759:, who served as German ambassador to Japan from 1920 to 1928, cultural exchange was strengthened again. A cultural agreement was signed in 1926 that led to the re-establishment of the "German-Japanese Society" (1926), the founding of the "Japan Institute" in Berlin (1926), the establishment of the "Japanese-German Cultural Society" in Tokyo (1927), and later also the incorporation of the "Japanese-German Research Institute" in Kyoto (1934). Both, France and Germany, were also very attractive for Japanese wanting to study abroad, as both countries kept their currencies undervalued in the 1920s. As German universities were considered superior to their French counterparts, 80% of Japanese students going abroad thus chose Germany. In fact, many of the men who emerged as leaders of the Pan-Asia movement in Japan in the 1930s studied at German universities in the 1920s, which led the Japanese historian Hotta Eri to note there was a strong German influence on the discourse of Japanese
1746:, just two days after the Soviet Union started to push the Germans away from Moscow with a successful counter-offensive led by General Zhukov, who had already defeated the Japanese at Khalkhin Gol in 1939. Upon learning of Japan's successful attack, Hitler even became euphoric, stating: "With such a capable ally we cannot lose this war." Preceding Japan's attack were numerous communiqués between Berlin and Tokyo. The respective ambassadors Ott and Ōshima tried to draft an amendment to the Tripartite Pact, in which Germany, Japan and Italy should pledge each other's allegiance in the case one signatory is attacked by – or attacks – the United States. Although the protocol was finished in time, it would not be formally signed by Germany until four days after the raid on Pearl Harbor. Also among the communiqués was another definitive Japanese rejection of any war plans against Russia:
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1205:, but also weakening British colonies in South-East Asia in advance of a Japanese invasion. The treaty stated that the three countries would respect each other's "leadership" in their respective spheres of influence, and would assist each other if attacked by an outside party. However, already-ongoing conflicts, as of the signing of the Pact, were explicitly excluded. With this defensive terminology, aggression on the part of a member state toward a non-member state would result in no obligations under the Pact. These limitations can be interpreted as a symptom of the German-Japanese relations of that time being driven by mutual self-interest, underpinned by the shared militarist, expansionist and nationalistic ideologies of their respective governments.
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897:
118:
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771:(SA), a para-military branch of the NSDAP, took to beating up Asians studying at German universities. Japanese and Chinese officials complained about "Yellow Peril" propaganda in German newspapers, reports of German plans to ban interracial relationships, and ongoing violence against Asian students all over the country. In October 1933, the Japanese government warned its nationals not to visit Germany, saying the country was unsafe for Asians to be in, and in November 1933, the Chinese government issued a similar warning to its citizens. German foreign minister and head of the
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perspective with respect to
Washington, Matsuoka felt that his government had to reassure Germany of its loyalty to the pact. In Berlin, Ōshima was ordered to convey to the German foreign minister Ribbentrop that the "Japanese government have decided to secure 'points d'appui' in French Indochina to enable further to strengthen her pressure on Great Britain and the United States of America", and to present this as a "valuable contribution to the common front" by promising that "We Japanese are not going to sit on the fence while you Germans fight the Russians."
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freeze
Japanese assets, while the US (which supplied 80 percent of Japan's oil) responded by placing a complete oil embargo on the Japanese Empire. As a result, Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in South-East Asia and its prosecution of the war against China, or seizing the natural resources it needed by force. The Japanese military did not consider the former an option as attacking Soviet Russia instead of expanding into South Asia had become a more and more unpopular choice since Japan's humiliating defeat in 1939 at the
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29:
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1118:, thereby convincing itself that the Imperial Japanese Army, lacking heavy tanks and the like, would be in no position to challenge the Soviet Army at that time. Nevertheless, Hitler's anti-Soviet sentiment soon led to further rapprochements with Japan, since he still believed that Japan would join Germany in a future war against the Soviet Union, either actively by invading southeast Siberia, or passively by binding large parts of the Red Army, which was fearing an attack of Japan's
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amounts of steel and aluminium to be shipped from
Germany to Japan. German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop quickly dismissed Tokyo's proposal, since those resources were vital for Germany's own industry. However, in order to gain Japanese backing for a new German-Japanese trade treaty, which should also secure the rights of German companies in South-East Asia, he asked Hitler to at least partially agree upon the Japanese demands. It took another five months of arguing over the
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354:" by the Japanese public, since the US did not reciprocate most of Japan's concessions with similar privileges. In many cases, Japan was effectively forced into a system of extraterritoriality that provided for the subjugation of foreign residents to the laws of their own consular courts instead of the Japanese law system, open up ports for trade, and later even allow Christian missionaries to enter the country. Shortly after the end of Japan's seclusion, in the so-called
530:(1841–1909) visited in Berlin and Vienna in 1882. At the request of the German government, Albert Mosse also met with Hirobumi and his group of government officials and scholars and gave a series of lectures on constitutional law, which helped to convince Hirobumi that the Prussian-style monarchical constitution was best-suited for Japan. In 1886, Mosse was invited to Japan on a three-year contract as "hired foreigner" to the Japanese government to assist Hirobumi and
2130:, Jodl downplayed the afore described defeats of the German Army, e.g. by claiming the Soviet offensive would soon run out of steam and that "anywhere the Wehrmacht can be sent on land, it is sure of its untertaking, but where it has to be taken over sea, it becomes somewhat more difficult." Japan, on the other hand, not only evaded any disclosure of its true strategic position in the Pacific, but also declined any interference in American shipments being unloaded at
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2521:, is growing again after a decline in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2008, over 8000 Japanese lived in the Düsseldorf area, which features a Japanese school, two kindergartens, three libraries and numerous Japanese clubs. Moreover, over 200 Japanese companies are active in that region, creating over 20,000 jobs. The Japanese community is widely considered a great asset for Düsseldorf. The relations between Germany and Japan are celebrated in Düsseldorf once a year on
2467:. Bilateral trade between Germany and Japan also shrank in 2008, with imports from Japan having dropped by 6.6% and German exports to Japan having declined by 5.5%. Despite Japan having remained Germany's principal trading partner in Asia after China in 2008, measured in terms of total German foreign trade, Japan's share of both exports and imports is relatively low and falls well short of the potential between the world's third- and fifth-largest economies.
1023:, Hitler announced German recognition of Japan's puppet state Manchukuo and renounced the German claims to the former colonies in the Pacific now held by the Japanese Empire. Hitler ordered the end of arm shipments to China, as well as the recall of all German officers attached to the Chinese Army. Despite this move, however, Hitler retained his general perception of neither the Japanese nor the Chinese civilizations being inferior to the German one. In
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1418:. Strong British forces will thereby be tied down, and the center of gravity of the interests of the United States of America will be diverted to the Pacific. The sooner she intervenes, the greater will be the prospects of success for Japan in view of the still undeveloped preparedness for war on the part of her adversaries. The Barbarossa operation will create particularly favorable political and military prerequisites for this.
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2292:. In 1974, West Germany and Japan signed an intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in science and technology, re-intensifying joint scientific endeavours and technological exchange. The accord resulted in numerous projects, generally focused on marine research and geosciences, life sciences and environmental research. Additionally, youth exchange programs were launched, including a "Youth Summit" held annually since 1974.
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2785:, and the lineage of pro-German cultural figures continues, with people in medicine, philosophy, and economics who were strongly influenced by the German school. This is even more noticeable in music, where Japan has greatly enjoyed German music for a long time. Although it has become somewhat more diverse in modern times, Japan is still a country with a strong ethos of worshiping German music and musicians, along with
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that the current state of affairs had to be exploited and subsequently started to seek even closer cooperation with Berlin. Hitler, for his part, not only feared a lasting stalemate with
Britain, but also had started planning an invasion of the Soviet Union. These circumstances, together with a shortage in raw materials and food, increased Berlin's interest in a stronger alliance with Japan. German foreign minister
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situation and thought that his attack on the USSR would bring a tremendous relief for Japan in East Asia and thereby a much stronger threat to
American activities through Japanese interventions. As a consequence, Nazi Germany pressed forward with Operation Barbarossa, its attack on the Soviet Union, which started two months later on 22 June without any specific warning to its Axis partners.
2582:, should assume a leading role in realizing a world free of nuclear weapons and that international sanctions are considered to be an appropriate instrument of pressure. Furthermore, Westerwelle and Okada agreed to enhance cooperation in Afghanistan and to step up the stagnating bilateral trade between both countries. The visit was concluded in talks with Japan's Prime Minister
1166:, cutting oil, iron and steel exports to Japan. This containment policy was Washington's warning to Japan that any further military expansion would result in further sanctions. However, such US moves were interpreted by Japan's militaristic leaders as signals that they needed to take radical measures to improve the Empire's situation, thereby driving Japan closer to Germany.
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German war and combat experience, and for assistance in military economics and in technical matters. Reciprocity is desirable, but this factor should not stand in the way of negotiations. Priority should naturally be given to those
Japanese requests which would have the most immediate application in waging war. In special cases the Führer reserves the decisions for himself.
1397:", the invasion of the Soviet Union. In order to directly or indirectly support his imminent eastward strike, the Führer had repeatedly suggested to Japan that it reconsider plans for an attack on the Soviet Far East throughout 1940 and 1941. In February 1941, as a result of Hitler's insistence, General Oshima returned to Berlin as ambassador. On 5 March 1941,
2764:. The cultural exchange between the two countries is promoted with over 800 bilateral university collaborations. In addition, Germans have felt a sense of affinity at the grassroots level due to common national traits such as hard work, meticulousness, and organisation. Germany is one of the most popular European travel destinations for Japanese people.
1718:, so they could prevent it from interfering with future Japanese movements in South-East Asia and negotiate peace terms from a strong hand. Hitler and Ribbentrop agreed that Germany would almost certainly declare war when the Japanese first informed them of their intention to go to war with the United States on 17 November 1941.
2709:-satellite imagery of the affected area. In the days after the disaster, numerous flowers, candles and paper cranes were placed in front of the Japanese embassy in Berlin by compassionates, including leading German politicians. Though never materialised, additional proposals for aid included sending special units of the German
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military officers and students, and in the following years, several German military officers were sent to Japan to study the
Japanese military, which, after its victory over the tsarist army became a promising organization to study. However, Japan's growing power and influence also caused increased distrust on the German side.
2195:. Here it was the goal of the Allied prosecutors to portray the limited cooperation between the Third Reich and Imperial Japan as a long-planned conspiracy to divide the world among the two Axis-partners and thereby delivering just another demonstration of the common viciousness expressed by alleged joint long-term war plans.
551:), who originally was an army doctor, received tutoring in the German language between 1872 and 1874, which was the primary language for medical education at the time. From 1884 to 1888, Ōgai visited Germany and developed an interest in European literature producing the first translations of the works of Goethe, Schiller, and
2169:" and revealing a fear "that the abandonment of Berlin may take place another month". On 13 April, he met with Ribbentrop – for the last time, it turned out – and vowed to stand with the leaders of the Third Reich in their hour of crisis but had to leave Berlin at once by Hitler's direct order. On 7 and 8 May 1945, as the
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Foreign minister
Matsuoka on the other hand vividly tried to convince the Emperor, the cabinet as well as the army staff of an immediate attack on the Soviet Union. However, his colleagues rejected any such proposal, even regarding him as "Hitler's office boy" by now and pointed out to the fact that the Japanese army,
515:. Meckel left behind a loyal group of Japanese admirers, who, after his death, had a bronze statue of him erected in front of his former army college in Tokyo. Overall, the Imperial Japanese Army intensively oriented its organization along Prusso-German lines when building a modern fighting force during the 1880s.
833:(who was an outspoken critic of an alliance with Nazi Germany), were shocked by what was seen as Germany attempting to create an alliance with Great Britain. Nevertheless, the leaders of the military clique then in control in Tokyo concluded that it was a ruse designed to buy the Germans time to match the
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region and it is a popular tourist destination. In addition, there is a tendency for villains with Nazi motifs to often appear in action works. Anime and manga form a significant part of the German animated film and comic market and show a growing fan community. Both media came to
Germany through the
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Nevertheless, as of 2008, Japan still was
Germany's second largest trading partner in Asia after China. In 2017, German imports from Japan totaled $ 18 billion and German exports to Japan $ 23 billion. In 2008, however, Japanese exports and imports to and from the European Union fell by 7.8
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from the east or attacking Britain's colonies in South-East Asia, thereby preoccupying and diverting the British Empire away from Europe and thus somewhat covering Germany's back. Although Germany would have clearly favored Japan's attacking the USSR, exchanges between the two allies were always kept
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as the key British position in the Far East would mean a decisive success for the entire conduct of war of the three powers. In addition, attacks on other systems of bases of British naval power – extending to those of American naval power only if the entry of the United States into the war cannot be
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2. To prepare the way for the collaboration it is essential to strengthen the Japanese military potential with all means available. For this purpose the High Commands of the branches of the Armed Forces will comply in a comprehensive and generous manner with Japanese desires for information regarding
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With Nazi Germany not only having conquered most of continental Europe including France, but also maintaining the impression of a Britain facing imminent defeat, Tokyo interpreted the situation in Europe as proof of a fundamental and fatal weakness in western democracies. Japan's leadership concluded
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between both signatories in a secret protocol, but also rendered the Anti-Comintern Pact more or less irrelevant. In order to remove the strain that Hitler's move had put on German–Japanese relations, the "Agreement for Cultural Cooperation between Japan and Germany" was signed in November 1939, only
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with the Soviet Union. Notwithstanding the superior Sino-German economic relationship, Hitler concluded that Japan would be a more reliable geostrategic partner and chose to end his alliance with the Chinese as the price of gaining an alignment with the more modern and militarily powerful Japan. In a
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in northern China. Berlin's interaction with Manchukuo was delicate, as its official diplomatic recognition by Germany was sought after by Japan, but would greatly damage Sino-German relations. Hitler's interest to keep China as a partner for the time being became obvious, when he disavowed Heye, who
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was threatening to expel the German military mission and replace it with a French one. In regards to Japan, Neurath noted it was advantageous to have so many scions of the Japanese elite studying at German universities, arguing that it was an incalculable advantage to Germany in the long run. At this
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in establishing the draft laws and systems for local government. Dozens of Japanese students and military officers also went to Germany in the late 19th century, to study the German military system and receive military training at German army educational facilities and within the ranks of the German,
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The "Golden Plan,'' a comprehensive development plan for sports facilities drawn up by the West German government in 1960, was the envy of Japanese sports leaders, and the philosophy of "creating a comprehensive sports club rooted in the local community'' was established in 1991. It was incorporated
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On 2 April 2011, German Foreign Minister Westerwelle visited Tokyo on an Asia voyage, again offering Japan "all help, where it is needed" to recover from the tsunami and subsequent nuclear disaster of the previous month. Westerwelle also emphasised the importance of making progress with a free trade
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a. The common aim of the conduct of war is to be stressed as forcing England to the ground quickly and thereby keeping the United States out of the war. Beyond this Germany has no political, military, or economic interests in the Far East which would give occasion for any reservations with regard to
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units, naval strength, and notes on Singapore's defences. It painted a gloomy picture of British land and naval capabilities in the Far East, and declared that Britain was too weak to risk war with Japan. The mail reached the German embassy in Tokyo on 5 December, and was then hand-carried to Berlin
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On 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler assumed power in Germany, abolishing the democratic system of the Weimar Republic within the first two months of its reign. This political turning point proved to be far-reaching for the relations between Germany and Japan. In spring and again in
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Japan is one of the most important exporters of electronics and entertainment products for Germany, with many well-known Japanese technology companies being prominent in the German market. Germany exports mainly include luxury vehicles and other mechanical engineering services to Japan, with German
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The Japanese post office printed the motifs with the corresponding postage and even printed additional stamps with German motifs for the occasion. While the Japanese stamps have the heading "150 years of friendship between Germany and Japan" in German and Japanese, the German side limited itself to
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in early December. Hitler could no longer ignore the amount of economic and military aid the US was giving Britain and the USSR. Hitler's hopes that, despite the previous rejections, Japan would reciprocally attack the Soviet Union, were not realized, as Japan stuck to its Nanshin strategy of going
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amongst others and the final rejection of any near-term action in Siberia shortly after Germany began its invasion of the USSR. Moreover, many officers considered America's oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. With the harsh oil sanctions imposed by the United States, the Japanese leadership
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The relations between Japan and Germany continued to grow closer during the late 1930s and several cultural exchanges took place, albeit motivated by political and propaganda reasons. A focus was put on youth exchanges, and numerous mutual visits were conducted; for instance, in late 1938, the ship
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It was not in the interests of Great Britain to have Germany annihilated, but primarily a Jewish interest. And to-day the destruction of Japan would serve British political interests less than it would serve the far-reaching intentions of those who are leading the movement that hopes to establish a
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Bay. The German forces held out from August until November 1914, under a total Japanese/British blockade, sustained artillery barrages and manpower odds of 6:1 – a fact that gave a morale boost during the siege as well as later in defeat. After Japanese troops stormed the city, the German dead were
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Despite being considered one of the numerous unjust negotiations pressed on Japan during that time, the Eulenburg Expedition, and both the short- and long-term consequences of the treaty of amity and commerce, are today honoured as the beginning of official Japanese-German relations. To commemorate
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Post-war relations between Japan and both Germanies, as well as with unified Germany since 1990, have generally focused on economic and business questions. Germany, dedicated to free trade, continues to be Japan's largest trading partner within Europe. This general posture is also reflected in the
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Around the mid-1980s, West German and Japanese representatives decided to rebuild the old Japanese embassy in Berlin from 1938. Its remains had remained unused after the building was largely destroyed during World War II. In addition to the original complex, several changes and additions were made
1976:
With submarines remaining practically the only link between Nazi-controlled Europe and Japan, trade was soon focused on strategic goods such as technical plans and weapon templates. Only 20–40% of goods managed to reach either destination and merely 96 persons travelled by submarine from Europe to
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tactics, Hitler's confidence in a successful and swift conclusion of the war diminished, especially with a US-supported Britain being a constant threat in the Reich's western front. Furthermore, it was evident that the "neutrality" which the US had superficially maintained to that point would soon
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In September 1941, Japan began its southward expansion by expanding its military presence to southern Indochina ("securing 'points d'appui'") and decisively increased the number of stationed personnel and planes. This provoked the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments to
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Toward the end of September 1941, Sorge transmitted information that Japan would not initiate hostilities against the USSR in the East, thereby freeing Red Army divisions stationed in Siberia for the defence of Moscow. In October 1941 Sorge was unmasked and arrested by the Japanese. Apparently, he
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4. In the military commissions to be formed in accordance with the Tripartite Pact, only such questions are to be dealt with as equally concern the three participating powers. These will include primarily the problems of economic warfare. The working out of the details is the responsibility of the
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c. The raw material situation of the pact powers demands that Japan should acquire possession of those territories which it needs for the continuation of the war, especially if the United States intervenes. Rubber shipments must be carried out even after the entry of Japan into the war, since they
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Although tentative plans for a joint German-Japanese approach against the USSR were hinted on in the 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact, the years 1938 and 1939 were already decisive for Japan's decision to not expand northward (i.e., against the USSR) but to the south. The Empire decisively lost two border
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Pride in one's own race – and that does not imply contempt for other races – is also a normal and healthy sentiment. I have never regarded the Chinese or the Japanese as being inferior to ourselves. They belong to ancient civilizations, and I admit freely that their past history is superior to our
1956:
Despite this treaty, the envisioned German-Japanese economic relations were never able to grow beyond mostly propagandistic status. The British kept control of the Suez Canal and submarines with very small cargo capability remained the main method of contact. With the loss of North Africa and the
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Another decisive limitation in the German-Japanese alliance were the fundamental differences between the two nation's policies towards Jews. With Nazi Germany's well-known attitude being extreme Antisemitism, Japan refrained from adopting any similar posture. On 31 December 1940, Japanese foreign
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in and around Chinese waters. Japan, eager to reduce the presence of European colonial powers in South-East Asia, especially on China's coast, sent Germany an ultimatum on 14 August 1914, which was left unanswered. Japan then formally declared war on Germany on 23 August 1914 thereby entering the
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You gave the right declaration of war. This method is the only proper one. Japan pursued it formerly and it corresponds with his own system, that is, to negotiate as long as possible. But if one sees that the other is interested only in putting one off, in shaming and humiliating one, and is not
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to the Allied powers, Ōshima and his staff were taken into custody and brought to the United States. Now fighting an even more hopeless war, the Japanese government immediately denounced the German surrender as an act of treason and interned the few German individuals as well as confiscated all
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in June 1942 with the loss of four aircraft carriers, the Japanese Navy decided to pursue all possibilities of gaining additional resources to quickly rebuild its forces. As a consequence, Ambassador Ōshima in Berlin was ordered to submit an extensive "wish list" requesting the purchase of vast
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had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, but he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Hitler, who was not informed in advance by the Japanese and considering the pact a ruse to stall, misinterpreted the diplomatic
266:
According to a late 2023 Bertelsmann Foundation Poll, the Germans view Japan overwhelmingly positively, and regard that nation as less a competitor and more a partner. The Japanese views of Germany are positive as well, with 97% viewing Germany positively and only 3% viewing Germany negatively.
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and large numbers of men and amounts of material being transported from East Siberia to the German front in the west. Being forced to watch the continued reinforcement of Soviet troops from the east without any Japanese intervention was a thorn in Hitler's flesh, especially considering Japan's
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in Manchukuo was constantly kept in manoeuvres and, in talks with German foreign minister Ribbentrop, ambassador Oshima in Berlin repeatedly hinted at an "imminent Japanese attack" against the USSR. In fact, however, the leadership in Tokyo at this time had in no way changed its mind and these
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felt betrayed because the Germans clearly trusted their Axis allies too little to warn them about Barbarossa, even though he had feared the worst since receiving an April report from Ōshima in Berlin that "Germany is confident she can defeat Russia and she is preparing to fight at any moment."
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of 1904/05, during which Germany strongly supported Russia. This circumstance triggered the Japanese foreign ministry to proclaim that any ship delivering coal to Russian vessels within the war zone would be sunk. After the Russo-Japanese War, Germany insisted on reciprocity in the exchange of
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against Germany to Asia and the Pacific against Japan. In this context, sizeable forces of the British Empire were withdrawn from North Africa to the Pacific theatre with their replacements being only relatively inexperienced and thinly spread divisions. Taking advantage of this situation,
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Subsequently, Konoe removed Matsuoka from his cabinet and stepped up Japan's negotiations with the US again, which still failed over the China and Indochina issues, however, and the American demand to Japan to withdraw from the Tripartite Pact in anticipation of any settlement. Without any
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existed already in 1940, meaning to go south and exploit the weakened European powers by occupying their resource-rich colonies in South-East Asia. In order to secure Japan's back while expanding southwards and as a Soviet effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, the
1750:
In case Germany demands that we participate in the war against the Soviet Union, we will respond that we do not intend to join the war for the time being. If this should lead to a situation whereby Germany will delay her entry into the war against the United States, it cannot be
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In contrast to his actual plans, Hitler's concept of stalling – in combination with his frustration with a Japan embroiled in seemingly endless negotiations with the United States, and tending against a war with the USSR – led to a temporary cooperation with the Soviets in the
1134:, which was signed in August 1939. Neither Japan nor Italy had been informed beforehand of Germany's pact with the Soviets, demonstrating the constant subliminal mistrust between Nazi Germany and its partners. After all, the pact not only stipulated the division of Poland and
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own. They have the right to be proud of their past, just as we have the right to be proud of the civilization to which we belong. Indeed, I believe the more steadfast the Chinese and the Japanese remain in their pride of race, the easier I shall find it to get on with them.
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can be found in many German cities. There are also many other pro-German cultural figures who, although not connected to their work, have declared themselves to be German lovers or nerds, such as well known rakugo performers Kokontei Shincho and Katsura Beitanji.
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further solidified German–Japanese relations and showed Germany's solidarity with Japan, which was now encouraged to cooperate against the British. To some degree, Japan's actions in South-East Asia and the Pacific in the months after Pearl Harbor, including the
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to Tokyo for a study visit. In 1938, representative measures for embracing the German-Japanese partnership were sought and the construction of a new Japanese embassy building in Berlin was started. After the preceding embassy had to give way to Hitler's and
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In the face of their failing war plans, Japanese and German representatives more and more began to deceive each other at tactical briefings by exaggerating minor victories and deemphasizing losses. In several talks in spring and summer 1943 between
1605:
From Japan's point of view the attack on Russia very nearly ruptured the Tripartite Pact, since the Empire had been depending on Germany to help in maintaining good relations with Moscow so as to preclude any threat from Siberia. Prime Minister
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agreed upon cooperations in the assistance for reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, the promotion of economic exchange activities, youth and sports exchanges as well as exchanges and cooperation in science, technology and academic fields.
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b. The great successes achieved by Germany in mercantile warfare make it appear particularly suitable to employ strong Japanese forces for the same purpose. In this connection every opportunity to support German mercantile warfare must be
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and the strengthening of the training age group, became the foundation of the Japanese football world, and Cramer, who was hailed as the "Father of Japanese Football," was the first recipient of the Japan Football Hall of Fame. became.
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received training by a German military mission. Not only did this happen against Japanese objections, but it also caused the original complaints from China, and not those from Japan, to eventually motivate Berlin's change of attitude.
2212:
Although there was a limited and cautious military cooperation between Japan and Germany during the Second World War, no documents corroborating any long-term planning or real coordination of military operations of both powers exist.
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After the Second World War was officially concluded with the capitulation of the Empire of Japan, plans for trying the major German and Japanese war criminals were quickly implemented in 1946. While Japanese officials had to face the
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Pillar 4: Contribution for the stability in the regions (Korean Peninsula, People's Republic of China, former Yugoslavia, Russia, South Asia, new independent states, Middle East and Gulf region, Middle and South America, East Timor,
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In 2011, Germany and Japan celebrated 150 years of German-Japanese relations on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the signing of the treaty. In Germany it was celebrated with lecture events in Berlin, among other places. The
339:(Nippon, Archive for the Description of Japan), one of the most valuable sources of information on Japan well into the 20th century; since 1979, his achievements have been recognised with an annual German award in his honour, the
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2625:, which also opened an exhibition entitled "What connects Germany and Japan – 150 years of friendship between Germany and Japan". The exhibition, for which a catalog was published, will then be shown, among other things, in the
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In 2000, bilateral cultural exchange culminated in the "Japan in Germany" year, which was then followed by the "Germany in Japan" year in 2005/2006. Also in 2005, the annual German Film Festival in Tokyo was brought into being.
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as well as a scout team of I.S.A.R. Germany (International Search and Rescue) were sent to Japan, however parts of the German personnel had to be recalled due to radiation danger near the damaged power plant. Furthermore, the
1960:
Japan was being outproduced in carriers and was unable to launch any offensives after its defeat at Midway in June 1942. It was overextended and could not even feed its garrisons on islands across the Pacific. Tokyo's plan of
343:, granted to Japanese scientists. Von Siebold's second visit to Japan (1859–1862) became a disaster because he tried to influence Dutch politics in Japan and attempted to obtain a permanent post as a diplomat in that country.
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Japan was a signatory of the Treaty of Versailles, which stipulated harsh repercussions for Germany. In the Pacific, Japan gained Germany's islands north of the equator (the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, the Marianas, the
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Mori Ôgai. A Bibliography of Western-Language Materials. Compiled by Harald Salomon. Incorporating the Findings of Rosa Wunner in Japonica Humboldtiana 2 (1998), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008. 178 S., 1 Abb. (Izumi
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and Germany grew wary of an ever-expanding Japanese sphere of influence and wanted to take advantage of China's bad situation by expanding their own colonial possessions instead. The frictions culminated in the so-called
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that would allow for the transfer of weaponry and resources as well as potential joint military operations. After all, the choice of potential trading partners was very limited during the war and Germany was anxious for
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Japan must take steps to seize Singapore as soon as possible, since the opportunity will never again be as favorable (tie-up of the whole English fleet; unpreparedness of U.S.A. for war against Japan; inferiority of the
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As the war progressed and Germany began to retreat further, Japanese ambassador Ōshima never wavered in his confidence that Germany would emerge victorious. However, in March 1945 he reported to Tokyo on the "danger of
1919:(Willow) – missions, since the American and British navies rendered the high seas too dangerous for Axis surface cargo ships. However, given the limited capacities of submarines, eyes were soon focused directly on the
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2418:". On 21 September 2004, the G4 issued a joint statement mutually backing each other's claim to permanent seats, together with two African countries. This proposal has found opposition in a group of countries called
1558:
It would, of course, be up to Japan to act as it saw fit, but Japan's cooperation in the fight against the Soviet Union would be welcomed if the advance to the south should run into difficulty because of supply and
1659:, a Soviet spy disguised as a German journalist working for Eugen Ott, the German ambassador in Tokyo, advised the Red Army on 14 September 1941, that the Japanese were not going to attack the Soviet Union until:
1286:
I felt, that in the mind of Hitler there was much of spiritual matters, transcending material plans. When I met the Führer he said that since boyhood he had been attracted by Japan. He read carefully reports of
1196:
The purpose of the Pact, directed against an unnamed power presumed to be the United States, was to deter that power from supporting Britain, thereby not only strengthening Germany's and Italy's cause in the
1515:. Germany must, therefore, concentrate all her efforts on spurring Japan to act immediately. If Japan has Singapore, all other East Asiatic questions regarding the U.S.A. and England are thereby solved (
1009:
Originally, Germany had a very close relationship with the Chinese nationalist government, even providing military aid and assistance to the Republic of China. Relations soured after the outbreak of the
142:
2574:
and both ministers instructed their Ministries to draw up disarmament initiatives and strategies which Berlin and Tokyo can present to the international community together. Especially with regard to
2830:. Several hundred anime films and series have been dubbed into German and, since the 2010s, have increasingly been marketed with German subtitles on video-on-demand services. In contrast to K-Pop,
374:
its 150th anniversary, events were held in both Germany and Japan from autumn 2010 through autumn 2011 hoping "to 'raise the treasures of common past' in order to build a bridge to the future."
3095:
Eberhard Friese: Philipp Franz von Siebold als früher Exponent der Ostasienwissenschaften. = Berliner Beiträge zur sozial- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Japan-Forschung Bd. 15. Bochum 1983
1225:
I am the man responsible for the alliance with Hitler, but nowhere have I promised that we would carry out his anti-Semitic policies in Japan. This is not simply my personal opinion, it is the
706:
influenced China not to sign the treaty. China declared the end of its war against Germany in September 1919 and signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921. This fact greatly contributed to
1936:
and precious metals, while the Japanese sought industrial products, technical equipment, and chemical goods. By August 1942 the German advances in North Africa rendered an offensive against
1365:
wrote to the Naval Minister asking whether, if Japan knocked out America, the remaining British and Dutch forces would be suitably weakened for the Japanese to deliver a deathblow. Thereby,
1577:, Japan's go-north strategy aiming for a coordinated attack with Germany against the USSR and seizing East Siberia. But the Japanese army-dominated military leadership, namely persons like
1058:. It was conceived by Ludwig Moshamer under the supervision of Speer and was placed opposite the Italian embassy, thereby bestowing an architectural emphasis on the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis.
2911:, the Germany national team was placed in Group E along with the Japanese national team, and played against the Japanese national team on 23 November, ending with a 2-1 victory for Japan.
2249:
in 1952 and joined the United Nations in 1956. Germany was split into two states. It was agreed in 1951 to take up diplomatic relations between Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany (
1082:
843:, in which he identified Britain as a potential ally but also defined Japan as a target of "international Jewry", and thus a nation which Germany could potentially form an alliance with:
5225:
1445:
prevented – will result in weakening the enemy's system of power in that region and also, just like the attack on sea communications, in tying down substantial forces of all kinds (e.g.
2055:
on the other hand is one of the most popular examples of an aborted Yanagi mission in May 1945. Amongst others, her cargo included examples of the newest electric torpedoes, one crated
1879:
3954:
1721:
On 25 November 1941, Germany tried to further solidify the alliance against Soviet Russia by officially reviving the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936, now joined by additional signatories,
2813:, Germany is the second most frequently featured country after France. In Japan, themes from German, Austrian and Swiss literature are often taken up. A well-known example of this is
1270:
was given the job of reorganizing the Japanese Air Arm in late 1940. For this purpose, Yamashita arrived in Berlin in January 1941, staying almost six months. He inspected the broken
4280:
Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter IX – Collaboration with Italy & Japan: Aggressive War Against the United States, November 1936 to December 1941 (Part 10 of 12)
1784:
1678:
was entirely trusted by the German ambassador Eugen Ott, and was allowed access to top secret cables from Berlin in the embassy in Tokyo. Eventually, this involvement would lead to
2433:
the German-Japanese relations are generally good and there are no particular bilateral problems. This results in a certain indifference, which may be considered a problem by now.
1655:
actions were merely concerted to create the illusion of an eastern threat to the Soviet Union in an effort to bind its Siberian divisions. Unknown to Japan and Germany, however,
1612:
872:
793:
In late 1933-early 1934, another strain was placed on German-Japanese relations when the new German ambassador to Japan and outspoken proponent of German-Japanese partnership,
5034:
German Federal Land Transport Administration (KBA). In 2013, total Japanese car sales were 254,042 units, accounting for 8.6% of total passenger car sales of 2,952,431 units.
1944:
feasible, which, in turn, had the potential of enabling maritime trade between Europe and Japan through the Indian Ocean. On the other hand, in the face of its defeat at the
581:
At the end of the 19th century, Japanese–German relations cooled due to Germany's, and in general Europe's, imperialist aspirations in East Asia. After the conclusion of the
5397:
Keppler-Tasaki Stefan: How Goethe became Japanese: International cultural diplomacy and national identity discourse 1889–1989 . IUDICIUM Verlag, 2020, ISBN 978-3-86205-668-2
3043:
3003:
370:
at that time. After four months of negotiations, another "unequal treaty", officially dedicated to amity and commerce, was signed in January 1861 between Prussia and Japan.
106:
3230:
The statue was removed in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II. Georg Kerst: Jacob Meckel. Sein Leben, sein Wirken in Deutschland und Japan. Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1970
1743:
625:
declared war on the German Empire, the Japanese government received an official request from the British government for assistance in destroying the German raiders of the
1425:
3. The harmonizing of the operational plans of the two parties is the responsibility of the Naval High Command. This will be subject to the following guiding principles:
6124:
1446:
1511:). Japan is indeed making preparations for this action; but according to all declarations made by Japanese officers, she will only carry it out if Germany proceeds to
4821:
5487:
Hübner, Stefan (2012), "National Socialist Foreign Policy and Press Instructions, 1933–9: Aims and Ways of Coverage Manipulation based on the Example of East Asia",
5352:
4610:
3038:
220:
In the 1930s, both countries adopted aggressive militaristic attitudes toward their respective regions. This led to a rapprochement and, eventually, a political and
98:
4965:
2199:
The Nazi plans of aggression called for use of Asiatic allies and they found among the Japanese men of kindred mind and purpose. They were brothers, under the skin.
1953:-Yen-exchange rate and additional talks with the third signatory, the Italian government, until the "Treaty on Economic Cooperation" was signed on 20 January 1943.
1326:
were found, including naval intelligence reports containing the latest assessment of the Japanese Empire's military strength in the Far East, along with details of
797:, backed the appointment of Ferdinand Heye, a member of the Nazi Party and disreputable businessman, the Special German Trade Commissioner for Japan's puppet state
5195:
2692:
immediately expressed her deepest sympathy to all those affected and promised Japan any assistance it would call for. As a consequence rescue specialists from the
1304:
On 11 November 1940, German–Japanese relations, as well as Japan's plans to expand southwards into South-East Asia, were decisively bolstered when the crew of the
1850:, were a tremendous blow to the United Kingdom's war effort and preoccupied the Allies, shifting British (including Australian) and American assets away from the
2414:
and an increase of the number of its permanent members. For this purpose both nations organized themselves together with Brazil and India to form the so-called "
829:, which caused a temporary deterioration of German-Japanese relations when it was signed in June 1935. At the time, many Japanese politicians, including Admiral
4709:
1642:
Over the first months, Germany's advances in Soviet Russia were spectacular and Stalin's need to transfer troops currently protecting South-East Siberia from a
5784:
5734:
5621:
978:(Comintern) in general and the Soviet Union in particular. After the signing, Nazi Germany's government also included the Japanese people in their concept of "
814:, planned to relieve Germany of its China-or-Japan-dilemma by promoting an anti-Communist alliance that would unite all three countries together. However, the
621:
The onset of the First World War in Europe eventually showed how far German–Japanese relations had truly deteriorated. On 7 August 1914, only three days after
1282:, head of the German Luftwaffe, with the Japanese "Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun". General Yamashita also met and talked with Hitler, on whom he commented,
1189:
was sent to negotiate a new treaty with Japan, whose relationships with Germany and Italy, the three soon to be called "Axis powers", were cemented with the
2425:
Certain inefficiencies with respect to the bilateral cooperation between Germany and Japan were also reflected in 2005, when former Japanese Prime Minister
7545:
6675:
4052:
Prange, Gordon W. Gordon Prange with Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon Target Tokyo The Story of the Sorge Spy Ring. New York: McGraw-Hill 1984.
2139:
at which the Allies declared only to accept the unconditional surrenders of the Axis nations. During a private briefing on 5 March 1943, Hitler remarked:
1301:
According to Yamashita, Hitler promised to remember Japan in his will, by instructing the Germans "to bind themselves eternally to the Japanese spirit."
1258:
Nevertheless, after the signing of the Tripartite Pact, mutual visits of political and military nature increased. After German ace and parachute expert
7520:
4273:
6568:
6548:
5324:
3836:
2422:. In January 2006, Japan announced that it would not support putting the G4 resolution back on the table and was working on a resolution of its own.
2334:
until 2000, like moving the main entrance to the Hiroshima Street, which was named in honour of the Japanese city, and the creation of a traditional
1255:. Subsequently, the German leadership ordered Rabe back to Berlin, confiscating all his reports and prohibiting any further discussion of the topic.
431:, a land lord loyal to the Shogunate. One year later, the war ended with the defeat of the Tokugawa and the renegotiation of the "unequal treaties".
2610:". On the German side, the Japanese motif at 55 cents was intended for domestic traffic and the German motif at 75 cents for international traffic.
5712:
417:, Japan demanded a revocation of the "unequal treaties" with the western powers and a civil war ensued. During the conflict, German weapons trader
109:
3936:
4240:
3058:
3053:
2931:
4207:
802:
had falsely promised German recognition of Manchukuo in order to monopolize German trading in the region under his name. In the summer of 1935,
5779:
5229:
3848:
2822:
mutual media association in the 1970s and have had greater success since the 1990s. The German manga market is now the third largest market in
1682:
replacing Ott in January 1943. Sorge on the other hand would be executed in November 1944 and elevated to a national hero in the Soviet Union.
589:
was signed, which included several territorial cessions from China to Japan, most importantly Taiwan and the eastern portion of the bay of the
251:
in the world, and benefit greatly from many kinds of political, cultural, scientific and economic cooperation. Both nations are members of the
822:
vetoed this approach, as it deemed trade relations with China too important to be risked by a pact that Chiang Kai-shek was unlikely to join.
6653:
5622:
Hitler und Ostasien, 1904 bis 1933. Die Entwicklung von Hitlers Japan- und Chinabild vom Russisch-Japanischen Krieg bis zur "Machtergreifung"
5276:
2935:
2726:
2411:
5685:"Relations between Germany and Japan: 150 Years of Friendship between Germany and Japan" 2015 exhibit at National Museum of Japanese History
5009:
2276:
in 1972. This Institute has a library and cinema and also offers a Japanese language course. In 1985, Japanese German center also opened in
7258:
6321:
1809:. Roosevelt's "shoot on sight" order had effectively declared naval war on Germany and Italy in September 1941, and Germany had learned of
4120:
Peattie, Mark R.; Evans, David C. (1997), Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, Naval Institute Press,
2410:
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Germany and Japan, being the United Nations' second and third largest funders respectively, demanded a
2090:
chiefs realized in late 1942 that it would not be practical for them to return to Germany-controlled European ports. German supply ships (
5055:" (XLS). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Consular Affairs Bureau, Policy Division (24 January, 2022). As of 2 April, 2022 Archived from the
3759:
Ericson, Edward E. (1999), Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 138,
2875:, who joined Jeff Ichihara as a star player in the J League's early days and was a member of the West Germany national team that won the
2099:
1927:, all vital to the British war effort. In the long run, Germany and Japan envisioned a partnered linkage running across the British-held
622:
4290:
3938:
Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940
577:
A French political cartoon from 1898 depicting the imperial powers, including Germany and Japan, dividing the "Chinese cake" among them.
6260:
5727:
2602:
also showed an exhibition. In addition, two special stamps were issued by the German and Japanese post offices for this occasion: the "
1761:
Nevertheless, publicly the German leadership applauded their new ally and ambassador Ōshima became one of only eight recipients of the
479:, "hired foreigners") and contributed to the modernization of Japan, especially in the fields of medicine (Leopold Mueller, 1824–1894;
194:
5302:
2781:
in Japan and the Goethe Archive in Tokyo. In modern literature, many literary figures have been influenced by German literature since
2260:
Beginning in the 1950s, Japanese companies sought to acquire needed raw materials like steel and chemical products in the West German
2143:
They lie right to your face and in the end all their depictions are calculated on something which turns out to be a deceit afterwards!
499:, 1842–1906). Meckel had been invited by Japan's government in 1885 as an advisor to the Japanese general staff and as teacher at the
7332:
1795:
Although the amendment to the Tripartite Pact was not yet in force, Hitler chose to declare war on the United States and ordered the
1239:
On a similar note, both countries would continue to conceal any war crimes committed by the other side for the remainder of the war.
610:" on 23 April 1895, when the three powers "urged" Japan to refrain from acquiring its awarded possessions on the Liaodong Peninsula.
5658:
Japanische Impressionen eines Kaiserlichen Gesandten. Karl von Eisendecher im Japan der Meiji-Zeit/明治初期の日本 - ドイツ外交官アイゼンデッヒャー公使の写真帖より
1780:
1738:
change to an open and unlimited support of Britain against Germany. Hitler thus welcomed Japan's sudden entry into the war with its
1527:). Japan wishes, if possible, to avoid war against the U.S.A. She can do so if she determinedly takes Singapore as soon as possible.
1467:
7582:
6668:
6578:
244:
4799:
4777:
3548:
2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
1616:
538:. He later worked on other important legal drafts, international agreements, and contracts and served as a cabinet advisor in the
7597:
7587:
6854:
5476:
Cho, Joanne Miyang, Lee M. Roberts, and Christian W. Spang. "German-Japanese Relations from Meiji to Heisei". in Cho et al. eds.
5251:
994:
joined the Anti-Comintern Pact the same year, thereby taking the first steps towards the formation of the so-called Axis between
752:
738:
707:
247:; bilateral relations, now focused on economic issues, were soon re-established. Today, Germany and Japan are, respectively, the
3906:
3514:
1874:
7525:
7458:
7415:
6633:
6629:
6624:
6114:
2777:
Classical German literature, language and culture are also dealt with in Japan. For example, there are several branches of the
2626:
1868:
1820:
1508:
946:
747:
As German ambassador in Tokyo from 1920 to 1928, Wilhelm Solf initiated the re-establishment of good German–Japanese relations.
5102:
2564:
We want to make our joint contribution towards ensuring that this decade is a decade of disarmament – not a decade of armament
670:
buried at Tsingtao and the remaining troops were transported to Japan where they were treated with respect at places like the
177:
between Germany and Japan. The diplomatic relations were officially established in 1861 with the first ambassadorial visit to
28:
7602:
7592:
7530:
6446:
5720:
5531:
5466:
Burton, Fred, and Freddy Saelens. "The Structure and Characteristics of Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in West Germany".
4508:
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4406:
4381:
4227:
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3254:
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in order to accelerate the recovery of the Japanese economy. Together with his German counterpart, Japanese foreign minister
2398:
2327:
2323:. The G6 was soon expanded by Canada and later Russia, with G6-, G7-, and later G8-, summits being held annually since then.
2174:
German property (such as submarines) in Japanese territory at the time. Four months later, on 2 September, Japan had to sign
1920:
1202:
2653:
2645:
2239:
7577:
7515:
7511:
7506:
7425:
7420:
6506:
6341:
5069:
5052:
3048:
2330:(DIJ) in Tokyo, were founded to further contribute to the academic and scientific exchange between Japan and West Germany.
785:
time, however, Germany had much closer relations with China, which purchased an increasing amount of German arms and whose
4614:
4254:
3134:
2549:. As of 2021, the number of Japanese residents in Germany is 42,135 and the number of German residents in Japan is 5,888.
7501:
7370:
6661:
6411:
6029:
5356:
4713:
2668:
said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan." hit
2618:
1878:
German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in fall 1942. Arrows show planned movements to
1594:
949:". In general, further expansion was envisioned – either northwards, attacking the Soviet Union, a plan which was called
945:
Tokyo's military leaders proceeded to devise plans assuring the Empire's supply with resources by eventually creating a "
318:
298:
4987:
4639:
2514:
7337:
7206:
7086:
6215:
5894:
5481:
4661:
4584:
4458:
3891:
3246:
3033:
2868:
2681:
2315:
West German-Japanese political dealings were enlarged with both countries taking part in the creation of the so-called
1977:
Japan and 89 vice versa during the war as only six submarines succeeded in their attempts of the trans-oceanic voyage:
1714:, which would result in war with the United States and Britain. To succeed the Japanese had to neutralize the powerful
248:
4203:
Trial transcripts at Nuremberg 11 December 1945. More details of the exchanges at the meeting are available online at
3601:
2326:
Over the following years, institutions, such as in 1985 the "Japanese–German Center" (JDZB) in Berlin and in 1988 the
970:
The first legal consolidation of German-Japanese mutual interests occurred in 1936, when the two countries signed the
7540:
7322:
7312:
7146:
6859:
6598:
6527:
6496:
6436:
6225:
6205:
6185:
6055:
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5593:
5559:
4764:
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4174:
4125:
4057:
4021:
3764:
3739:
3652:
3631:
3379:
3271:
3218:
3189:
3157:
3100:
3008:
2464:
1305:
1212:
The Japanese embassy in Berlin, clad in the banners of the three signatories of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940
1159:
695:
382:
In 1863, three years after von Eulenburg's visit in Tokyo, a Shogunal legation arrived at the Prussian court of King
5742:
5203:
3374:. Hg. vom Japanisch-Deutschen Zentrum Berlin und der Japanisch-Deutschen Gesellschaft Tokyo. Iudicium, Berlin 2005.
3240:
1729:. However, for several reasons including logistics and Soviet defenses being reinforced by East Siberian divisions,
1226:
7550:
7410:
7263:
7015:
6778:
6588:
6563:
6431:
6416:
6301:
6265:
6245:
6140:
6065:
5889:
5854:
5844:
5834:
5384:
5070:
Foreign residents by nationality/region and status of residence (purpose of residence) (as of the end of June 2021)
5025:, with Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, and BMW models occupying 1st to 5th place: Japan Automobile Importers Association
2661:
2175:
1970:
5138:
2578:, it was also stressed that Japan and Germany, both technically capable of and yet refraining from possessing any
2245:
After their defeat in World War II, both Japan and Germany were occupied. Japan regained its sovereignty with the
125:
Street was originally built from 1938 to 1942, and thus is a symbol for German–Japanese relations since that time.
7317:
7232:
7166:
7025:
7005:
6990:
6885:
6637:
6522:
6406:
6230:
6220:
6200:
6100:
6089:
6039:
6014:
5949:
4222:
Burns, James MacGregor (1970). Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. hdl:2027/heb.00626.
2685:
2072:
1957:
heavy defeat at Stalingrad, Germany was in a defensive posture by early 1943, and never regained the initiative.
1847:
1369:, the concept of the Japanese Navy conducting a southern campaign quickly matured and gained further proponents.
1015:
359:
5672:
Deutschland und Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1940–1945, Vom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor bis zu deutschen Kapitulation
5166:
4550:
Deutschland und Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1940–1945, Vom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor bis zu deutschen Kapitulation
4487:
Deutschland und Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1940–1945, Vom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor bis zu deutschen Kapitulation
4474:
Deutschland und Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1940–1945, Vom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor bis zu deutschen Kapitulation
4070:
Deutschland und Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1940–1945, Vom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor bis zu deutschen Kapitulation
4041:
Deutschland und Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1940–1945, Vom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor bis zu deutschen Kapitulation
1988:
1905:
Until the attack on the Soviet Union, Germany and Japan were able to exchange materials and personnel using the
1814:
south, not north, and would continue to maintain an uneasy peace with the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Germany's
1733:
ground to a halt with the onset of the Russian winter in November and December 1941. In the face of his failing
7268:
7161:
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6895:
6758:
6642:
6603:
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6376:
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6165:
6160:
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6019:
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5909:
5799:
5774:
5684:
5454:
5406:
Naoji Kimura: The East-West Goethe: German language culture in Japan . Peter Lang, 2006, ISBN 978-3-03910-610-3
4973:
2014:
1770:
willing to come to an agreement, then one should strike as hard as possible, and not waste time declaring war.
1537:
In talks involving Hitler, his foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, his Japanese counterpart at that time,
1414:
1. It must be the aim of the collaboration based on the Three Power Pact to induce Japan, as soon as possible,
1348:
6683:
5023:
Trends in the top 20 foreign manufacturer car models in terms of imported car sales by model from 2003 to 2013
3798:
3200:
Adachi Yoshio 阿達義雄. Kaishō Suneru to Boshin Niigata kōbōsen 怪商スネルと戊辰新潟攻防戦. Niigata: Toyano Shuppan 鳥屋野出版, 1985
2899:, Germany's professional football league, and many players have moved to the league in recent years. Okudera,
2713:
to Japan, as the German Armed Forces' decontamination equipment is among the most sophisticated in the world.
2049:, thereby becoming the only civilian exchange between two submarines of two different navies in World War II.
1554:
overly formal and indirect, as shown in the following statement by Hitler to ambassador Ōshima (2 June 1941):
518:
In 1889, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated, greatly influenced by German legal scholars
7222:
7151:
7030:
7020:
7000:
6945:
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6794:
6553:
6501:
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6391:
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321:(1796–1866) in the 1690s and 1820s, respectively. Both accompanied the director of the Dutch trading post at
4909:
4271:
2809:, German characters or characters with German-like names and Germany-inspired settings often appear, and in
2070:
On rare occasions, German surface ships were able to reach Japan as well. These included auxiliary cruisers
671:
654:
7342:
7176:
7121:
7040:
6995:
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3826:
Martin, Bernd and Gerhard Krebs (Hg.). (1994) Formierung und Fall der Achse Berlin-Tôkyô. München: Iudicium
2657:
1839:
1147:
961:. Hitler, on the other hand, never desisted from his plan to conquer new territories in Eastern Europe for
826:
1706:
was now even more determined to remain in China. Germany had refused to sell Japan the blueprints to make
1340:
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4887:
2648:
caused a wave of sympathy and compassion in Germany (flowers in front of the Japanese embassy in Berlin).
1797:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1504:
1131:
786:
5934:
5371:
Germany and Japan in global competition: success factors, empirical findings, strategic recommendations.
4952:
4931:
1104:
Female members of the Nichigeki dancing team welcoming the Hitlerjugend at Nichigeki Music Hall in Tokyo
390:
became diplomatic representative in Japan – first representing Prussia, and after 1866 representing the
117:
7196:
7186:
7181:
7171:
7141:
7111:
7101:
7045:
7035:
6955:
6915:
6910:
6839:
6814:
6809:
6728:
6691:
6190:
6150:
6110:
6105:
6024:
5984:
5924:
5914:
5839:
3112:
3028:
2998:
2254:
990:
in Germany and met Adolf Hitler, with whom he tried to boost personal relations. Fascist Italy, led by
391:
4843:
2522:
751:
After Germany had to cede most of its Pacific and Asian possessions to Japan and with an intensifying
7242:
7237:
7191:
7156:
7136:
7010:
6985:
6940:
6925:
6819:
6753:
6743:
4204:
3586:
3023:
2575:
2357:
Pillar 2: Consolidation of economic and trade relationships, under benefit of globalization impulses.
2253:). The bilateral diplomatic ties between West Germany and Japan were fully restored in 1955; between
1762:
1630:
1274:
and German fortifications on the French coast, watched German flyers in training, and even flew in a
1140:
1054:, a new and more pompous building was erected in a newly established diplomatic district next to the
983:
383:
5707:
5577:
Skya, Walter A. (2004) "Fascist Encounters: German Nazis and Japanese Shintō Ultranationalists". in
3858:
3266:
Sims, Richard. Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000. Palgrave Macmillan.
2501:
1358:; the only other Germans honored in this manner were Hermann Göring and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.
896:
461:
studied European constitutions in Berlin and Vienna in 1882 as templates for a Japanese legal basis.
240:; for the most part, Japan and Germany fought separate wars, and eventually surrendered separately.
7405:
7390:
7227:
6960:
6950:
6849:
6829:
5660:(A German Diplomat in Meiji Japan: Karl von Eisendecher. German/Japanese). München: Iudicium, 2007.
3169:
2846:, who was invited as a coach to strengthen the Japanese men's national team in preparation for the
2556:
conducted his personal inaugural visit to Japan, focusing the talks with his Japanese counterpart,
1962:
1578:
1323:
1011:
568:
500:
310:
260:
163:
5280:
4866:"Japanese–German Cooperation and Coordination in the Assistance for Reconstruction of Afghanistan"
4186:
3361:
Sun Yat-sen. The International Development of China page 298. China Cultural Service, Taipei, 1953
702:. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations, and a cultural movement known as the
7468:
5431:
Bara, Xavier. "The Kishū Army and the Setting of the Prussian Model in Feudal Japan, 1860–1871".
2698:
2403:
2246:
2030:
embarked on her voyage to German-occupied France in December 1943, she had rendezvoused with the
2008:
2002:
1978:
1691:
1051:
975:
780:
persuaded Hitler to stop the SA violence against Asians, pointing out that Chinese head of state
582:
2360:
Pillar 3: Contribution for a solution of global problems and social duties and responsibilities.
1247:, e.g. the situation in China, were kept secret from the German public. An example would be the
469:(1868–1912), many Germans came to work in Japan as advisors to the new government as so-called "
6619:
6573:
5076:. Immigration/departure residence management Agency (10 December, 2021). Accessed 25 May, 2022.
4527:
2595:
2050:
2031:
2020:
1996:
1992:
1910:
1906:
1855:
1851:
1788:
1739:
1679:
1585:
1570:
1542:
1479:
1332:
1198:
1186:
1115:
934:
819:
803:
777:
512:
347:
5255:
4448:
3881:
2725:
also addressed potential new fields of cooperation between Tokyo and Berlin with respect to a
2429:
wrote in a commemoration to the 20th anniversary of the Japanese-German Center in Berlin that
2319:, or simply "G6", together with the US, the UK, France and Italy in 1975 as a response to the
2096:) and foreign ships captured by German merchant raiders would come to Japanese ports as well.
7463:
7400:
4294:
2741:
2693:
2419:
2170:
2136:
2092:
1966:
1867:
successfully attacked only six weeks after Pearl Harbor, eventually pushing the allied lines
1698:
1597:
was signed in Moscow on 13 April 1941 by Matsuoka on his return trip from a visit to Berlin.
1111:
743:
602:
586:
539:
5252:"Erdbeben in Japan – Angst vor der Kernschmelze – Panorama – sueddeutsche.de"
5022:
3683:
2883:, who won the World Cup in Italy with Littbarski, later became a player and manager for the
2525:, which is attended by an average of half a million people. Japanese schools also exists in
5441:
Baskett, Michael (2009). "All Beautiful Fascists?: Axis Film Culture in Imperial Japan" in
5053:"Survey statistics on the number of Japanese people living overseas (as of 1 October, 2021)
4844:"Japanese–German Cooperation and Coordination in the Assistance for Reconstruction of Iraq"
4162:
2855:
2847:
2603:
2455:
2443:
2056:
1638:
revealed Japan's unwillingness to cooperate with Hitler against the USSR in September 1941.
1472:
1394:
675:
367:
363:
285:
2922:
are also popular in Germany, but are still considered fringe sports in contrast to Japan.
2854:, who received his guidance, also participated. He subsequently won a bronze medal at the
2640:
1549:, the German side then broadly hinted at, but never openly asked for, either invading the
8:
5124:
5086:
2908:
2876:
2859:
2753:
2042:
1928:
1835:
1831:
1244:
1055:
971:
938:
868:
794:
703:
607:
4687:
2382:
2367:
Pillar 5: Further constitution of faithful political relations between Japan and Germany
2120:
5504:
3013:
2884:
2851:
2560:, on both nation's bilateral relations and global issues. Westerwelle emphasized, that
1965:
at Australia's doorstep turned into a continuous retreat for the Japanese of which the
1815:
1711:
1512:
1288:
1267:
1163:
626:
614:
590:
564:
535:
402:
314:
306:
182:
3776:
2067:. Whether the uranium was weapons-grade material has not yet been clarified, however.
1538:
1382:
1218:
1150:
on 22 September 1940 (which by then was controlled by the collaborating government of
773:
5589:
5555:
5527:
5508:
5461:
Hitler's Japanese Confidant: General Hiroshi Ōshima and Magic Intelligence, 1941–1945
5450:
5143:
4760:
4739:
4504:
4501:
Hitler's Japanese Confidant: General Hiroshi Ōshima and Magic Intelligence, 1941–1945
4454:
4427:
4402:
4377:
4354:
4223:
4170:
4121:
4053:
4017:
3946:
3914:
3887:
3760:
3735:
3648:
3627:
3566:
3490:
3375:
3308:
3267:
3250:
3214:
3185:
3153:
3096:
2872:
2722:
2677:
2634:
2553:
2386:
2289:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2204:
2037:
during an earlier mission to the Indian Ocean. During this meeting on 28 April 1943,
1937:
1843:
1524:
1339:, a copy was given to the Japanese; it provided valuable intelligence prior to their
1155:
955:, or by seizing French, Dutch and/or British colonies to the south, a concept dubbed
930:
662:
552:
519:
470:
221:
190:
154:
5570:
5056:
3585:
Adolf Hitler, (13 February 1945) "V – 13th February 1945" in Fraser, L. Craig (ed.)
3472:
Edwin P. Hoyt. Yamamoto: The man who planned Pearl Harbor (McGraw-Hill 1990). p. 101
2157:
1546:
1279:
1263:
811:
6558:
5496:
5426:
Japanese-German Business Relations: Co-operation and Rivalry in the Interwar Period
3957:
Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy: A New Interpretation
3018:
2992:
2888:
2745:
2273:
2192:
2166:
1945:
1730:
1647:
1581:
1362:
1248:
1038:
991:
925:
902:
830:
699:
635:
631:
543:
523:
428:
414:
225:
5524:
Transnational Nazism: Ideology and Culture in German-Japanese Relations, 1919–1936
4585:"United Nations member States – Growth in United Nations membership, 1945–present"
3510:
3339:
Schultz-Naumann, p. 207. The Naruto camp orchestra (enlarged from the band of the
1074:
630:
First World War as an ally of Britain, France and Russia to seize the German-held
386:
and was greeted with a grandiose ceremony in Berlin. After the treaty was signed,
7473:
7300:
5549:
5500:
4562:
4371:
4277:
4211:
3964:
3942:
3853:
3684:"Reluctant Allies: German–Japanese Naval Relations in World War II (book review)"
2983:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2749:
2426:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2320:
2281:
2060:
1914:
1894:
1806:
1327:
1221:, a strong proponent of the Tripartite Pact, told a group of Jewish businessmen:
1190:
1175:
987:
967:; thus, conflicts with Poland and later with the Soviet Union seemed inevitable.
781:
727:
719:
639:
508:
488:
440:
406:
178:
146:
5159:
3647:, herausgegeben vom Landesdenkmalamt Berlin. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2007, S. 101.
3588:
The Testament of Adolf Hitler: The Hitler-Bormann Documents, February–April 1945
1291:
when he was only 17 years old and was impressed by Japan's astonishing strength.
882:
527:
504:
458:
453:
7375:
5602:
Yellen, Jeremy A. "Into the Tiger's Den: Japan and the Tripartite Pact, 1940".
3424:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36
3078:
2955:
2880:
2843:
2786:
2757:
2718:
2583:
2451:
2308:
2127:
1984:
1707:
1607:
1491:
1475:
1398:
1089:
979:
768:
755:, relations between Berlin and Tokyo were nearly dead. Under the initiative of
598:
387:
351:
198:
2850:, which led Japan to the top eight at the tournament, and key players such as
2810:
1266:
that "Japanese flyers, though brave and willing, are no sky-beaters", General
810:, together with his friend, the Japanese military attaché to Germany, General
434:
7571:
4588:
4552:. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft mdH & Co. KG, Hamburg, 2001, p. envelope text
3486:
3323:
2904:
2900:
2689:
2622:
2557:
2475:
2354:
Pillar 1: Contribution for peace and stability of the international community
2300:
2113:
2104:
2064:
1924:
1802:
1702:
1667:
1656:
1651:
1635:
1598:
1355:
1336:
1240:
1135:
1119:
710:, and not Japan, as its strategic partner in East Asia for the coming years.
643:
531:
503:. He spent three years in Japan, working with influential persons (including
480:
448:
418:
410:
395:
275:
214:
206:
186:
101:
4932:"Japanese–German Science, Technology and Academic Cooperation and Exchanges"
4665:
3242:
Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries
2892:
2506:
2342:
so-called "7 pillars of cooperation" agreed on by Foreign Minister of Japan
2265:
1886:
1146:
Over the following year, Japan also proceeded with its expansion plans. The
910:
573:
484:
309:(1603–1868), when Germans in Dutch service arrived in Japan to work for the
7380:
6704:
5446:
5436:
3672:
John Costello: "The Pacific War 1941–1945, Harper-Perennial, New York 1982"
2969:
2587:
2447:
2316:
2304:
2250:
2188:
2124:
2103:
German and Japanese officers including ambassador Ōshima (center) tour the
2087:
1890:
1864:
1860:
1810:
1550:
1495:
1449:). A date for the beginning of operational discussions cannot yet be fixed.
1386:
1312:
1271:
1151:
1070:
1047:
1042:
951:
888:
760:
756:
723:
690:
in China. Article 156 of the Treaty also transferred German concessions in
687:
496:
492:
466:
444:
233:
174:
5644:
Japan und die Mittelmächte im Ersten Weltkrieg und in den zwanziger Jahren
5043:
State capital Düsseldorf, press release 08011710_0160 from 21 January 2008
3343:) gave Beethoven and Bach concerts throughout Japan wearing their uniforms
2782:
1460:
The Japanese must not be given any intimation of the Barbarossa operations
1262:
visited Japan in 1939 to inspect the Japanese aerial forces, reporting to
594:
548:
7286:
2579:
2285:
2261:
2131:
2116:
1487:
1482:(right) at a reception in the Japanese embassy in Berlin on 29 March 1941
1377:
1179:
957:
732:
547:
mostly the Prussian army. For example, later famous writer Mori Rintarô (
237:
229:
202:
5607:
5471:
4324:
4072:. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft mdH & Co. KG, Hamburg, 2001, pp. 122–136
2977:
2470:
In 2013, the top three imported cars sold in Japan are all German cars:
1455:
main commission, with the co-operation of the Armed Forces High Command.
661:
The only major battle that took place between Japan and Germany was the
6583:
5597:
5586:
Japanese–German Relations, 1895–1945. War, Diplomacy and Public Opinion
4736:
The Ghosts of Berlin. Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape
4476:. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft mdH & Co. KG, Hamburg, 2001, p. 270-281
4447:
Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; et al., eds. (2001),
4312:
Yanagi: The Secret Underwater Trade between Germany and Japan 1942–1945
3880:
Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; et al., eds. (2001),
2896:
2710:
2702:
2607:
2471:
2415:
1950:
1941:
1801:, along with Italy, to do so on 11 December 1941, three days after the
1734:
1319:
1259:
963:
839:
834:
666:
281:
252:
236:, however, the alliance was limited by the great distances between the
2373:
Pillar 7: Promotion of mutual understanding and the cultural relations
5571:
Mutual Perceptions and Images in Japanese-German Relations, 1860-2010
3392:
Mutual Perceptions and Images in Japanese-German Relations, 1860–2010
3307:, in 5 vols., edited by Yorimitsu Hashimoto, Tokyo: Edition Synapse.
2858:. In addition, Cramer's recommendations, such as the creation of the
2834:
is less popular in Germany and is mainly listened to by anime fans.
2665:
2569:
Guido Westerwelle about German-Japanese cooperation (15 January 2010)
2530:
2518:
1643:
1620:
1441:
1275:
1252:
1123:
798:
366:
to Japan as ambassador from Prussia, a leading regional state in the
355:
289:
122:
5325:"Hilfseinsatz: Grünen-Politiker will Bundeswehr nach Japan schicken"
3054:
Category:Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan (Japanese version)
1775:
Adolf Hitler about the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor (December 1941)
806:, a German foreign policy official operating independently from the
423:
331:
5329:
5171:
5103:"Germany – Federal Foreign Minister in Japan, 14 January 2010"
4542:
4489:. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft mdH & Co. KG, Hamburg, 2001, p. 176
3802:
3059:
Category:Foreign relations of the State of Japan (Japanese version)
2706:
2630:
2599:
2546:
2083:
1139:
a few weeks after Germany and the Soviet Union had concluded their
916:
713:
691:
558:
313:(VOC). The first well-documented cases are those of the physicians
294:
5196:"Tsunami, earthquake, nuclear crisis – now Japan faces power cuts"
4778:"Japan and Germany in the 21st century – 7 pillars of cooperation"
4255:"BBC On This Day – 11 – 1941: Germany and Italy declare war on US"
4085:. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2 (May 1975), p. 201
3953:(cloth) reprinted by University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 2007 –
3295:
Kajima, Morinosuke. The Diplomacy of Japan, 1894–1922, Tokyo, 1976
2513:
Unaffected by any stagnating German-Japanese trade relations, the
2295:
2257:
and Japan in 1973, the year both German states became UN-members.
678:, all prisoners of war were set free and most returned to Europe.
358:
period, the first German traders arrived in Japan. In 1860, Count
129:
5745:
2895:
in 1977, there have been Japanese players who have played in the
2673:
2534:
2269:
1898:
1361:
After reading the captured documents, on 7 January 1941 Japanese
1243:
was systematically concealed by the leadership in Tokyo, just as
1073:
in Nijūbashi Edo Castle holding a symbolic greeting ceremony for
52:
5516:
Global Governance: Germany and Japan in the International System
3535:
Princess Chichibu, The Silver Drum, Global Oriental, 1996, p.137
3415:
3372:
Brückenbauer. Pioniere des japanisch-deutschen Kulturaustausches
2842:
In football, West Germany had a very strong influence on Japan.
2221:
2153:
1393:
Hitler, on the other hand, was concluding the preparations for "
1014:
on 7 July 1937, and when China shortly thereafter concluded the
649:
7385:
5542:
Nazi Germany and imperial Japan: The hollow diplomatic alliance
4710:"Welcome to the Homepage of the Japanese-German Center Berlin!"
4151:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements
3180:
Masako Hiyama: "Max von Brandt (1835–1920)". In: Brückenbauer.
2915:
2823:
2790:
2669:
2538:
2526:
2495:
2487:
2277:
2181:
1933:
1520:
1352:
999:
767:
fall of 1933, German-Japanese relations were damaged, when the
511:), thereby decisively contributing to the modernization of the
322:
86:
5355:(in German). Auswaertiges-amt.de. 3 April 2011. Archived from
4822:"Auswärtiges Amt – Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Japan"
4373:
Subhas Chandra Bose: Netaji's passage to im[m]ortality
4062:
2617:
Japan followed suit in 2015 with a commemorative event at the
2586:, before which the German foreign minister visited the famous
1969:
in early 1943 marked the beginning. Japan's invasion of India
121:
Re-constructed in the 1990s, the Japanese embassy in Berlin's
6686:
4466:
3799:""The Jews of Japan" by Daniel Ari Kapner and Stephen Levine"
3394:, Brill's Japanese Studies Library, 2015, volume 59, page 47.
3044:
List of Japanese ministers, envoys and ambassadors to Germany
2831:
2827:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2684:
triggering a widespread permanent evacuation surrounding the
2491:
2483:
2038:
1670:
was three times that of the Soviet Union's Far Eastern forces
1229:, and I have no compunction about announcing it to the world.
1003:
683:
210:
80:
63:
4356:
The Talwars of Pathan Land and Subhas Chandra's Great Escape
3505:
3503:
2879:, went on to build a career as a player and coach in Japan.
1765:, which was awarded by Hitler himself, who reportedly said:
1249:
atrocities committed by the Japanese Army in Nanking in 1937
1050:'s plans of re-modeling Berlin to the world capital city of
5584:
Spang, Christian W. and Rolf-Harald Wippich (eds.). (2006)
5385:
The real reason why the Japanese think Germany is so great.
4424:
Germany's Last Mission to Japan: The Failed Voyage of U-234
4241:"Historian: FDR probably engineered famous WWII plans leak"
4043:. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft mdH & Co. KG, Hamburg, 2001
3442:
2919:
2818:
2542:
2207:, American chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials 1945/46
1973:, rendering impossible any joint operations against India.
1516:
1372:
995:
873:
Japanese–German industrial co-operation before World War II
435:
Modernization of Japan and educational exchange (1871–1885)
5696:
4450:
Germany and the Second World War. Volume 6: The Global War
3883:
Germany and the Second World War. Volume 6: The Global War
3489:: "Rising Sun Victorious", Lionel Leventhal Limited 2001,
3291:
3289:
3150:
A History of Japan 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds
2738:
automobiles being more than 70% of imported foreign cars.
1541:, as well as Berlin's and Tokyo's respective ambassadors,
694:
to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to the
613:
Another stress test for German–Japanese relations was the
276:
First contacts and end of Japanese isolation (before 1871)
5630:
Fast wie mein eigen Vaterland: Briefe aus Japan 1886–1889
5568:
Saaler, Sven, Akira Kudo, and Nobuo Tajima, eds. (2017).
5514:
Katada, Saori N., Hanns Maull and Takashi Inoguchi, eds.
5277:"DLR releases satellite images of Japanese disaster area"
4800:"Deutsche Botschaft Tokyo – Bilaterale Kulturbeziehungen"
4479:
3500:
3039:
List of German ministers, envoys and ambassadors to Japan
3004:
Germany–Japan industrial co-operation before World War II
2479:
1402:
377:
326:
256:
2817:, which is why many Japanese are also familiar with the
2482:. In Germany, the market share of Japanese cars such as
1407:
Basic Order Number 24 regarding Collaboration with Japan
4934:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9 November 2004
4912:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9 November 2004
4890:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9 November 2004
4868:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9 November 2004
4846:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9 November 2004
4083:
De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex
3454:
3430:
3286:
1983:(August 1942), delivering drawings and examples of the
837:. After all, Hitler had already laid down his plans in
663:
siege of the German-controlled Chinese port of Tsingtao
350:, which ended Japan's isolation. It was considered an "
5674:. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft mdH & Co. KG, Hamburg.
4966:"Startseite | Japanisch-Deutsches Zentrum Berlin"
4634:
4632:
3404:
3402:
3400:
1486:
On 18 March 1941, at a conference attended by Hitler,
1143:
and Great Britain and France declared war on Germany.
733:
Reestablishment of relations and Sino-Japanese dilemma
168:
5702:
1088:
The Hitlerjugend meeting with Japanese leader Prince
5690:
5480:(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2016) pp. 1–15.
5428:(Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies) (1998)
5303:"Blumen und Kerzen für Opfer in Japan – B.Z. Berlin"
4446:
4306:
4304:
4035:
4033:
4014:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
3879:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3426:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 121.
3079:"Finanznachrichten – Börse & Wirtschaft aktuell"
2945:
1763:
Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold
1162:. On 26 July 1940, the United States had passed the
825:
Around the same time, von Rippentrop negotiated the
526:, whom the Meiji oligarch and future Prime Minister
346:
In 1854, the United States pressured Japan into the
301:
contributed greatly to Europe's perception of Japan.
5449:. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 212–234.
5139:"Japanese PM: 'Toughest' crisis since World War II"
4629:
4396:
3538:
3397:
2552:On 14 and 15 January 2010, German foreign minister
1744:
declaration of war on the United States and Britain
1740:
air raid on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor
5478:Transnational Encounters between Germany and Japan
3777:"war and social upheaval: World War II – the Axis"
3182:Pioniere des japanisch-deutschen Kulturaustausches
2907:have also won the league's first division. At the
2463:and 4.8% after growing by 5.8% in 2007 due to the
1619:and aircraft until they could be certain that the
1126:, numbering ca. 700,000 men as of the late 1930s.
305:Relations between Japan and Germany date from the
189:in 1866/1870). Japan modernized rapidly after the
5167:"New USGS number puts Japan quake at 4th largest"
5125:150 years of friendship between Germany and Japan
4955:, Global Policy Forum, News24.com, 7 January 2006
4492:
4369:
4352:
4301:
4030:
3837:The Good man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe
3726:
3724:
3722:
3657:
2191:, major German war crimes were dealt with at the
1710:, so Japan's only hope for oil was to invade the
1623:had smashed the Red Army to the brink of defeat.
1341:commencing hostilities against the Western Powers
413:was established. With the return of power to the
394:, and by 1871 representing the newly established
7569:
5649:Kreiner, Josef and Regine Mathias (ed.). (1990)
5074:e-Stat government statistics comprehensive table
4780:(in German). German Embassy Tokyo. February 2005
4503:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
3565:. New York: Crown Publishing. pp. 178–179.
3211:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912
2268:. In 1969, Japanese Culture Institute opened in
1335:. On the initiative of the German naval attaché
714:Rapprochement, Axis and World War II (1920–1945)
559:Cooling of relations and World War I (1885–1920)
5663:Martin, Bernd and Gerhard Krebs (eds.). (1994)
5226:"Japan quake – 7th largest in recorded history"
4522:
4520:
4096:The American economy: a historical encyclopedia
3370:Masako Hiyama: "Wilhelm Solf (1862–1936)". In:
3170:150 Years Germany-Japan: Friendship with Future
3136:The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions
2284:due to suggestion between both country leaders
1564:Adolf Hitler to Ambassador Oshima (2 June 1941)
1251:, which were denounced by German industrialist
862:
4664:. G8.utoronto.ca. 15 July 2005. Archived from
3978:, vol. 3, pp. 376–377. Italics in the original
3841:
3822:
3820:
3719:
3305:Yellow Peril, Collection of Historical Sources
2264:, with a small Japanese business community in
2148:Adolf Hitler about the Japanese (5 March 1943)
2135:apparent ignorance with respect to the recent
1882:, which was, however, never even approximated.
1785:Adolf Hitler declares war on the United States
474:
6669:
5728:
5547:
5373:Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-48216-8
5128:. Website of the Embassy of Japan in Germany.
4662:"UofT G8 Information Centre: What is the G8?"
4399:The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II
3993:
3886:, Oxford University Press, pp. 166–167,
3482:
3480:
3478:
2727:reform of the United Nations Security Council
2412:reform of the United Nations Security Council
2222:Rebuilding relations and new common interests
1832:occupation of the Crown Colonies of Singapore
1756:Japanese communiqué to Berlin (December 1941)
243:After the Second World War, the economies of
209:in 1914 and seized key German possessions in
201:in 1900, Germany and Japan became enemies in
5581:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) pp. 133–153.
4990:. Federal Foreign Office Germany. April 2008
4517:
3556:
3554:
3546:History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
2450:from Germany greets Japanese Prime Minister
2406:during meeting with Prime Minister Abe, 2019
2182:Alleged German-Japanese long-term conspiracy
1685:
674:. In 1919, when Germany formally signed the
5651:Deutschland–Japan in der Zwischenkriegszeit
4187:"Goebbels on Pearl Harbor (December, 1941)"
3817:
1787:on 11 December 1941 in the wake of Japan's
193:of 1868, often using German models through
7299:
6676:
6662:
5735:
5721:
5665:Formierung und Fall der Achse Berlin–Tôkyô
5544:(Routledge, 2017), 1930s and World War II.
4712:. Jdzb.de. 15 January 1985. Archived from
4109:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis
3475:
2676:not only devastated wide coastal areas in
2234:and Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs
1041:carried a delegation of 30 members of the
195:intense intellectual and cultural exchange
5637:Deutschland – Japan. Historische Kontakte
5388:23 April, 2018, accessed on 12 May, 2020.
4910:"Japanese German Youth / Sports Exchange"
3591:Boring, Oregon: CPA Book Publishers. p.26
3551:
2370:Pillar 6: Promotion of economic relations
2216:
653:German Bridge, built by the prisoners of
337:Nippon, Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan
245:both nations experienced rapid recoveries
7448:
5437:https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344511432980
5193:
4453:, Oxford University Press, p. 430,
3626:. Manchester University Press ND, 1996,
3460:
3448:
3436:
3421:
3152:(2003 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2639:
2500:
2442:
2397:
2294:
2225:
2152:
2098:
1885:
1873:
1779:
1629:
1466:
1376:
1373:Stalling coordination of joint war plans
1207:
1169:
924:
742:
648:
572:
452:
293:
128:
116:
6703:
5279:. dlr.de. 12 March 2011. Archived from
5087:Ex-Minister: Atomwaffen für Deutschland
4755:Andrea Schulte-Peevers, Tom Parkinson:
4611:"Japanese General Consulate Düsseldorf"
4528:"Opening Address for the United States"
4283:
4011:
3999:
3750:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997, p. 192
2772:
2614:the note "UNESCO World Heritage Site".
1913:submarines had to be sent on so-called
1416:to take active measures in the Far East
1351:, was rewarded for this with an ornate
421:counselled and supplied weapons to the
7570:
7416:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
7360:
5486:
5218:
4421:
4415:
4401:. Naval Institute Press. p. 164.
3681:
3410:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
2160:, ambassador to Germany until May 1945
1742:on 7 December 1941 and its subsequent
947:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
378:Japanese diplomatic mission in Prussia
7490:
7447:
7359:
7298:
6702:
6657:
5716:
5697:German Institute for Japanese Studies
5551:Japan and Germany in the Modern World
5382:Valentina Resetarits, Rio Nishiyama:
4738:. University of Chicago Press, 1998,
3560:
3168:German Consulate General Osaka-Kobe:
2938:cities and towns are in partnership.
2646:Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011
2328:German Institute for Japanese Studies
2311:being second and fourth from the left
2303:in 1978 with Japanese Prime Minister
2107:in southern France in September 1943.
1588:and, thus, a strong tendency towards
1148:Invasion of northern French Indochina
933:and foreign minister of Nazi Germany
185:(which predated the formation of the
6579:East Germany–United States relations
4888:"Japanese–German Economic Exchanges"
4498:
4397:Boyd, Carl; Akihiko Yoshida (2002).
4390:
3049:Category:German expatriates in Japan
2732:
2509:, home of Europe's largest Japantown
2393:
1971:had been halted at Imphal and Kohima
5521:
3988:Trial of German Major War Criminals
3976:Trial of German Major War Criminals
3544:Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai,
2672:. The earthquake and the resulting
2619:National Museum of Japanese History
2230:Meeting of German Foreign Minister
1880:an agreed demarcation line at 70° E
1673:a civil war had started in Siberia.
1584:, were constantly pressured by the
1437:are of vital importance to Germany.
739:Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941)
495:, 1846–1925) and military affairs (
319:Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold
299:Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold
13:
7491:
7459:Japan–Korea Joint Development Zone
5613:
5463:(University Press of Kansas, 1993)
5413:
3714:Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War
3412:, London: Palgrave, 2007 page 170.
3247:State University of New York Press
2869:Japan Professional Football League
2796:
2682:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
2662:most powerful recorded earthquakes
2240:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
1569:Matsuoka, Ōshima and parts of the
1234:Yōsuke Matsuoka (31 December 1940)
1156:ongoing bloody conflict with China
249:third and fourth largest economies
197:. After Japan aligned itself with
14:
7614:
6604:Foreign relations of East Germany
6599:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
5678:
5656:Pantzer, Peter und Saaler, Sven:
5194:Branigan, Tania (13 March 2011).
4169:. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1977,
3849:"World: Is Hitler Running Japan?"
3517:from the original on 1 March 2010
2664:of which Japanese Prime Minister
2660:at the time, and one of the five
2541:and Japan has a German school in
1803:United States' declaration of war
1532:Adm. Erich Reader (18 March 1941)
974:, which was directed against the
173:) are the current and historical
7551:Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting
7411:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan
7285:
6685:
5933:
5744:
5625:, in OAG-Notizen 9/2009, 22–41.
5489:The International History Review
5400:
5391:
5376:
5363:
5345:
5317:
5295:
5269:
5244:
5187:
5131:
5117:
5095:
5079:
5062:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5016:
5002:
4980:
4958:
4946:
4924:
4563:"Deutsch-Japanische Beziehungen"
4293:. 18 August 2007. Archived from
2976:
2962:
2948:
2717:agreement between Japan and the
2515:Japanese community in Düsseldorf
2346:and Foreign Minister of Germany
1615:, had no intention of taking on
1110:fights against the Soviets, the
1097:
1081:
1063:
909:
895:
881:
57:
46:
27:
7583:1861 in international relations
5604:Journal of Contemporary History
5468:Management International Review
5443:The Culture of Japanese Fascism
5228:. 11 March 2011. Archived from
4902:
4880:
4858:
4836:
4814:
4792:
4770:
4749:
4728:
4702:
4680:
4654:
4613:. 29 April 2010. Archived from
4603:
4577:
4555:
4440:
4363:
4346:
4317:
4265:
4247:
4233:
4216:
4197:
4179:
4156:
4143:
4130:
4114:
4101:
4088:
4075:
4046:
4005:
3981:
3969:
3929:
3899:
3873:
3829:
3791:
3769:
3753:
3744:
3706:
3675:
3645:Architektur in Berlin 1933–1945
3637:
3624:Berlin. The Buildings of Europe
3616:
3594:
3579:
3529:
3466:
3384:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3333:
3317:
3298:
3276:
3260:
3239:Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976).
3233:
3224:
2686:Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant
2063:glide bomb, and 560 kg of
1613:with its light and medium tanks
1595:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1311:boarded the British cargo ship
1016:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
698:, an issue soon to be known as
360:Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg
341:Philipp Franz von Siebold-Preis
335:. Siebold became the author of
7598:Bilateral relations of Germany
7588:1861 establishments in Prussia
6643:Germany and the United Nations
5703:Japanese–German Center, Berlin
5526:. Cambridge University Press.
3857:. 2 March 1942. Archived from
3604:. Zweiter-Weltkrieg-Lexikon.de
3203:
3194:
3174:
3162:
3142:
3127:
3105:
3089:
3071:
3034:Japan–United Kingdom relations
2914:Japanese martial arts such as
1296:Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita (1940)
151:Deutsch-japanische Beziehungen
1:
6554:German entry into World War I
5693:(German East Asiatic Society)
5642:Kreiner, Josef (ed.). (1986)
5635:Kreiner, Josef (ed.). (1984)
5305:. Bz-berlin.de. 13 March 2011
4565:. Embassy of Japan in Germany
4329:: Tabular Record of Movement"
3513:. Spartacus-Educational.com.
3064:
3009:Germany–South Korea relations
2925:
2654:Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
2652:On Friday 11 March 2011, the
2627:Museum of History and Culture
2171:German government surrendered
2167:Berlin becoming a battlefield
1731:Germany's offensive on Moscow
1389:in Berlin in late March 1941.
1160:Japan–United States relations
1025:The Testament of Adolf Hitler
7603:Bilateral relations of Japan
7593:1861 establishments in Japan
7512:Diplomatic missions of Japan
7507:Minister for Foreign Affairs
6625:Foreign ministers of Germany
5751:Foreign relations of Germany
5501:10.1080/07075332.2011.626577
4359:. People's Publishing House.
2801:Even in subcultures such as
2385:and Japanese Prime Minister
863:Consolidation of cooperation
827:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
325:on the obligatory voyage to
205:. Japan declared war on the
7:
7502:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
7396:Japanese missions to Joseon
6594:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
5628:Ishii, Shiro et al. (ed.):
4690:. Iias.nl. 15 November 1995
3133:Bert Edström, Bert. (2000)
2941:
2887:. On the other hand, since
2633:and in the German House in
2517:, home to Europe's largest
2381:In 2004, German Chancellor
2307:and West German Chancellor
2299:Five of the leaders at the
2176:its own surrender documents
1716:United States Pacific Fleet
1505:United States Pacific Fleet
1289:Japan's victory over Russia
787:National Revolutionary Army
542:, assisting Prime Minister
169:
133:Embassy of Germany in Japan
10:
7619:
7371:Missions to Imperial China
6692:Foreign relations of Japan
6125:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat
5418:
5059:. Retrieved 10 June, 2022.
4422:Scalia, Joseph M. (2000).
4370:Subodh Markandeya (1990).
4353:Bhagat Ram Talwar (1976).
4012:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006).
3801:. Jcpa.org. Archived from
3716:. History Today. Dec. 2000
3682:Herwig, Holger H. (2002).
3422:Weinberg, Gerhard (1970).
3184:(Berlin: Iudicium, 2005).
3029:Japanese people in Germany
2656:, the most powerful known
2505:A Japanese supermarket in
1689:
1381:Japanese foreign minister
1173:
866:
736:
717:
672:Bandō Prisoner of War camp
562:
438:
392:North German Confederation
279:
270:
7497:
7486:
7454:
7443:
7366:
7355:
7308:
7294:
7283:
7251:
7215:
7059:
6878:
6787:
6716:
6712:
6698:
6612:
6541:
6515:
6284:
6048:
5942:
5931:
5757:
5632:. München: Iudicium 1995.
4426:. Naval Institute Press.
4276:18 September 2018 at the
4094:Northrup, Cynthia Clark.
4016:. Yale University Press.
3352:Louis (1967), pp. 117–130
2837:
2438:PM Kiichi Miyazawa (2005)
1869:as far east as El Alamein
1686:Japan enters World War II
1644:potential Japanese attack
1498:, Admiral Raeder stated:
1306:German auxiliary cruiser
1158:, put a severe strain on
984:Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu
487:, 1849–1913), law (K. F.
475:
158:
97:
92:
78:
73:
69:
56:
45:
35:
26:
22:German–Japanese relations
7406:Ryukyuan missions to Edo
7391:Joseon missions to Japan
6569:Soviet Union before 1941
5780:Central African Republic
5579:Japan in the Fascist Era
4759:. Mair Dumont DE, 2006,
4587:. Un.org. Archived from
4261:. BBC. 11 December 1941.
4081:Irvine H. Anderson, Jr.
3955:previously announced as
3688:Naval War College Review
3083:www.wallstreet-online.de
2082:, which were brought to
1648:future defense of Moscow
1478:(centre) and ambassador
1324:British Far East Command
1019:May 1938 address to the
1012:Second Sino-Japanese War
708:Germany relying on China
569:Japan during World War I
311:Dutch East India Company
261:World Trade Organization
7578:Germany–Japan relations
7474:Senkaku Islands dispute
7469:Liancourt Rocks dispute
5598:excerpt and text search
5353:"Solidarität mit Japan"
4953:Japan Says No to G4 Bid
3835:Woods, John E. (1998).
3561:Bloch, Michael (1992).
3328:Deutsche Rußlandpolitik
2699:German Aerospace Center
2658:earthquake to hit Japan
2590:in the heart of Tokyo.
2465:global financial crisis
2404:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
2272:which became a part of
2247:Treaty of San Francisco
1963:conquering the Solomons
1692:Japan and the Holocaust
1132:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
986:then attended the 1937
976:Communist International
753:Sino-German cooperation
583:First Sino-Japanese War
405:was overthrown and the
138:Germany–Japan relations
7521:Development assistance
6638:Ambassadors of Germany
6630:Diplomatic missions of
6620:Federal Foreign Office
6574:Inner German relations
6322:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5708:The Knackfuss Painting
5670:Martin, Bernd. (2001)
5619:Hübner, Stefan (2009)
5606:51.3 (2016): 555–576.
5596:). London: Routledge.
5574:. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
5548:Martin, Bernd (2005).
5522:Law, Ricky W. (2019).
5435:19.2 (2012): 153–171.
2999:France–Japan relations
2649:
2596:Reiss-Engelhorn Museum
2576:Iran's nuclear program
2572:
2510:
2459:
2441:
2407:
2312:
2242:
2217:Post-WWII developments
2210:
2161:
2151:
2108:
2032:German submarine
2026:(August 1943). Before
2021:German submarine
2019:(March 1944), and the
1993:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1923:, the Middle East and
1907:Trans-Siberian Railway
1902:
1883:
1856:North African Campaign
1852:Battle of the Atlantic
1792:
1789:attack on Pearl Harbor
1778:
1759:
1680:Heinrich Georg Stahmer
1639:
1586:Japanese Imperial Navy
1571:Japanese Imperial Army
1567:
1535:
1483:
1480:Heinrich Georg Stahmer
1465:
1390:
1333:Trans-Siberian railway
1299:
1237:
1213:
1199:North African Campaign
1193:of 27 September 1940.
1187:Joachim von Ribbentrop
1112:Battles of Lake Khasan
1034:
942:
935:Joachim von Ribbentrop
860:
820:Konstantin von Neurath
804:Joachim von Ribbentrop
778:Konstantin von Neurath
748:
658:
657:during their captivity
578:
513:Imperial Japanese Army
465:With the start of the
462:
348:Convention of Kanagawa
329:to pay tribute to the
302:
150:
134:
126:
7464:Kuril Islands dispute
7401:Dutch missions to Edo
5105:. Auswaertiges-amt.de
5010:"Japan trade balance"
4642:. Auswaertiges-amt.de
4376:. Arnold Publishers.
3602:"Forum • Information"
3213:(Columbia UP, 2005).
3024:Italy–Japan relations
2694:Technisches Hilfswerk
2643:
2562:
2504:
2446:
2431:
2420:Uniting for Consensus
2401:
2298:
2229:
2197:
2156:
2141:
2137:Casablanca Conference
2102:
1967:defeat on Guadalcanal
1897:planned partition of
1889:
1877:
1783:
1767:
1748:
1699:Battle of Khalkin Gol
1633:
1556:
1500:
1470:
1411:
1380:
1343:. The captain of the
1284:
1223:
1211:
1203:Mediterranean theatre
1174:Further information:
1170:Formation of the Axis
1029:
928:
867:Further information:
845:
746:
737:Further information:
718:Further information:
652:
587:Treaty of Shimonoseki
576:
563:Further information:
456:
439:Further information:
297:
280:Further information:
132:
120:
7449:Territorial disputes
6261:United Arab Emirates
5424:Akira, Kudo. (1998)
5202:. UK. Archived from
5147:. CNN. 13 March 2011
4988:"Economic relations"
4716:on 10 September 2013
4310:Felton Mark (2005).
4210:8 March 2012 at the
4107:Lightbody, Bradley.
3935:Seki, Eiji. (2006).
3712:Maechling, Charles.
2856:1968 Summer Olympics
2773:Literature and music
2688:. German chancellor
2680:but also caused the
2604:Regensburg Cathedral
2456:World Economic Forum
2350:on 30 October 2000:
1473:Generalfeldmarschall
1429:Japanese intentions.
1395:Operation Barbarossa
929:Japanese ambassador
848:Jewish world-empire.
676:Treaty of Versailles
368:German Confederation
364:Eulenburg Expedition
286:Eulenburg Expedition
79:Embassy of Germany,
6855:Trinidad and Tobago
5667:. Munich: Iudicium.
5256:Süddeutsche Zeitung
4668:on 27 November 2020
4499:Boyd, Carl (1993).
4191:research.calvin.edu
3963:3 June 2008 at the
3917:on 19 November 2010
3451:, pp. 127–131.
2860:Japan Soccer League
2848:1964 Tokyo Olympics
2238:in Tokyo after the
2043:Subhas Chandra Bose
1929:Indian subcontinent
1844:in the Indian Ocean
1663:Moscow was captured
1573:were proponents of
1507:in comparison with
1245:Japanese war crimes
972:Anti-Comintern Pact
939:Anti-Comintern Pact
869:Anti-Comintern Pact
795:Herbert von Dirksen
704:May Fourth Movement
688:Kiautschou/Tsingtao
608:Triple Intervention
585:in April 1895, the
23:
18:Bilateral relations
7536:Economic relations
7361:Diplomatic history
5554:. Berghahn Books.
4688:"German Institute"
4297:on 18 August 2007.
4149:Edmund Osmańczyk,
3805:on 8 November 2010
3730:Jäckel, Eberhard:
3014:History of Germany
2885:Urawa Red Diamonds
2877:World Cup in Italy
2852:Kunishige Kamamoto
2742:Japanese loanwords
2650:
2511:
2460:
2408:
2313:
2243:
2162:
2109:
1987:-deployed, aerial
1903:
1884:
1816:declaration of war
1793:
1640:
1484:
1440:d. The seizure of
1391:
1318:. Fifteen bags of
1268:Tomoyuki Yamashita
1214:
1164:Export Control Act
1141:invasion of Poland
943:
749:
659:
627:Kaiserliche Marine
615:Russo-Japanese War
591:Liaodong Peninsula
579:
565:Russo-Japanese War
536:Meiji Constitution
497:K. W. Jacob Meckel
463:
457:Japanese minister
403:Tokugawa shogunate
315:Engelbert Kaempfer
307:Tokugawa shogunate
303:
135:
127:
85:Embassy of Japan,
74:Diplomatic mission
21:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7482:
7481:
7439:
7438:
7351:
7350:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7276:
6651:
6650:
6564:China before 1941
5533:978-1-108-47463-4
5144:CNN International
4976:on 22 April 2009.
4824:. Auswärtiges Amt
4640:"Germany – Japan"
4617:on 3 January 2012
4510:978-0-7006-1189-8
4433:978-1-55750-811-9
4408:978-1-55750-015-1
4383:978-81-7031-241-3
4333:combinedfleet.com
4228:978-0-15-678870-0
4136:Longerich, Peter
3951:978-1-905246-28-1
3732:Hitler in History
3643:Matthias Donath:
3572:978-0-517-59310-3
3495:978-0-345-49016-2
3341:III. Seebatallion
3313:978-4-86166-033-7
3255:978-0-87395-348-1
3148:Louis M. Cullen.
2873:Pierre Littbarski
2826:after France and
2744:come mainly from
2733:Cultural exchange
2723:Takeaki Matsumoto
2678:Miyagi Prefecture
2608:Yakushi-ji Temple
2554:Guido Westerwelle
2402:German President
2394:Current relations
2387:Junichiro Koizumi
2290:Nakasone Yasuhiro
2236:Takeaki Matsumoto
2232:Guido Westerwelle
2205:Robert H. Jackson
2119:and the Japanese
2013:(December 1943),
1712:Dutch East Indies
1525:Dutch East Indies
1278:after decorating
1276:raid over Britain
931:Kintomo Mushakoji
696:Republic of China
553:Gerhart Hauptmann
520:Rudolf von Gneist
471:oyatoi gaikokujin
222:military alliance
191:Meiji Restoration
167:
115:
114:
7610:
7488:
7487:
7445:
7444:
7357:
7356:
7296:
7295:
7289:
6714:
6713:
6700:
6699:
6690:
6689:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6655:
6654:
6559:Munich Agreement
6115:Kurdistan Region
5937:
5749:
5748:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5714:
5713:
5653:. Bonn: Bouvier.
5646:. Bonn: Bouvier.
5639:. Bonn: Bouvier.
5565:
5540:McLaren, Ian A.
5537:
5511:
5407:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5389:
5380:
5374:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5359:on 20 June 2013.
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5232:on 16 March 2011
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5135:
5129:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5089:27 January 2007
5083:
5077:
5066:
5060:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4972:. Archived from
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4802:. Tokyo.diplo.de
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4774:
4768:
4753:
4747:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4559:
4553:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4496:
4490:
4483:
4477:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4321:
4315:
4314:, Leo Cooper Ltd
4308:
4299:
4298:
4287:
4281:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4220:
4214:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4177:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4079:
4073:
4066:
4060:
4050:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3990:, vol. 3, p. 378
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3913:. Archived from
3907:"The sinking of
3903:
3897:
3896:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3742:
3728:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3655:
3641:
3635:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3558:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3507:
3498:
3484:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3406:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3321:
3315:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3264:
3258:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3146:
3140:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3019:History of Japan
2993:Baruto no Gakuen
2986:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2889:Yasuhiko Okudera
2779:Goethe Institute
2766:Japanese gardens
2644:The devastating
2570:
2439:
2383:Gerhard Schröder
2274:Japan Foundation
2208:
2193:Nuremberg Trials
2149:
2059:jet aircraft, a
2007:(October 1943),
1946:Battle of Midway
1842:, and the raids
1776:
1757:
1701:against General
1666:the size of the
1565:
1533:
1363:Admiral Yamamoto
1297:
1235:
1227:opinion of Japan
1101:
1085:
1067:
992:Benito Mussolini
913:
903:Benito Mussolini
899:
885:
858:
831:Isoroku Yamamoto
700:Shandong Problem
544:Yamagata Aritomo
534:in drafting the
524:Lorenz von Stein
501:Army War College
478:
477:
317:(1651–1716) and
172:
162:
160:
145:
61:
60:
50:
49:
31:
24:
20:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7555:
7493:
7478:
7450:
7435:
7431:Marcos scandals
7362:
7347:
7304:
7290:
7273:
7247:
7211:
7055:
6874:
6783:
6708:
6694:
6684:
6682:
6652:
6647:
6608:
6537:
6511:
6447:North Macedonia
6280:
6044:
5938:
5929:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5681:
5616:
5614:Other languages
5562:
5534:
5421:
5416:
5414:Further reading
5411:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5381:
5377:
5368:
5364:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5334:
5333:. 15 March 2011
5323:
5322:
5318:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5283:on 28 June 2011
5275:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5206:on 11 June 2022
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5175:. 14 March 2011
5165:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5067:
5063:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4754:
4750:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4591:on 12 July 2014
4583:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4497:
4493:
4484:
4480:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4368:
4364:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4309:
4302:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4278:Wayback Machine
4270:
4266:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4221:
4217:
4212:Wayback Machine
4202:
4198:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4119:
4115:
4106:
4102:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4063:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3965:Wayback Machine
3943:Global Oriental
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3658:
3642:
3638:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3559:
3552:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3485:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3461:Weinberg (1970)
3459:
3455:
3449:Weinberg (1970)
3447:
3443:
3437:Weinberg (1970)
3435:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3265:
3261:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3115:. Tokyo.daad.de
3113:"Siebold-Preis"
3111:
3110:
3106:
3094:
3090:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3067:
2984:Politics portal
2982:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2928:
2840:
2799:
2797:Anime and manga
2775:
2735:
2571:
2568:
2440:
2437:
2427:Kiichi Miyazawa
2396:
2348:Joschka Fischer
2336:Japanese Garden
2321:1973 oil crisis
2280:at locality of
2224:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2184:
2150:
2147:
2061:Henschel Hs 293
2045:transferred to
1989:Type 91 torpedo
1895:Empire of Japan
1823:Prince of Wales
1821:sinking of HMS
1807:Empire of Japan
1777:
1774:
1758:
1755:
1694:
1688:
1579:minister of war
1566:
1563:
1539:Yōsuke Matsuoka
1534:
1531:
1519:, Philippines,
1513:land in England
1383:Yōsuke Matsuoka
1375:
1328:Royal Air Force
1298:
1295:
1236:
1233:
1219:Yōsuke Matsuoka
1191:Tripartite Pact
1182:
1176:Tripartite Pact
1172:
1154:), and Japan's
1105:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1068:
988:Nuremberg Rally
980:honorary Aryans
923:
922:
921:
920:
919:
914:
906:
905:
900:
892:
891:
886:
875:
865:
859:
852:
816:Auswärtiges Amt
808:Auswärtiges Amt
782:Chiang Kai-shek
774:Auswärtiges Amt
741:
735:
730:
728:Empire of Japan
720:Weimar Republic
716:
640:Mariana Islands
571:
561:
509:Kawakami Soroku
489:Hermann Roesler
451:
441:Empire of Japan
437:
407:Empire of Japan
380:
292:
278:
273:
170:Nichidokukankei
141:
62:
58:
51:
47:
19:
12:
11:
5:
7616:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7561:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:Related topics
7484:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7376:Red seal ships
7373:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7343:United Nations
7340:
7338:European Union
7335:
7333:Southeast Asia
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7292:
7291:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7259:Russian Empire
7255:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7207:United Kingdom
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7087:Czech Republic
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6720:
6718:
6710:
6709:
6696:
6695:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6507:United Kingdom
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6342:Czech Republic
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6118:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5740:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5680:
5679:External links
5677:
5676:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5600:
5582:
5575:
5566:
5560:
5545:
5538:
5532:
5519:
5512:
5495:(2): 271–291,
5484:
5474:
5470:(1980): 7–16.
5464:
5457:
5439:
5433:War in History
5429:
5420:
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4530:. Fcit.usf.edu
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4291:"Battles 1942"
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4138:Hitler: A Life
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3861:on 4 June 2011
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3622:Derek Fraser:
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3511:"Adolf Hitler"
3499:
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3453:
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2128:Naokuni Nomura
1985:torpedo bomber
1909:. Afterwards,
1772:
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1708:synthetic fuel
1687:
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1650:grew. Japan's
1608:Fumimaro Konoe
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1471:Matsuoka with
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4153:(2002) p. 104
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4140:(2019) p. 784
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2780:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
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2739:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2690:Angela Merkel
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2636:
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2609:
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2601:
2597:
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2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:Katsuya Okada
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:Mercedes-Benz
2473:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
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2359:
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2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:4th G7 summit
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:naval attaché
2118:
2115:
2114:Generaloberst
2106:
2105:Atlantic Wall
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2065:uranium oxide
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:(June 1943),
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1925:British India
1922:
1921:Mediterranean
1918:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:British Burma
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1703:Georgy Zhukov
1700:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1669:
1668:Kwantung Army
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:Richard Sorge
1653:
1652:Kwantung Army
1649:
1645:
1637:
1636:Richard Sorge
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1599:Joseph Stalin
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1493:
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1481:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1356:Samurai sword
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:Paul Wenneker
1334:
1329:
1325:
1322:mail for the
1321:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:The Holocaust
1230:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1136:Baltic states
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:Kwantung Army
1117:
1113:
1100:
1095:
1092:, August 1938
1091:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1075:Emperor Shōwa
1072:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
965:
960:
959:
954:
953:
948:
940:
936:
932:
927:
918:
912:
904:
898:
890:
884:
874:
870:
856:
849:
844:
842:
841:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
791:
788:
783:
779:
776:
775:
770:
764:
762:
758:
754:
745:
740:
729:
725:
721:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:Palau Islands
679:
677:
673:
668:
664:
656:
651:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
616:
611:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
575:
570:
566:
556:
554:
550:
545:
541:
540:Home Ministry
537:
533:
532:Inoue Kowashi
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:, 1834–1894;
490:
486:
483:, 1848–1905;
482:
481:Julius Scriba
472:
468:
460:
455:
450:
449:German Empire
446:
442:
432:
430:
426:
425:
420:
419:Henry Schnell
416:
415:Tennō dynasty
412:
411:Emperor Meiji
408:
404:
401:In 1868, the
399:
397:
396:German Empire
393:
389:
385:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
296:
291:
287:
283:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
228:known as the
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
207:German Empire
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:German Empire
184:
180:
176:
171:
165:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
131:
124:
119:
111:
108:
105:
103:
102:Petra Sigmund
100:
96:
91:
88:
84:
82:
77:
72:
68:
65:
54:
44:
41:
39:
38:
34:
30:
25:
16:
7565:
7381:Nanban trade
7301:Multilateral
7264:Soviet Union
7106:
7016:Saudi Arabia
6779:South Africa
6216:Saudi Arabia
6130:
5895:South Africa
5687:, in English
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5620:
5603:
5585:
5578:
5569:
5550:
5541:
5523:
5515:
5492:
5488:
5477:
5467:
5460:
5459:Boyd, Carl.
5447:Alan Tansman
5442:
5432:
5425:
5402:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5370:
5365:
5357:the original
5347:
5335:. Retrieved
5328:
5319:
5307:. Retrieved
5297:
5285:. Retrieved
5281:the original
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5246:
5234:. Retrieved
5230:the original
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5204:the original
5200:The Guardian
5199:
5189:
5177:. Retrieved
5170:
5161:
5149:. Retrieved
5142:
5133:
5123:
5119:
5107:. Retrieved
5097:
5081:
5073:
5064:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5018:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4982:
4974:the original
4969:
4960:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4926:
4914:. Retrieved
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4882:
4870:. Retrieved
4860:
4848:. Retrieved
4838:
4826:. Retrieved
4816:
4804:. Retrieved
4794:
4782:. Retrieved
4772:
4756:
4751:
4735:
4734:Brian Ladd:
4730:
4718:. Retrieved
4714:the original
4704:
4692:. Retrieved
4682:
4670:. Retrieved
4666:the original
4656:
4644:. Retrieved
4619:. Retrieved
4615:the original
4605:
4593:. Retrieved
4589:the original
4579:
4567:. Retrieved
4557:
4549:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4500:
4494:
4486:
4481:
4473:
4468:
4449:
4442:
4423:
4417:
4398:
4392:
4372:
4365:
4355:
4348:
4338:15 September
4336:. Retrieved
4332:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4295:the original
4285:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4235:
4218:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4167:Adolf Hitler
4166:
4158:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4048:
4040:
4013:
4007:
4002:, p. 63
4000:Roberts 2006
3995:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3956:
3937:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3915:the original
3908:
3901:
3882:
3875:
3863:. Retrieved
3859:the original
3852:
3843:
3831:
3807:. Retrieved
3803:the original
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3771:
3755:
3746:
3731:
3713:
3708:
3698:25 September
3696:. Retrieved
3691:
3687:
3677:
3644:
3639:
3623:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3596:
3587:
3581:
3562:
3545:
3540:
3531:
3519:. Retrieved
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3409:
3391:
3386:
3371:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3304:
3300:
3278:
3262:
3241:
3235:
3226:
3210:
3205:
3196:
3181:
3176:
3164:
3149:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3107:
3091:
3082:
3073:
2991:
2970:Japan portal
2929:
2913:
2865:
2841:
2811:girls' manga
2800:
2776:
2740:
2736:
2715:
2651:
2616:
2612:
2592:
2588:Meiji Shrine
2573:
2563:
2551:
2512:
2469:
2461:
2454:at the 2009
2448:Klaus Schwab
2432:
2424:
2409:
2380:
2376:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2317:Group of Six
2314:
2305:Takeo Fukuda
2259:
2255:East Germany
2251:West Germany
2244:
2211:
2198:
2189:Tokyo Trials
2185:
2163:
2142:
2125:Vice Admiral
2110:
2091:
2088:Kriegsmarine
2077:
2071:
2069:
2051:
2046:
2041:nationalist
2033:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:used in the
1979:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1915:
1904:
1891:Nazi Germany
1865:Afrika Korps
1861:Erwin Rommel
1848:on Australia
1826:
1822:
1811:Rainbow Five
1796:
1794:
1768:
1760:
1749:
1720:
1695:
1676:
1641:
1625:
1617:Soviet tanks
1604:
1589:
1575:Hokushin-ron
1574:
1568:
1557:
1551:Soviet Union
1536:
1509:the Japanese
1501:
1496:Erich Raeder
1485:
1459:
1415:
1406:
1392:
1387:Adolf Hitler
1366:
1360:
1344:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1285:
1272:Maginot Line
1257:
1238:
1224:
1215:
1195:
1183:
1152:Vichy France
1145:
1128:
1108:
1071:Hitlerjugend
1048:Albert Speer
1043:Hitlerjugend
1035:
1030:
1027:, he wrote:
1024:
1020:
1008:
969:
962:
956:
952:Hokushin-ron
950:
944:
889:Adolf Hitler
854:
846:
838:
824:
815:
807:
792:
772:
765:
761:Pan-Asianism
757:Wilhelm Solf
750:
724:Nazi Germany
680:
660:
620:
612:
580:
528:Itō Hirobumi
517:
505:Katsura Tarō
493:Albert Mosse
467:Meiji period
464:
459:Itō Hirobumi
445:Meiji period
422:
400:
381:
372:
345:
340:
336:
330:
304:
265:
242:
234:World War II
219:
137:
136:
15:
7233:New Zealand
7167:Netherlands
7026:South Korea
7006:Philippines
6991:North Korea
6886:Afghanistan
6528:New Zealand
6497:Switzerland
6437:Netherlands
6226:South Korea
6206:Philippines
6186:North Korea
6056:Afghanistan
5900:South Sudan
5815:Ivory Coast
5337:7 September
5309:7 September
5091:(in German)
4994:24 November
4938:24 November
4916:24 November
4894:24 November
4872:24 November
4850:24 November
4784:24 November
4595:7 September
4534:7 September
4325:"Submarine
4230:. p. 141-42
4163:John Toland
3608:7 September
3521:27 February
3408:Hotta, Eri
2606:" and the "
2580:ABC weapons
2286:Helmut Kohl
2262:Ruhr region
2132:Vladivostok
2123:in Berlin,
2117:Alfred Jodl
1846:as well as
1634:Soviet spy
1590:Nanshin-ron
1582:Hideki Tōjō
1488:Alfred Jodl
1401:, chief of
1367:Nanshin-ron
1180:Axis powers
1116:Khalkin Gol
958:Nanshin-ron
597:. However,
595:Port Arthur
238:Axis powers
230:Axis Powers
203:World War I
7572:Categories
7318:Arab world
7269:Yugoslavia
7162:Montenegro
6931:East Timor
6906:Bangladesh
6896:Azerbaijan
6759:Mozambique
6634:in Germany
6589:Yugoslavia
6584:Ostpolitik
6549:Arab world
6542:Historical
6432:Montenegro
6417:Luxembourg
6302:Azerbaijan
6266:Uzbekistan
6246:Tajikistan
6141:Kazakhstan
6066:Bangladesh
5890:Somaliland
5855:Mozambique
5845:Mauritania
5835:Madagascar
5455:0822344521
5109:9 February
4806:9 February
4720:9 February
4694:9 February
4672:9 February
4646:9 February
4243:. upi.com.
4205:nizkor.org
3941:. London:
3865:9 February
3809:9 February
3783:9 February
3563:Ribbentrop
3119:9 February
3065:References
2926:Twin towns
2897:Bundesliga
2754:Portuguese
2711:Bundeswehr
2703:TerraSAR-X
2507:Düsseldorf
2472:Volkswagen
2416:G4 nations
2344:Yōhei Kōno
2266:Düsseldorf
2086:after the
1951:Reichsmark
1942:Suez Canal
1938:Alexandria
1735:Blitzkrieg
1690:See also:
1559:equipment.
1433:exploited.
1320:Top Secret
1260:Ernst Udet
1056:Tiergarten
964:Lebensraum
857:(volume 1)
855:Mein Kampf
840:Mein Kampf
835:Royal Navy
667:Kiautschou
593:including
485:Erwin Bälz
282:Edo period
253:G4 nations
107:Ambassador
99:Ambassador
7303:relations
7223:Australia
7152:Lithuania
7031:Sri Lanka
7021:Singapore
7001:Palestine
6946:Indonesia
6870:Venezuela
6795:Argentina
6707:relations
6705:Bilateral
6523:Australia
6407:Lithuania
6231:Sri Lanka
6221:Singapore
6201:Palestine
6101:Indonesia
6090:Hong Kong
6040:Venezuela
6015:Nicaragua
5950:Argentina
5509:154888005
5072:" (XLS).
4828:28 August
4746:, S. 252.
3909:Automedon
2893:1.FC Köln
2867:into the
2783:Mori Ōgai
2701:provided
2666:Naoto Kan
2531:Frankfurt
2523:Japan Day
2519:Japantown
2498:is 8.6%.
2093:Uckermark
1836:Hong Kong
1798:Reichstag
1621:Wehrmacht
1543:Eugen Ott
1447:Australia
1442:Singapore
1315:Automedon
1253:John Rabe
1217:minister
1124:Manchukuo
1039:Gneisenau
1021:Reichstag
937:sign the
799:Manchukuo
549:Mori Ōgai
384:Wilhelm I
356:Bakumatsu
290:Bakumatsu
232:. During
175:relations
164:romanized
143:‹See Tfd›
123:Hiroshima
7516:in Japan
7177:Portugal
7122:Holy See
7041:Thailand
6996:Pakistan
6976:Mongolia
6971:Maldives
6966:Malaysia
6921:Cambodia
6845:Paraguay
6825:Colombia
6800:Barbados
6788:Americas
6749:Ethiopia
6739:Djibouti
6734:Botswana
6482:Slovenia
6477:Slovakia
6457:Portugal
6377:Holy See
6327:Bulgaria
6251:Thailand
6196:Pakistan
6171:Mongolia
6166:Maldives
6161:Malaysia
6081:Cambodia
6020:Paraguay
5980:Colombia
5955:Barbados
5943:Americas
5925:Zimbabwe
5910:Tanzania
5800:Ethiopia
5785:DR Congo
5775:Cameroon
5330:Die Welt
5287:21 March
5261:11 March
5236:11 March
5210:15 March
5179:15 March
5172:CBS News
5151:13 March
5057:original
4767:, S. 50.
4621:12 March
4274:Archived
4259:BBC News
4208:Archived
4111:, p. 125
4098:, p. 214
3961:Archived
3921:23 March
3515:Archived
3257:, p. 161
3245:Albany:
3221:; p. 142
3138:, p. 101
2942:See also
2936:Japanese
2707:RapidEye
2631:Nagasaki
2600:Mannheim
2567:—
2547:Yokohama
2436:—
2202:—
2146:—
2084:Yokohama
1940:and the
1854:and the
1825:and HMS
1773:—
1754:—
1562:—
1530:—
1405:issued "
1345:Atlantis
1331:via the
1313:SS
1308:Atlantis
1294:—
1232:—
1201:and the
1052:Germania
941:in 1936.
917:Hirohito
851:—
692:Shandong
636:Marshall
632:Caroline
362:led the
213:and the
155:Japanese
7328:Oceania
7216:Oceania
7202:Ukraine
7132:Ireland
7127:Iceland
7117:Hungary
7107:Germany
7097:Finland
7092:Denmark
7082:Croatia
7077:Belgium
7072:Austria
7067:Albania
7051:Vietnam
6981:Myanmar
6936:Georgia
6901:Bahrain
6891:Armenia
6865:Uruguay
6835:Ecuador
6805:Bolivia
6774:Somalia
6769:Nigeria
6764:Namibia
6724:Algeria
6516:Oceania
6502:Ukraine
6462:Romania
6427:Moldova
6392:Ireland
6387:Iceland
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