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Government procurement in the United Kingdom

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470:, raised concerns that public procurers were using this procedure in cases which did not meet the "particularly complex" threshold, where pre-market engagement with suppliers would be more appropriate. The government therefore adopted a presumption against competitive dialogue, implemented from May 2012 through a requirement that within central government, departments wishing to use this procedure required approval from their Accounting Officer, or a Commercial Director in cases where the authority has been delegated. Guidance states that Accounting Officers should not sign off a competitive dialogue request if further pre-market engagement would better support the process of defining the nature or function of the goods or services required. The 2014 Directive and 2015 Regulations introduced some minor variations to the wording on how a CD must be conducted, for example provision for tenders to be "optimised" after they had been submitted was changed so that they could be "fine-tuned", while restriction on changes being made to the "basic features" of a tender was changed to a reference to its "essential features". 347:(LGA) in 2010 to inform the LGA's views on the proposed modernisation legislation, 36% of local government officers responding to a survey stated that the 2006 directives had led to more efficient and effective procurement practice, but 54% felt that "the simplicity of the procurement process" had deteriorated. The 2006 directives had created greater legal uncertainty within the local government procurement community. Several responses highlighted the need for better guidance and support from the EU and from the Office of Government Commerce (OGC), which was then responsible for procurement policy. In February 2011 the UK Government stated its view that "the public procurement regime needs to be radically simplified to reduce 712:" and must be rejected if it has been proved that low costs reflect non-compliance with environmental, social or labour laws. The government has also recommended that public bodies make provision in contracts for later termination if a contractor has failed to comply with such laws in its contract performance, confirming that a contract clause to this effect would be compliant with the requirement in law for "appropriate measures to ensure that in the performance of public contracts economic operators comply with applicable obligations in the fields of environmental, social and labour law" (Directive 2014/24/EU, Article 18(2). 249:(SMEs) "compete more effectively for public sector contracts". A review of progress with this initiative published in 2013 found that "against a backdrop of falling procurement spend", there had been a slight increase in direct expenditure with SMEs between 2011/12 (£4.4bn) and 2012/13 (£4.5bn). The 2008 budget statement also announced that businesses supplying services to Government would be able to sell their public sector invoices to debt specialists, a change which was expected to be "particularly advantageous to SMEs in managing their 996: 2859: 2145: 2045: 2023: 1664: 1642: 1439: 1199: 846:, application of Northern Ireland Public Procurement Policy (NIPPP) is mandatory for central government departments, non-departmental public bodies and public corporations. A revised public procurement policy for Northern Ireland was adopted on 16 May 2002; the latest version (version 11) was issued in August 2014. A Concordat on Public Procurement was agreed on 1 June 2001 by the UK Government and the Northern Ireland Executive for the handling of EU, international and policy issues on public procurement. 1046: 2590: 619:, who accounted for just under 75% of all card expenditure but where controls were felt to be weaker than those in place in other departments. The Committee also suggested that lodge cards offered a lower-risk alternative to the standard card. Lodge cards can be used for purchasing travel but not for other use, and allow for one centrally-held card to be used in conjunction with a centralised booking system. 784:
and business plans). The 2015 guidance made provision for a "safety valve" allowing suppliers to raise concerns if they felt that contractual information was being requested which did not add value, represented poor contract management practice or otherwise seemed unreasonable. The Scottish Government has also referred to a commitment to become "more transparent" about its procurement activity.
1890:, chapter 3, March 2022 version, accessed 25 August 2022: "Each organisation in central government – department, agency, trading fund, NHS body, NDPB or arm's length body – must have an accounting officer. This person is usually its senior official. Formally the accounting officer in a public sector organisation is the person who parliament calls to account for stewardship of its resources." 898:) and from 1 April 2021 public bodies have been asked to promote the "Fair Work First" policy within procurement activity, which the government describes as its "flagship policy for driving high quality and fair work across the labour market in Scotland". The Scottish Government is a Living Wage Accredited Employer and encourages suppliers and other partners to adopt the Living Wage. 1030:, procurement procedures commenced under the relevant EU directives before the end of the transitional period continued to be governed by the relevant regulations up to the issue of a contract award notice. Similarly, framework agreemenrs let before the end of the transition period and contracts awarded through the use of such framework agreements, including those let after " 1080:(CMA) issued a response to the green paper on 10 March 2021 detailing "ways in which reforms can harness the benefits of healthy, competitive markets". The CMA has proposed that "effective competition" should become a legal principle of public procurement, in order to secure better value for money and to reduce the possibility of illegal 2568: 277:: the NAO found that 93% of the public bodies they surveyed had used a framework agreement during the financial year 2008–09. However, in a 2010 review of the use of framework agreements and other forms of collaboration, they noted that there was a "wide variation" among public bodies in the extent to which they were being used. 1061:, "to overhaul our outdated public procurement regime". Procurement Policy Note 11/20, also issued by the Cabinet Office on 15 December 2020, noted that following the end of the Transition Period, "below threshold procurement" could be reserved for suppliers based in certain geographical areas and/or reserved for 2606: 977:
The GCF is responsible for the Government Commercial Operating Standards, whose purpose is "to set expectations and drive consistency in the planning, management and execution of commercial activities, ensuring contracts and relationships with suppliers realise value for money and result in delivery
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Procurement Guidance Notes (PGNs) issued by the Department of Finance provide guidance to NI government departments, agencies, non-departmental public bodies and public corporations regarding procurement policy and best practice, for example on insurance cover. On 24 February 2017, a PGN was issued
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or social security contributions, and where the breach has been established by a judicial or administrative decision having final and binding effect. Suppliers bidding for contracts over £5,000,000 in expected value are required to self-certify their status regarding tax compliance. A revised policy
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and its scale". Green argued that the report gave "a fair reflection" of government waste and inefficiency in practice, for which "very poor data and process" were seen as the main causes. Cameron welcomed the report, saying "I think it's a good report, it will save a lot of money and it's important
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Since 31 December 2020, most UK e-senders (third parties who operate publication systems which submit notices to the EU Publications Office) have been able to post notices to the FTS, although the Cabinet Office has identified several e-senders who had not as of December 2020 successfully completed
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In November 2016 an advisory panel of 24 entrepreneurs and business figures was formed to advise the government on purchasing goods and services from SMEs, and a campaign was launched to demonstrate that "government is open for business", with a target of increasing government spending with SMEs to
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principles applicable to government procurement were published in March 2015, and updated in February 2017, stating that there is a presumption in favour of contractual information being made publicly available (except in matters of commercial confidentiality such as pricing, intellectual property
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incorporated a series of supply-side measures which the government was undertaking "to rebalance and strengthen the economy in the medium term", which included extension of the existing pipelines in the construction and ICT fields to cover the publication of plans setting out the procurement needs
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offered the "best example" of where different government departments had separate contracts in place with different suppliers, so that overall government scale could not be levered effectively. Green suggested that an "urgent review" could lead to savings of 30-40% in this category of expenditure.
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received royal assent on 26 October 2023. Subject to aspects of devolution, it affects public procurement and utilities' procurement in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. At the same time, the government announced the establishment of a National Security Unit for Procurement, based
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Two organisations – the National Procurement Service, established in 2013, and Value Wales – oversee Welsh public sector procurement. The role of Value Wales includes shaping procurement policy, monitoring procurement in practice, supporting, advising and developing procurement staff and ensuring
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noted in a report issued in 2012 that at that time, all seventeen central government departments were operating their own procurement card programmes. The Cabinet Office has established a central steering group charged with developing and sharing best practice, but the Public Accounts Committee
339:'s proposals to modernise procurement legislation published in 2011. A "strategic supplier summit" held in February 2011 promoted the government's intention to introduce more openness in relation to "the contracts it signs, the goods and services it purchases and the way it purchases them". The 930:
An independent review of Scottish public sector procurement in the construction field was published in 2013. The report noted the importance of public sector construction within Scotland but highlighted that procurement practices were often over-elaborate and documentation excessive in length.
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was set aside on the decision of the Northern Ireland Appeal Court. The contracting authority and the high court at first instance had assumed that quoted construction costs would be sufficiently comparable between bidding companies to allow their fee percentages to be used to identify which
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The UK government requires all government departments and their related organisations to ensure that they meet the minimum mandatory Government Buying Standards (GBS) when buying goods and services. Organisations in the wider public sector are also encouraged to specify the minimum mandatory
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for major contracts should also engage with SME's in their supply chains to ensure opportunities are available and fairly awarded. The government noted in 2013 that it did not yet have a full understanding of the role played by SMEs in the supply chains for their purchasing, especially their
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Subsequently, on 3 June 2021, a "National Procurement Policy Statement" was published, establishing that public procurement "should be leveraged to support priority national and local outcomes for the public benefit", in order to secure the creation of new businesses, jobs and skills, waste
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The government encourages departments to consult with potential suppliers before commencing formal procurement, noting in a 2012 Action Note that "it is not against EU procurement law to talk to potential suppliers before starting the formal procurement process", and confirming in 2016 that
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to raise concerns about public procurement practice in England, The service was rebranded as the "Public Procurement Review Service" in November 2018, responding to feedback from suppliers and public bodies that the "mystery shopper" title did not properly reflect the role of the service.
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Since 2011 the UK Government has operated a policy regarding the choice of procurement routes (for example, using the Open or Restricted procedures) and for recording the rationale supporting such choices. A "Procurement Route Decision Tree" was put in place to support this policy. The
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Noting that the public sector spent over £2 billion per year on the purchase of food and catering services (England and Wales) and that more than 30,000 public sector organisations were involved in food procurement, including schools and social services providers, the OGC and the
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the Public Contracts (Scotland) Regulations of 2015 and 2016 apply. The Procurement Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 requires contracting authorities to consider whether to impose community benefit requirements on contractors bidding for contracts in excess of £4,000,000 in value.
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were published in March 2020 and remained in effect until 31 October 2020, allowing public bodies to make advance payments and retention payments for contracts which have been interrupted by the measures taken to reduce the spread of the coronavirus. Since 1 January 2021, the
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The Government Commercial Function (GCF) is a cross-government network procuring or supporting the procurement of goods and services for the government. Sitting within the GCF, the Government Commercial Organisation (GCO) is the employer of senior commercial professionals (at
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internal market spend more than £20 billion. These policies have brought immense benefits to the country. Their full potential has still to be realised. The more procurement there is, the more important it becomes that Government Departments should make a first-class job of
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launched a collaborative food group to review this area of procurement, leading to the launch of the Public Sector Food Procurement Initiative (PSFPI) in August 2003. The PSFPI set out to "encourage public bodies to procure food in a manner that considers the principles of
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UK procurement policy in line with its EU background allows for social and environmental considerations to be taken into account in procurement decision-making. Government guidance on this topic has noted that tenders which are "abnormally low" may hide practices of
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A short form of terms and conditions for the acquisition of low value goods and services was published by the Cabinet Office in April 2014, allowing government departments to adopt consistent, appropriate and proportionate terms which did not over-burden suppliers.
165:, market testing, contracting out and internal markets, Departments are doing more of their business than ever before through procurement as against in-house provision. The annual spend is now about £40 billion a year and, in addition, purchasing authorities in the 1135:
community, to investigate suppliers who could pose a risk to national security. The Unit will create a new layer of protection, by assessing whether companies should be struck off from competing to supply goods and services to the public sector where they pose a
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requires public sector bodies in Wales to include the delivery of social, economic and environmental benefits for the community as an integral consideration in procurement and for this purpose each public body in Wales must appoint a Community Benefits Champion.
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The competitive dialogue (CD) procedure was introduced into EU procurement law by the 2004 Directive "on the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts, public supply contracts and public service contracts" as a procedure available to
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The OGC introduced a recommendation to central government departments and non-departmental public bodies in March 2010 suggesting inclusion within contracts of a clause under which the public body concerned could require the supplier to submit detailed
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for England for all tenders and contracts valued over £12,000 for central government and £30,000 for sub-central authorities and the NHS. These thresholds, formerly £10,000 and £25,000 respectively, were increased on 21 December 2022. According to
386:(CCS) publishes Procurement Policy Notes from time to time, which advise procurement staff in the public sector of government policy developments and best practice in relation to procurement. Procurement Policy Notes on responding to the 2019-2020 799:, a tender publishing company, only 27% of all UK public sector tenders were published on Contracts Finder between 2015 and 2017. Updated information regarding the use of Contracts Finder was published by the Cabinet Office on 21 June 2021. 627:
Publication of a "procurement pipeline" provides notice of current and planned procurement activity to be undertaken by a purchasing organisation so that prospective suppliers can be made aware of business opportunities for which they may
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of goods and services frequently purchased across the public sector, namely energy, vehicle fleet, travel, office solutions, information and communications technology, professional services, food and construction. A further category,
2257: 181:, referred to and followed the White Paper's definition of procurement as inclusive of "conventionally funded projects" and also those supported by "more innovative types" of funding such as PFI. Gershon noted in his findings that 414:
The Public Contracts Regulations 2015 provide that public sector buyers must pay prime contractors within 30 days and must ensure that any subcontracts through the supply chain include a similar provision. In 2014–15 at least 33
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7 and above) and consists of 250 senior commercial specialists. Around 4,000 civil servants who undertake or support the procurement of goods and services for government form the GCF alongside the more senior GCO professionals.
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published on 20 December 2007. These regulations introduced the possibility of a contract being declared "ineffective" if it has been awarded by a contracting authority "in serious breach of the procurement rules", along with
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to impose further regulations on public bodies regarding how they undertake procurement. The Minister for the Cabinet Office is the minister with overall responsibility for procurement policy, which is delivered through the
2538: 1038:(FTS) replaced the use of OJEU. Contracting authorities and entities were expected to ensure that their contract notices are published on the new e-notification service as well as the relevant site listed above. 304:, published in October 2010, alleged significant failings in government procurement processes. The government published the review identifying its main finding as "the Government is failing to leverage both its 959:
The Welsh Government adopted a Code of Practice on Ethical Employment in Supply Chains in 2019, incorporating 12 commitments aiming to protect and promote good employment practices throughout the supply chain.
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recommended additional central controls, fearing that the controls then in place were not adequate "to prevent and deter inappropriate use". Of particular concern was the extensive use of cards by staff of the
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Public procurement should never be used as a tool to boycott tenders from suppliers based in other countries, except where formal legal sanctions, embargoes and restrictions have been put in place by the UK
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of high quality public services", and for optimising use of procurement information across UK government. The GCF's "Contracts and Spend Insight Engine" (CaSIE), first established in 2017, includes a "
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paid fewer than half of their trade invoices on time, up from 23 in 2015–16 and 11 in 2014–15. Under the Better Payment Practice Code, they should pay at least 95% of non-NHS invoices within 30 days.
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contracts and projects "should be less than £100m lifetime costs". The government promoted and welcomed reform during the period from 2010 onwards, especially the development and implementation of
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Henry Brothers (Magherafelt) Limited, F B McKee and Company Ltd. and Desmond Scott and Philip Ewing trading as Woodvale Construction Company Ltd. and Department of Education for Northern Ireland
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Northern Ireland's procurement pipeline arrangements are supported by an industry liaison group, chaired by the Department of Finance and Personnel's Central Procurement Directorate (CPD).
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found that the assumption being made was incorrect, and the conclusion of the framework agreement on that basis and various qualitative evaluation criteria had been a "manifest error".
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Government departments use procurement cards to support prompt payment objectives; these can be used to pay for goods and services of any value. A dedicated form of payment card, the
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report published in 2021 noted that the government continued to expect that "food procurement should provide value for money while also ensuring 'high standards of production,
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should result in fewer tendering exercises, leading to lower administrative costs, and allow public bodies to concentrate on more specialised purchases that are unique to them.
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In 2021, the government estimated the value of public sector expenditure on goods and services at around £290 billion per year, an increase of around £70 billion from a
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in December 2023 confirmed that the unit was expected to become operational in the autumn of 2024 in conjunction with the implementation of the Procurement Act 2023.
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Mainstream good practice in food procurement and supply to improve efficiency and realise savings that can be ploughed back into improving public sector catering; and
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Withdrawal Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community
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recovery, employment and social and community support as a key aspect of the economic, social and environmental well-being supported by public sector contracting.
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their procurement capability - those with an annual spend of £200m or more from April 2022, and others with an annual spend of £100m or more from April 2023.
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Procurement Policy Note – update to legal and policy requirements to publish procurement information on Contracts Finder: Action Note PPN 07/21 June 2021
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Procurement Policy Note: Two Consultations: Modernising the Public Procurement Rules, Implementing the Defence and Security Review, Information Note 4/11
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Scotland's statutory guidance on procurement, applicable from 1 November 2015, includes a requirement to address fair work practices, including paying a
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Statutory Guidance on the Selection of Tenderers and Award of Contracts: Addressing Fair Work Practices, including the Living Wage, in Procurement
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in the commissioning and delivery of publicly-funded construction projects, including allocation of 1% of the net capital construction budget to
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This policy is intended to prevent public sector organisations, including local councils, from adopting their own boycotts, including boycotting
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by the Local Government Act 1988, sports and leisure management in 1989, and to "white-collar" services such as housing management in 1994/95.
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estimate for 2008–09. Both estimates suggest that one third of all public sector spending was devoted to the acquisition of goods and services.
1503: 591:(GPC), was introduced in 1997 and can be used by central government departments, local government and other public bodies. Cards are issued by 2509: 480: 1141: 1034:" (31 January 2020) remain subject to the EU directives. From 11 pm on 31 December 2020, "a UK-specific e-notification service" called the 327:
also made a "commitment to promote small business procurement", in particular by aiming to award 25% of government contracts (by value) to
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on reform of public procurement was published on 15 December 2020, taking advantage of "the end of the Transition Period", according to
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Improve sustainable performance at each stage of the food chain in support of the Government's Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food.
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procurement and delegated expenditure decisions to Departments without creating a framework for controlling how they spent public funds.
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for other categories by April 2012, "to give suppliers the confidence to invest for the future and compete on a level playing field".
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was updated on 30 July 2015 to accommodate the revision to procurement routes available under the Public Contracts Regulations 2015.
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Central government expenditure on third party goods and services was estimated at £54 billion in 2009-10 and £45 billion in 2011–12.
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all contracting authorities are required to have regard to the National Procurement Policy Statement when undertaking procurements;
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opportunities for UK companies in policy and delivery planning" and "analyse markets to assess where growth is achievable". In the
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Procurement Policy Note - New Contract Condition to support the collection of Supplier Management Information, Action Note 06/10
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Tender opportunities advertised by public sector bodies in the UK are legally required to be published to the following sites:
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Breach of public procurement rules: Henry Brothers (Magherafelt) Ltd & Ors vs Department of Education for Northern Ireland
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organisations. An instruction to consider such reservations applies to central government departments, executive agencies and
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Procurement Policy Note – Increasing the Transparency of Contract Information to the Public: Action Note 13/15 31 July 2015
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Under the Public Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 2015, actions for alleged breach of a public authority's duty owed to an
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in 2012 confirmed that it is legitimate and fair to include a requirement in a tender barring caveats and qualified bids.
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Procurement Policy Note – update to legal and policy requirements to publish procurement information on Contracts Finder
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33% of all third-party public expenditure by 2020. As of May 2023 the advisory panel includes 20 business leaders.
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A more extensive set of objectives was adopted in 2017 to reflect initial learning and revised government priorities. A
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The Defence and Security Public Contracts Regulations 2011, also derived from EU law, apply to defence procurement.
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Procurement Policy Note – Onerous Practices in Procurement and Contracting - Action Note PPN 10/16 December 2016
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The Public Contracts (Amendment) Regulations 2009 came into effect on 20 December 2009, implementing the EU's
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of debts was allowed only with the prior consent of the relevant public body. Government suppliers who act as
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Procurement Policy Note 06/20 – taking account of social value in the award of central government contracts
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Small supplier big opportunity: Levelling the playing field for SMEs as sub-contractors - Suppliers' guide
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Office of Government Commerce, available from the United Nations Procurement Capacity Development Centre,
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while other contracting authorities are encouraged to apply the same principles in their own procurement.
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Fair Work First Guidance: Supporting the implementation of Fair Work First in workplaces across Scotland
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Improving government procurement, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, HC 996, Session 2012-13
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would be capable of identifying the costs for each project called-off from the framework agreement. The
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As of 2023, many aspects of government policy pertaining to procurement have been brought together in
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Procurement Policy Note - Reserving Below Threshold Procurements: Action Note PPN 11/20 December 2020
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Procurement Policy Note: Availability of Procurement Procedures (Decision Tree): Action Note 12/15
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contracting, formulated as a result of the review, was issued to public sector procurers in 2017.
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Procurement Guidance Note PGN 03/12 (as amended), Liability and Insurance in Government Contracts
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Procurement Policy Note 04/12: Procurement Supporting Growth: Supporting Material for Departments
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Procurement Policy Note 04/12: Procurement Supporting Growth: Supporting Material for Departments
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Procurement: PPN 11/20 – Reserving Below Threshold Procurements: Applicable from 1 January 2021
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Government Commercial Function seeks to improve Whitehall procurement info with £1.5m data lake
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Written evidence submitted by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (PRO0037)
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Procurement Policy Note – ICT Contracts less than £100m: Information Note 02/12 30 March 2012
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Accelerating the SME economic engine: through transparent, simple and strategic procurement
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Accelerating the SME economic engine: through transparent, simple and strategic procurement
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EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE PUBLIC CONTRACTS (AMENDMENT) REGULATIONS 2009, 2009 No. 2992
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Procurement Guidance Note PGN 01/17 (as amended), Art in Government Construction Projects
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to carry out a review of UK government spending and procurement. Green's summary report,
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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was responsible for leading on UK engagement with the EU. In research undertaken by the
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Concordat on Co-ordination of EU, International and Policy Issues on Public Procurement
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Procurement Policy Note 12/15: Availability of Procurement Procedures (Decision Tree)
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In the light of the economic downturn of 2008 onwards, sometimes referred to as the "
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Banning boycotts of Israel will protect Britain's national security, Government says
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larger contracting authorities are required to publish procurement pipelines and to
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to engage in procurement and supply for local public services. Examples include the
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Health commissioners in England are exempt from the Lord Young Rules when procuring
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Service Order: "Development of a Strategic Restoration Plan for the River Eye SSSI"
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THE PUBLIC CONTRACTS REGULATIONS 2015: GUIDANCE ON SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
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and by the European Union, should be respected by public sector contractors and
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statement was issued in February 2014 in order to clarify certain definitions.
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Procurement Policy Note: Measures to Promote Tax Compliance, Action Note 03/14
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Office of Government Commerce/Department for Business, Innovation and Skills,
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public sector spends around £6bn. annually on procurement from third parties.
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Directive 2004/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (repealed)
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Budget 2008. Stability and opportunity: building a strong, sustainable future
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Procurement Policy Note – National Procurement Policy Statement: Action Note
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criticsed the introduction of the policy as "an attack on local democracy".
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from February 2011 to November 2018, whose remit was to provide a route for
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and contract shortening, two alternative remedies available to the courts.
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in 1973 there was no significant legislation governing public procurement.
2744:, Civil Service World, published 26 August 2020, accessed 12 November 2020 2409:. Action Note PPN 01/23, published January 2023, accessed 22 February 2023 2394:
Procurement Policy Note – Legal requirement to publish on Contracts Finder
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U.K. to Ban Boycotts by Public Institutions in "Attack on Local Democracy"
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Office of Government Commerce, Procurement Policy Information Note 07/08,
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The implications of Brexit for the law on public and utilities procurement
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A Joint Approach to Sustainable Food Procurement in Lincolnshire - PSFPI
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European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
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2437: 2424: 2411: 2398: 2386: 2373: 2360: 2347: 2334: 2321: 2304: 2291: 2278: 2262: 2249: 2233: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2183: 2171: 2158: 2136: 2123: 2110: 2092: 2079: 2062: 2036: 2014: 2001: 1988: 1971: 1954: 1938: 1921: 1908: 1892: 1886:H M Treasury, 1879: 1866: 1853: 1840: 1827: 1814: 1792: 1784:Cabinet Office 1776: 1763: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1703: 1690: 1677: 1655: 1630: 1618: 1606: 1586:Cabinet Office 1564: 1547:Cabinet Office 1534: 1521: 1508: 1491: 1478: 1476:, 16 June 2008 1465: 1459:H M Treasury, 1452: 1430: 1417: 1404: 1385: 1367: 1354: 1341: 1316: 1292: 1279: 1267: 1251: 1237: 1223: 1212: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1146:House of Lords 1142:written answer 1116:Main article: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1022: 1021: 1002: 1000: 993: 987: 984: 965: 962: 940: 937: 879: 876: 856:fund art works 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 818: 812: 806: 800: 776: 773: 767: 764: 751: 748: 739:tax compliance 730: 729:Tax compliance 727: 717: 714: 710:social dumping 704: 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Index

public expenditure
government procurement
Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015
Scotland
EU law
Brexit
small and medium enterprise
Lord Young
clinical services
Wales
joined the European Communities
Procurement Act 2023
royal assent
National Audit Office
strategy
compulsory competitive tendering
Local Government, Planning and Land Act 1980
refuse collection
Kenneth Clarke
Chancellor of the Exchequer
White Paper
House of Commons
private finance
national health service
Peter Gershon
previous governments
decentralised
Office of Government Commerce
categories
facilities management

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