: 7290: 7038: 6915: 6913: 6754: 6624: 6622: 6594: 6592: 6467: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 5314:

and support Army Group Centre in its attack on Moscow.

3067: 16070:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

14266:

Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953

13180:– via Calvin College, German Propaganda Archive. 12718:

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941

12699:

Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, Volume 2

12680:

Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, Volume 1

11196: 11097: 10998: 10914: 10854: 10806: 10710: 10686: 10638: 10626: 10530: 10386: 10254: 10206: 10080: 10056: 10026: 9798: 9750: 9706: 9643: 9530: 9318: 9267: 9172: 8954: 8710: 8611: 8584: 8488: 8449: 8437: 8386: 8335: 8296: 8125: 8017: 8005: 7969: 7870: 7858: 7807: 7795: 7720: 7548: 7401: 7334: 7158: 7110: 7086: 7074: 7026: 6898: 6838: 6543: 6541: 5744:, before her execution by hanging. The placard reads: 15400:

Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East

15206:

Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at War, 1936–1945

14556:

Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East

14399:

Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich

14282: 13510:. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. 12661:

Slaughterhouse: The Encyclopedia of the Eastern Front

11895:

Breitman, Richard (1990). "Hitler and Genghis Khan".

11010: 10950: 10566: 10242: 10131: 10002: 9909: 9774: 9437: 9401: 9389: 9362: 9345: 9330: 9294: 9211: 9187: 9073: 9022: 8626: 8572: 8560: 8252: 8220: 8176: 8164: 8089: 8077: 8065: 7735: 7476: 7302: 7254: 7194: 7182: 7176: 7098: 6966: 6937: 6766: 6658: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6415: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6060: 5287: 4900:

bypassed most of the 3rd Army and pressed on towards

4457: 4325:, 21st Rifle, 44th Rifle, 47th Rifle, 50th Rifle and 3158:

ideals for the benefit of future generations of the "

2754: 2290:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

2173: 1223:

114,000+ casualties (at least 39,000 dead or missing)

15173:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing. 14940:. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 14934:

The German Northern Theater of Operations, 1940–1945

14807:

Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941

14515:

Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies

14247:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

12737:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

12605:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

11367:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 11220: 11184: 11172: 11148: 10770: 10602: 9199: 9160: 9097: 9085: 9046: 9034: 8937: 8237: 8188: 8152: 8140: 7759: 7665: 7430: 7428: 7230: 7122: 6910: 6619: 6589: 6392: 5690:. Following the German defeat, the Soviets launched 4977:

Finnish soldiers crossing the Murmansk Railway, 1941

3509:, were all controlled by the OKH and organised into 2550:('turn to the East') as it did "600 years ago" (see 2502:, asserting that the German people needed to secure 1310:

21,200 aircraft, of which 10,600 were lost to combat

14610: 12546:

Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East

12207: 11627:

Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War

10047: 9112: 7993: 7488: 7464: 7358: 7002: 6706: 6538: 5671:in February 1943 and withdrawal from the Caucasus. 5204: 19112:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia 14283:Rössler, Mechtild; Schleiermacher, Sabine (1996). 14199: 14157: 14026:. London and New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 13957: 13855: 13854:Miller, Donald L.; Commager, Henry Steele (2001). 13672:Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945 13064: 13041: 12775: 12388: 11995: 11993: 11685: 11624: 11410: 11238: 11076: 8758: 7062: 7056: 6856: 6736: 6718: 6434: 6373: 6356: 5355:Germans battle Soviet defenders on the streets of 5176:Finnish troops advancing in Karelia in August 1941 2805:. The conclusion of this pact was followed by the 2477: 2427:The theme of Barbarossa had long been used by the 15025:The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany 14852:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 14667:Ueberschär, Gerd R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter (2008). 14081:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Third Reich 13450: 11448: 9729: 7659: 7425: 5942: 5168:Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941) 3599:activity in areas they controlled, as well as to 3353:Army west of the capital, especially west of the 2921:, and their own invasion was thus presented as a 19288: 15116:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. 14723:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (1996). 14666: 14572: 14268:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 14024:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 13919:(in German). Hamburg: Hamburger Edition Verlag. 13527:Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers 12267:Operation Barbarossa: The History of a Cataclysm 12193:Soviet Intelligence on the Eve of War, 1939–1941 11994:Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). 10932: 9130: 7987: 6826: 5667:, culminating in their disastrous defeat at the 14401:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 14004:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich 13508:Hitler's Death Squads: The Logic of Mass Murder 13322:. New York; London: W.W. Norton & Company. 12038:The Law of Blood: Thinking and Acting as a Nazi 11791:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 11648:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941 11396:(in Hungarian). Szeged: Belvedere Meridionale. 11381: 6688: 6518:, pp. 10–11, 101, 293, states 2.9 million. 6281:, respectively. A fifth military district, the 5640: 5410: 4908:. On the order of the Western Front commander, 3925:published a journal article and later the book 14650:The German Army 1939–45: Eastern Front 1941–43 13960:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War 13956:Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2000). 13853: 12424:Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping 12286:The Soviet Economy and the Red Army, 1930–1945 12096:Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943 11793:. Portland and London: Frank Cass Publishing. 11512: 11118: 11091: 10020: 8752: 8692: 6316:learned about Liskow only at 03:00 on 22 June. 6265:, at the outbreak of the war were renamed the 6127:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 5958:pursued by Nazi Germany in the Eastern Front. 5770:. A memorandum from 16 July 1941, recorded by 5703:aimed at the German capital of Berlin. Hitler 3473:The importance of the delay is still debated. 3079:According to a 1978 essay by German historian 2809:on 1 September that triggered the outbreak of 2585:While older histories tended to emphasize the 18729: 15424: 15336:The Führer to the German People: 22 June 1941 15190:"Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War" 14558:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 14439: 14119:"What Was the Turning Point of World War II?" 14043:The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945 13955: 13729:Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe 13607: 13170:The Führer to the German People: 22 June 1941 13165:Der Führer an das deutsche Volk 22. Juni 1941 12247:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 10200: 9852: 9816: 9688: 9613: 9512: 8668: 6046:Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II 4982:positions. The same day the Germans launched 2666:. There were regulations enacted against the 2443:—who drowned in Asia Minor while leading the 2237:aimed to use some of the conquered people as 2221:, and conquering the western Soviet Union to 1588: 1339: 19240:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 14496:Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin 14181:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe 13796:– via Russian Military Library Moscow. 13608:Mann, Chris M.; Jörgensen, Christer (2002). 13377:Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group Center 11807: 11664: 8290: 7963: 7915: 7888: 7530: 6821:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1996 5855: 5849: 5817: 5800: 5794: 5337:(the attack on Moscow) could still succeed. 5279: 3618: 3612: 3601:execute captured Soviet political commissars 3590: 3582: 3320: 3288: 3260: 3229: 3198: 3170: 3153: 2744: 2738: 2727: 2708: 2700: 2690: 2667: 2649: 2634: 2628: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2527: 2511: 2503: 2254: 2230: 109:(5 months, 1 week and 6 days) 14830:Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg 14743: 14573:Stockings, Craig; Hancock, Eleanor (2013). 14531: 14512: 14360:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 13941:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 13712:(in German). Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowolt. 13396:Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group South 13358:Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group North 12734: 12663:. Garden City, NY: The Military Book Club. 12602: 12481:Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1941–1942 11826: 11779: 11767: 11755: 11704: 11683: 11544:The Historical Encyclopedia of World War II 11479:. Vol. (II B). U.S.: Lulu Publishing. 11322: 11064: 10968: 10560: 10548: 10512: 10500: 10464: 10452: 10296: 10125: 10113: 9744: 9661: 9067: 8931: 8919: 8467: 7939: 7506: 6984: 6931: 6652: 6491: 5917:Wartime sexual violence § World War II 5746:We are the partisans who shot German troops 5164:Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia (1941) 4436:7th Rifle, 9th Rifle and 3rd Airborne Corps 3546:Army Norway was to operate in far northern 2194:, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during 18736: 18722: 15431: 15417: 14517:. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. 13914: 13819: 13764: 13505: 13469: 13451:Klemann, Hein; Kudryashov, Sergei (2012). 13260:International Committee of the Red Cross. 13102: 13085: 13062: 12753: 12404:(in German). German Historical Institute. 12057:The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany 11774: 11565:(in German). Paderborn: Schöningh Verlag. 11166: 11130: 11040: 10224: 10188: 9984: 9879: 9840: 9828: 9625: 8644: 7919: 7596: 7458: 7248: 6960: 6700: 6571: 6532: 5961: 5768:war crimes against Soviet prisoners of war 5016: 4875:In the opening hours of the invasion, the 3645:2006 Soviet war documents declassification 2388:s strongest blows and bogged it down in a 1595: 1581: 1346: 1332: 249: 14377:Striving for Military Stability in Europe 14059: 13838: 13805:. Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books. 13436:. Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books. 13412: 13393: 13374: 13355: 12562: 12402:Die Südostdeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 12399: 12324: 12112: 12035: 11974: 11832:Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War 11645: 11496:The Second World War on the Eastern Front 9891: 9261: 9244: 9016: 9001: 8892: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8810: 8795: 8776: 8317: 7876: 7825: 7635: 7140: 6996: 6868: 6784: 6676: 6613: 6476: 6464:, p. 220, of which 259 assault guns. 6121:or neutral states, including the Spanish 5785:Himmler inspecting a prisoner of war camp 5757:1929 due to Article 9 which, by imposing 4722:s loss at 63 aircraft for the first day. 3737:Hitler informally approved the plans for 3344:German military planners also researched 2992:of entire divisions to relieve the acute 2761:Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941 2542:that Germany's destiny was to follow the 2371:near the end of 1941, and the subsequent 2253:. Their ultimate goal was to create more 234: 191: 15366:Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa 15277:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 15260: 15022: 14846: 14685: 14393: 14097: 14062:The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry 13750:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 13745: 13666: 13626: 12915: 12896: 12877: 12855: 12817: 12798: 12585:The Second World War: A Complete History 12362: 12302: 12261: 12238: 12145: 12054: 12016: 11953: 11931: 11894: 11857: 11788: 11429: 11334: 11298: 11286: 11274: 11262: 11142: 11028: 11016: 10980: 10944: 10848: 10788: 10752: 10620: 10488: 10344: 9972: 9960: 9948: 9700: 9312: 9288: 9276: 8989: 8740: 8704: 8680: 8656: 8605: 8554: 8380: 8214: 8107: 7903: 7840: 7683: 7647: 7566: 7482: 7395: 7376: 7328: 7296: 7224: 7044: 7020: 6880: 6844: 6748: 6640: 5870: 5780: 5732: 5567: 5497: 5494:flying over German positions near Moscow 5485: 5414: 5350: 5260: 5171: 5075: 5055: 5030: 4972: 4928: 4813: 4758: 4652:German advances from June to August 1941 4647: 4611: 4563: 3971:Order of battle for Operation Barbarossa 3773: 3648: 3457: 3384: 2996:in German industry, the exploitation of 2899: 2872: 2764: 2581:Institute of Agriculture in Berlin, 1942 2572: 1353: 14623: 14534:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany 14353: 14263: 14241: 14220: 14197: 13895: 13726: 13581: 13543: 13431: 13317: 13211: 13142: 13039: 13025: 13008: 12934: 12735:Glantz, David; House, Jonathan (2015). 12696: 12677: 12603:Glantz, David; House, Jonathan (1995). 12581: 12524: 12497: 12478: 12459: 12440: 12418: 12343: 11939:(1 ed.). New York: HarperCollins. 11750: 11622: 11362: 11310: 11250: 11052: 10992: 10920: 10908: 10884: 10872: 10860: 10836: 10812: 10800: 10692: 10680: 10440: 10416: 10404: 10380: 10356: 10332: 10284: 10272: 10152: 10062: 9676: 9649: 9589: 9572: 9560: 9548: 9500: 9476: 9324: 9181: 9154: 8728: 8716: 8620: 8530: 8518: 8431: 8368: 8344: 8329: 8278: 8134: 8119: 8047: 8035: 7975: 7777: 7753: 7729: 7714: 7611: 7554: 7446: 7419: 7407: 7352: 7340: 7311: 7272: 7260: 7200: 7164: 7152: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 6948: 6904: 6808: 6559: 6461: 6428: 6409: 5439:Finnish invasion of East Karelia (1941) 4799: 3832:Development of the Soviet Armed Forces 1304:2,335,482 missing in action or captured 219: 14: 19289: 19151:Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war 17285: 17263:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 14930: 14909: 14823: 14785: 14647: 14550: 14493: 14415: 14332: 14313: 14040: 13933: 13876: 13800: 13765:Meltyukhov, Mikhail Ivanovich (2000). 13296: 13240: 13185:Hooker, Richard D. Jr. (Spring 1999). 13184: 13161: 12836: 12715: 12658: 12640: 12621: 12169: 12073: 11688:Von Rundstedt: The Soldier and the Man 11665:Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007). 11598: 11546:. New York and Oxford: Facts on File. 11346: 11214: 11202: 11106: 11004: 10956: 10740: 10644: 10632: 10584: 10536: 10476: 10392: 10260: 10212: 10176: 10164: 10098: 10086: 10035: 9936: 9915: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9768: 9756: 9712: 9536: 9488: 9455: 9443: 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9368: 9356: 9339: 9300: 9217: 9142: 9118: 9079: 9028: 8965: 8904: 8841: 8632: 8593: 8578: 8566: 8542: 8506: 8494: 8455: 8443: 8416: 8404: 8392: 8356: 8305: 8263: 8231: 8182: 8170: 8095: 8083: 8071: 8023: 8011: 7999: 7951: 7927: 7864: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7695: 7623: 7284: 7212: 7188: 6972: 6796: 6772: 6724: 6664: 6515: 6503: 6386: 4992:remilitarise the neutral Åland Islands 3634: 3581:The German forces in the rear (mostly 3380: 3102:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 3046: 2881: 2288:for strategic purposes. Following the 1127:Frontline strength (22 June 1941) 1092:Frontline strength (22 June 1941) 83:Soviet POWs on the way to prison camps 19317:Military operations involving Finland 19275:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 18717: 18141:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17566:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 17212:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 17168:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16266:Rape during the occupation of Germany 15412: 15168: 14892:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 14885: 14868: 14804: 14762: 14591: 14471: 14374: 14297:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 14291: 14178: 14083:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14021: 13997: 13707: 13688: 13674:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. 13612:. Hersham, UK: Ian Allan Publishing. 13529:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13488: 13336: 13126:The Red Army and the Second World War 13067:The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 12543: 12529:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 12383: 12093: 11808:Bradley, John; Buell, Thomas (2002). 11762: 11493: 11474: 11226: 10896: 10776: 10764: 10704: 10608: 10596: 10572: 10308: 10248: 10137: 10074: 10008: 9996: 9524: 9383: 9229: 9205: 9193: 9166: 9106: 9091: 9055: 8948: 8764: 8482: 8246: 8199: 8158: 8146: 8059: 7923: 7852: 7765: 7741: 7581: 7494: 7470: 7364: 7236: 7128: 7032: 7008: 6919: 6892: 6712: 6628: 6598: 6583: 6547: 6449: 6367: 5822:killing squads conducted large-scale 4124:Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia 3493:divisions in three army groups, nine 1576: 1327: 17256:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16281:Rape during the liberation of France 15402:(2009); via the official channel of 14611:Süddeutsche Zeitung (19 June 2021). 14155: 14136: 14116: 14078: 13524: 13123: 13105:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 13032:The Destruction of the European Jews 12985: 12899:Inferno: The World at War, 1939–1945 12588:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 12283: 12195:(PhD diss.). University of Calgary. 12190: 11579: 11560: 11190: 11178: 11154: 10716: 10524: 10368: 10320: 9040: 8977: 7671: 7542: 7518: 7068: 6832: 6760: 6586:, p. 76, states 9,100 aircraft. 6574:, p. 64, states 9,100 aircraft. 6562:, p. 28, states 7,133 aircraft. 4962: 4597:in the Crimea. At the same time the 3570:before continuing eastward over the 3418:before the German invasion, Marshal 3346:Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia 3114:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 2367:offensive came to an end during the 2341:starved to death or otherwise killed 19322:Military operations of World War II 15378:original reports and pictures from 15111: 13779:] (in Russian). Moscow: Veche. 13272: 11998:The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 11962:. University of the West of England 11848: 7434: 5475: 5419:The front in Finland, December 1941 5088: 4748: 4537:Total number of divisions (22 June) 3668:, a prominent military theorist in 3098:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1298:235,339 died from non-combat causes 24: 19261:Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945 17482:German invasion of the Netherlands 15755:Weather events during World War II 15247: 15068:Internet Modern History Sourcebook 14969: 14913:The Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945 14729:. New York: Macmillan Publishing. 13693:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 13214:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13128:. UK: Cambridge University Press. 12822:(in German). Hann. Münden: Gauke. 12443:Moscow 1941: Hitler's first defeat 12208:Davidson, Nick (producer) (2009). 12059:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 11766:. "The Conduct of Operations". In 11527:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00656.x 5910: 4951:albeit reporting the advance as a 4725:By the end of the first week, the 4675:German-Soviet air war 22 June 1941 4643: 4601:was presented by Foreign Minister 4568:German troops at the Soviet state 3964: 3641:Soviet offensive plans controversy 3106:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 2819:an important economic relationship 2755:German-Soviet relations of 1939–40 2308:, which brought the USSR into the 25: 19338: 18120:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15224: 14726:Historical Atlas of the Holocaust 13881:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 13341:. University of Minnesota Press. 12462:Leningrad 1941–44: The Epic Siege 12152:The Story of the Second World War 11434:. London: Arms and Armour Press. 11363:Aly, Götz; Heim, Susanne (2002). 7177:Rössler & Schleiermacher 1996 6506:, p. 9, states 2.68 million. 6255:Western Special Military District 6056:Satellite state#Post-World War II 6019:Romanian Navy during World War II 5830:in conquered Soviet territories. 5766:", a mindset that contributed to 5595:superior defensive fortifications 4464:Armies (second strategic echelon) 4112:Royal Hungarian Army Mobile Corps 3745:information obtained from broken 3110:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1602: 80:over German positions near Moscow 19095:Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 18680: 15438: 15353: 15341: 15329: 15317: 15305: 15293: 15259: 14769:Germany and the Second World War 14453:(Paperback ed.). New York: 13862:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 13839:Middleton, Drew (21 June 1981). 13632:The International History Review 12803:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. 12548:. University Press of Kentucky. 12527:Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy 12245:The Oxford Guide to World War II 11734:Germany and the Second World War 11382:Andaházi Szeghy, Viktor (2016). 11239:Anderson, Clark & Walsh 2018 7909: 6857:Anderson, Clark & Walsh 2018 6737:Anderson, Clark & Walsh 2018 6337: 6328: 6319: 6306: 6292: 6223: 6213: 6203: 6193: 6183: 6131:369th Croatian Infantry Regiment 6082: 6070: 5655:in the new offensive, codenamed 5502:German soldier ready to throw a 5205:Offensive towards central Russia 3249: 3218: 2538:conspirators. Hitler claimed in 2461:(alluding to Holy Roman Emperor 1671:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1403:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1257: 1247: 1228: 1217: 1048: 999: 925: 892: 844: 816: 804: 785: 773: 737: 694: 661: 628: 608: 596: 588: 578: 566: 554: 542: 530: 517: 504: 491: 478: 466: 452: 434: 422: 410: 398: 386: 374: 362: 350: 337: 324: 312: 298: 271: 251: 236: 221: 207: 193: 178: 67:German soldiers advance through 54: 19046:Police Regiment Special Purpose 15150:Price-Smith, Andrew T. (2015). 12944:The Journal of Military History 12498:Förster, Jürgen (Winter 1988). 12113:Clairmont, Frederic F. (2003). 11897:Journal of Contemporary History 11860:Journal of Contemporary History 11355: 6174: 6165: 6155: 6146: 5468:was captured on 5 December and 5371:against elements of the German 4107:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 3692:in 1933 to 18 percent by 1940. 3611:briefed around thirty to fifty 3140:Further to Hitler's Directive, 2919:preparing to attack the Germans 2892:Ural Mountains in Nazi planning 2850:border and commercial agreement 2844:with Japan and Italy, it began 2478:Racial policies of Nazi Germany 18:German invasion of Soviet Union 18367:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 16063:Territorial changes of Germany 15971:Indonesian National Revolution 15171:Barbarossa Through German Eyes 14984:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 14916:. New York: Harper & Row. 14854:. Cambridge University Press. 14532:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). 14513:Stackelberg, Roderick (2002). 14206:. New York: Harper Perennial. 13900:. Cambridge University Press. 13489:Kshyk, Christopher J. (2015). 13162:Hitler, Adolf (22 June 1941). 12882:. University Press of Kansas. 12818:Handrack, Hans-Dieter (1981). 12626:. University Press of Kansas. 12607:. University Press of Kansas. 12115:"Stalingrad: Hitler's Nemesis" 12019:The Third Reich: A New History 12002:. Cambridge University Press. 11954:Browning, Christopher (2000). 11730:The Attack on the Soviet Union 7057:Burleigh & Wippermann 1991 6259:Kiev Special Military District 6136: 6107: 5943:Nazi plunder of Eastern Europe 5791:shot immediately without trial 5603:Soviet winter counteroffensive 5340: 4917:German 9th Army, supported by 4763:German forces pushing through 3771:the risk of provoking Hitler. 3057:population by thirty million. 2518:... totally a people's war, a 2373:Soviet winter counteroffensive 2209:("red beard"), a 12th-century 1133:2.6–2.9 million personnel 86:Soviet soldiers fire artillery 13: 1: 17760:Japanese invasion of Thailand 17711:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17475:German invasion of Luxembourg 15849:Mediterranean and Middle East 14316:The Russo-German War, 1941–45 14287:(in German). Akademie-Verlag. 14045:. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. 13939:Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935–1945 13644:10.1080/07075332.2003.9641015 13593:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 12837:Hanson, Victor Davis (2017). 12119:Economic and Political Weekly 11684:Blumentritt, Günther (1952). 10825:Geneva Convention, Article 82 7660:Klemann & Kudryashov 2012 6095: 5710: 4864: 3410:operations included numerous 3177:('Reich Commissionerships'): 2829:by circumventing the British 2641:, which closely followed the 2524:racial policy of Nazi Germany 2484:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 2417: 1211:Other involved country losses 1139:7,133–9,100 military aircraft 1110:7,200–23,435 artillery pieces 19146:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre 18800:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS 18761:Army Group Rear Area Command 17667:Invasion of the Soviet Union 17356:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 16667:Independent State of Croatia 15093:Journal of Strategic Studies 14895:. Harvard University Press. 14809:. Rowman & Littlefield. 14139:The Holocaust: A New History 13748:Inside Hitler's High Command 13282:. New York: Berghahn Books. 13086:Hillgruber, Andreas (1965). 13048:. New York: Harper Collins. 13035:. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. 12994:. New York: Berghahn Books. 12513:(1/2): 21–36. Archived from 12284:Dunn, Walter S. Jr. (1995). 11646:Bergström, Christer (2007). 11608:. New York: Back Bay Books. 10933:Ueberschär & Müller 2008 10755:, pp. 444–450, 463–467. 10077:, pp. 189–190, 195–197. 9628:, pp. 941–944, 974–980. 9131:Ueberschär & Müller 2008 7988:Stockings & Hancock 2013 6350: 5641:Subsequent German offensives 5612: 5432: 5411:Central and northern Finland 5246: 5197:Viipuri by advancing to the 3976:Order of battle – June 1941 3552:bordering Soviet territories 3323:Reichskommissariat Turkestan 3291:Reichskommissariat Moskowien 3263:Reichskommissariat Kaukasien 3242:, enlarged eastwards to the 2945:). His report advocated the 2678:, in his secret memorandum, 2579:Friedrich Wilhelm University 2315:The operation opened up the 7: 19223:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 19218:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 18962:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 18658:End of World War II in Asia 18498:Western invasion of Germany 18005:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 17982:Second Battle of El Alamein 17545:Hundred Regiments Offensive 17517:Battle of the Mediterranean 17370:Italian invasion of Albania 15537:Air warfare of World War II 14633:. Oxford University Press. 14141:. New York: PublicAffairs. 14041:Palmer, Michael A. (2010). 13915:Mühlhäuser, Regina (2010). 13820:Mercatante, Steven (2012). 13746:Megargee, Geoffrey (2000). 13506:Langerbein, Helmut (2003). 12935:Hayward, Joel (July 2000). 12863:. Oxford University Press. 12400:Fahlbusch, Michael (1999). 12310:. Arms & Armour Press. 12269:. Oxford University Press. 12176:. New York: Bonanza Books. 11975:Budiansky, Stephen (2001). 11515:Political Science Quarterly 11498:. London: Pearson Longman. 10201:Mann & Jörgensen (2002) 9853:Mann & Jörgensen (2002) 9817:Mann & Jörgensen (2002) 9614:Mann & Jörgensen (2002) 8419:, pp. 10–11, 101, 293. 6283:Leningrad military district 6229:For the Finnish President, 6152:881,788 of which are German 6002: 5921:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 5729:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 5288: 4559: 4458: 3678:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3307:Reichskommissariat Russland 3165:". In 1941, Nazi ideologue 3043:Communist political leaders 2941:(colloquially known as the 2333:history of the 20th century 2174: 1176:medical reports (including 10: 19343: 19254:Hitler's Generals on Trial 18584:Naval bombardment of Japan 17945:First Battle of El Alamein 17864:Battle of Christmas Island 17809:Japanese invasion of Burma 17573:Italian invasion of Greece 17489:German invasion of Belgium 17461:German invasion of Denmark 17434:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 17303:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 15560:Comparative military ranks 15404:Muskegon Community College 15042:Evans, Richard J. (2008). 14744:Vehviläinen, Olli (2002). 14596:. Philadelphia: Casemate. 14455:Cambridge University Press 14336:The German Army, 1933–1945 13841:"Hitler's Russian Blunder" 13470:Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). 13413:Kirchubel, Robert (2013). 13394:Kirchubel, Robert (2003). 13375:Kirchubel, Robert (2007). 13356:Kirchubel, Robert (2005). 13320:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis 13241:Ingrao, Christian (2013). 13172:] (Speech) (in German) 13063:Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). 13009:Higgins, Trumbull (1966). 12563:Gellately, Robert (1990). 12214:(television documentary). 12036:Chapoutot, Johann (2018). 12017:Burleigh, Michael (2000). 11909:10.1177/002200949002500209 11872:10.1177/002200949102600305 11455:(television documentary). 11119:Miller & Commager 2001 11092:Miller & Commager 2001 10021:Miller & Commager 2001 8753:Bar-Joseph & Levy 2009 8693:Bar-Joseph & Levy 2009 6811:, pp. 58–61, 199–202. 6679:, chpt. "Opposing Armies". 5997:Soviet sphere of influence 5995:, Eastern Europe became a 5946: 5914: 5879:(right) with commander of 5714: 5479: 5460:, the capital city of the 5436: 5344: 5321: 5250: 5208: 5161: 5157: 5092: 5027:Leningrad Operation (1941) 5020: 4966: 4868: 4803: 4752: 4697:Commander-in-Chief of the 4668: 4664: 3988: 3968: 3638: 3605:Reich Security Main Office 3232:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 3201:Reichskommissariat Ostland 2885: 2821:. The countries entered a 2781:between their respective " 2758: 2718:A speech given by General 2481: 1291:Based on Soviet archives: 1273:Total military casualties: 1205:104 assault guns destroyed 1154:Total military casualties: 1098:3.8 million personnel 19231: 19200: 19159: 19131: 19082: 18980: 18952: 18908:Police Battalion (PB) 309 18874: 18823: 18787: 18759: 18673: 18505:Bratislava–Brno offensive 18445: 18436:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 18173: 18060:Allied invasion of Sicily 18014: 17913:Aleutian Islands campaign 17885:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 17832: 17823:Greek famine of 1941–1944 17718:Second Battle of Changsha 17623:German invasion of Greece 17591: 17468:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 17443: 17381: 17276: 17157: 16883: 16793: 16634: 16337: 16328: 16086: 15911: 15803:North and Central Pacific 15764: 15526: 15519: 15446: 15105:10.1080/01402399508437621 14873:. New York: E.P. Dutton. 14869:Werth, Alexander (1964). 14498:. New York: Basic Books. 14249:. Yale University Press. 14235:10.1080/09668139508412322 14098:Rayfield, Donald (2004). 14060:Patterson, David (2003). 13896:Moskoff, William (2002). 13858:The Story of World War II 13565:World War II Infographics 13544:Liedtke, Gregory (2016). 13417:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 13226:10.1080/13518040590914136 12841:. New York: Basic Books. 12761:. Yale University Press. 12377:10.1080/09668137208410829 12329:(in Finnish). Readme.fi. 12325:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2021). 12288:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 12216:World War II in HD Colour 12055:Childers, Thomas (2017). 11812:. Square One Publishing. 9689:Murray & Millett 2000 9513:Murray & Millett 2000 8683:, pp. 631, 633, 636. 8669:Smelser & Davies 2008 6751:, p. xxxvii–xxxviii. 5347:Battle of the Sea of Azov 5042:old Soviet defensive line 5023:Battle of Smolensk (1941) 4892:, and pressed on towards 4871:Battle of Białystok–Minsk 4822:(left), commander of the 4634:volunteers and conscripts 4599:German declaration of war 4535: 4152: 3983: 3980: 3465:commander, Field Marshal 3318: 3286: 3258: 3227: 3196: 2815:Soviet invasion of Poland 2807:German invasion of Poland 2751:('war of annihilation'). 2534:('sub-humans'), ruled by 2498:that he would invade the 2422: 2166: 1612: 1368:German declaration of war 1365: 1239:5,000+ casualties during 1190:655,179 wounded in action 1146: 1084: 643: 288: 168: 93: 53: 41: 36: 18788:Commanding organisations 18097:Allied invasion of Italy 18074:Solomon Islands campaign 17816:Third Battle of Changsha 17413:First Battle of Changsha 17319:Second Sino-Japanese War 16252:German military brothels 16118:United States war crimes 15386:"Operation Barbarossa": 15169:Trigg, Jonathan (2023). 15133:Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris 15023:Erickson, John (2003) . 15000:Browning, Christopher R. 14931:Ziemke, Earl F. (1959). 14871:Russia at War, 1941–1945 14790:. Tauris & Company. 14494:Snyder, Timothy (2010). 14425:. Simon & Schuster. 14354:Service, Robert (2005). 14299:. Routledge Publishing. 14198:Roberts, Andrew (2011). 13195:: 150–64. Archived from 13124:Hill, Alexander (2016). 13013:. Macmillan Publishing. 12990:; Klaus Naumann (eds.). 12799:Guderian, Heinz (2002). 12701:. Helion & Company. 12682:. Helion & Company. 12582:Gilbert, Martin (1989). 12479:Forczyk, Robert (2014). 12460:Forczyk, Robert (2009). 12441:Forczyk, Robert (2006). 12344:Ericson, Edward (1999). 12327:Jatkosota Päivä Päivältä 12170:Cooper, Matthew (1984). 12155:. Brassey's Publishing. 12080:The National WWII Museum 11933:Browning, Christopher R. 11789:Brackman, Roman (2001). 11650:. Classic Publications. 8291:Berthon & Potts 2007 7964:Bradley & Buell 2002 7916:Bradley & Buell 2002 7889:Bradley & Buell 2002 7531:Bradley & Buell 2002 6691:, pp. 151–152, 181. 6263:Odessa Military District 6251:Baltic Military District 6100: 5617:With the failure of the 5130:slated to recapture the 3299:Moscow metropolitan area 3047:delayed for over a month 2339:troops and deliberately 2207:Frederick I "Barbarossa" 1236:(26,355 dead) in Karelia 1199:2,827 aircraft destroyed 73:German flamethrower team 19247:Hitler’s Bandit Hunters 19074:2nd SS Infantry Brigade 19069:1st SS Infantry Brigade 18519:Second Guangxi campaign 18374:Philippines (1944–1945) 17871:Battle of the Coral Sea 17774:Fall of the Philippines 17420:Battle of South Guangxi 17326:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 16725:Italian Social Republic 14910:Wright, Gordon (1968). 14536:. New York: Routledge. 14333:Seaton, Albert (1982). 14314:Seaton, Albert (1972). 14137:Rees, Laurence (2017). 14117:Rees, Laurence (2010). 14022:Overy, Richard (2006). 13708:Mayer, Arno J. (1989). 13585:(1989). "Guderian". In 13567:. Thames & Hudson. 13245:. Malden, MA.: Polity. 12716:Glantz, David (2011) . 12697:Glantz, David (2010b). 12678:Glantz, David (2010a). 12544:Fritz, Stephen (2011). 12074:Citino, Robert (2021). 11623:Bellamy, Chris (2007). 11430:Axworthy, Mark (1995). 11349:, pp. 11, 16, 208. 11323:Glantz & House 2015 11065:Glantz & House 1995 10969:Glantz & House 1995 10561:Glantz & House 1995 10549:Glantz & House 1995 10513:Glantz & House 1995 10501:Glantz & House 1995 10465:Glantz & House 2015 10453:Glantz & House 2015 10297:Glantz & House 1995 10126:Glantz & House 2015 10114:Glantz & House 1995 9745:Glantz & House 2015 9662:Glantz & House 2015 8932:Glantz & House 2015 8920:Glantz & House 2015 8468:Glantz & House 1995 6492:Glantz & House 2015 5962:Historical significance 5725:The Holocaust in Russia 5623:Führer Directive No. 39 5317: 5296:20th Motorised Division 5269:(centre), commander of 5017:Further German advances 4953:reconnaissance-in-force 4713:German Federal Archives 4003:Finnish Army of Karelia 3467:Walther von Brauchitsch 3403:campaign in the Balkans 3389:Elements of the German 3331:Central Asian republics 2775:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2734:Walther von Brauchitsch 2265:by mass deportation to 417:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb 344:Walther von Brauchitsch 61:Clockwise from top left 19010:Police Regiment Centre 18861:Max von Schenckendorff 18104:Armistice of Cassibile 17899:Battle of Dutch Harbor 17850:Battle of the Java Sea 17753:Attack on Pearl Harbor 17653:Syria–Lebanon campaign 17646:Battle of South Shanxi 17616:Invasion of Yugoslavia 17399:Battle of the Atlantic 17013:Korean Liberation Army 16719:(until September 1943) 16676:(until September 1944) 16654:(until September 1944) 15255: 15231:Listen to this article 15087:Hayward, Joel (1995). 15046:. London: Allen Lane. 15044:The Third Reich at War 14805:Weeks, Albert (2002). 14748:. New York: Palgrave. 14648:Thomas, Nigel (2012). 14477:Last Train from Berlin 14339:. New York: Meridian. 14318:. Praeger Publishers. 14179:Riché, Pierre (1993). 14100:Stalin and his Hangmen 13727:Mazower, Mark (2009). 13689:Majer, Diemut (2003). 13548:. Helion and Company. 13525:Lewy, Guenter (2017). 13266:ihl-databases.icrc.org 13040:Hilberg, Raul (1992). 12916:Hastings, Max (2016). 12897:Hastings, Max (2012). 12878:Hardesty, Von (2012). 12659:Glantz, David (2002). 12622:Glantz, David (1998). 12464:. Oxford, UK: Osprey. 12348:. Praeger Publishing. 12218:. NM Productions (for 11692:. London: Odhams Press 9422:, pp. 43–44, 225. 6115:German-occupied Europe 5888: 5856: 5850: 5818: 5801: 5795: 5786: 5753: 5573: 5509: 5495: 5420: 5360: 5280: 5274: 5177: 5099:Operation Platinum Fox 5081: 5061: 5036: 4978: 4938: 4937:in present-day Belarus 4827: 4810:Battle of Brody (1941) 4773:powerful counterattack 4768: 4653: 4617: 4603:Joachim von Ribbentrop 4573: 3824:The Soviet Air Force ( 3779: 3690:gross national product 3661: 3619: 3613: 3603:and Jews. On 17 June, 3591: 3583: 3470: 3398: 3321: 3289: 3261: 3230: 3199: 3171: 3154: 3077: 3021: 2909: 2878: 2811:World War II in Europe 2770: 2745: 2739: 2728: 2709: 2701: 2691: 2668: 2650: 2635: 2629: 2582: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2528: 2512: 2504: 2306:Anglo-Soviet Agreement 2255: 2231: 2163:Unternehmen Barbarossa 2162: 1313:20,500 tanks destroyed 1104:3,030–3,072 other AFVs 289:Commanders and leaders 147:Axis strategic failure 19123:Nazi security warfare 19028:Police Regiment South 19005:Police Regiment North 18748:Army Group Rear Areas 18268:Second Battle of Guam 18164:Bengal famine of 1943 18134:Second Battle of Kiev 18090:Battle of the Dnieper 17959:Kokoda Track campaign 17788:Battle of Wake Island 17660:East African campaign 17602:Battle of South Henan 17247:atrocities by Germans 17020:Korean Volunteer Army 15994:Occupation of Germany 15748:Music in World War II 15254: 15131:Kershaw, Ian (2000). 15061:Halsall, Paul (ed.). 14786:Waller, John (1996). 14652:. Osprey Publishing. 14592:Stone, David (2011). 14156:Rich, Norman (1973). 14007:. New York: Penguin. 13877:Mosier, John (2006). 13398:. Osprey Publishing. 13379:. Osprey Publishing. 13360:. Osprey Publishing. 13318:Kershaw, Ian (2001). 13297:Keegan, John (1989). 12901:. New York: Vintage. 12720:. The History Press. 12507:Jewish Social Studies 12395:. New York: Pantheon. 12191:Czak, Steven (2014). 12094:Clark, Lloyd (2012). 11561:Beck, Birgit (2004). 11475:Askey, Nigel (2014). 11452:The Battle for Russia 10803:, pp. 16, 20–23. 9604:, pp. 36, 39–41. 9503:, pp. 29–33, 56. 9434:, pp. 21, 43–44. 8434:, pp. 22–23, 51. 6871:, pp. 2818–2823. 6859:, pp. 48–49, 51. 5956:scorched-earth policy 5939:in civilian housing. 5874: 5784: 5736: 5571: 5523:scorched-earth policy 5501: 5489: 5418: 5354: 5324:Battle of Kiev (1941) 5264: 5175: 5111:and advancing to the 5105:Mountain Corps Norway 5079: 5059: 5034: 5021:Further information: 4976: 4932: 4817: 4796:in Leningrad oblast. 4776:However, on 26 June, 4762: 4651: 4615: 4567: 4510:25th Mechanised Corps 4486:26th Mechanised Corps 4431:18th Mechanised Corps 4396:16th Mechanised Corps 4374:15th Mechanised Corps 4359:22nd Mechanised Corps 4301:14th Mechanised Corps 4289:13th Mechanised Corps 4272:11th Mechanised Corps 4218:12th Mechanised Corps 4179:10th Mechanised Corps 3777: 3764:intelligence services 3652: 3623:were assigned to the 3461: 3388: 3142:Göring's Green Folder 3051: 3011: 2903: 2876: 2768: 2689:The Nazi secret plan 2576: 2175:Operatsiya Barbarossa 1202:2,735 tanks destroyed 1147:Casualties and losses 19327:Invasions of Ukraine 19297:Operation Barbarossa 18972:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 18554:Surrender of Germany 18032:Battle of West Hubei 17989:Guadalcanal campaign 17952:Battle of Stalingrad 17878:Battle of Madagascar 16645:Albania protectorate 16432:(formerly Swaziland) 16141:Wehrmacht war crimes 15957:Expulsion of Germans 15741:Art and World War II 15639:British contribution 15588:Governments in exile 15376:Operation Barbarossa 15302:at Wikimedia Commons 15300:Operation Barbarossa 15286:More spoken articles 14375:Sharp, Jane (2010). 13337:Kirby, D.G. (1980). 13303:. New York: Viking. 13300:The Second World War 12920:. New York: Harper. 12780:(producers) (2011). 12654:on 18 February 2015. 12201:10.11575/PRISM/27837 11605:The Second World War 10527:, pp. 301, 305. 10371:, pp. 255, 265. 10323:, pp. 250, 255. 9701:Dear & Foot 1995 7922:, pp. 506–507; 6689:Andaházi Szeghy 2016 6036:Operation Silver Fox 5841:Christopher Browning 5679:, an assault on the 5669:Battle of Stalingrad 5290:Narodnoe Opolcheniye 5239:VVS had matched the 5095:Operation Silver Fox 5003:Operation Silver Fox 4833:Carpathian Mountains 4800:Ukraine and Moldavia 4693:Minister of Aviation 4498:7th Mechanised Corps 4474:5th Mechanised Corps 4427:2nd Mechanised Corps 4422:9th Independent Army 4385:8th Mechanised Corps 4370:4th Mechanised Corps 4355:9th Mechanised Corps 4284:6th Mechanised Corps 4230:3rd Mechanised Corps 4186:1st Mechanised Corps 3850:Divisions calculated 3707:political commissars 3666:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 3305:; originally called 2969:at the mouth of the 2965:to the port city of 2939:Operation Draft East 2783:spheres of influence 2467:Operation Barbarossa 2441:Frederick Barbarossa 2153:Operation Barbarossa 1562:Air war 22 june 1941 1432:Advance on Leningrad 1357:Operation Barbarossa 1241:Operation Silver Fox 1193:8,000 evacuated sick 1107:2,770–5,369 aircraft 498:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 37:Operation Barbarossa 19307:Invasions of Russia 19213:War of annihilation 18856:Edwin von Rothkirch 18644:Potsdam Declaration 18533:Italy (Spring 1945) 18296:Liberation of Paris 17746:Siege of Sevastopol 16757:(until August 1944) 16660:Wang Jingwei regime 16482:from September 1943 16442:from September 1944 16380:from September 1944 16240:Romanian war crimes 16231:Persecution of Jews 16217:Croatian war crimes 16187:Japanese war crimes 16001:Occupation of Japan 15950:First Indochina War 15662:Military production 15574:Declarations of war 15312:Führer Directive 21 15204:Ward, John (2004). 15027:. London: Cassell. 14617:Süddeutsche Zeitung 14223:Europe-Asia Studies 13935:Müller, Rolf-Dieter 13610:Hitler's Arctic War 13474:. Greenhill Books. 12973:on 14 February 2019 12857:Hartmann, Christian 12755:Gorodetsky, Gabriel 12567:. Clarendon Press. 12211:Hitler Strikes East 12098:. Headline Review. 11979:. London: Penguin. 11828:Braithwaite, Rodric 11776:Ueberschär, Gerd R. 11726:Ueberschär, Gerd R. 11722:Müller, Rolf-Dieter 11494:Baker, Lee (2009). 11337:, pp. 154–155. 11313:, pp. 258–260. 11289:, pp. 152–153. 11217:, pp. 943–944. 11031:, pp. 341–343. 10911:, pp. 507–513. 10899:, pp. 198–199. 10887:, pp. 357–359. 10839:, pp. 355–389. 10791:, pp. 794–812. 10671:, pp. 482–483. 10587:, pp. 181–182. 10455:, pp. 104–108. 10443:, pp. 175–176. 10419:, pp. 174–175. 10359:, pp. 245–246. 10347:, pp. 178–179. 10275:, pp. 241–242. 10239:, pp. 109–132. 10237:Nenye et al. (2016) 10227:, pp. 974–980. 10191:, pp. 941–953. 10179:, pp. 174–178. 10167:, pp. 170–172. 10101:, pp. 328–330. 10049:Hitler Strikes East 9999:, pp. 631–641. 9987:, pp. 455–470. 9904:Nenye et al. (2016) 9882:, pp. 970–974. 9865:Nenye et al. (2016) 9843:, pp. 941–951. 9831:, pp. 941–944. 9795:, pp. 177–178. 9771:, pp. 192–194. 9691:, pp. 123–124. 9638:Nenye et al. (2016) 9602:Nenye et al. (2016) 9527:, pp. 88, 509. 9515:, pp. 122–123. 9491:, pp. 119–125. 9458:, pp. 45, 112. 9386:, pp. 89, 140. 8992:, pp. 526–527. 8907:, pp. 302–303. 8844:, pp. 290–303. 8743:, pp. 819–820. 8659:, pp. 626–627. 8509:, pp. 386–387. 8485:, pp. 225–227. 8407:, pp. 16, 219. 8383:, pp. 110–113. 8359:, pp. 196–198. 8122:, pp. 177–183. 7954:, pp. 829–830. 7891:, p. page 101. 7855:, pp. 490–491. 7686:, pp. 131–134. 7626:, pp. 187–188. 7555:Aly & Heim 2002 7545:, pp. 197–198. 7521:, pp. 328–330. 7449:, pp. 147–148. 7422:, pp. 129–130. 7355:, pp. 259–260. 7287:, pp. 668–669. 7215:, pp. 138–142. 7179:, pp. 270–274. 7155:, pp. 147–150. 7023:, pp. 340–341. 6999:, pp. 241–264. 6895:, pp. 267–269. 6883:, pp. 470–471. 6799:, pp. 175–186. 6763:, pp. 204–221. 6643:, pp. 58, 286. 6300:Victor Davis Hanson 6014:Black Sea campaigns 5881:SS Polizei Division 5814:local collaborators 5740:, a nurse with the 5700:Operation Bagration 5273:, on 20 August 1941 4739:German High Command 4658:command and control 4593:in Bessarabia, and 4344:South-Western Front 4202:North-Western Front 3977: 3833: 3686:Deep Battle Concept 3635:Soviet preparations 3448:invading Yugoslavia 3412:aerial surveillance 3381:German preparations 3182: 3173:Reichskommissariate 3120:, the chief of the 3030:Führer Directive 21 3025:German High Command 3005:East to defeat the 2882:Axis invasion plans 2831:blockade of Germany 2587:myth of the "clean 2472:Thousand-Year Reich 2294:German High Command 2273:, enslavement, and 2167:Операция Барбаросса 1878:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 1779:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya 1287:Casualties of 1941: 1168:Casualties of 1941: 799:Independent armies: 19167:High Command Trial 19118:Mogilev conference 19064:SS Cavalry Brigade 18876:Security Divisions 18841:Kuno-Hans von Both 18637:Surrender of Japan 18470:Battle of Iwo Jima 18319:Belgrade offensive 17725:Siege of Leningrad 17609:Battle of Shanggao 17538:British Somaliland 17503:Dunkirk evacuation 17454:Norwegian campaign 17392:Invasion of Poland 17219:Japanese prisoners 16180:Italian war crimes 16111:British war crimes 16026:Soviet occupations 15810:South-West Pacific 15697:Allied cooperation 15655:Military equipment 15256: 15208:. MBI Publishing. 15073:Fordham University 14955:on 21 October 2020 14671:. Berghahn Books. 13846:The New York Times 13455:. New York: Berg. 12783:Siege of Leningrad 12391:In Hitler's Shadow 12317:-0-85368-152-X 12263:Dimbleby, Jonathan 11078:Siege of Leningrad 10729:Baudot et al. 1989 10669:Baudot et al. 1989 10657:Baudot et al. 1989 10503:, pp. 85, 87. 9906:, pp. 87–109. 9291:, pp. 8, 390. 8980:, pp. 1, 120. 8050:, pp. 20, 25. 8038:, pp. 20, 34. 7990:, pp. 581–84. 7918:, pp. 35–40; 7756:, pp. 19, 60. 6275:Southwestern Front 6267:Northwestern Front 5889: 5787: 5759:racial segregation 5754: 5752:, 26 October 1941. 5653:oil fields of Baku 5574: 5517:and the second on 5510: 5496: 5462:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5421: 5361: 5359:, 25 October 1941. 5312:Siege of Leningrad 5275: 5253:Siege of Leningrad 5178: 5082: 5062: 5037: 4979: 4939: 4828: 4778:Erich von Manstein 4769: 4654: 4622:Vyacheslav Molotov 4618: 4574: 4547:Romanian : 14 4236:5th Airborne Corps 3975: 3958:Gabriel Gorodetsky 3942:Mikhail Meltyukhov 3831: 3785:military districts 3780: 3698:Kliment Voroshilov 3662: 3525:, alongside three 3495:security divisions 3491:motorised infantry 3471: 3428:Operation Haifisch 3424:Boris Shaposhnikov 3399: 3180: 3081:Andreas Hillgruber 2931:campaign in France 2910: 2879: 2823:trade pact in 1940 2797:and the region of 2771: 2614:, Hitler told the 2583: 2488:As early as 1925, 2447:—was not dead but 2438:Holy Roman Emperor 2434:German Romanticism 2377:invasion of Poland 2353:gassing operations 2302:history of warfare 2211:Holy Roman Emperor 2073:Western Carpathian 2013:2nd Jassy–Kishinev 1983:1st Jassy–Kishinev 1968:Leningrad–Novgorod 1963:Dnieper–Carpathian 1425:Roslavl–Novozybkov 1008:Southwestern Front 901:Northwestern Front 511:Kliment Voroshilov 485:Boris Shaposhnikov 405:Gerd von Rundstedt 19284: 19283: 19160:War crimes trials 19104:Barbarossa Decree 18967:Friedrich Jeckeln 18810:Army Group Centre 18795:Army High Command 18752:German–Soviet War 18711: 18710: 18669: 18668: 18512:Battle of Okinawa 18411:Burma (1944–1945) 18245:Mariana and Palau 18025:Tunisian campaign 17843:Fall of Singapore 17767:Fall of Hong Kong 17510:Battle of Britain 17363:Operation Himmler 17272: 17271: 16936:Dutch East Indies 16572:Southern Rhodesia 16324: 16323: 16224:Genocide of Serbs 16127:German war crimes 16104:Soviet war crimes 16097:Allied war crimes 15943:Division of Korea 15922:Chinese Civil War 15720:Strategic bombing 15632:Manhattan Project 15358:Works related to 15346:Works related to 15334:Works related to 15322:Works related to 15310:Works related to 15298:Media related to 15252: 15161:978-0-262-02906-3 15123:978-1-58046-407-9 15053:978-0-7139-9742-2 14991:978-0-333-94944-3 14848:Weinberg, Gerhard 14839:978-3-42106-233-8 14816:978-0-7425-2191-9 14797:978-1-86064-092-6 14778:978-0-19-822884-4 14755:978-0-333-80149-9 14736:978-0-02897-451-4 14603:978-1-61200-098-5 14565:978-0-521-76847-4 14543:978-0-41530-861-8 14524:978-0-203-00541-5 14505:978-0-46503-147-4 14479:. Phoenix Press. 14445:Davies, Edward J. 14432:978-0-671-72868-7 14408:978-0-30017-903-3 14367:978-0-67401-801-3 14346:978-0-452-00739-0 14275:978-0-19994-558-0 14256:978-0-300-11204-7 14243:Roberts, Geoffrey 14213:978-0-06122-860-5 14190:978-0-81221-342-3 14148:978-1-61039-844-2 14109:978-0-14-100375-7 14102:. Penguin Books. 14090:978-0-19872-828-3 14052:978-0-76033-780-6 14033:978-0-39332-797-7 14014:978-0-14051-330-1 13990:978-1-4728-1526-2 13971:978-0-674-00163-3 13948:978-0-81316-738-1 13926:978-3-86854-220-2 13888:978-0-80507-577-9 13812:978-1-57181-882-9 13786:978-5-7838-0590-5 13757:978-0-70061-015-0 13719:978-3-49804-333-9 13700:978-0-8018-6493-3 13681:978-1-47250-756-3 13619:978-0-7110-2899-9 13600:978-0-297-79462-2 13591:Hitler's Generals 13587:Barnett, Correlli 13555:978-0-313-39592-5 13536:978-0-19066-113-7 13517:978-1-58544-285-0 13495:Inquiries Journal 13443:978-1-57181-882-9 13386:978-1-84603-107-6 13367:978-1-84176-857-1 13348:978-0-8166-5802-2 13329:978-0-393-32252-1 13310:978-0-67082-359-8 13199:on 10 August 2017 13154:978-0-333-94944-3 13088:Hitlers Strategie 13078:978-0-520-02528-8 13001:978-1-57181-232-2 12927:978-0-06225-927-1 12908:978-0-30747-553-4 12870:978-0-19-966078-0 12848:978-0-46506-698-8 12810:978-0-30681-101-2 12746:978-0-70062-121-7 12670:978-0-73943-128-3 12595:978-0-8050-0534-9 12574:978-0-19-820297-4 12520:on 30 March 2016. 12483:. Pen and Sword. 12471:978-1-84908-107-8 12433:978-1-78738-604-4 12411:978-0-375-41086-4 12385:Evans, Richard J. 12336:978-952-373-249-0 12308:The Russian Front 12295:978-0-27594-893-1 12276:978-0-19754-721-2 12254:978-0-19-534096-9 12222:). Archived from 12183:978-0-51743-610-3 12125:(27): 2819–2823. 12066:978-1-45165-113-3 12047:978-0-67466-043-4 12028:978-0-330-47550-1 12021:. Pan Macmillan. 11986:978-0-14-028105-7 11946:978-0-06-099506-5 11834:. Profile Books. 11819:978-0-7570-0160-4 11800:978-0-7146-5050-0 11743:978-0-19-822886-8 11714:Hoffmann, Joachim 11676:978-0-306-81538-6 11669:. Da Capo Press. 11657:978-1-85780-270-2 11638:978-0-375-72471-8 11631:. Vintage Books. 11615:978-0-316-02374-0 11591:978-0-52183-432-2 11572:978-3-50671-726-9 11553:978-0-671-24277-0 11505:978-1-40584-063-7 11486:978-1-31241-326-9 11422:978-1-78274-619-5 11403:978-615-5372-53-7 11374:978-0-69108-938-6 11055:, pp. 54–57. 11043:, pp. 33–34. 10983:, pp. 10–12. 10971:, pp. 56–57. 10947:, pp. 89–94. 10875:, pp. 20–21. 10767:, pp. 87–97. 10743:, pp. 36–41. 10719:, pp. 44–45. 10707:, pp. 57–68. 10599:, pp. 50–56. 10563:, pp. 91–97. 10429:Lopez et al. 2019 10311:, pp. 83–91. 10225:Ueberschär (1998) 10203:, pp. 93–97. 10189:Ueberschär (1998) 10023:, pp. 68–69. 9939:, pp. 12–14. 9880:Ueberschär (1998) 9867:, pp. 67–86. 9855:, pp. 87–93. 9841:Ueberschär (1998) 9829:Ueberschär (1998) 9819:, pp. 81–87. 9731:Battle for Russia 9640:, pp. 38–41. 9626:Ueberschär (1998) 9616:, pp. 74–76. 9592:, pp. 60–62. 9575:, pp. 54–56. 9551:, pp. 56–57. 9479:, pp. 29–33. 9232:, pp. 85–86. 9145:, pp. 31–33. 9019:, pp. 33–34. 8545:, pp. 91–93. 8281:, pp. 21–22. 8062:, pp. 73–74. 7966:, pp. 35–40. 7792:, pp. 32–36. 7780:, pp. 55–60. 7717:, pp. 11–59. 7698:, pp. 59–63. 7599:, pp. 69–70. 7584:, pp. 21–22. 7275:, pp. 56–59. 7227:, pp. 73–74. 7035:, pp. 59–60. 6823:, pp. 50–51. 6703:, pp. 95–98. 5972:Red Army soldiers 5887:, in October 1941 5796:SS-Einsatzgruppen 5742:Soviet resistance 5705:committed suicide 5692:Operation Kutuzov 5677:Operation Citadel 5335:Operation Typhoon 5128:Finnish III Corps 5109:Rybachy Peninsula 4986:and occupied the 4984:Operation Rentier 4963:Northeast Finland 4806:Operation München 4557: 4556: 4552:Soviet : 220 4544:German : 152 4136:Romanian 4th Army 4131:Romanian 3rd Army 4047:Army Group Centre 3946:Vladimir Nevezhin 3919: 3918: 3758:and sent word to 3654:Semyon Timoshenko 3609:Reinhard Heydrich 3519:Army Group Centre 3432:Operation Harpune 3420:Semyon Timoshenko 3393:on the road near 3342: 3341: 3072:Wewelsburg castle 3039:Barbarossa Decree 2747:Vernichtungskrieg 2405:Operation Citadel 2172: 2147: 2146: 1570: 1569: 1322: 1321: 1234:75,000 casualties 1101:3,350–3,795 tanks 703:Army Group Centre 524:Semyon Timoshenko 441:C.G.E. Mannerheim 164: 163: 16:(Redirected from 19334: 19312:June 1941 events 19201:Related articles 18866:Joachim Witthöft 18846:Franz von Roques 18815:Army Group South 18805:Army Group North 18738: 18731: 18724: 18715: 18714: 18704: 18697: 18690: 18687:World portal 18685: 18684: 18660: 18653: 18646: 18639: 18630: 18623: 18616: 18607: 18600: 18593: 18586: 18579: 18572: 18563: 18556: 18549: 18547:Prague offensive 18542: 18540:Battle of Berlin 18535: 18528: 18521: 18514: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18486: 18484:Vienna offensive 18479: 18472: 18465: 18463:Battle of Manila 18458: 18438: 18429: 18420: 18413: 18404: 18397: 18390: 18383: 18376: 18369: 18362: 18353: 18344: 18337: 18328: 18321: 18314: 18307: 18298: 18291: 18284: 18277: 18270: 18263: 18256: 18247: 18240: 18231: 18222: 18213: 18206: 18204:Korsun–Cherkassy 18199: 18188: 18166: 18157: 18150: 18143: 18136: 18129: 18122: 18115: 18106: 18099: 18092: 18085: 18076: 18069: 18062: 18055: 18048: 18046:Bombing of Gorky 18041: 18034: 18027: 18007: 18000: 17991: 17984: 17977: 17968: 17961: 17954: 17947: 17940: 17929: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17906:Battle of Midway 17901: 17894: 17892:Battle of Gazala 17887: 17880: 17873: 17866: 17859: 17852: 17845: 17825: 17818: 17811: 17804: 17802:Battle of Borneo 17797: 17795:Malayan campaign 17790: 17783: 17776: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17739:Bombing of Gorky 17734: 17732:Battle of Moscow 17727: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17699: 17692: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17655: 17648: 17641: 17632: 17625: 17618: 17611: 17604: 17584: 17575: 17568: 17561: 17554: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17519: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17496:Battle of France 17491: 17484: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17456: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17372: 17365: 17358: 17351: 17349:Munich Agreement 17344: 17337: 17328: 17321: 17314: 17305: 17298: 17283: 17282: 17265: 17258: 17249: 17242: 17235: 17234:Soviet prisoners 17228: 17221: 17214: 17205: 17198: 17189: 17182: 17175: 17174:German prisoners 17170: 17150: 17141: 17134: 17127: 17122: 17115: 17108: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17080: 17073: 17066: 17059: 17052: 17045: 17038: 17031: 17022: 17015: 17008: 17001: 16994: 16987: 16980: 16973: 16966: 16959: 16952: 16945: 16938: 16931: 16924: 16917: 16910: 16903: 16896: 16876: 16869: 16862: 16855: 16848: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16820: 16813: 16806: 16786: 16779: 16772: 16765: 16758: 16750: 16743: 16736: 16727: 16720: 16712: 16705: 16703:French Indochina 16698: 16691: 16684: 16677: 16669: 16662: 16655: 16647: 16627: 16618: 16611: 16602: 16595: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16567: 16560: 16553: 16550:from August 1944 16541: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16513: 16506: 16499: 16492: 16485: 16473: 16466: 16459: 16452: 16445: 16433: 16425: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16397: 16390: 16383: 16371: 16364: 16357: 16350: 16335: 16334: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16294: 16287: 16276: 16261: 16254: 16247: 16242: 16233: 16226: 16219: 16210: 16203: 16196: 16194:Nanjing Massacre 16189: 16182: 16173: 16171:Nuremberg trials 16164: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16136: 16129: 16120: 16113: 16106: 16099: 16079: 16072: 16065: 16056: 16049: 16042: 16035: 16028: 16021: 16012: 16003: 15996: 15989: 15982: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15931: 15924: 15904: 15895: 15888: 15881: 15872: 15865: 15858: 15851: 15842: 15835: 15828: 15819: 15812: 15805: 15798: 15791: 15784: 15777: 15775:Asia and Pacific 15757: 15750: 15743: 15736: 15729: 15722: 15715: 15706: 15704:Mulberry harbour 15699: 15692: 15685: 15678: 15671: 15664: 15657: 15650: 15641: 15634: 15627: 15618: 15611: 15604: 15597: 15590: 15583: 15576: 15569: 15562: 15555: 15546: 15539: 15524: 15523: 15512: 15505: 15496: 15489: 15482: 15475: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15433: 15426: 15419: 15410: 15409: 15357: 15345: 15333: 15321: 15309: 15297: 15276: 15274: 15263: 15262: 15253: 15243: 15241: 15237: 15232: 15219: 15200: 15198: 15196: 15184: 15180:978-1-398-115514 15165: 15146: 15127: 15108: 15083: 15081: 15079: 15057: 15038: 15019: 14995: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14954: 14948:. Archived from 14939: 14927: 14906: 14882: 14865: 14843: 14820: 14801: 14782: 14759: 14740: 14719: 14682: 14663: 14644: 14620: 14607: 14588: 14569: 14547: 14528: 14509: 14490: 14468: 14436: 14412: 14395:Shepherd, Ben H. 14390: 14371: 14350: 14329: 14310: 14288: 14279: 14260: 14238: 14229:(8): 1293–1326. 14217: 14205: 14194: 14175: 14163: 14152: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14113: 14094: 14075: 14056: 14037: 14018: 13994: 13975: 13963: 13952: 13930: 13911: 13892: 13873: 13861: 13850: 13835: 13816: 13797: 13795: 13793: 13761: 13742: 13723: 13704: 13685: 13663: 13623: 13604: 13583:Macksey, Kenneth 13578: 13559: 13540: 13521: 13502: 13485: 13466: 13447: 13428: 13409: 13390: 13371: 13352: 13333: 13314: 13293: 13269: 13256: 13237: 13208: 13206: 13204: 13181: 13179: 13177: 13158: 13139: 13120: 13099: 13082: 13070: 13059: 13047: 13036: 13022: 13005: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12972: 12966:. Archived from 12941: 12931: 12912: 12893: 12874: 12852: 12833: 12814: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12772: 12750: 12731: 12712: 12693: 12674: 12655: 12637: 12618: 12599: 12578: 12559: 12540: 12521: 12519: 12504: 12494: 12475: 12456: 12437: 12415: 12396: 12394: 12380: 12359: 12340: 12321: 12299: 12280: 12258: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12204: 12187: 12166: 12142: 12109: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12070: 12051: 12032: 12013: 12001: 11990: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11950: 11928: 11903:(2/3): 337–351. 11891: 11866:(3/4): 431–451. 11854: 11845: 11841:978-1-86197774-8 11823: 11804: 11783: 11780:Boog et al. 1998 11771: 11768:Boog et al. 1998 11759: 11756:Boog et al. 1998 11747: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11691: 11680: 11661: 11642: 11630: 11619: 11595: 11576: 11557: 11538: 11509: 11490: 11471: 11469: 11467: 11445: 11426: 11407: 11395: 11378: 11350: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11182: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11095: 11089: 11083: 11074: 11068: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10870: 10864: 10858: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10768: 10762: 10756: 10750: 10744: 10738: 10732: 10726: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10582: 10576: 10570: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10498: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10474: 10468: 10462: 10456: 10450: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10282: 10276: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10228: 10222: 10216: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10192: 10186: 10180: 10174: 10168: 10162: 10156: 10150: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10024: 10018: 10012: 10006: 10000: 9994: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9963:, p. 83–85. 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9868: 9862: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9727: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9474: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9372: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9343: 9337: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9265: 9259: 9248: 9242: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9068:Braithwaite 2010 9065: 9059: 9053: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8952: 8946: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8845: 8839: 8814: 8808: 8799: 8793: 8780: 8779:, p. 26,29. 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8267: 8261: 8250: 8244: 8235: 8229: 8218: 8212: 8203: 8197: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7940:Blumentritt 1952 7937: 7931: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7718: 7712: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7600: 7594: 7585: 7579: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7507:Stackelberg 2007 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7398:, pp. 9–24. 7393: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7315: 7309: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6985:Stackelberg 2007 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6935: 6932:Stackelberg 2002 6929: 6923: 6917: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6653:Vehviläinen 2002 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6617: 6611: 6602: 6596: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6536: 6530: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6480: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6432: 6426: 6413: 6407: 6390: 6384: 6371: 6365: 6344: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6247: 6234: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6117:and sympathetic 6111: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6066: 5859: 5853: 5821: 5807:prisoners of war 5804: 5798: 5619:Battle of Moscow 5505:Stielhandgranate 5482:Battle of Moscow 5476:Battle of Moscow 5381:Ewald von Kleist 5308:Yelnya Offensive 5293: 5285: 5229: 5136:Murmansk railway 5089:Northern Finland 5051: 4988:Petsamo Province 4969:Continuation War 4898:3rd Panzer Group 4886:2nd Panzer Group 4838:1st Panzer Group 4824:1st Panzer Group 4820:Ewald von Kleist 4790:Leningrad oblast 4755:Baltic Operation 4749:Baltic countries 4721: 4589:near Leningrad, 4461: 4319:Mechanised Corps 4086:Army Group South 4013:Army Group North 3993:Northern Theatre 3978: 3974: 3938:Joachim Hoffmann 3878:Guns and mortars 3834: 3830: 3814:mechanised corps 3756:military attaché 3723: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3594: 3588: 3523:Army Group South 3515:Army Group North 3333:and territories 3326: 3309:, later renamed 3294: 3266: 3253: 3235: 3222: 3209:Baltic countries 3204: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3167:Alfred Rosenberg 3157: 3075: 3066:'s statement to 3064:Heinrich Himmler 3019: 2986:Friedrich Paulus 2750: 2742: 2731: 2724:4th Panzer Group 2714: 2706: 2697:ethnic cleansing 2694: 2676:Heinrich Himmler 2673: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2620:Slavko Kvaternik 2618:military leader 2568:pseudoscientific 2565: 2557: 2549: 2546:Drang nach Osten 2536:Jewish Bolshevik 2533: 2517: 2514:Weltanschauungen 2509: 2413: 2398: 2390:war of attrition 2387: 2369:Battle of Moscow 2310:Allied coalition 2282:signed political 2260: 2236: 2190:and many of its 2177: 2171:romanized: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2039:Petsamo–Kirkenes 1917:Belgorod-Kharkov 1883:Voronezh–Kharkov 1607: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1574: 1573: 1540:Bombing of Gorky 1360: 1358: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1325: 1324: 1263:4,420 casualties 1262: 1261: 1253:8,700 casualties 1252: 1251: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1222: 1221: 1119:600,000 vehicles 1053: 1052: 1012: 1004: 1003: 930: 929: 897: 896: 849: 848: 821: 820: 809: 808: 790: 789: 778: 777: 746:Army Group South 742: 741: 699: 698: 670:Army Group North 666: 665: 633: 632: 623: 615:Mikhail Kirponos 613: 612: 603:Andrey Yeremenko 601: 600: 592: 583: 582: 573:Fyodor Kuznetsov 571: 570: 559: 558: 547: 546: 535: 534: 526: 522: 521: 509: 508: 500: 496: 495: 483: 482: 471: 470: 457: 456: 439: 438: 427: 426: 415: 414: 403: 402: 391: 390: 379: 378: 367: 366: 355: 354: 346: 342: 341: 329: 328: 317: 316: 303: 302: 276: 275: 261: 257: 255: 254: 246: 242: 240: 239: 231: 227: 225: 224: 213: 211: 210: 203: 199: 197: 196: 183: 182: 125:Northeast Europe 95: 94: 58: 34: 33: 21: 19342: 19341: 19337: 19336: 19335: 19333: 19332: 19331: 19287: 19286: 19285: 19280: 19227: 19196: 19177:Krasnodar Trial 19155: 19127: 19108:Commissar Order 19100:Criminal orders 19078: 18976: 18948: 18870: 18851:Karl von Roques 18831:Erich Friderici 18819: 18783: 18755: 18742: 18712: 18707: 18700: 18693: 18679: 18677: 18665: 18656: 18649: 18642: 18635: 18626: 18619: 18612: 18603: 18598:Atomic bombings 18596: 18589: 18582: 18575: 18568: 18559: 18552: 18545: 18538: 18531: 18524: 18517: 18510: 18503: 18496: 18489: 18482: 18475: 18468: 18461: 18454: 18441: 18434: 18423: 18416: 18409: 18400: 18393: 18386: 18379: 18372: 18365: 18356: 18347: 18340: 18331: 18324: 18317: 18310: 18301: 18294: 18289:Eastern Romania 18287: 18282:Warsaw Uprising 18280: 18275:Tannenberg Line 18273: 18266: 18261:Western Ukraine 18259: 18250: 18243: 18234: 18225: 18216: 18209: 18202: 18191: 18182: 18169: 18162: 18153: 18146: 18139: 18132: 18125: 18118: 18111: 18102: 18095: 18088: 18079: 18072: 18065: 18058: 18053:Battle of Kursk 18051: 18044: 18037: 18030: 18023: 18010: 18003: 17994: 17987: 17980: 17971: 17964: 17957: 17950: 17943: 17934: 17925: 17918: 17911: 17904: 17897: 17890: 17883: 17876: 17869: 17862: 17857:St Nazaire Raid 17855: 17848: 17841: 17828: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17779: 17772: 17765: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17702: 17695: 17681: 17672: 17665: 17658: 17651: 17644: 17639:Anglo-Iraqi War 17637: 17630:Battle of Crete 17628: 17621: 17614: 17607: 17600: 17587: 17578: 17571: 17564: 17559:Eastern Romania 17557: 17550: 17543: 17536: 17529: 17522: 17515: 17508: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17480: 17473: 17466: 17459: 17452: 17439: 17432: 17425: 17418: 17411: 17404: 17397: 17390: 17377: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17333: 17324: 17317: 17310: 17301: 17294: 17268: 17261: 17254: 17245: 17238: 17233: 17224: 17217: 17210: 17201: 17194: 17185: 17178: 17173: 17166: 17153: 17146: 17137: 17130: 17125: 17120:Western Ukraine 17118: 17111: 17104: 17097: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17064:Northeast China 17062: 17055: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17027: 17018: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16990: 16983: 16976: 16969: 16962: 16955: 16948: 16941: 16934: 16927: 16920: 16913: 16906: 16899: 16892: 16879: 16872: 16865: 16858: 16851: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16809: 16802: 16789: 16782: 16775: 16768: 16763:Slovak Republic 16761: 16753: 16746: 16739: 16734:Empire of Japan 16732: 16723: 16715: 16708: 16701: 16694: 16687: 16680: 16672: 16665: 16658: 16650: 16643: 16630: 16623: 16614: 16607: 16598: 16591: 16584: 16577: 16570: 16563: 16556: 16544: 16537: 16530: 16523: 16516: 16509: 16502: 16495: 16488: 16476: 16469: 16462: 16455: 16448: 16436: 16428: 16421: 16414: 16407: 16400: 16393: 16386: 16374: 16367: 16360: 16353: 16346: 16320: 16311: 16304: 16297: 16290: 16279: 16264: 16257: 16250: 16246:Sexual violence 16245: 16238: 16229: 16222: 16215: 16206: 16199: 16192: 16185: 16178: 16169: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16139: 16132: 16125: 16116: 16109: 16102: 16095: 16082: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16052: 16045: 16038: 16031: 16024: 16015: 16006: 15999: 15992: 15985: 15976: 15969: 15964:Greek Civil War 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15934: 15927: 15920: 15907: 15900: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15868: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15815: 15808: 15801: 15794: 15789:South-East Asia 15787: 15780: 15773: 15760: 15753: 15746: 15739: 15732: 15725: 15718: 15711: 15702: 15695: 15688: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15653: 15648:Military awards 15646: 15637: 15630: 15623: 15614: 15607: 15600: 15593: 15586: 15579: 15572: 15565: 15558: 15551: 15542: 15535: 15515: 15508: 15501: 15492: 15485: 15478: 15473: 15464: 15457: 15450: 15442: 15437: 15290: 15289: 15278: 15272: 15270: 15267:This audio file 15264: 15257: 15248: 15245: 15239: 15235: 15234: 15230: 15227: 15222: 15216: 15203: 15194: 15192: 15187: 15181: 15162: 15149: 15143: 15130: 15124: 15086: 15077: 15075: 15060: 15054: 15041: 15035: 15016: 14998: 14992: 14976: 14972: 14970:Further reading 14967: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14937: 14924: 14903: 14862: 14840: 14817: 14798: 14779: 14756: 14737: 14700:10.2307/2697571 14679: 14660: 14641: 14604: 14585: 14566: 14544: 14525: 14506: 14487: 14465: 14441:Smelser, Ronald 14433: 14417:Shirer, William 14409: 14387: 14368: 14347: 14326: 14307: 14276: 14257: 14214: 14191: 14172: 14164:. W.W. Norton. 14149: 14127: 14125: 14110: 14091: 14072: 14064:. Transaction. 14053: 14034: 14015: 13991: 13972: 13949: 13927: 13908: 13889: 13870: 13832: 13813: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13758: 13739: 13720: 13701: 13682: 13620: 13601: 13575: 13556: 13537: 13518: 13482: 13463: 13462:978-0-857850607 13444: 13425: 13406: 13387: 13368: 13349: 13330: 13311: 13290: 13253: 13202: 13200: 13175: 13173: 13155: 13136: 13079: 13056: 13002: 12976: 12974: 12970: 12939: 12928: 12909: 12890: 12871: 12849: 12830: 12811: 12789: 12787: 12769: 12747: 12728: 12709: 12690: 12671: 12634: 12615: 12596: 12575: 12556: 12537: 12517: 12502: 12491: 12472: 12453: 12434: 12412: 12356: 12337: 12318: 12304:Dunnigan, James 12296: 12277: 12255: 12243:, eds. (1995). 12229: 12227: 12226:on 8 March 2020 12184: 12163: 12147:Commager, Henry 12106: 12084: 12082: 12067: 12048: 12029: 12010: 11987: 11965: 11963: 11947: 11842: 11820: 11801: 11752:Förster, Jürgen 11744: 11728:, eds. (1998). 11710:Förster, Jürgen 11695: 11693: 11677: 11658: 11639: 11616: 11592: 11573: 11554: 11506: 11487: 11465: 11463: 11442: 11423: 11415:. Amber Books. 11404: 11393: 11375: 11358: 11353: 11345: 11341: 11333: 11329: 11321: 11317: 11309: 11305: 11297: 11293: 11285: 11281: 11273: 11269: 11261: 11257: 11249: 11245: 11237: 11233: 11225: 11221: 11213: 11209: 11201: 11197: 11189: 11185: 11177: 11173: 11167:Mühlhäuser 2010 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11141: 11137: 11131:Mühlhäuser 2010 11129: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11105: 11098: 11090: 11086: 11075: 11071: 11063: 11059: 11051: 11047: 11041:Langerbein 2003 11039: 11035: 11027: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10991: 10987: 10979: 10975: 10967: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10943: 10939: 10931: 10927: 10919: 10915: 10907: 10903: 10895: 10891: 10883: 10879: 10871: 10867: 10859: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10835: 10831: 10823: 10819: 10811: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10787: 10783: 10775: 10771: 10763: 10759: 10751: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10715: 10711: 10703: 10699: 10691: 10687: 10679: 10675: 10667: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10643: 10639: 10631: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10607: 10603: 10595: 10591: 10583: 10579: 10571: 10567: 10559: 10555: 10547: 10543: 10535: 10531: 10523: 10519: 10511: 10507: 10499: 10495: 10487: 10483: 10479:, p. 1032. 10475: 10471: 10463: 10459: 10451: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10427: 10423: 10415: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10391: 10387: 10379: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10331: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10307: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10283: 10279: 10271: 10267: 10259: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10211: 10207: 10199: 10195: 10187: 10183: 10175: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10151: 10144: 10136: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10112: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10085: 10081: 10073: 10069: 10061: 10057: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10027: 10019: 10015: 10007: 10003: 9995: 9991: 9985:Ueberschär 1998 9983: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9935: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9902: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9878: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9851: 9847: 9839: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9755: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9728: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9675: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9612: 9608: 9600: 9596: 9588: 9579: 9571: 9567: 9559: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9523: 9519: 9511: 9507: 9499: 9495: 9487: 9483: 9475: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9430: 9426: 9418: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9394: 9390: 9382: 9375: 9367: 9363: 9355: 9346: 9338: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9275: 9268: 9260: 9251: 9243: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9216: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9180: 9173: 9165: 9161: 9153: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9117: 9113: 9105: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9066: 9062: 9054: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9008: 9000: 8996: 8988: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8955: 8947: 8938: 8930: 8926: 8918: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8855: 8848: 8840: 8817: 8809: 8802: 8794: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8751: 8747: 8739: 8735: 8731:, p. 1326. 8727: 8723: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8667: 8663: 8655: 8651: 8645:Meltyukhov 2000 8643: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8619: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8592: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8481: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8343: 8336: 8332:, p. 1293. 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8304: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8253: 8245: 8238: 8230: 8221: 8213: 8206: 8198: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7926:, p. 483; 7920:Hillgruber 1965 7914: 7910: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7721: 7713: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7610: 7603: 7597:Gorodetsky 2001 7595: 7588: 7580: 7573: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7459:Hildebrand 1973 7457: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7318: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7249:Hildebrand 1973 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6961:Hillgruber 1972 6959: 6955: 6947: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6701:Krivosheev 1997 6699: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6620: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6572:Mercatante 2012 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6539: 6533:Mercatante 2012 6531: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6483: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6435: 6427: 6416: 6408: 6393: 6385: 6374: 6366: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6311: 6307: 6297: 6293: 6248: 6237: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6061: 6005: 5964: 5951: 5945: 5923: 5913: 5911:Sexual violence 5866:Heinrich Müller 5731: 5715:Main articles: 5713: 5698:the outcome of 5688:Battle of Kursk 5643: 5615: 5484: 5478: 5441: 5435: 5413: 5383:swept south to 5377:1st Panzer Army 5349: 5343: 5326: 5320: 5265:German general 5255: 5249: 5227: 5213: 5207: 5170: 5162:Main articles: 5160: 5101: 5093:Main articles: 5091: 5049: 5029: 5019: 4971: 4965: 4873: 4867: 4851:Soviet Moldavia 4812: 4802: 4757: 4751: 4719: 4677: 4669:Main articles: 4667: 4646: 4644:Initial attacks 4629:Joseph Goebbels 4562: 4553: 4548: 4545: 4531: 4452: 4446:Black Sea Fleet 4150: 3973: 3967: 3965:Order of battle 3839:1 January 1939 3726:Pripyat Marshes 3721: 3702:Semyon Budyonny 3674:interwar period 3647: 3637: 3627: 3539:for Centre and 3440:English Channel 3391:3rd Panzer Army 3383: 3338: 3327: 3314: 3303:European Russia 3295: 3282: 3271:Southern Russia 3267: 3254: 3236: 3223: 3205: 3076: 3061: 3020: 3017: 2994:labour shortage 2898: 2884: 2763: 2757: 2692:Generalplan Ost 2645: 2562:Generalplan Ost 2486: 2480: 2425: 2420: 2411: 2396: 2385: 2233:Generalplan Ost 2201:The operation, 2156: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2137:Prague uprising 2120:Bratislava–Brno 2110:Moravia–Ostrava 2000:Lvov–Sandomierz 1828:Rzhev–Sychyovka 1656:Białystok–Minsk 1608: 1603: 1601: 1571: 1566: 1383:Białystok–Minsk 1361: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1318: 1307: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1256: 1246: 1238: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1208: 1196: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1142: 1122: 1080: 1047: 998: 997: 924: 891: 843: 840: 839: 829: 823:Army of Karelia 815: 803: 784: 772: 768:1st Panzer Army 736: 730:3rd Panzer Army 725:2nd Panzer Army 693: 687:4th Panzer Army 660: 657: 656: 639: 627: 619: 607: 595: 577: 565: 553: 541: 537:Semyon Budyonny 529: 516: 515: 503: 490: 489: 477: 465: 451: 445: 433: 421: 409: 397: 385: 381:Hans Jeschonnek 373: 361: 349: 336: 335: 323: 311: 297: 284: 270: 264: 252: 250: 237: 235: 222: 220: 208: 206: 194: 192: 177: 153: 139: 138: 108: 106:5 December 1941 89: 69:northern Russia 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19340: 19330: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19282: 19281: 19279: 19278: 19271: 19264: 19257: 19250: 19243: 19235: 19233: 19232:Historiography 19229: 19228: 19226: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19204: 19202: 19198: 19197: 19195: 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19163: 19161: 19157: 19156: 19154: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19137: 19135: 19129: 19128: 19126: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19097: 19092: 19086: 19084: 19080: 19079: 19077: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19061: 19043: 19025: 19007: 19002: 18995:Einsatzgruppen 18991: 18989: 18978: 18977: 18975: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18958: 18956: 18950: 18949: 18947: 18946: 18941: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18886: 18880: 18878: 18872: 18871: 18869: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18827: 18825: 18821: 18820: 18818: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18791: 18789: 18785: 18784: 18782: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18765: 18763: 18757: 18756: 18741: 18740: 18733: 18726: 18718: 18709: 18708: 18706: 18705: 18698: 18691: 18674: 18671: 18670: 18667: 18666: 18664: 18663: 18662: 18661: 18654: 18647: 18633: 18632: 18631: 18617: 18614:South Sakhalin 18610: 18609: 18608: 18594: 18587: 18580: 18573: 18566: 18565: 18564: 18550: 18543: 18536: 18529: 18522: 18515: 18508: 18501: 18494: 18487: 18480: 18473: 18466: 18459: 18451: 18449: 18443: 18442: 18440: 18439: 18432: 18431: 18430: 18414: 18407: 18406: 18405: 18391: 18384: 18377: 18370: 18363: 18354: 18345: 18338: 18329: 18322: 18315: 18308: 18299: 18292: 18285: 18278: 18271: 18264: 18257: 18248: 18241: 18232: 18223: 18214: 18207: 18200: 18189: 18179: 18177: 18171: 18170: 18168: 18167: 18160: 18159: 18158: 18151: 18137: 18130: 18123: 18116: 18109: 18108: 18107: 18093: 18086: 18077: 18070: 18063: 18056: 18049: 18042: 18039:Battle of Attu 18035: 18028: 18020: 18018: 18012: 18011: 18009: 18008: 18001: 17992: 17985: 17978: 17969: 17962: 17955: 17948: 17941: 17932: 17931: 17930: 17923: 17909: 17902: 17895: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17867: 17860: 17853: 17846: 17838: 17836: 17830: 17829: 17827: 17826: 17819: 17812: 17805: 17798: 17791: 17784: 17781:Battle of Guam 17777: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17707: 17704:Battle of Kiev 17700: 17693: 17679: 17678: 17677: 17663: 17656: 17649: 17642: 17635: 17634: 17633: 17619: 17612: 17605: 17597: 17595: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17585: 17576: 17569: 17562: 17555: 17548: 17541: 17534: 17527: 17520: 17513: 17506: 17499: 17492: 17485: 17478: 17471: 17464: 17457: 17449: 17447: 17441: 17440: 17438: 17437: 17430: 17423: 17416: 17409: 17402: 17395: 17387: 17385: 17379: 17378: 17376: 17375: 17374: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17345: 17331: 17330: 17329: 17322: 17308: 17307: 17306: 17291: 17289: 17280: 17274: 17273: 17270: 17269: 17267: 17266: 17259: 17252: 17251: 17250: 17243: 17231: 17230: 17229: 17215: 17208: 17207: 17206: 17203:United Kingdom 17199: 17192: 17191: 17190: 17171: 17163: 17161: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17151: 17144: 17143: 17142: 17135: 17123: 17116: 17109: 17102: 17095: 17088: 17081: 17074: 17067: 17060: 17053: 17046: 17039: 17032: 17025: 17024: 17023: 17016: 17002: 16995: 16988: 16981: 16974: 16967: 16960: 16953: 16946: 16939: 16932: 16925: 16918: 16911: 16904: 16897: 16889: 16887: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16877: 16870: 16863: 16856: 16849: 16842: 16835: 16828: 16821: 16814: 16807: 16799: 16797: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16787: 16780: 16773: 16766: 16759: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16730: 16729: 16728: 16713: 16706: 16699: 16692: 16685: 16678: 16670: 16663: 16656: 16648: 16640: 16638: 16632: 16631: 16629: 16628: 16621: 16620: 16619: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16600:British Empire 16593:United Kingdom 16589: 16582: 16575: 16568: 16561: 16554: 16542: 16535: 16528: 16521: 16514: 16507: 16500: 16493: 16486: 16474: 16467: 16460: 16453: 16446: 16434: 16426: 16419: 16412: 16409:Czechoslovakia 16405: 16398: 16391: 16384: 16372: 16365: 16358: 16351: 16343: 16341: 16332: 16326: 16325: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16318: 16317: 16316: 16309: 16306:Rape of Manila 16302: 16295: 16288: 16277: 16262: 16255: 16243: 16236: 16235: 16234: 16227: 16213: 16212: 16211: 16204: 16197: 16183: 16176: 16175: 16174: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16158: 16144: 16137: 16123: 16122: 16121: 16114: 16107: 16092: 16090: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16077:United Nations 16073: 16066: 16059: 16058: 16057: 16050: 16043: 16036: 16022: 16013: 16004: 15997: 15990: 15983: 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15939: 15936:Decolonization 15932: 15925: 15917: 15915: 15909: 15908: 15906: 15905: 15898: 15897: 15896: 15882: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15866: 15859: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15836: 15822: 15821: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15792: 15785: 15770: 15768: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15758: 15751: 15744: 15737: 15730: 15723: 15716: 15709: 15708: 15707: 15700: 15686: 15679: 15672: 15665: 15658: 15651: 15644: 15643: 15642: 15628: 15621: 15620: 15619: 15612: 15609:United Kingdom 15605: 15591: 15584: 15577: 15570: 15563: 15556: 15549: 15548: 15547: 15532: 15530: 15521: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15506: 15499: 15498: 15497: 15490: 15483: 15471: 15470: 15469: 15455: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15436: 15435: 15428: 15421: 15413: 15407: 15406: 15384: 15373: 15363: 15351: 15339: 15327: 15315: 15303: 15279: 15265: 15258: 15246: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15225:External links 15223: 15221: 15220: 15215:978-0760319918 15214: 15201: 15185: 15179: 15166: 15160: 15147: 15142:978-0140133639 15141: 15128: 15122: 15109: 15084: 15058: 15052: 15039: 15033: 15020: 15015:978-0803203921 15014: 14996: 14990: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14965: 14928: 14923:978-0061314087 14922: 14907: 14902:978-0674025776 14901: 14887:Wette, Wolfram 14883: 14866: 14860: 14844: 14838: 14821: 14815: 14802: 14796: 14783: 14777: 14760: 14754: 14741: 14735: 14720: 14694:(3): 626–643. 14683: 14678:978-1845455019 14677: 14664: 14659:978-1782002192 14658: 14645: 14640:978-0199986118 14639: 14625:Symonds, Craig 14621: 14608: 14602: 14589: 14584:978-9004254572 14583: 14570: 14564: 14548: 14542: 14529: 14523: 14510: 14504: 14491: 14486:978-1842122143 14485: 14469: 14464:978-0521712316 14463: 14437: 14431: 14413: 14407: 14391: 14386:978-1134325818 14385: 14372: 14366: 14351: 14345: 14330: 14325:978-0891414919 14324: 14311: 14306:978-1134806027 14305: 14293:Sakwa, Richard 14289: 14280: 14274: 14261: 14255: 14239: 14218: 14212: 14195: 14189: 14176: 14171:978-0233964768 14170: 14153: 14147: 14134: 14114: 14108: 14095: 14089: 14076: 14071:978-1412820073 14070: 14057: 14051: 14038: 14032: 14019: 14013: 13999:Overy, Richard 13995: 13989: 13976: 13970: 13953: 13947: 13931: 13925: 13912: 13907:978-0521522830 13906: 13893: 13887: 13874: 13869:978-0743227186 13868: 13851: 13836: 13831:978-0313395925 13830: 13817: 13811: 13798: 13785: 13762: 13756: 13743: 13738:978-0141011929 13737: 13724: 13718: 13705: 13699: 13686: 13680: 13668:Mawdsley, Evan 13664: 13638:(4): 818–865. 13628:Mawdsley, Evan 13624: 13618: 13605: 13599: 13579: 13574:978-0500022924 13573: 13560: 13554: 13541: 13535: 13522: 13516: 13503: 13486: 13481:978-1853672804 13480: 13467: 13461: 13448: 13442: 13429: 13424:978-1472804709 13423: 13410: 13405:978-1782004257 13404: 13391: 13385: 13372: 13366: 13353: 13347: 13334: 13328: 13315: 13309: 13294: 13289:978-1845451868 13288: 13270: 13257: 13252:978-0745660264 13251: 13238: 13209: 13182: 13159: 13153: 13140: 13135:978-1107020795 13134: 13121: 13111:(2): 133–153. 13100: 13083: 13077: 13060: 13054: 13037: 13023: 13006: 13000: 12983: 12956:10.2307/120868 12950:(3): 769–794. 12932: 12926: 12913: 12907: 12894: 12889:978-0700618286 12888: 12875: 12869: 12853: 12847: 12834: 12829:978-3879980383 12828: 12815: 12809: 12796: 12773: 12768:978-0300084597 12767: 12751: 12745: 12732: 12727:978-0752460703 12726: 12713: 12708:978-1906033903 12707: 12694: 12689:978-1906033729 12688: 12675: 12669: 12656: 12638: 12633:978-0700617890 12632: 12619: 12614:978-1906033729 12613: 12600: 12594: 12579: 12573: 12560: 12555:978-0813134161 12554: 12541: 12536:978-0297849131 12535: 12522: 12495: 12490:978-1781590089 12489: 12476: 12470: 12457: 12452:978-1846030178 12451: 12438: 12432: 12420:Faligot, Roger 12416: 12410: 12397: 12381: 12371:(4): 519–553. 12365:Soviet Studies 12360: 12355:978-0275963378 12354: 12341: 12335: 12322: 12316: 12300: 12294: 12281: 12275: 12259: 12253: 12241:Foot, M. R. D. 12236: 12205: 12188: 12182: 12167: 12162:978-0080410661 12161: 12143: 12110: 12105:978-0755336395 12104: 12091: 12071: 12065: 12052: 12046: 12033: 12027: 12014: 12009:978-0521398022 12008: 11991: 11985: 11972: 11951: 11945: 11929: 11892: 11855: 11846: 11840: 11824: 11818: 11805: 11799: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11772: 11760: 11742: 11702: 11681: 11675: 11662: 11656: 11643: 11637: 11620: 11614: 11600:Beevor, Antony 11596: 11590: 11577: 11571: 11558: 11552: 11539: 11521:(3): 461–488. 11510: 11504: 11491: 11485: 11472: 11446: 11440: 11427: 11421: 11408: 11402: 11379: 11373: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11351: 11339: 11327: 11325:, p. 364. 11315: 11303: 11301:, p. 153. 11291: 11279: 11277:, p. 160. 11267: 11265:, p. 264. 11255: 11253:, p. 236. 11243: 11231: 11219: 11207: 11205:, p. 944. 11195: 11193:, p. 328. 11183: 11181:, p. 327. 11171: 11169:, p. 134. 11159: 11157:, p. 110. 11147: 11145:, p. 285. 11135: 11123: 11111: 11109:, p. 289. 11096: 11084: 11069: 11057: 11045: 11033: 11021: 11009: 11007:, p. 213. 10997: 10995:, p. 767. 10985: 10973: 10961: 10949: 10937: 10935:, p. 246. 10925: 10913: 10901: 10889: 10877: 10865: 10853: 10841: 10829: 10817: 10805: 10793: 10781: 10769: 10757: 10745: 10733: 10731:, p. 483. 10721: 10709: 10697: 10685: 10683:, p. 769. 10673: 10661: 10659:, p. 482. 10649: 10647:, p. 181. 10637: 10635:, p. 792. 10625: 10623:, p. 536. 10613: 10601: 10589: 10577: 10575:, p. 209. 10565: 10553: 10541: 10539:, p. 184. 10529: 10517: 10505: 10493: 10491:, p. 144. 10481: 10469: 10467:, p. 106. 10457: 10445: 10433: 10421: 10409: 10407:, p. 255. 10397: 10395:, p. 203. 10385: 10383:, p. 245. 10373: 10361: 10349: 10337: 10335:, p. 244. 10325: 10313: 10301: 10299:, p. 343. 10289: 10287:, p. 242. 10277: 10265: 10263:, p. 440. 10253: 10251:, p. 215. 10241: 10229: 10217: 10215:, p. 533. 10205: 10193: 10181: 10169: 10157: 10155:, p. 149. 10142: 10140:, p. 145. 10130: 10118: 10103: 10091: 10089:, p. 180. 10079: 10067: 10055: 10040: 10038:, p. 204. 10025: 10013: 10011:, p. 199. 10001: 9989: 9977: 9975:, p. 103. 9965: 9953: 9941: 9920: 9908: 9896: 9892:Enkenberg 2021 9884: 9869: 9857: 9845: 9833: 9821: 9809: 9807:, p. 178. 9797: 9785: 9773: 9761: 9759:, p. 195. 9749: 9737: 9717: 9715:, p. 189. 9705: 9693: 9681: 9679:, p. 240. 9666: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9577: 9565: 9563:, p. 253. 9553: 9541: 9539:, p. 111. 9529: 9517: 9505: 9493: 9481: 9460: 9448: 9436: 9424: 9412: 9400: 9388: 9373: 9361: 9344: 9329: 9317: 9305: 9293: 9281: 9266: 9262:Bergström 2007 9249: 9245:Bergström 2007 9234: 9222: 9210: 9198: 9196:, p. 253. 9186: 9171: 9159: 9157:, p. 156. 9147: 9135: 9133:, p. 244. 9123: 9111: 9096: 9084: 9072: 9060: 9045: 9043:, p. 246. 9033: 9021: 9017:Kirchubel 2007 9006: 9004:, p. 136. 9002:Kirchubel 2013 8994: 8982: 8970: 8968:, p. 287. 8953: 8936: 8934:, p. 367. 8924: 8922:, p. 365. 8909: 8897: 8893:Kirchubel 2005 8885: 8881:Kirchubel 2007 8873: 8869:Kirchubel 2005 8861: 8857:Kirchubel 2005 8846: 8815: 8811:Kirchubel 2007 8800: 8796:Kirchubel 2003 8781: 8777:Kirchubel 2005 8769: 8757: 8755:, p. 477. 8745: 8733: 8721: 8709: 8707:, p. 630. 8697: 8695:, p. 476. 8685: 8673: 8671:, p. 243. 8661: 8649: 8637: 8625: 8610: 8598: 8596:, p. 109. 8583: 8571: 8559: 8557:, p. 140. 8547: 8535: 8533:, p. 456. 8523: 8521:, p. 385. 8511: 8499: 8497:, p. 386. 8487: 8472: 8460: 8458:, p. 107. 8448: 8446:, p. 293. 8436: 8421: 8409: 8397: 8395:, p. 202. 8385: 8373: 8371:, p. 155. 8361: 8349: 8334: 8322: 8318:Budiansky 2001 8310: 8308:, p. 192. 8295: 8283: 8268: 8251: 8236: 8219: 8217:, p. 315. 8204: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8124: 8112: 8110:, p. 434. 8100: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8026:, p. 532. 8016: 8014:, p. 158. 8004: 7992: 7980: 7968: 7956: 7944: 7942:, p. 101. 7932: 7908: 7906:, p. 145. 7893: 7881: 7877:Middleton 1981 7869: 7867:, p. 138. 7857: 7845: 7843:, p. 141. 7830: 7826:Bergström 2007 7818: 7816:, p. 175. 7806: 7804:, p. 822. 7794: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7744:, p. 195. 7734: 7719: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7674:, p. 212. 7664: 7652: 7640: 7638:, p. 562. 7636:Patterson 2003 7628: 7616: 7614:, p. 162. 7601: 7586: 7571: 7569:, p. 110. 7559: 7557:, p. 227. 7547: 7535: 7533:, p. 101. 7523: 7511: 7509:, p. 258. 7499: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7461:, p. 105. 7451: 7439: 7424: 7412: 7410:, p. 127. 7400: 7381: 7379:, p. 629. 7369: 7357: 7345: 7343:, p. 259. 7333: 7331:, p. 199. 7316: 7301: 7299:, p. 341. 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7239:, p. 120. 7229: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7191:, p. 140. 7181: 7169: 7167:, p. 181. 7157: 7145: 7143:, p. 224. 7141:Gellately 1990 7133: 7131:, p. 180. 7121: 7119:, p. 127. 7109: 7097: 7095:, p. 467. 7085: 7083:, p. 466. 7073: 7061: 7059:, p. 100. 7049: 7047:, p. 512. 7037: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6997:Fahlbusch 1999 6989: 6987:, p. 271. 6977: 6975:, p. 716. 6965: 6963:, p. 140. 6953: 6936: 6934:, p. 188. 6924: 6922:, p. 340. 6909: 6907:, p. 335. 6897: 6885: 6873: 6869:Clairmont 2003 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6787:, p. 272. 6785:Chapoutot 2018 6777: 6775:, p. 416. 6765: 6753: 6741: 6739:, pp. 67. 6729: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6677:Kirchubel 2013 6669: 6667:, p. 184. 6657: 6645: 6633: 6631:, p. 185. 6618: 6616:, p. 117. 6614:Bergström 2007 6603: 6601:, p. 178. 6588: 6576: 6564: 6552: 6537: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6494:, p. 384. 6481: 6479:, p. 129. 6477:Bergström 2007 6466: 6454: 6433: 6431:, p. 220. 6414: 6391: 6372: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6336: 6327: 6318: 6305: 6291: 6287:Northern Front 6279:Southern Front 6235: 6222: 6212: 6202: 6192: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6154: 6145: 6135: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6079: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6051:Final Solution 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6011: 6004: 6001: 5980:Jonathan House 5963: 5960: 5947:Main article: 5944: 5941: 5912: 5909: 5857:Einsatzgruppen 5851:Einsatzgruppen 5819:Einsatzgruppen 5772:Martin Bormann 5738:Masha Bruskina 5717:Einsatzgruppen 5712: 5709: 5642: 5639: 5614: 5611: 5492:Ilyushin Il-2s 5480:Main article: 5477: 5474: 5466:Medvezhyegorsk 5437:Main article: 5434: 5431: 5412: 5409: 5345:Main article: 5342: 5339: 5322:Main article: 5319: 5316: 5282:levée en masse 5271:Panzer Group 2 5267:Heinz Guderian 5251:Main article: 5248: 5245: 5211:Battle of Uman 5209:Main article: 5206: 5203: 5159: 5156: 5090: 5087: 5018: 5015: 4967:Main article: 4964: 4961: 4890:Brest Fortress 4869:Main article: 4866: 4863: 4801: 4798: 4753:Main article: 4750: 4747: 4666: 4663: 4645: 4642: 4572:, 22 June 1941 4561: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4416:Southern Front 4411: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4330: 4320: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4246:Northern Fleet 4243: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4166: 4158:Northern Front 4153: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4099: 4097:Panzer Group 1 4094: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4068:Panzer Group 2 4065: 4060: 4055: 4053:Panzer Group 3 4042: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4031: 4026: 4024:Panzer Group 4 4021: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3998:Army of Norway 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984:Soviet forces 3982: 3969:Main article: 3966: 3963: 3934:Valeri Danilov 3923:Viktor Suvorov 3917: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3636: 3633: 3620:Einsatzgruppen 3614:Einsatzgruppen 3592:Einsatzgruppen 3475:William Shirer 3382: 3379: 3371:Fedor von Bock 3363:Heinz Guderian 3340: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3301:and remaining 3296: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3268: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3118:Hermann Göring 3059: 3015: 3007:British Empire 2990:demobilisation 2896:Lossberg study 2883: 2880: 2854:Robert Service 2759:Main article: 2756: 2753: 2703:Kleine Planung 2651:Einsatzgruppen 2637:Einsatzgruppen 2600:anti-Bolshevik 2595:Jürgen Förster 2482:Main article: 2479: 2476: 2463:Otto the Great 2458:Operation Otto 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2349:Mass shootings 2327:, and highest 2321:theatre of war 2298:Operation Otto 2286:economic pacts 2263:Slavic peoples 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2100:East Pomerania 2097: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1791:Toropets–Kholm 1788: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1254: 1244: 1224: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187:40,157 missing 1185: 1184:186,452 killed 1161: 1160: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116:600,000 horses 1114: 1113:17,081 mortars 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1057:Southern Front 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 995: 994: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 922: 921: 920: 915: 910: 889: 888: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 853:Northern Front 834: 833: 832: 830: 828: 827: 826: 825: 813: 811:Army of Norway 796: 795: 794: 782: 770: 765: 760: 755: 734: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 691: 690: 689: 684: 679: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 644:Units involved 641: 640: 638: 637: 625: 605: 593: 575: 563: 551: 549:Pavel Zhigarev 539: 527: 513: 501: 487: 475: 463: 448: 446: 444: 443: 431: 419: 407: 395: 393:Fedor von Bock 383: 371: 369:Hermann Göring 359: 347: 333: 321: 319:Wilhelm Keitel 309: 294: 291: 290: 286: 285: 283: 282: 267: 265: 263: 262: 247: 232: 217: 204: 189: 174: 171: 170: 166: 165: 162: 161: 155: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 130: 129:Eastern Europe 127: 122: 121:Central Europe 118: 117: 115: 111: 110: 99: 91: 90: 88: 87: 84: 81: 78:Ilyushin Il-2s 74: 71: 64: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19339: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19294: 19292: 19277: 19276: 19272: 19270: 19269: 19265: 19263: 19262: 19258: 19256: 19255: 19251: 19249: 19248: 19244: 19242: 19241: 19237: 19236: 19234: 19230: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19208:The Holocaust 19206: 19205: 19203: 19199: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19172:Kharkov Trial 19170: 19168: 19165: 19164: 19162: 19158: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19138: 19136: 19134: 19130: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19113: 19109: 19105: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19087: 19085: 19081: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19059: 19055: 19051: 19047: 19044: 19041: 19037: 19033: 19029: 19026: 19023: 19019: 19015: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19000: 18996: 18993: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18983: 18979: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18957: 18955: 18951: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18909: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18881: 18879: 18877: 18873: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18836:Ludwig Kübler 18834: 18832: 18829: 18828: 18826: 18822: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18792: 18790: 18786: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18766: 18764: 18762: 18758: 18753: 18749: 18746: 18739: 18734: 18732: 18727: 18725: 18720: 18719: 18716: 18703: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18688: 18683: 18676: 18675: 18672: 18659: 18655: 18652: 18648: 18645: 18641: 18640: 18638: 18634: 18629: 18625: 18624: 18622: 18621:Kuril Islands 18618: 18615: 18611: 18606: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18595: 18592: 18588: 18585: 18581: 18578: 18574: 18571: 18567: 18562: 18558: 18557: 18555: 18551: 18548: 18544: 18541: 18537: 18534: 18530: 18527: 18523: 18520: 18516: 18513: 18509: 18506: 18502: 18499: 18495: 18492: 18488: 18485: 18481: 18478: 18474: 18471: 18467: 18464: 18460: 18457: 18453: 18452: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18437: 18433: 18428: 18427: 18422: 18421: 18419: 18415: 18412: 18408: 18403: 18399: 18398: 18396: 18392: 18389: 18388:Syrmian Front 18385: 18382: 18378: 18375: 18371: 18368: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18355: 18352: 18351: 18346: 18343: 18339: 18336: 18335: 18334:Market Garden 18330: 18327: 18323: 18320: 18316: 18313: 18309: 18306: 18305: 18300: 18297: 18293: 18290: 18286: 18283: 18279: 18276: 18272: 18269: 18265: 18262: 18258: 18255: 18254: 18249: 18246: 18242: 18239: 18238: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18215: 18212: 18208: 18205: 18201: 18198: 18194: 18193:Monte Cassino 18190: 18187: 18186: 18181: 18180: 18178: 18176: 18172: 18165: 18161: 18156: 18152: 18149: 18145: 18144: 18142: 18138: 18135: 18131: 18128: 18124: 18121: 18117: 18114: 18110: 18105: 18101: 18100: 18098: 18094: 18091: 18087: 18084: 18083: 18078: 18075: 18071: 18068: 18064: 18061: 18057: 18054: 18050: 18047: 18043: 18040: 18036: 18033: 18029: 18026: 18022: 18021: 18019: 18017: 18013: 18006: 18002: 17999: 17998: 17993: 17990: 17986: 17983: 17979: 17976: 17975: 17970: 17967: 17963: 17960: 17956: 17953: 17949: 17946: 17942: 17939: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17924: 17921: 17917: 17916: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17903: 17900: 17896: 17893: 17889: 17886: 17882: 17879: 17875: 17872: 17868: 17865: 17861: 17858: 17854: 17851: 17847: 17844: 17840: 17839: 17837: 17835: 17831: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17813: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17799: 17796: 17792: 17789: 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17771: 17768: 17764: 17761: 17757: 17754: 17750: 17747: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17733: 17729: 17726: 17722: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17705: 17701: 17698: 17694: 17690: 17689: 17684: 17680: 17675: 17671: 17670: 17668: 17664: 17661: 17657: 17654: 17650: 17647: 17643: 17640: 17636: 17631: 17627: 17626: 17624: 17620: 17617: 17613: 17610: 17606: 17603: 17599: 17598: 17596: 17594: 17590: 17583: 17582: 17577: 17574: 17570: 17567: 17563: 17560: 17556: 17553: 17552:Baltic states 17549: 17546: 17542: 17539: 17535: 17532: 17528: 17525: 17521: 17518: 17514: 17511: 17507: 17504: 17500: 17497: 17493: 17490: 17486: 17483: 17479: 17476: 17472: 17469: 17465: 17462: 17458: 17455: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17446: 17442: 17435: 17431: 17428: 17424: 17421: 17417: 17414: 17410: 17407: 17403: 17400: 17396: 17393: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17384: 17380: 17371: 17367: 17364: 17360: 17357: 17353: 17350: 17346: 17343: 17339: 17338: 17336: 17332: 17327: 17323: 17320: 17316: 17315: 17313: 17309: 17304: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17293: 17292: 17290: 17288: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17275: 17264: 17260: 17257: 17253: 17248: 17244: 17241: 17237: 17236: 17232: 17227: 17223: 17222: 17220: 17216: 17213: 17209: 17204: 17200: 17197: 17196:United States 17193: 17188: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17177: 17176: 17172: 17169: 17165: 17164: 17162: 17160: 17156: 17149: 17145: 17140: 17136: 17133: 17132:Quốc dân Đảng 17129: 17128: 17124: 17121: 17117: 17114: 17110: 17107: 17103: 17100: 17096: 17093: 17089: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17075: 17072: 17068: 17065: 17061: 17058: 17054: 17051: 17047: 17044: 17040: 17037: 17033: 17030: 17026: 17021: 17017: 17014: 17010: 17009: 17007: 17003: 17000: 16996: 16993: 16989: 16986: 16982: 16979: 16975: 16972: 16968: 16965: 16961: 16958: 16954: 16951: 16947: 16944: 16940: 16937: 16933: 16930: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16912: 16909: 16905: 16902: 16898: 16895: 16891: 16890: 16888: 16886: 16882: 16875: 16871: 16868: 16864: 16861: 16857: 16854: 16850: 16847: 16843: 16840: 16836: 16833: 16832:Liechtenstein 16829: 16826: 16822: 16819: 16815: 16812: 16808: 16805: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16796: 16792: 16785: 16784:Collaboration 16781: 16778: 16774: 16771: 16767: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16742: 16738: 16735: 16731: 16726: 16722: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16700: 16697: 16693: 16690: 16686: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16668: 16664: 16661: 16657: 16653: 16649: 16646: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16637: 16633: 16626: 16622: 16617: 16613: 16612: 16610: 16609:United States 16606: 16601: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16590: 16587: 16583: 16580: 16576: 16573: 16569: 16566: 16562: 16559: 16555: 16551: 16547: 16543: 16540: 16536: 16533: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16519: 16515: 16512: 16508: 16505: 16501: 16498: 16494: 16491: 16487: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16472: 16468: 16465: 16461: 16458: 16454: 16451: 16447: 16443: 16439: 16435: 16431: 16427: 16424: 16420: 16417: 16413: 16410: 16406: 16403: 16399: 16396: 16392: 16389: 16385: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16370: 16366: 16363: 16359: 16356: 16352: 16349: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16340: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16327: 16314: 16310: 16307: 16303: 16300: 16299:Comfort women 16296: 16293: 16289: 16286: 16283: / 16282: 16278: 16275: 16272: / 16271: 16268: / 16267: 16263: 16260: 16259:Camp brothels 16256: 16253: 16249: 16248: 16244: 16241: 16237: 16232: 16228: 16225: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16214: 16209: 16205: 16202: 16198: 16195: 16191: 16190: 16188: 16184: 16181: 16177: 16172: 16168: 16163: 16159: 16156: 16152: 16151: 16149: 16148:The Holocaust 16145: 16142: 16138: 16135: 16134:forced labour 16131: 16130: 16128: 16124: 16119: 16115: 16112: 16108: 16105: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16089: 16085: 16078: 16074: 16071: 16067: 16064: 16060: 16055: 16051: 16048: 16044: 16041: 16037: 16034: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16023: 16020: 16019: 16014: 16011: 16010: 16005: 16002: 15998: 15995: 15991: 15988: 15987:Marshall Plan 15984: 15981: 15980: 15975: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15958: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15933: 15930: 15926: 15923: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15914: 15910: 15903: 15899: 15894: 15890: 15889: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15876: 15871: 15867: 15864: 15860: 15857: 15853: 15852: 15850: 15846: 15841: 15840:Eastern Front 15837: 15834: 15833:Western Front 15830: 15829: 15827: 15823: 15818: 15814: 15811: 15807: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15793: 15790: 15786: 15783: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15772: 15771: 15769: 15767: 15763: 15756: 15752: 15749: 15745: 15742: 15738: 15735: 15731: 15728: 15727:Puppet states 15724: 15721: 15717: 15714: 15710: 15705: 15701: 15698: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15669:Naval history 15666: 15663: 15659: 15656: 15652: 15649: 15645: 15640: 15636: 15635: 15633: 15629: 15626: 15622: 15617: 15616:United States 15613: 15610: 15606: 15603: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15592: 15589: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15571: 15568: 15564: 15561: 15557: 15554: 15550: 15545: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15534: 15533: 15531: 15529: 15525: 15522: 15518: 15511: 15507: 15504: 15500: 15495: 15491: 15488: 15484: 15481: 15477: 15476: 15472: 15467: 15463: 15462: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15449: 15448: 15445: 15441: 15434: 15429: 15427: 15422: 15420: 15415: 15414: 15411: 15405: 15401: 15397: 15394:, lecture by 15393: 15389: 15385: 15383: 15382: 15377: 15374: 15371: 15367: 15364: 15362:at Wikisource 15361: 15356: 15352: 15350:at Wikisource 15349: 15344: 15340: 15338:at Wikisource 15337: 15332: 15328: 15326:at Wikisource 15325: 15320: 15316: 15314:at Wikisource 15313: 15308: 15304: 15301: 15296: 15292: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15268: 15217: 15211: 15207: 15202: 15191: 15186: 15182: 15176: 15172: 15167: 15163: 15157: 15154:. MIT Press. 15153: 15148: 15144: 15138: 15134: 15129: 15125: 15119: 15115: 15110: 15106: 15102: 15099:(4): 94–135. 15098: 15094: 15090: 15085: 15074: 15070: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15055: 15049: 15045: 15040: 15036: 15034:0-304-36541-6 15030: 15026: 15021: 15017: 15011: 15007: 15006: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14987: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14974: 14951: 14947: 14943: 14936: 14935: 14929: 14925: 14919: 14915: 14914: 14908: 14904: 14898: 14894: 14893: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14867: 14863: 14861:0-521-44317-2 14857: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14835: 14831: 14827: 14822: 14818: 14812: 14808: 14803: 14799: 14793: 14789: 14784: 14780: 14774: 14770: 14766: 14761: 14757: 14751: 14747: 14742: 14738: 14732: 14728: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14688:Slavic Review 14684: 14680: 14674: 14670: 14665: 14661: 14655: 14651: 14646: 14642: 14636: 14632: 14631: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14609: 14605: 14599: 14595: 14590: 14586: 14580: 14576: 14571: 14567: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14552:Stahel, David 14549: 14545: 14539: 14535: 14530: 14526: 14520: 14516: 14511: 14507: 14501: 14497: 14492: 14488: 14482: 14478: 14474: 14473:Smith, Howard 14470: 14466: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14451: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14414: 14410: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14382: 14379:. Routledge. 14378: 14373: 14369: 14363: 14359: 14358: 14352: 14348: 14342: 14338: 14337: 14331: 14327: 14321: 14317: 14312: 14308: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14286: 14281: 14277: 14271: 14267: 14262: 14258: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14219: 14215: 14209: 14204: 14203: 14196: 14192: 14186: 14182: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14162: 14161: 14154: 14150: 14144: 14140: 14135: 14124: 14120: 14115: 14111: 14105: 14101: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14082: 14077: 14073: 14067: 14063: 14058: 14054: 14048: 14044: 14039: 14035: 14029: 14025: 14020: 14016: 14010: 14006: 14005: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13986: 13982: 13977: 13973: 13967: 13962: 13961: 13954: 13950: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13922: 13918: 13913: 13909: 13903: 13899: 13894: 13890: 13884: 13880: 13875: 13871: 13865: 13860: 13859: 13852: 13848: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13833: 13827: 13823: 13818: 13814: 13808: 13804: 13799: 13788: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13759: 13753: 13749: 13744: 13740: 13734: 13730: 13725: 13721: 13715: 13711: 13706: 13702: 13696: 13692: 13687: 13683: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13611: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13570: 13566: 13561: 13557: 13551: 13547: 13542: 13538: 13532: 13528: 13523: 13519: 13513: 13509: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13487: 13483: 13477: 13473: 13468: 13464: 13458: 13454: 13449: 13445: 13439: 13435: 13430: 13426: 13420: 13416: 13411: 13407: 13401: 13397: 13392: 13388: 13382: 13378: 13373: 13369: 13363: 13359: 13354: 13350: 13344: 13340: 13335: 13331: 13325: 13321: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13302: 13301: 13295: 13291: 13285: 13281: 13280: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13258: 13254: 13248: 13244: 13239: 13235: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13210: 13198: 13194: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13171: 13167: 13166: 13160: 13156: 13150: 13146: 13141: 13137: 13131: 13127: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13107:(in German). 13106: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13084: 13080: 13074: 13069: 13068: 13061: 13057: 13055:0-8419-0910-5 13051: 13046: 13045: 13038: 13034: 13033: 13028: 13027:Hilberg, Raul 13024: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13007: 13003: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12984: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12938: 12933: 12929: 12923: 12919: 12914: 12910: 12904: 12900: 12895: 12891: 12885: 12881: 12876: 12872: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12844: 12840: 12835: 12831: 12825: 12821: 12816: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12801:Panzer Leader 12797: 12785: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12748: 12742: 12738: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12719: 12714: 12710: 12704: 12700: 12695: 12691: 12685: 12681: 12676: 12672: 12666: 12662: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12642:Glantz, David 12639: 12635: 12629: 12625: 12620: 12616: 12610: 12606: 12601: 12597: 12591: 12587: 12586: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12566: 12561: 12557: 12551: 12547: 12542: 12538: 12532: 12528: 12523: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12501: 12496: 12492: 12486: 12482: 12477: 12473: 12467: 12463: 12458: 12454: 12448: 12444: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12392: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12361: 12357: 12351: 12347: 12342: 12338: 12332: 12328: 12323: 12319: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12291: 12287: 12282: 12278: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12237: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12189: 12185: 12179: 12175: 12174: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12097: 12092: 12081: 12077: 12072: 12068: 12062: 12058: 12053: 12049: 12043: 12039: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12020: 12015: 12011: 12005: 12000: 11999: 11992: 11988: 11982: 11978: 11973: 11961: 11957: 11952: 11948: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11856: 11852: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11815: 11811: 11806: 11802: 11796: 11792: 11787: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11690: 11689: 11682: 11678: 11672: 11668: 11663: 11659: 11653: 11649: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11629: 11628: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11587: 11583: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11564: 11559: 11555: 11549: 11545: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11511: 11507: 11501: 11497: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11478: 11473: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11447: 11443: 11441:1-85409-267-7 11437: 11433: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11414: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11391: 11387: 11386: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11366: 11361: 11360: 11348: 11343: 11336: 11335:Hartmann 2013 11331: 11324: 11319: 11312: 11307: 11300: 11299:Hartmann 2013 11295: 11288: 11287:Hartmann 2013 11283: 11276: 11275:Hartmann 2013 11271: 11264: 11263:Weinberg 1994 11259: 11252: 11247: 11240: 11235: 11229:, p. 68. 11228: 11223: 11216: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11192: 11187: 11180: 11175: 11168: 11163: 11156: 11151: 11144: 11143:Shepherd 2016 11139: 11133:, p. 74. 11132: 11127: 11121:, p. 68. 11120: 11115: 11108: 11103: 11101: 11094:, p. 69. 11093: 11088: 11081: 11079: 11073: 11067:, p. 57. 11066: 11061: 11054: 11049: 11042: 11037: 11030: 11029:Breitman 1990 11025: 11018: 11017:Browning 2000 11013: 11006: 11001: 10994: 10989: 10982: 10981:Browning 1998 10977: 10970: 10965: 10959:, p. 48. 10958: 10953: 10946: 10945:Hartmann 2013 10941: 10934: 10929: 10923:, p. 26. 10922: 10917: 10910: 10905: 10898: 10893: 10886: 10881: 10874: 10869: 10863:, p. 31. 10862: 10857: 10851:, p. 10. 10850: 10849:Browning 1998 10845: 10838: 10833: 10826: 10821: 10815:, p. 20. 10814: 10809: 10802: 10797: 10790: 10789:Burleigh 2000 10785: 10779:, p. 98. 10778: 10773: 10766: 10761: 10754: 10753:Shepherd 2016 10749: 10742: 10737: 10730: 10725: 10718: 10713: 10706: 10701: 10695:, p. 70. 10694: 10689: 10682: 10677: 10670: 10665: 10658: 10653: 10646: 10641: 10634: 10629: 10622: 10621:Shepherd 2016 10617: 10611:, p. 54. 10610: 10605: 10598: 10593: 10586: 10581: 10574: 10569: 10562: 10557: 10551:, p. 86. 10550: 10545: 10538: 10533: 10526: 10521: 10515:, p. 87. 10514: 10509: 10502: 10497: 10490: 10489:Commager 1991 10485: 10478: 10473: 10466: 10461: 10454: 10449: 10442: 10437: 10431:, p. 98. 10430: 10425: 10418: 10413: 10406: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10382: 10377: 10370: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10346: 10345:Shepherd 2016 10341: 10334: 10329: 10322: 10317: 10310: 10305: 10298: 10293: 10286: 10281: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10245: 10238: 10233: 10226: 10221: 10214: 10209: 10202: 10197: 10190: 10185: 10178: 10173: 10166: 10161: 10154: 10149: 10147: 10139: 10134: 10128:, p. 94. 10127: 10122: 10116:, p. 77. 10115: 10110: 10108: 10100: 10095: 10088: 10083: 10076: 10071: 10065:, p. 11. 10064: 10059: 10052: 10050: 10044: 10037: 10032: 10030: 10022: 10017: 10010: 10005: 9998: 9993: 9986: 9981: 9974: 9973:Hardesty 2012 9969: 9962: 9961:Hardesty 2012 9957: 9951:, p. 84. 9950: 9949:Hardesty 2012 9945: 9938: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9918:, p. 13. 9917: 9912: 9905: 9900: 9894:, p. 70. 9893: 9888: 9881: 9876: 9874: 9866: 9861: 9854: 9849: 9842: 9837: 9830: 9825: 9818: 9813: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9789: 9783:, p. 38. 9782: 9777: 9770: 9765: 9758: 9753: 9747:, p. 86. 9746: 9741: 9734: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9714: 9709: 9703:, p. 88. 9702: 9697: 9690: 9685: 9678: 9673: 9671: 9664:, p. 70. 9663: 9658: 9652:, p. 63. 9651: 9646: 9639: 9634: 9627: 9622: 9615: 9610: 9603: 9598: 9591: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9574: 9569: 9562: 9557: 9550: 9545: 9538: 9533: 9526: 9521: 9514: 9509: 9502: 9497: 9490: 9485: 9478: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9457: 9452: 9446:, p. 45. 9445: 9440: 9433: 9428: 9421: 9416: 9410:, p. 42. 9409: 9404: 9398:, p. 41. 9397: 9392: 9385: 9380: 9378: 9371:, p. 93. 9370: 9365: 9359:, p. 38. 9358: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9342:, p. 37. 9341: 9336: 9334: 9327:, p. 54. 9326: 9321: 9315:, p. 54. 9314: 9313:Hardesty 2012 9309: 9303:, p. 19. 9302: 9297: 9290: 9289:Hardesty 2012 9285: 9278: 9277:Hardesty 2012 9273: 9271: 9264:, p. 23. 9263: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9247:, p. 20. 9246: 9241: 9239: 9231: 9226: 9220:, p. 51. 9219: 9214: 9208:, p. 85. 9207: 9202: 9195: 9190: 9184:, p. 31. 9183: 9178: 9176: 9169:, p. 83. 9168: 9163: 9156: 9151: 9144: 9139: 9132: 9127: 9120: 9115: 9109:, p. 82. 9108: 9103: 9101: 9094:, p. 92. 9093: 9088: 9082:, p. 99. 9081: 9076: 9070:, p. 74. 9069: 9064: 9058:, p. 70. 9057: 9052: 9050: 9042: 9037: 9031:, p. 98. 9030: 9025: 9018: 9013: 9011: 9003: 8998: 8991: 8990:Erickson 1972 8986: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8951:, p. 81. 8950: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8933: 8928: 8921: 8916: 8914: 8906: 8901: 8895:, p. 31. 8894: 8889: 8883:, p. 30. 8882: 8877: 8871:, p. 29. 8870: 8865: 8859:, p. 26. 8858: 8853: 8851: 8843: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8813:, p. 31. 8812: 8807: 8805: 8798:, p. 31. 8797: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8761: 8754: 8749: 8742: 8741:Mawdsley 2003 8737: 8730: 8725: 8719:, p. 72. 8718: 8713: 8706: 8705:Uldricks 1999 8701: 8694: 8689: 8682: 8681:Uldricks 1999 8677: 8670: 8665: 8658: 8657:Uldricks 1999 8653: 8646: 8641: 8635:, p. 13. 8634: 8629: 8623:, p. 28. 8622: 8617: 8615: 8608:, p. 82. 8607: 8606:Dunnigan 1978 8602: 8595: 8590: 8588: 8581:, p. 93. 8580: 8575: 8569:, p. 23. 8568: 8563: 8556: 8555:Hastings 2012 8551: 8544: 8539: 8532: 8527: 8520: 8515: 8508: 8503: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8479: 8477: 8470:, p. 68. 8469: 8464: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8426: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8382: 8381:Hastings 2016 8377: 8370: 8365: 8358: 8353: 8347:, p. 38. 8346: 8341: 8339: 8331: 8326: 8319: 8314: 8307: 8302: 8300: 8293:, p. 47. 8292: 8287: 8280: 8275: 8273: 8266:, p. 15. 8265: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8249:, p. 58. 8248: 8243: 8241: 8234:, p. 22. 8233: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8216: 8215:Rayfield 2004 8211: 8209: 8202:, p. 57. 8201: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8185:, p. 55. 8184: 8179: 8173:, p. 26. 8172: 8167: 8161:, p. 55. 8160: 8155: 8149:, p. 56. 8148: 8143: 8137:, p. 21. 8136: 8131: 8129: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8108:Breitman 1991 8104: 8098:, p. 40. 8097: 8092: 8086:, p. 14. 8085: 8080: 8074:, p. 36. 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7978:, p. 44. 7977: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7930:, p. 140 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7905: 7904:Guderian 2002 7900: 7898: 7890: 7885: 7878: 7873: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7849: 7842: 7841:Hastings 2012 7837: 7835: 7828:, p. 12. 7827: 7822: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7791: 7786: 7779: 7774: 7768:, p. 72. 7767: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7732:, p. 18. 7731: 7726: 7724: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7684:Megargee 2000 7680: 7673: 7668: 7662:, p. 33. 7661: 7656: 7650:, p. 40. 7649: 7648:Handrack 1981 7644: 7637: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7606: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7568: 7567:Megargee 2000 7563: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7515: 7508: 7503: 7497:, p. 51. 7496: 7491: 7484: 7483:Hardesty 2012 7479: 7473:, p. 60. 7472: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7443: 7437:, p. 31. 7436: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7396:Hartmann 2013 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7378: 7377:Uldricks 1999 7373: 7367:, p. 98. 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7337: 7330: 7329:Weinberg 1994 7325: 7323: 7321: 7314:, p. 57. 7313: 7308: 7306: 7298: 7297:Brackman 2001 7293: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7263:, p. 30. 7262: 7257: 7251:, p. 89. 7250: 7245: 7238: 7233: 7226: 7225:Dimbleby 2021 7221: 7214: 7209: 7203:, p. 23. 7202: 7197: 7190: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7130: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7107:, p. 28. 7106: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7071:, p. 24. 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7045:Burleigh 2000 7041: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7021:Breitman 1990 7017: 7011:, p. 59. 7010: 7005: 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6951:, p. 21. 6950: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6928: 6921: 6916: 6914: 6906: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6882: 6881:Childers 2017 6877: 6870: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6847:, p. 54. 6846: 6845:Mawdsley 2015 6841: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6749:Dimbleby 2021 6745: 6738: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6715:, p. 89. 6714: 6709: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6666: 6661: 6655:, p. 96. 6654: 6649: 6642: 6641:Axworthy 1995 6637: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6550:, p. 76. 6549: 6544: 6542: 6535:, p. 64. 6534: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6463: 6458: 6452:, p. 80. 6451: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6412:, p. 20. 6411: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6388: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6370:, p. 73. 6369: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6340: 6331: 6322: 6315: 6309: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6285:, became the 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6271:Western Front 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6232: 6226: 6216: 6206: 6196: 6186: 6177: 6168: 6158: 6149: 6139: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6123:Blue Division 6120: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:Order No. 270 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968:Eastern Front 5959: 5957: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5886: 5885:Walter Krüger 5882: 5878: 5877:Erich Hoepner 5873: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5802:Untermenschen 5797: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5638: 5636: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5430: 5427: 5417: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5283: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5043: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4910:Dmitry Pavlov 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4767:, summer 1941 4766: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4731:air supremacy 4729:had achieved 4728: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4614: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4579:Alfred Liskow 4571: 4570:border marker 4566: 4550: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4261:Western Front 4258: 4257: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3979: 3972: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3842:22 June 1941 3841: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3797:reserve force 3793: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3768:Richard Sorge 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3658:Georgy Zhukov 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3610: 3607:(RSHA) chief 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3480:Antony Beevor 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367:Gerhard Engel 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:Western Dvina 3351: 3347: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3135:winterisation 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3018:—Adolf Hitler 3014: 3010: 3008: 3003: 3002:forced labour 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2858:Joseph Stalin 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779:border states 2776: 2767: 2762: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2720:Erich Hoepner 2716: 2713: 2712: 2711:Große Planung 2705: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2685: 2684:Germanisation 2681: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2630:Untermenschen 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2530:Untermenschen 2525: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Third Crusade 2442: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2361:the Holocaust 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:Eastern Front 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2271:Germanisation 2268: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:forced labour 2235: 2234: 2229:. The German 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858:Little Saturn 1855: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1845:Velikiye Luki 1843: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616:Naval warfare 1615: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1605:Eastern Front 1598: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1508:Donbas–Rostov 1506: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1231: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1172:According to 1169: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1002: 996: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 937: 936: 935: 934:Western Front 928: 923: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 904: 903: 902: 895: 890: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 856: 855: 854: 847: 842: 841: 837: 836:Soviet armies 831: 824: 819: 814: 812: 807: 802: 801: 800: 797: 793: 788: 783: 781: 776: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 747: 740: 735: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 706: 705: 704: 697: 692: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 673: 672: 671: 664: 659: 658: 654: 648: 647: 642: 636: 635:Ivan Tyulenev 631: 626: 624: 622: 616: 611: 606: 604: 599: 594: 591: 586: 585:Dmitry Pavlov 581: 576: 574: 569: 564: 562: 561:Markian Popov 557: 552: 550: 545: 540: 538: 533: 528: 525: 520: 514: 512: 507: 502: 499: 494: 488: 486: 481: 476: 474: 473:Georgy Zhukov 469: 464: 462: 461: 460:Joseph Stalin 455: 450: 449: 447: 442: 437: 432: 430: 429:Ion Antonescu 425: 420: 418: 413: 408: 406: 401: 396: 394: 389: 384: 382: 377: 372: 370: 365: 360: 358: 353: 348: 345: 340: 334: 332: 327: 322: 320: 315: 310: 308: 307: 301: 296: 295: 293: 292: 287: 281: 280: 274: 269: 268: 266: 260: 248: 245: 233: 230: 218: 216: 205: 202: 190: 188: 187: 181: 176: 175: 173: 172: 167: 160: 156: 151: 150: 146: 143: 142: 135: 131: 128: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 112: 107: 103: 100: 97: 96: 92: 85: 82: 79: 75: 72: 70: 66: 65: 62: 57: 52: 49: 45: 44:Eastern Front 40: 35: 30: 19: 19273: 19266: 19259: 19252: 19245: 19238: 19133:Major crimes 18982:Order Police 18695:Bibliography 18678: 18491:Project Hula 18456:Vistula–Oder 18425: 18358: 18349: 18333: 18303: 18252: 18236: 18227: 18218: 18184: 18081: 17996: 17972: 17935: 17686: 17666: 17579: 17524:North Africa 17226:Soviet Union 17180:Soviet Union 17106:Soviet Union 16874:Vatican City 16777:Vichy France 16682:German Reich 16579:Soviet Union 16565:South Africa 16558:Sierra Leone 16511:Newfoundland 16330:Participants 16313:Marocchinate 16017: 16008: 15978: 15856:North Africa 15817:Indian Ocean 15676:Nazi plunder 15567:Cryptography 15440:World War II 15399: 15398:, author of 15396:David Stahel 15379: 15205: 15193:. Retrieved 15170: 15151: 15132: 15113: 15096: 15092: 15076:. Retrieved 15066: 15043: 15024: 15004: 14981: 14978:Bartov, Omer 14957:. Retrieved 14950:the original 14933: 14912: 14891: 14870: 14851: 14829: 14806: 14787: 14764: 14745: 14725: 14691: 14687: 14668: 14649: 14628: 14619:(in German). 14616: 14593: 14574: 14555: 14533: 14514: 14495: 14476: 14449: 14421: 14398: 14376: 14356: 14335: 14315: 14296: 14284: 14265: 14246: 14226: 14222: 14201: 14180: 14159: 14138: 14126:. Retrieved 14122: 14099: 14080: 14061: 14042: 14023: 14003: 13980: 13959: 13938: 13916: 13897: 13878: 13857: 13844: 13821: 13802: 13790:. Retrieved 13776: 13771: 13747: 13728: 13709: 13690: 13671: 13635: 13631: 13609: 13590: 13564: 13545: 13526: 13507: 13498: 13494: 13471: 13452: 13433: 13414: 13395: 13376: 13357: 13338: 13319: 13299: 13278: 13274:Kay, Alex J. 13265: 13242: 13220:(1): 59–74. 13217: 13213: 13201:. Retrieved 13197:the original 13190: 13174:. 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Retrieved 11451: 11431: 11412: 11389: 11384: 11364: 11356:Bibliography 11342: 11330: 11318: 11311:Roberts 2014 11306: 11294: 11282: 11270: 11258: 11251:Moskoff 2002 11246: 11241:, p. 7. 11234: 11222: 11210: 11198: 11186: 11174: 11162: 11150: 11138: 11126: 11114: 11087: 11077: 11072: 11060: 11053:Moskoff 2002 11048: 11036: 11024: 11012: 11000: 10993:Hilberg 1961 10988: 10976: 10964: 10952: 10940: 10928: 10921:Förster 1988 10916: 10909:Förster 1998 10904: 10892: 10885:Kershaw 2001 10880: 10873:Bellamy 2007 10868: 10861:Förster 1988 10856: 10844: 10837:Kershaw 2001 10832: 10820: 10813:Bellamy 2007 10808: 10801:Bellamy 2007 10796: 10784: 10772: 10760: 10748: 10736: 10724: 10712: 10700: 10693:Symonds 2014 10688: 10681:Hayward 2000 10676: 10664: 10652: 10640: 10628: 10616: 10604: 10592: 10580: 10568: 10556: 10544: 10532: 10520: 10508: 10496: 10484: 10472: 10460: 10448: 10441:Roberts 2011 10436: 10424: 10417:Roberts 2011 10412: 10405:Gilbert 1989 10400: 10388: 10381:Gilbert 1989 10376: 10364: 10357:Gilbert 1989 10352: 10340: 10333:Gilbert 1989 10328: 10316: 10304: 10292: 10285:Gilbert 1989 10280: 10273:Gilbert 1989 10268: 10256: 10244: 10232: 10220: 10208: 10196: 10184: 10172: 10160: 10153:Liedtke 2016 10133: 10121: 10094: 10082: 10070: 10063:Forczyk 2009 10058: 10048: 10043: 10016: 10004: 9992: 9980: 9968: 9956: 9944: 9911: 9899: 9887: 9860: 9848: 9836: 9824: 9812: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9764: 9752: 9740: 9730: 9708: 9696: 9684: 9677:Bellamy 2007 9657: 9650:Glantz 2010a 9645: 9633: 9621: 9609: 9597: 9590:Glantz 2010a 9573:Glantz 2010a 9568: 9561:Forczyk 2014 9556: 9549:Glantz 2010a 9544: 9532: 9520: 9508: 9501:Glantz 2010a 9496: 9484: 9477:Glantz 2010a 9451: 9439: 9427: 9415: 9403: 9391: 9364: 9325:Glantz 2010a 9320: 9308: 9296: 9284: 9279:, p. 9. 9225: 9213: 9201: 9189: 9182:Glantz 2010a 9162: 9155:Roberts 2011 9150: 9138: 9126: 9114: 9087: 9075: 9063: 9036: 9024: 8997: 8985: 8973: 8927: 8900: 8888: 8876: 8864: 8772: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8729:Roberts 1995 8724: 8717:Humpert 2005 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8664: 8652: 8640: 8628: 8621:Glantz 2010a 8601: 8574: 8562: 8550: 8538: 8531:Macksey 1989 8526: 8519:Kirshin 1997 8514: 8502: 8490: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8432:Glantz 2010a 8412: 8400: 8388: 8376: 8369:Roberts 2011 8364: 8352: 8345:Faligot 2019 8330:Roberts 1995 8325: 8320:, Chapter 6. 8313: 8286: 8279:Glantz 2010a 8178: 8166: 8154: 8142: 8135:Glantz 2010a 8120:Hilberg 1961 8115: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8048:Glantz 2010a 8043: 8036:Glantz 2010a 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7983: 7976:Forczyk 2006 7971: 7959: 7947: 7935: 7911: 7884: 7872: 7860: 7848: 7821: 7809: 7797: 7785: 7778:Glantz 2010b 7773: 7761: 7754:Glantz 2010b 7749: 7737: 7730:Glantz 2010a 7715:Higgins 1966 7691: 7679: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7612:Ericson 1999 7562: 7550: 7538: 7526: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7485:, p. 6. 7478: 7466: 7454: 7447:Roberts 2011 7442: 7420:Ericson 1999 7415: 7408:Ericson 1999 7403: 7372: 7360: 7353:Service 2005 7348: 7341:Service 2005 7336: 7312:Roberts 2006 7292: 7280: 7273:Bellamy 2007 7268: 7261:Roberts 2006 7256: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7208: 7201:Förster 1988 7196: 7184: 7172: 7165:Mazower 2009 7160: 7153:Himmler 1940 7148: 7136: 7124: 7117:Förster 2005 7112: 7105:Förster 1988 7100: 7093:Kershaw 2001 7088: 7081:Kershaw 2001 7076: 7064: 7052: 7040: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6949:Förster 1988 6927: 6905:Kershaw 2001 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6809:Hilberg 1992 6804: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6579: 6567: 6560:Glantz 2010a 6555: 6511: 6499: 6462:Liedtke 2016 6457: 6429:Liedtke 2016 6410:Glantz 2010a 6389:, p. 9. 6339: 6330: 6321: 6308: 6294: 6225: 6215: 6205: 6195: 6185: 6176: 6167: 6157: 6148: 6138: 6109: 6089:Soviet Union 5976: 5965: 5952: 5949:Nazi plunder 5930:. Historian 5924: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5836:Raul Hilberg 5826:of Jews and 5811: 5788: 5755: 5745: 5696: 5673: 5646: 5644: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5606: 5590: 5585: 5575: 5558:Moscow Canal 5555: 5551: 5538: 5527: 5511: 5503: 5458:Petrozavodsk 5442: 5426:Verman River 5422: 5362: 5327: 5304: 5300:Shlisselburg 5276: 5256: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5222: 5214: 5199:Vuoksi River 5187: 5179: 5121: 5102: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5046: 5038: 4996: 4980: 4957:Hermann Hoth 4949: 4940: 4918: 4896:, while the 4876: 4874: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4770: 4742: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4655: 4637: 4626: 4619: 4606: 4583: 4575: 4536: 4455: 4414: 4342: 4327:4th Airborne 4259: 4251:Baltic Fleet 4200: 4156: 4141: 4084: 4073: 4045: 4034: 4011: 3992: 3981:Axis forces 3954:David Glantz 3949: 3926: 3920: 3823: 3818: 3802: 3794: 3781: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3694: 3670:tank warfare 3663: 3624: 3580: 3545: 3541:Luftflotte 4 3537:Luftflotte 2 3533:Luftflotte 1 3527: 3502: 3484: 3472: 3444: 3416: 3407: 3400: 3375:Franz Halder 3343: 3306: 3151:geopolitical 3139: 3126:Georg Thomas 3121: 3095: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3070:officers at 3052: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3012: 2983: 2942: 2938: 2935:Erich Marcks 2927: 2911: 2865:to warn the 2835: 2772: 2729:Daseinskampf 2717: 2688: 2679: 2670:Ost-Arbeiter 2661: 2642: 2623: 2612:Genghis Khan 2604:anti-Semitic 2588: 2584: 2539: 2500:Soviet Union 2493: 2490:Adolf Hitler 2487: 2466: 2456: 2426: 2408: 2403:in 1942 and 2393: 2380: 2365: 2314: 2279: 2200: 2196:World War II 2188:Nazi Germany 2184:Soviet Union 2152: 2151: 2124: 2105:Lake Balaton 2093: 2078:East Prussia 2067:Vistula–Oder 2065: 2011: 2004: 1992: 1938: 1927:2nd Smolensk 1904: 1888: 1871: 1857: 1850: 1837: 1815: 1783: 1762:Air war 1941 1737: 1700: 1676:1st Smolensk 1644: 1643: 1632:Arctic Ocean 1557:Air war 1941 1549: 1501: 1488: 1436: 1412: 1370: 1355: 1290: 1286: 1272: 1271: 1210: 1209: 1171: 1167: 1153: 1152: 1136:11,000 tanks 1126: 1125: 1091: 1090: 1074:Coastal Army 1055: 1054: 1006: 1005: 932: 931: 899: 898: 851: 850: 835: 798: 744: 743: 701: 700: 668: 667: 652: 620: 458: 357:Franz Halder 306:Adolf Hitler 304: 279:Soviet Union 277: 184: 169:Belligerents 134:Soviet Union 102:22 June 1941 60: 48:World War II 42:Part of the 29: 19182:Minsk Trial 19090:Hunger Plan 18988:Detachments 18750:during the 18426:Bodenplatte 18312:Gothic Line 17531:West Africa 17078:Philippines 17057:Netherlands 16922:Czech lands 16860:Switzerland 16804:Afghanistan 16748:Philippines 16616:Puerto Rico 16532:Philippines 16518:New Zealand 16504:Netherlands 16457:Free France 16208:Prosecution 16009:Osoaviakhim 15879:West Africa 15863:East Africa 15510:Conferences 15135:. Penguin. 14826:Boog, Horst 13824:. Praeger. 13731:. Penguin. 13203:27 November 12988:Hannes Heer 12239:Dear, Ian; 12085:29 December 11706:Boog, Horst 11457:Battlefield 11347:Glantz 2011 11215:Shirer 1990 11203:Shirer 1990 11107:Beevor 2012 11005:Beevor 2012 10957:Glantz 2011 10741:Glantz 2002 10645:Müller 2016 10633:Wegner 1990 10585:Müller 2016 10537:Mosier 2006 10477:Shirer 1990 10393:Keegan 1989 10261:Stahel 2009 10213:Menger 1997 10177:Ziemke 1959 10165:Ziemke 1959 10099:Cooper 1984 10087:Müller 2016 10036:Beevor 2012 9937:Thomas 2012 9916:Thomas 2012 9805:Seaton 1982 9793:Seaton 1982 9781:Wright 1968 9769:Keegan 1989 9757:Keegan 1989 9713:Keegan 1989 9537:Seaton 1972 9489:Seaton 1972 9456:Glantz 2011 9444:Glantz 2011 9432:Glantz 2011 9420:Glantz 2011 9408:Glantz 2011 9396:Glantz 2011 9369:Glantz 2011 9357:Glantz 2011 9340:Glantz 2011 9301:Glantz 2011 9218:Glantz 2011 9143:Glantz 2011 9119:Hitler 1941 9080:Seaton 1972 9029:Seaton 1972 8966:Glantz 2011 8905:Glantz 2011 8842:Glantz 2011 8633:Glantz 1998 8594:Glantz 1998 8579:Seaton 1972 8567:Glantz 2011 8543:Seaton 1972 8507:Hanson 2017 8495:Hanson 2017 8456:Glantz 1998 8444:Glantz 1998 8417:Glantz 1998 8405:Glantz 2011 8393:Waller 1996 8357:Waller 1996 8306:Waller 1996 8264:Glantz 2011 8232:Glantz 2011 8183:Glantz 2011 8171:Glantz 1998 8096:Glantz 2011 8084:Glantz 2011 8072:Glantz 2011 8024:Menger 1997 8012:Beevor 2012 8000:Hooker 1999 7952:Shirer 1990 7928:Stahel 2009 7865:Ziemke 1959 7814:Müller 2016 7802:Shirer 1990 7790:Seaton 1972 7696:Seaton 1972 7624:Palmer 2010 7285:Shirer 1990 7213:Ingrao 2013 7189:Ingrao 2013 6973:Shirer 1990 6797:Snyder 2010 6773:Snyder 2010 6725:Citino 2021 6665:Ziemke 1959 6516:Glantz 1998 6504:Glantz 2001 6387:Glantz 2001 5932:Hannes Heer 5764:annihilated 5542:Martial law 5393:18th Armies 5369:Sea of Azov 5341:Sea of Azov 5140:Kandalaksha 5124:XXXVI Corps 5113:Litsa River 5007:Lake Ladoga 4782:Stalin Line 4735:war diaries 4636:joined the 3548:Scandinavia 3543:for South. 3535:for North, 3528:Luftflotten 3511:Army Norway 3406:Additional 3397:, June 1941 3163:master race 3146:Hunger Plan 3074:, June 1941 2975:Caspian Sea 2951:Arkhangelsk 2943:Marcks Plan 2923:pre-emptive 2914:Great Purge 2906:Marcks Plan 2813:, then the 2608:anti-Slavic 2554:Ostsiedlung 2359:as part of 2357:Soviet Jews 2345:Hunger Plan 2251:Byelorussia 2192:Axis allies 2165:; Russian: 1900:Gorky Blitz 1895:3rd Kharkov 1811:2nd Kharkov 1713:1st Kharkov 1708:Sea of Azov 1496:1st Kharkov 1484:Sea of Azov 1178:Army Norway 1174:German Army 1157:1,000,000+ 653:Axis armies 331:Alfred Jodl 152:Territorial 132:Mainly the 19302:Code names 19291:Categories 19187:Riga Trial 19083:Milestones 18824:Commanders 18526:West Hunan 18359:Pointblank 17688:Silver Fox 17674:Summer War 17427:Winter War 17406:Phoney War 17187:Azerbaijan 17148:Yugoslavia 17043:Luxembourg 16885:Resistance 16625:Yugoslavia 16490:Luxembourg 16292:Sook Ching 16088:War crimes 15690:Technology 15683:Opposition 15625:Lend-Lease 15602:Australian 15595:Home front 15553:Blitzkrieg 15503:Casualties 15494:Commanders 15466:Operations 15370:Yad Vashem 15282:Audio help 15273:2017-12-10 14959:5 November 14946:B0007ETEOM 14879:B0000CMAU7 14123:HistoryNet 13983:. Osprey. 13192:Parameters 13019:B0000CNOQU 12445:. Osprey. 11227:Overy 1996 10897:Wette 2007 10777:Baker 2009 10765:Baker 2009 10705:Baker 2009 10609:Baker 2009 10597:Baker 2009 10573:Fritz 2011 10309:Smith 2000 10249:Stone 2011 10138:Fritz 2011 10075:Werth 1964 10009:Werth 1964 9997:Klink 1998 9525:Fritz 2011 9384:Fritz 2011 9230:Fritz 2011 9206:Fritz 2011 9194:Askey 2014 9167:Clark 2012 9107:Clark 2012 9092:Clark 2012 9056:Clark 2012 8949:Clark 2012 8765:Kshyk 2015 8483:Sakwa 2005 8247:Clark 2012 8200:Clark 2012 8159:Clark 2012 8147:Clark 2012 8060:Clark 2012 7924:Vogel 1995 7853:Overy 2006 7766:Clark 2012 7742:Stone 2011 7582:Wette 2007 7495:Fritz 2011 7471:Overy 1996 7365:Weeks 2002 7237:Kirby 1980 7129:Majer 2003 7033:Evans 1989 7009:Evans 1989 6920:Mayer 1989 6893:Riché 1993 6713:Sharp 2010 6629:Askey 2014 6599:Askey 2014 6584:Clark 2012 6548:Clark 2012 6450:Askey 2014 6368:Clark 2012 6298:Historian 6231:Risto Ryti 6129:, and the 6096:References 6031:Lend-Lease 5915:See also: 5834:historian 5828:communists 5711:War crimes 5661:oil fields 5450:Svir River 5446:Lake Onega 5331:bridgehead 4865:Belorussia 4804:See also: 4794:Luga River 4595:Sevastopol 4142:Luftflotte 4074:Luftflotte 4035:Luftflotte 3950:Icebreaker 3928:Icebreaker 3760:Zhou Enlai 3752:Mao Zedong 3739:Barbarossa 3734:Mein Kampf 3676:and later 3639:See also: 3560:Belorussia 3337:Unrealised 3313:Unrealised 3281:Unrealised 3155:Lebensraum 3130:Winter War 3112:, and the 3035:Barbarossa 2955:Arctic Sea 2933:, General 2886:See also: 2827:war effort 2803:ideologies 2799:Bessarabia 2740:Lebensraum 2589:Wehrmacht, 2540:Mein Kampf 2520:racial war 2506:Lebensraum 2495:Mein Kampf 2429:Nazi Party 2418:Background 2329:casualties 2325:atrocities 2257:Lebensraum 2223:repopulate 2203:code-named 2178:) was the 2024:2nd Baltic 2019:Dukla Pass 2006:Doppelkopf 1978:2nd Crimea 1922:2nd Donbas 1912:1st Donbas 1889:Polar Star 1839:Stalingrad 1723:Sevastopol 1718:1st Crimea 1661:1st Baltic 1645:Barbarossa 1622:Baltic Sea 1535:1st Rostov 1523:Sevastopol 1518:1st Crimea 1469:Petrikowka 1388:1st Baltic 1276:4,500,000 18754:, 1941–45 18745:Wehrmacht 18591:Manchuria 18477:Indochina 18253:Bagration 17697:Lithuania 17342:Anschluss 17139:Viet Minh 17036:Lithuania 16978:Hong Kong 16741:Manchukuo 16696:Azad Hind 16355:Australia 16155:Aftermath 16018:Paperclip 15913:Aftermath 15713:Total war 15581:Diplomacy 15544:In Europe 15381:The Times 15238:hour and 14716:153701270 14577:. Brill. 14295:(2005) . 13660:154940593 13652:1618-4866 13234:143411920 12220:IMG Media 12131:0012-9976 11966:1 October 11925:159541260 11888:159733077 11696:12 August 11535:0032-3195 11191:Beck 2004 11179:Beck 2004 11155:Heer 2000 10717:Dunn 1995 10525:Hill 2016 10369:Hill 2016 10321:Hill 2016 9041:Pohl 2018 8978:Czak 2014 7672:Rich 1973 7543:Rees 2017 7519:Beck 2005 7069:Lewy 2017 6833:Rees 2010 6761:Rich 1973 6351:Citations 6026:Kantokuen 5928:gang rape 5905:Wehrmacht 5832:Holocaust 5824:massacres 5776:genocidal 5657:Case Blue 5613:Aftermath 5607:Wehrmacht 5591:Luftwaffe 5586:Wehrmacht 5401:artillery 5373:11th Army 5247:Leningrad 5241:Luftwaffe 5236:Luftwaffe 5232:Luftwaffe 5225:Luftwaffe 5190:Sortavala 5183:23rd Army 5117:14th Army 5047:Luftwaffe 4919:Luftwaffe 4906:Białystok 4877:Luftwaffe 4843:Luftwaffe 4743:Luftwaffe 4727:Luftwaffe 4717:Luftwaffe 4715:puts the 4709:Luftwaffe 4704:Luftwaffe 4699:Luftwaffe 4689:Luftwaffe 4684:Luftwaffe 4680:Luftwaffe 4638:Waffen-SS 4607:Wehrmacht 4587:Kronstadt 4522:24th Army 4517:22nd Army 4505:21st Army 4493:20th Army 4481:19th Army 4469:16th Army 4392:12th Army 4380:26th Army 4323:2nd Rifle 4308:13th Army 4279:10th Army 4225:11th Army 4208:27th Army 4190:Northern 4174:23rd Army 4169:14th Army 4119:11th Army 4102:17th Army 4029:16th Army 4019:18th Army 3870:5,774,000 3867:2,485,000 3864:Personnel 3845:Increase 3819:Wehrmacht 3719:Wehrmacht 3715:Wehrmacht 3664:In 1930, 3625:Wehrmacht 3585:Waffen-SS 3556:Leningrad 3507:Black Sea 3503:Luftwaffe 3408:Luftwaffe 3122:Luftwaffe 3090:Wehrmacht 3085:Wehrmacht 2967:Astrakhan 2863:Bug River 2842:Axis Pact 2643:Wehrmacht 2624:Wehrmacht 2453:Thuringia 2409:Wehrmacht 2401:Case Blue 2394:Wehrmacht 2382:Wehrmacht 2219:communism 2158:‹See Tfd› 2049:Gumbinnen 1994:Bagration 1833:Sinyavino 1817:Case Blue 1702:Leningrad 1627:Black Sea 1479:Leningrad 1393:Raseiniai 1281:Breakdown 1162:Breakdown 1069:18th Army 1041:37th Army 1036:26th Army 1031:21st Army 1026:12th Army 991:50th Army 986:40th Army 981:28th Army 976:24th Army 971:22nd Army 966:20th Army 961:19th Army 956:16th Army 951:13th Army 946:10th Army 918:34th Army 913:27th Army 908:11th Army 885:55th Army 880:54th Army 875:52nd Army 870:48th Army 763:17th Army 758:11th Army 682:18th Army 677:16th Army 19192:Ukase 43 19141:Babi Yar 18702:Category 18651:document 18561:document 18418:Ardennes 18402:Budapest 18350:Crossbow 18228:Overlord 18067:Smolensk 17278:Timeline 17113:Slovakia 17099:Thailand 16950:Ethiopia 16915:Bulgaria 16839:Portugal 16770:Thailand 16652:Bulgaria 16430:Eswatini 16423:Ethiopia 16376:Bulgaria 16201:Unit 731 16162:Response 15979:Keelhaul 15929:Cold War 15902:Americas 15893:timeline 15886:Atlantic 15766:Theaters 15284: · 15195:24 March 15078:20 April 15002:(2007). 14980:(2001). 14889:(2007). 14850:(1994). 14627:(2014). 14554:(2009). 14475:(2000). 14447:(2008). 14419:(1990). 14397:(2016). 14245:(2006). 14001:(1996). 13937:(2016). 13792:20 April 13670:(2015). 13276:(2006). 13176:20 April 13117:30197201 13096:6021187M 13029:(1961). 12859:(2013). 12757:(2001). 12644:(2001). 12422:(2019). 12387:(1989). 12306:(1978). 12265:(2021). 12230:19 March 12149:(1991). 11935:(1998). 11830:(2010). 11602:(2012). 11466:19 March 7435:Kay 2006 6277:and the 6261:and the 6009:A-A line 6003:See also 5993:Cold War 5901:Vaseline 5893:9th Army 5875:General 5845:Turkmens 5635:materiel 5546:into mud 5519:Mozhaysk 5508:24, 1941 5470:Povenets 5448:and the 5385:encircle 5148:7th Army 5001:, named 4999:Murmansk 4861:Rivers. 4859:Dniester 4818:General 4560:Invasion 4365:6th Army 4350:5th Army 4332:Western 4296:4th Army 4267:3rd Army 4213:8th Army 4164:7th Army 4092:6th Army 4063:4th Army 4058:9th Army 3906:Aircraft 3682:doctrine 3597:partisan 3576:Caucasus 3564:Smolensk 3438:and the 3395:Pruzhany 3275:Caucasus 3273:and the 3060:— 3016:— 2957:through 2947:A-A line 2925:strike. 2888:A-A line 2867:Red Army 2838:Bukovina 2743:to be a 2656:partisan 2616:Croatian 2337:Red Army 2275:genocide 2243:Caucasus 2225:it with 2215:Crusader 2180:invasion 2161:German: 2094:Solstice 2054:Budapest 2044:Courland 2034:Debrecen 2029:Belgrade 1951:2nd Kiev 1823:Caucasus 1796:Demyansk 1757:Chechnya 1691:1st Kiev 1454:1st Kiev 1420:Smolensk 1085:Strength 1064:9th Army 1021:6th Army 1016:5th Army 941:3rd Army 865:8th Army 860:7th Army 792:4th Army 780:3rd Army 753:6th Army 720:9th Army 715:4th Army 710:2nd Army 259:Slovakia 159:A-A line 114:Location 18628:Shumshu 18395:Hungary 18342:Estonia 18326:Lapland 18304:Dragoon 18237:Neptune 18219:Ichi-Go 18185:Tempest 18127:Changde 18082:Cottage 17974:Jubilee 17683:Finland 17581:Compass 17287:Prelude 17240:Finland 17126:Vietnam 17092:Romania 16964:Germany 16943:Estonia 16929:Denmark 16908:Belgium 16901:Austria 16894:Albania 16825:Ireland 16811:Andorra 16795:Neutral 16755:Romania 16689:Hungary 16674:Finland 16546:Romania 16438:Finland 16416:Denmark 16362:Belgium 16348:Algeria 16054:Romania 16040:Hungary 15796:Pacific 15520:General 15474:Leaders 15459:Battles 15452:Outline 15392:YouTube 15372:website 15368:on the 15271: ( 15242:minutes 14708:2697571 13589:(ed.). 12977:11 June 12139:4413752 6077:Germany 6063:Portals 5937:billets 5862:Gestapo 5684:salient 5578:Kremlin 5534:Bryansk 5490:Soviet 5454:Olonets 5433:Karelia 5405:capture 5357:Kharkov 5298:seized 5194:Hiitola 5158:Karelia 5144:Kayraly 5071:Kharkov 5011:Viipuri 4924:pockets 4902:Vilnius 4737:of the 4665:Air war 4462:Reserve 4439:Odessa 4239:Baltic 3915:142.8% 3887:110.7% 3884:117,600 3873:132.4% 3859:140.7% 3672:in the 3660:in 1940 3572:steppes 3489:and 15 3359:Dnieper 3277:region 3240:Ukraine 3213:Belarus 2998:Ukraine 2979:bombers 2973:on the 2953:on the 2791:Estonia 2787:Finland 2267:Siberia 2247:Ukraine 2227:Germans 2182:of the 2088:Breslau 2083:Silesia 1988:Karelia 1940:Dnieper 1806:Bamberg 1747:Finland 1696:Tallinn 1551:Air war 1530:Tikhvin 1513:Bryansk 1502:Beowulf 1490:Phase 4 1464:Tallinn 1459:Lypovec 1438:Phase 3 1414:Phase 2 1408:Mogilev 1372:Phase 1 621:† 244:Hungary 215:Finland 201:Romania 186:Germany 154:changes 76:Soviet 19058:PB 320 19054:PB 315 19050:PB 304 19040:PB 314 19036:PB 303 19022:PB 322 19018:PB 316 19014:PB 307 18954:HSS-PF 18774:Centre 18605:Debate 18577:Taipei 18570:Borneo 18148:Tarawa 17335:Europe 17296:Africa 17085:Poland 17071:Norway 17050:Malaya 17029:Latvia 16971:Greece 16957:France 16853:Sweden 16818:Bhutan 16539:Poland 16525:Norway 16497:Mexico 16464:Greece 16450:France 16388:Canada 16369:Brazil 16339:Allies 16285:Serbia 16274:Poland 16047:Poland 16033:Baltic 15826:Europe 15528:Topics 15480:Allied 15212: 15177: 15158: 15139: 15120: 15050: 15031: 15012: 14988: 14944: 14920: 14899: 14877: 14858: 14836: 14813: 14794: 14775: 14752: 14733: 14714: 14706: 14675: 14656: 14637: 14600: 14581: 14562: 14540: 14521: 14502: 14483: 14461: 14429: 14405: 14383: 14364: 14343: 14322: 14303: 14272: 14253: 14210: 14187: 14168: 14145: 14128:8 July 14106: 14087: 14068: 14049: 14030: 14011: 13987: 13968: 13945: 13923: 13904: 13885: 13866: 13828: 13809: 13783: 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