Haplogroup R1b - Knowledge

1804:(2018) found R-M73 in 37.5% (15/40) of a sample of Teleuts from Bekovo, Kemerovo oblast, 4.5% (3/66) of a sample of Uyghurs from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 3.4% (1/29) of a sample of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan, 2.3% (3/129) of a sample of Selkups, 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan, and 0.7% (1/136) of a sample of Iranians from Iran. Four of these individuals (one of the Teleuts, one of the Uyghurs, the Kazakh, and the Iranian) appear to belong to the aforementioned cluster marked by DYS390=19 (the Kumandin-Mongol R-M73 cluster); the Teleut and the Uyghur also share the modal values at the DYS385 and the DYS389 loci. The Iranian differs from the modal for this cluster by having 13-16 (or 13–29) at DYS389 instead of 14-16 (or 14–30). The Kazakh differs from the modal by having 13–14 at DYS385 instead of 13-13. The other fourteen Teleuts and the three Selkups appear to belong to the Teleut-Shor-Khakassian R-M73 cluster from the data set of Malyarchuk 1850: 3894: 2377:, who established agriculture in the Western Mediterranean by around 7500 BP. R1b-V88 haplogroups were identified in ancient Neolithic individuals in Germany, central Italy, Iberia, and, at a particularly high frequency, in Sardinia. A part of the branch leading to present-day African haplogroups (V2197) was already derived in Neolithic European individuals from Spain and Sardinia, providing further support for a North to South trans-Saharan movement. European autosomal ancestry, mtDNA haplogroups, and 261: 36: 520: 1686:(2011) found R-M73 in 13.2% (5/38) of Shors, 11.4% (5/44) of Teleuts, 3.3% (2/60) of Kalmyks, 3.1% (2/64) of Khakassians, 1.9% (2/108) of Tuvinians, and 1.1% (1/89) of Altaians. The Kalmyks, Tuvinians, and Altaian belong to a Y-STR cluster marked by DYS390=19, DYS389=14-16 (or 14–15 in the case of the Altaian individual), and DYS385=13-13. 7422:

Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra (2018-06-26).

3821:

Studies have shown that haplogroup R1b could have a protective effect on the immune system. However, later studies have confirmed that the Y-chromosome has a very limited effect on coronary artery disease (CAD), for example, and that the previously purported link between Y-chromosome haplogroups and

1868:

Older research, published before researchers could study the DNA of ancient remains, proposed that R-M269 likely originated in Western Asia and was present in Europe by the Neolithic period. But results based on actual ancient DNA noticed that there was a dearth of R-M269 in Europe before the Bronze

1623:

Some examples described in older articles, for example two found in Turkey, are now thought to be mostly in the more recently discovered sub-clade R1b1b (R-V88). Most examples of R1b therefore fall into subclades R1b1b (R-V88) or R1b1a (R-P297). Cruciani et al. in the large 2010 study found 3 cases

709:

and SNP-based names are consequently reclassified within the phylogenetic tree. In some cases, an SNP is found to be unreliable as a defining mutation and an SNP-based name is removed completely. For example, before 2005, R1b was synonymous with R-P25, which was later reclassified as R1b1; in 2016,

4620:

area of Jordan – were positive for M173 (R1), and negative for both the R1a markers SRY10831.2 and M17, as well as P25 (which was later discovered to be an unreliable marker for R1b1). Myres et al. (2011) indicates that they are mostly R-V88 (later known as R1b1b). Wood et al. (2005) also reported

204:

R1b has two primary branches: R1b1-L754 and R1b2-PH155. R1b1-L754 has two major subclades: R1b1a1b-M269, which predominates in Western Europe, and R1b1b-V88, which is today common in parts of Central Africa. The other branch, R1b2-PH155, is so rare and widely dispersed that it is difficult to draw

1673:

A majority of Eurasian R1b falls within this subclade, representing a very large modern population. Although P297 itself has not yet been much tested for, the same population has been relatively well studied in terms of other markers. Therefore, the branching within this clade can be explained in

5343:

Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David

1697:

of the Altai Republic in Russia. Three of these six Kumandins share an identical 15-loci Y-STR haplotype, and another two differ only at the DYS458 locus, having DYS458=18 instead of DYS458=17. This pair of Kumandin R-M73 haplotypes resembles the haplotypes of two Kalmyks, two Tuvinians, and one

1619:

R-L278 among modern men falls into the R-L754 and R-PH155 subclades, though it is possible some very rare R-L278* may exist as not all examples have been tested for both branches. Examples may also exist in ancient DNA, though due to poor quality it is often impossible to tell whether or not the

1097:

It remains a possibility that some, or even most of these cases, may be R-L278* (R1b*), R-L389* (R1b1a*), R-P297* (R1b1a1*), R-V1636 (R1b1a2), R-PH155 (R1b2), R1b* (R-M343*), R1a* (R-M420*), an otherwise undocumented branch of R1 (R-M173), and/or back-mutations of a marker, from a positive to a

2352:

R1b1b (PF6279/V88; previously R1b1a2) is defined by the presence of SNP marker V88, the discovery of which was announced in 2010 by Cruciani et al. Apart from individuals in southern Europe and Western Asia, the majority of R-V88 was found in the Sahel, especially among populations speaking

1078:

In early research, because R-M269, R-M73 and R-V88 are by far the most common forms of R1b, examples of R1b (xM73, xM269) were sometimes assumed to signify basal examples of "R1b*". However, while the paragroup R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) is rare, it does not preclude membership of rare and/or

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Marcus et al. (2020) provide strong evidence for this proposed model of North to South trans-Saharan movement: The earliest basal R1b-V88 haplogroups are found in several Eastern European Hunter Gatherers close to 11,000 years ago. The haplogroup then seemingly spread with the expansion of

4553:

K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik

7214:

Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (December 2016).

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two Egyptian cases of R1* (R-M173*) that were negative for SRY10831 (R1a1) and the unreliable R1b1 marker P25, out of a sample of 1,122 males from African countries, including 92 from Egypt. Hassan et al. (2008) found an equally surprising 14 out of 26 (54%) of Sudanese

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are notable in having a high percentage of R-L23 (xM412) – at rates of 11.4% (Kosovo), 2.4% (Poland) and 2.4% south-east Bashkortostan. (This Bashkir population is also notable for its high level of R-M73 (R1b1a1a1), at 23.4%.) Five individuals out of 110 tested in the

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A compilation of previous studies regarding the distribution of R1b can be found in Cruciani et al. (2010). It is summarised in the table following. (Cruciani did not include some studies suggesting even higher frequencies of R1b1a1b in some parts of Western Europe.)

1737:(2014) all agree that the Y-DNA of 32% (8/25) of the HGDP sample of Pakistani Hazara should belong to haplogroup R-M478/M73. Likewise, most Bashkir males have been found to belong to U-152 (R1b1a1a2a1a2b) and some, mostly from southeastern Bashkortostan, belonged to 1877:. Likewise, the oldest samples classified as belonging to R-M269, have been found in Eastern Europe and Pontic-Caspian steppe, not Western Asia. Western European populations are divided between the R-P312/S116 and R-U106/S21 subclades of R-M412 (R-L51). 1792:

from Jawzjan, Afghanistan. The Mongols as well as the individual from southwest Kyrgyzstan, the individual from Gilan, and one of the Uzbeks from Jawzjan belong to the same Y-STR haplotype cluster as five of six Kumandin members of R-M73 studied by Dulik

6542:

Grugni, Viola; Raveane, Alessandro; Mattioli, Francesca; Battaglia, Vincenza; Sala, Cinzia; Toniolo, Daniela; Ferretti, Luca; Gardella, Rita; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio; Passarino, Giuseppe; Semino, Ornella (February 2018).

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from Kazakhstan, with this haplogroup being observed with greater than average frequency among members of the Qypshaq (12/29 = 41.4%), Ysty (6/57 = 10.5%), Qongyrat (8/95 = 8.4%), Oshaqty (2/29 = 6.9%), Kerey (1/28 = 3.6%), and Jetyru (3/86 = 3.5%)

2404:. Subsequent research by Myres et al. (2011) indicates that the samples concerned most likely belong to the subclade R-V88. According to Myres et al. (2011), this may be explained by a back-migration from Asia into Africa by R1b-carrying people. 1745:(2011) found a high frequency of R-M73 among their sample of Bashkirs from southeast Bashkortostan (77/329 = 23.4% R1b-M73), in agreement with the earlier study of Bashkirs. Besides the high frequency of R-M73 in southeastern Bashkirs, Myres 1944:

and adjoining islands, while R-V88 (R1b1b) is more strongly represented, R-M269 appears to have been present since antiquity. R-M269 has been found, for instance, at a rate of ~44% among remains dating from the 11th to 13th centuries at

1725:(2010) is probably ascribable to the habit that was popular for a while of labeling R-M269 as "R1b" or "R(xR1a)," with any members of R-M343 (xM269) being placed in a polyphyletic, catch-all "R*" or "P" category. Myres 1702:(2011). The remaining R-M73 Kumandin has a Y-STR haplotype that is starkly different from the haplotypes of the other R-M73 Kumandins, resembling instead the haplotypes of five Shors, five Teleuts, and two Khakassians. 1660:

R-L389, also known as R1b1a (L388/PF6468, L389/PF6531), contains the very common subclade R-P297 and the rare subclade R-V1636. It is unknown whether all previously reported R-L389* (xP297) belong to R-V1636 or not.

280:, and most probably occurred about 18,500 years ago. Since the earliest known example has been dated at circa 14,000 BP, and belongs to R1b1 (R-L754), R1b must have arisen relatively soon after the emergence of R1. 6344: 3717:

The defining SNP of R1b2a, M335, was first documented in 2004, when an example was discovered in Turkey, though it was classified at that time as R1b4. Other examples of R-M335 have been reported in a sample of

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The SNP marker P297 was recognised in 2008 as ancestral to the significant subclades M73 and M269, combining them into one cluster. This had been given the phylogenetic name R1b1a1a (and, previously, R1b1a).

701:(i.e. "family tree") names which make clear their place within the branching of haplogroups, or the phylogenetic tree. An alternative way of naming the same haplogroups and subclades refers to their defining 2369:' period. R1b-V1589, the main subclade within R1b-V88, underwent a further expansion around 5500 years ago, likely in the Lake Chad Basin region, from which some lines recrossed the Sahara to North Africa. 6410:

R1b1a1b (R-M269) was previously R1b1a1a2. From 2003 to 2005, what is now R1b1a1b was designated R1b3. From 2005 to 2008, it was R1b1c. From 2008 to 2011, it was R1b1b2. From 2011 to 2018, it was R1b1a1a2.

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Based on a detailed phylogenic analysis, D'Atanasio et al. (2018) proposed that R1b-V88 originated in Europe about 12,000 years ago and crossed to North Africa between 8000 and 7000 years ago, during the

8273:

Hollard C, Zvénigorosky V, Kovalev A, Kiryushin Y, Tishkin A, Lazaretov I, et al. (September 2018). "New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations".

2074:(Bavaria, Germany) dated to around AD 670 yielded the following results: 4 were found to be haplogroup R1b with the closest matches in modern populations of Germany, Ireland and the USA while 2 were in 6499:

Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, et al. (June 2011). "Strong intra- and inter-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152".

6671:

Ordóñez AC, Fregel R, Trujillo-Mederos A, Hervella M, de-la-Rúa C, Arnay-de-la-Rosa M (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)".

6140:"Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists" 549:

settlements have not yet found males belonging to haplogroup R1b-M269. Olalde et al. (2017) trace the spread of haplogroup R1b-M269 in western Europe, particularly Britain, to the spread of the

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region, who were P25 positive, but M269 negative. Cases from older studies are mainly from Africa, the Middle East or Mediterranean, and are discussed below as probable cases of R1b1b (R-V88).

6706:

Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, Bekada A, Benhamamouch S, Cerutti N, et al. (May 2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample".

1808:(2011); this cluster has the modal values of DYS390=22 (but 21 in the case of two Teleuts and one Khakassian), DYS385=13-16, and DYS389=13-17 (or 13–30, but 14–31 in the case of one Selkup). 504:. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b-M269 and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the West Eurasian Steppe, along with the 710:

R-P25 was removed completely as a defining SNP, due to a significant rate of back-mutation. (Below is the basic outline of R1b according to the ISOGG Tree as it stood on January 30, 2017.)

1721:(2006) might have misidentified Hazara individuals, who instead belonged to "PQR2" as opposed to "R(xR1a)." However, the assignment of these Hazaras' Y-DNA to the "PQR2" category by Behar 7539:

Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history".

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Myres et al. (2011): "The detection of V88 in Iran, Palestine and especially the Dead Sea, Jordan (Supplementary Table S4) provides an insight into the back to Africa migration route.

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from the south Caucasus, 1.4% (1/70) of Bashkirs from north Bashkortostan, 1.3% (1/80) of Tatars from Kazan, 1.1% (1/89) of a sample from Cappadocia, Turkey, 0.7% (1/141) of

6360: 4389: 1846:

R-M269, or R1b1a1b (as of 2018) amongst other names, is now the most common Y-DNA lineage in European males. It is carried by an estimated 110 million males in Europe.

449:(M9), the most common group of human male lines outside of Africa. K is believed to have originated in Asia (as is the case with an even earlier ancestral haplogroup, 6300:

Karafet TM, Osipova LP, Savina OV, Hallmark B, Hammer MF (November 2018). "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations".

3997: 3987: 2081:

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M269, showing its distribution (as a percentage of total population) in Europe,

4416:

Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".

4084: 4067: 6601:

Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".

6866: 8558:

Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; et al. (2015).

4075: 1079:

subsequently-discovered, relatively basal subclades of R1b, such as R-L278* (R1b*), R-L389* (R1b1a*), R-P297* (R1b1a1*), R-V1636 (R1b1a2) or R-PH155 (R1b2).

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Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, et al. (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia".

4899:"The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods" 4234: 4227: 4220: 7686:"Y-chromosome based evidence for pre-neolithic origin of the genetically homogeneous but diverse Sardinian population: inference for association scans" 6384:

Shuhu LI, Yilihamu NI, Bake RA, Bupatima AB, Matyusup DO (2018). "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP".

4807:

Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Patterson N, Roodenberg SA, et al. (2015). "Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe".

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from the northwest Caucasus, 9.4% (8/85) of the HGDP samples from northern Pakistan (these are the aforementioned Pakistani Hazaras), 5.8% (4/69) of

6653:(Ph.D. thesis) (in Russian). Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from 5916:"Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages" 4343: 4338: 351:

and Vasil'evka in modern-day Ukraine c. 9500-7000 BP carried R1b1a. These individuals were largely of EHG ancestry, with significant WHG admixture.

7961:"Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings" 6087:

Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Rosset S, Parik J, et al. (July 2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people".

6040:"Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome variation provides evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians" 3670:

R1b1b1 is a sub-clade of R-V88, which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M18. It has been found only at low frequencies in samples from

2026:

Subclades within the paragroup R-M269(xL23) – that is, R-M269* and/or R-PF7558 – appear to be found at their highest frequency in the central

1644:

R-L754 contains the vast majority of R1b. The only known example of R-L754* (xL389, V88) is also the earliest known individual to carry R1b: "

706: 1757:

from the northwest Caucasus, 2.6% (1/39) of Tatars from Bashkortostan, 1.9% (1/54) of Bashkirs from southwest Bashkortostan, 1.5% (1/67) of

8163:"Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin" 3841: 2407:

Contrary to other studies, Shriner & Rotimi (2018) associated the introduction of R1b into Chad with the more recent movements of

7316:"Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait" 2389:. The presence of European Neolithic farmers in Africa is further attested by samples from Morocco dating from c. 5400 BC onwards. 7277:"Internal diversification of non-Sub-Saharan haplogroups in Sahelian populations and the spread of pastoralism beyond the Sahara" 6948:"Kinship and Y-chromosome analysis of 7th century human remains: novel DNA extraction and typing procedure for ancient material" 4394: 1765:

from the northwest Caucasus, 0.6% (3/522) of a pool of samples from Turkey, and 0.38% (1/263) of Russians from Central Russia.

321:

buried between 11200 and 8200 BP carried R1b1a1a. These individuals were determined to be largely of WHG ancestry, with slight

3658:

in west central Africa at a very high frequency, where it is considered to be caused by a pre-Islamic movement of people from

1066:

No confirmed cases of R1b* (R-M343*) – that is R1b (xR1b1, R1b2), also known as R-M343 (xL754, PH155) – have been reported in

553:, with a sudden appearance of many R1b-M269 haplogroups in Western Europe ca. 5000–4500 years BP during the early Bronze Age. 6483: 7794:"Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route" 7636:"A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes" 7833:

Rowold DJ, Perez Benedico D, Garcia-Bertrand R, Chennakrishnaiah S, Alfonso-Sanchez MA, Gayden T, Herrera RJ (March 2016).

6803:

Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A (2006). "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia".

3686:

R1b2 is extremely rare and defined by the presence of PH155. Living males carrying subclades of R-PH155 have been found in

1928:. R-M269 reaches levels as high as 95% in parts of Ireland. It has also been found at lower frequencies throughout central 7108:"Y-chromosome and Surname Analyses for Reconstructing Past Population Structures: The Sardinian Population as a Test Case" 344:

c. 9500–6000 BP carried R1b1b. These individuals were determined to be largely of WHG ancestry, with slight EHG admixture.

6347:[Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions] 1713:

of the Ural Mountains, this has apparently been overturned. For example, supporting material from a 2010 study by Behar

3878: 112: 6645: 5476:

Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Adler CJ, et al. (November 2010). Penny D (ed.).

1788:, 2.5% (1/40) of Kyrgyz from central Kyrgyzstan, 2.1% (2/97) of Mongols from northwest Mongolia, and 1.4% (1/74) of 8759: 6880: 6756:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" 6251:"Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences" 7425:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" 4616:

Flores et al. (2005) found that 20 out of all 146 men tested (13.7%) – including 20 out of 45 men tested from the

4535:

Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

3868: 571: 478: 5296:"Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia" 3803: 1849: 8413:

Mathieson I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Posth C, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (March 2018).

1861:

in Europe. Specifically the R-Z2103 subclade has been found to be prevalent in ancient DNA associated with the

702: 8059:"Limited Effect of Y Chromosome Variation on Coronary Artery Disease and Mortality in UK Biobank—Brief Report" 1977:

males. (The table below lists in more detail the frequencies of M269 in regions in Asia, Europe, and Africa.)

6997:"The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages" 5862:"The case of the unreliable SNP: recurrent back-mutation of Y-chromosomal marker P25 through gene conversion" 5166: 5142: 2381:

alleles have also been identified in African populations that carry R1b-V88 at a high frequency, such as the

1880:

Distribution of R-M269 in Europe increases in frequency from east to west. It peaks at the national level in

8161:

González-Fortes G, Jones ER, Lightfoot E, Bonsall C, Lazar C, Grandal-d'Anglade A, et al. (June 2017).

6423:

Balaresque P, Bowden GR, Adams SM, Leung HY, King TE, Rosser ZH, et al. (January 2010). Penny D (ed.).

5991:"Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a" 4581:

Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

8629:

Sánchez-Quinto F, Malmström H, Fraser M, Girdland-Flink L, Svensson EM, Simões LG, et al. (May 2019).

5803:"Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians" 5233:

de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J, Moreno-Mayar JV, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, et al. (June 2018).

5202: 4590:

Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

1869:

Age, and the distribution of subclades within Europe is substantially due to the various migrations of the

516:, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages. 501: 269: 5965:

Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: evidence from Alu insertion and Y-chromosome polymorphisms

5801:

Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, Parolo S, Al-Zahery N, Achilli A, et al. (July 18, 2012).

3846: 8754: 8464:

Narasimhan VM, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Rohland N, Bernardos R, Mallick S, et al. (September 2019).

6343:

Ashirbekov EE, Botbaev DM, Belkozhaev AM, Abayldaev AO, Neupokoeva AS, Mukhataev JE, et al. (2017).

1811:

A Kazakhstani paper published in 2017 found haplogroup R1b-M478 Y-DNA in 3.17% (41/1294) of a sample of

1957:(or Bimape), a subgroup of the Guanche. In living males, it peaks in parts of North Africa, especially 1624:

amongst 1173 Italians, 1 out of 328 West Asians and 1 out of 156 East Asians. Varzari found 3 cases in

7492:"Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan" 6995:

D'Atanasio E, Trombetta B, Bonito M, Finocchio A, Di Vito G, Seghizzi M, et al. (February 2018).

6899:"Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists" 3813:, which has ruled as kings in France, Spain, and other European countries, have the R1b1b haplogroup. 1940:

region (84.0%). This marker is present in China and India at frequencies of less than one percent. In

1857:

R-M269 has received significant scientific and popular interest due to its possible connection to the

7835:"Ladakh, India: the land of high passes and genetic heterogeneity reveals a confluence of migrations" 6545:"Reconstructing the genetic history of Italians: new insights from a male (Y-chromosome) perspective" 5989:

Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Denisova G, Maksimov A, Wozniak M, Grzybowski T, et al. (August 2011).

5154: 4955:"New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree" 1841: 921: 865: 486: 7959:

Larmuseau, Maarten H D; Delorme, Philippe; Germain, Patrick; Vanderheyden, Nancy (October 9, 2013).

6345:"Распределение гаплогрупп И-хромосомы казахов Южно-Казахстанской, Жамбылской и Алматинской областей" 4838:

Cassidy LM, Martiniano R, Murphy EM, Teasdale MD, Mallory J, Hartwell B, Bradley DG (January 2016).

4749:

Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. (June 2015).

7217:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations" 5914:

Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, Massaia A, Destro-Bisol G, Watson E, et al. (July 2010).

4057: 3831: 527:

from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan model. The magenta area corresponds to the assumed

524: 20: 4897:

Martiniano R, Cassidy LM, Ó'Maoldúin R, McLaughlin R, Silva NM, Manco L, et al. (July 2017).

1820:. A Chinese paper published in 2018 found haplogroup R1b-M478 Y-DNA in 9.2% (7/76) of a sample of 994:, but are also found at lower levels in many other parts of Western Eurasia and the Mediterranean. 287: 7886: 6897:

Herrera KJ, Lowery RK, Hadden L, Calderon S, Chiou C, Yepiskoposyan L, et al. (March 2012).

4260: 1858: 505: 337: 322: 291: 249: 8311:

Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S, Pósa A, Stégmár B, Keerl V, et al. (November 2017).

8112:"The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers" 6138:

Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, et al. (February 2006).

4840:"Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome" 2070:

In 2009, DNA extracted from the femur bones of 6 skeletons in an early-medieval burial place in

8735: 6038:

Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP, Askapuli A, Gau L, Gokcumen O, et al. (February 2012).

5754:"A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe" 4249: 4241: 3981: 2374: 2075: 617: 589: 546: 474: 8364:"Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia" 8110:

Jones ER, Zarina G, Moiseyev V, Lightfoot E, Nigst PR, Manica A, et al. (February 2017).

7048:"Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia" 5861: 4491:

F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.

8749: 4311: 4157: 3836: 3779: 3767:

A filmmaker named Artem Lukichev created (circa 2009) a 14-minute animated film based on a

2354: 1981: 635: 482: 314: 8631:"Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society" 8507:

Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, et al. (March 2018).

7634:

Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, et al. (May 2002).

6847: 6397: 5527:

Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, et al. (March 2018).

8695: 8642: 8589: 8581: 8520: 8426: 8375: 8324: 8313:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" 8235: 8212:

Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (June 2015).

8174: 8123: 7913: 7902:"Mystery solved: the identification of the two missing Romanov children using DNA analysis" 7697: 7436: 7378: 7170: 7059: 6873:

Mitochondrial DNA variation and the Y-chromosome in the population of the Volga-Ural Region

6754:

Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, McLeod H, et al. (July 2005).

6680: 6474:

Arredi B, Poloni ES, Tyler-Smith C (2007). "The peopling of Europe". In Crawford MH (ed.).

6203: 6096: 5814: 5540: 5430: 5417:

Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX, Brucato N, Duranthon F, Guilaine J, et al. (June 2011).

5357: 4851: 4762: 4671: 4350: 4269: 4204: 4148: 4133: 4119: 4040: 4012: 2366: 1633: 1082:

The population believed to have the highest proportion of R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) are the

655: 625: 588:(P295), which is also known as haplogroup K2b2. R-M207 is therefore a secondary branch of 585: 577: 545:

Analysis of ancient Y-DNA from the remains from early Neolithic Central and North European

470: 462: 8362:

Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, et al. (February 2020).

7216: 7046:

Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, et al. (February 2020).

6190:

Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, Temori SA, et al. (2013).

5214: 5130: 5118: 5106: 5094: 2067:

belonged to R-M269(xL23) and 36 to R-L23*, with none belonging to known subclades of L23.

1780:

from southwest Kyrgyzstan, 4.3% (1/23) of Mongols from southeast Mongolia, 4.3% (4/94) of

276:

The age of R1 was estimated by Tatiana Karafet et al. (2008) at between 12,500 and 25,700

8: 5697: 5478:"Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities" 5190: 3861: 3753: 2378: 2000: 897: 538: 8699: 8646: 8585: 8524: 8430: 8379: 8328: 8239: 8178: 8127: 7917: 7743:

Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Debiane L, Platt DE, et al. (April 2008).

7701: 7440: 7399: 7382: 7366: 7191: 7174: 7158: 7063: 6684: 6207: 6100: 5818: 5544: 5434: 5361: 5235:"The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia" 5034: 4855: 4766: 4675: 3907:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1705:

While early research into R-M73 claimed that it was significantly represented among the

8716: 8683: 8665: 8630: 8612: 8571: 8559: 8541: 8508: 8490: 8465: 8447: 8414: 8396: 8363: 8345: 8312: 8299: 8256: 8225: 8213: 8195: 8162: 8144: 8111: 8083: 8058: 8034: 8009: 8008:

Maan AA, Eales J, Akbarov A, Rowland J, Xu X, Jobling MA, et al. (November 2017).

7985: 7960: 7936: 7901: 7859: 7834: 7769: 7744: 7720: 7685: 7611: 7578: 7521: 7467: 7424: 7342: 7315: 7257: 7244: 7134: 7107: 7080: 7047: 7023: 6996: 6972: 6947: 6923: 6898: 6828: 6820: 6785: 6731: 6626: 6580: 6451: 6424: 6325: 6277: 6250: 6226: 6191: 6164: 6139: 6120: 6064: 6039: 6020: 5940: 5915: 5837: 5802: 5778: 5753: 5614: 5561: 5528: 5504: 5477: 5453: 5418: 5399: 5320: 5295: 5259: 5234: 5007: 4979: 4954: 4925: 4898: 4874: 4839: 4820: 4786: 4700: 4659: 4441: 4279: 3953: 3936: 3791: 1984:

R-M269* which has not diverged, there are (as of 2017) two primary branches of R-M269:

990:

Subclades of R-M269 (R1b1a1b; previously R1b1a1a2) are now extremely common throughout

905: 817: 409: 8214:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 7900:

Coble MD, Loreille OM, Wadhams MJ, Edson SM, Maynard K, Meyer CE, et al. (2009).

7660: 7635: 4458: 3647:

Two branches of R-V88, R-M18 and R-V35, are found almost exclusively on the island of

1862: 8721: 8682:

Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. (June 2016).

8670: 8617: 8560:"Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 8546: 8495: 8452: 8401: 8350: 8303: 8291: 8261: 8200: 8149: 8088: 8039: 7990: 7941: 7864: 7815: 7774: 7725: 7665: 7616: 7598: 7556: 7513: 7472: 7454: 7404: 7347: 7296: 7249: 7196: 7139: 7085: 7028: 6977: 6928: 6868:Изменчивость Митохондриальной ДНК и Y-Хромосомы в Популяциях Волго-Уральского Региона 6832: 6777: 6723: 6618: 6572: 6564: 6524: 6479: 6456: 6317: 6282: 6231: 6169: 6112: 6069: 6012: 5945: 5891: 5842: 5783: 5606: 5566: 5509: 5458: 5403: 5391: 5383: 5325: 5264: 4984: 4930: 4879: 4778: 4705: 4658:

Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. (June 2016).

4510: 4433: 4371: 4366: 4357: 4300: 4291: 4211: 4182: 4142: 4100: 4052: 3970: 3764:

name "Ruisko" in honour of what Oppenheimer believed to be the Iberian origin of R1b.

1837: 956:

Subclades of R-M73 (R1b1a1a) are rare overall, with most cases being observed in the

645: 608: 567: 493: 466: 453:(F-M89). Karafet T. et al. (2014) suggested that a "rapid diversification process of 7261: 6789: 6735: 6630: 6584: 6329: 6024: 5877: 5752:

Myres NM, Rootsi S, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, et al. (January 2011).

5618: 5345: 5082: 4953:

Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008).

4445: 1648:", who lived circa 14,000 years BP (north east Italy). Villabruna 1 belonged to the 8711: 8703: 8660: 8650: 8607: 8599: 8536: 8528: 8485: 8477: 8442: 8434: 8391: 8383: 8340: 8332: 8283: 8251: 8243: 8190: 8182: 8139: 8131: 8078: 8070: 8029: 8021: 7980: 7972: 7931: 7921: 7854: 7846: 7832: 7805: 7764: 7756: 7715: 7705: 7655: 7647: 7606: 7590: 7548: 7525: 7503: 7462: 7444: 7394: 7386: 7337: 7327: 7288: 7239: 7231: 7186: 7178: 7129: 7119: 7075: 7067: 7018: 7008: 6967: 6959: 6918: 6910: 6812: 6767: 6715: 6688: 6610: 6556: 6516: 6508: 6446: 6436: 6393: 6309: 6272: 6262: 6221: 6211: 6159: 6151: 6124: 6104: 6059: 6051: 6002: 5968: 5935: 5927: 5881: 5873: 5832: 5822: 5773: 5765: 5635: 5598: 5556: 5548: 5499: 5489: 5448: 5438: 5373: 5365: 5315: 5307: 5254: 5246: 4974: 4966: 4920: 4910: 4869: 4859: 4824: 4812: 4790: 4770: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4425: 4333: 4091: 4045: 3810: 3787: 3783: 3768: 2358: 1865:. All seven individuals in one were determined to belong to the R1b-M269 subclade. 1738: 1094:, revealed R-M343 (xV88, M73, M269) as high as 4.3% among Iranian sub-populations. 581: 513: 450: 6560: 5686: 4995: 7926: 7710: 7684:

Contu D, Morelli L, Santoni F, Foster JW, Francalacci P, Cucca F (January 2008).

7490:

Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005).

6512: 6441: 6216: 5827: 5494: 5178: 4915: 4105: 3761: 2035: 1970: 893: 497: 446: 434: 416: 3775:, relating the epic to the emergence and geographical expansion of R1a and R1b. 1995:

R-L23 (Z2105/Z2103; a.k.a. R1b1a1b1) has been reported among the peoples of the

8635:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8387: 8074: 7760: 7390: 7235: 7182: 7071: 6816: 6055: 5423:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4844:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4750: 4321: 4114: 3947: 3854: 3772: 2020: 1974: 1950: 991: 671: 604: 550: 534: 485:

has been found in another Ancient North Eurasian sample from northern Siberia (

458: 307: 277: 178: 135: 119: 8186: 8135: 7882: 7745:"Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events" 7508: 7491: 7332: 7013: 6719: 6692: 5602: 5419:"Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route" 5369: 1098:

negative ancestral state, and hence constitute undocumented subclades of R1b.

8743: 7602: 7458: 6568: 5387: 4566: 4514: 4196: 4190: 4176: 4165: 4128: 4031: 4026: 4017: 4003: 3964: 3746:, gives the members – and the notional founding patriarch – of R1b the name " 2408: 2386: 2055: 2004: 1966: 1817: 1777: 1649: 1090:

with 13%. However, more recently, a large study of Y-chromosome variation in

1067: 665: 600: 593: 454: 423: 333: 329: 295: 265: 260: 245: 234: 65: 8655: 8481: 7810: 7793: 7449: 7276: 6963: 6772: 6755: 6544: 5658: 5443: 5250: 5232: 4864: 3782:

found that he belonged to R1b. This may suggest that the later Czars of the

1853:

Projected spatial frequency distribution within Europe of haplogroup R-M269.

607:, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and 8725: 8674: 8621: 8550: 8499: 8456: 8405: 8354: 8295: 8265: 8204: 8153: 8092: 8043: 7994: 7945: 7868: 7819: 7792:

Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, Duan ZY, Tan PP, Jin L, et al. (January 2011).

7778: 7729: 7669: 7620: 7560: 7517: 7476: 7408: 7351: 7300: 7253: 7200: 7143: 7089: 7032: 6981: 6932: 6781: 6727: 6622: 6576: 6528: 6460: 6321: 6286: 6267: 6235: 6173: 6116: 6073: 6016: 5949: 5895: 5846: 5787: 5610: 5570: 5513: 5462: 5395: 5329: 5268: 4988: 4934: 4883: 4782: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4709: 4437: 3876: 2090: 2082: 2060: 2008: 1941: 1937: 1821: 1645: 965: 889: 698: 427: 362: 198: 190: 186: 182: 171: 54: 8509:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 8025: 7976: 7367:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant" 6914: 5931: 5769: 5529:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 5311: 5046: 4691: 7850: 7124: 6654: 6353:

Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan

4896: 4622: 3739: 2382: 2086: 1913: 1825: 901: 395: 35: 8707: 8603: 8532: 8438: 8336: 8247: 6520: 6108: 6007: 5990: 5552: 5378: 4774: 4716: 4683: 4473:

Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

3714:(2022) cites two primary branches: R-M335 (R1b2a) and R-PH200 (R1b2b). 1749:

also reported finding R-M73 in the following samples: 10.3% (14/136) of

816:

R-V88 (R1b1b): the most common forms of R1b found among males native to

8287: 7594: 7552: 7292: 6824: 6313: 4970: 4429: 3719: 3699: 1870: 1762: 1087: 777: 442: 376: 226: 194: 151: 7213: 7101: 7099: 6994: 6249:

Lippold S, Xu H, Ko A, Li M, Renaud G, Butthof A, et al. (2014).

5972: 5709: 5675: 5346:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 4559: 4513:

was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to

461:, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups 6670: 6192:"Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge" 5800: 5294:

Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (March 2015).

5070: 4570:, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" 3806:, DNA testing on his remains suggests that his Y-haplogroup was R1b. 2071: 2042:

4.4%. Unlike most other areas with significant percentages of R-L23,

2016: 1996: 1961:, at a rate of 10%. In Sub-Saharan Africa, R-M269 appears to peak in 1946: 1754: 391: 387: 380: 7538: 6342: 5886: 8594: 8576: 8230: 7958: 7651: 7096: 6155: 4816: 4617: 4526:

Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

3703: 3671: 3655: 3654:

As can be seen in the above data table, R-V88 is found in northern

3648: 2051: 2012: 1954: 1933: 1905: 1901: 1889: 1874: 1789: 1710: 1694: 1629: 969: 957: 857: 529: 509: 402: 348: 139: 127: 6614: 6189: 4415: 3747: 1797:(2012). This cluster's most distinctive Y-STR value is DYS390=19. 705:

mutations: for example, R-M343 is equivalent to R1b. Phylogenetic

6498: 6425:"A predominantly neolithic origin for European paternal lineages" 5988: 3687: 3675: 3659: 2064: 2027: 1962: 1958: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1909: 1885: 1812: 1773: 1758: 1750: 1706: 1625: 961: 925: 913: 877: 861: 769: 355: 318: 206: 167: 163: 7633: 6802: 5913: 4806: 603:, according to Karafet et al. (2014), which "likely occurred in 437:

were all found to belong to the M269 subclade of haplogroup R1b.

6086: 4952: 4837: 4748: 3727: 3723: 3707: 3695: 3691: 2393: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2031: 1897: 1781: 917: 909: 881: 869: 781: 773: 519: 512:

component present in modern Europeans which was not present in

369: 341: 303: 299: 230: 222: 218: 147: 123: 8466:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 7489: 7421: 6541: 19:"M343" redirects here. For the state highway in Michigan, see 8211: 5588: 5172: 5160: 5148: 4733: 3711: 2401: 2397: 2094: 1917: 1893: 1881: 1785: 1083: 885: 853: 214: 210: 159: 131: 8736:

https://www.dotyk.cz/magazin/premyslovci-dna-30000216.html}}

7889:

from the original on 2021-12-15 – via www.youtube.com.

7883:"About R1a and R1b from Ural epic story. Artem Lukichev (c)" 6299: 6137: 6037: 1768:

Besides the aforementioned Pakistani Hazaras, Di Cristofaro

712: 264:

Genetic studies performed since 2015 have revealed that the

6896: 6753: 6705: 5475: 5342: 1969:

males. In western Asia, R-M269 has been reported in 40% of

1091: 873: 768:

R-PH155 (R1b2) has been found in individuals from Albania,

155: 143: 6478:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 394. 6476:

Anthropological genetics: theory, methods and applications

6422: 5293: 4459:

International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),

177:

The clade is also present at lower frequencies throughout

174:

and among the Chadic-speaking ethnic groups of Cameroon).

170:(concentrated in parts of Chad with concentration in the 7899: 7683: 6879:(Biological Sciences thesis) (in Russian). Archived from 6383: 5526: 4500:

Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

241: 46:

Probably soon after R1, possibly between 18,000-14,000 BC

7742: 5416: 5275: 5058: 1784:

from Jawzjan, Afghanistan, 3.7% (1/27) of Iranians from

205:

any conclusions about its origins. It has been found in

118:

It is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in

8007: 7045: 6473: 8160: 5088: 5076: 3778:

DNA tests that assisted in the identification of Czar

1693:(2012) found R-M73 in 35.3% (6/17) of a sample of the 1620:

ancients carried the mutations that define subclades.

394:, Spain c. 7178-7066 BP, who may have belonged to the 8628: 7577:

Shriner, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles N. (December 2018).

7159:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia" 5859: 5211:, Supplementary Data 1, A Master Table, Row 25, MA89. 5100: 2392:

Studies in 2005–08 reported "R1b*" at high levels in

8681: 6647:

Structure of the Gene Pool of Bashkir Subpopulations

5747: 5745: 5743: 5024: 5022: 4657: 1999:(by Trofimova et al. 2015): 21 out of 58 (36.2%) of 1698:

Altaian whose Y-DNA has been analyzed by Malyarchuk

408:

An Early Copper Age male buried in Cannas di Sotto,

6600: 6185: 6183: 5860:Adams SM, King TE, Bosch E, Jobling MA (May 2006). 5751: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5687:

Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R-V1636 at 23mofang

8063:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 6988: 5967:(Thesis). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. 492:Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the 419:in Central Europe buried c. 5600 BP carried R1b1a. 8463: 8010:"The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men's health?" 5984: 5982: 5019: 2100:The phylogeny of R-M269 according to ISOGG 2017: 347:Several Mesolithic and Neolithic males buried at 8741: 6945: 6596: 6594: 6180: 5720: 5680: 852:R-V1636 (R1b1a2) is rare, but has been found in 599:There was "an initial rapid diversification" of 283:Early human remains found to carry R1b include: 7429:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5909: 5907: 5905: 5691: 3822:health is far from established scientifically. 1932:, but with relatively high frequency among the 8272: 7791: 7736: 6336: 5979: 4572:(Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) 244:and R1b lineages would have expanded from the 8506: 8361: 8310: 8056: 7576: 6591: 6492: 6418: 6416: 6248: 5669: 5208: 3862: 8415:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe" 7532: 6890: 5902: 5698:Haplogroup R on the Y-DNA Haplotree at FTDNA 5630: 5628: 5520: 5226: 4802: 4800: 4744: 4742: 1741:(Q1a1b) rather than R1b; contra this, Myres 1056: 740:R-M343* (R1b*). No cases have been reported. 692: 561: 430:buried c. 5500 BP carried R1b1a1 (R1b-M478). 8557: 7281:American Journal of Biological Anthropology 7112:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 6749: 6747: 6745: 6637: 6293: 6242: 5956: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5281: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4751:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" 4544:Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. 4409: 1772:(2013) found R-M478/M73 in 11.1% (2/18) of 776:, China, Germany, India, Italy, Singapore, 580:(M207) is a primary subclade of haplogroup 398:culture, was found to be a carrier of R1b1. 7826: 7483: 6467: 6413: 5287: 3869: 3855: 3842:Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe 34: 8715: 8664: 8654: 8611: 8593: 8575: 8540: 8489: 8446: 8412: 8395: 8344: 8276:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8255: 8229: 8194: 8143: 8082: 8033: 7984: 7935: 7925: 7858: 7809: 7785: 7768: 7719: 7709: 7659: 7610: 7583:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7541:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7507: 7466: 7448: 7398: 7341: 7331: 7274: 7243: 7190: 7169:(7994): Supplementary Information, p.48. 7156: 7133: 7123: 7079: 7022: 7012: 6971: 6922: 6864: 6771: 6450: 6440: 6276: 6266: 6225: 6215: 6163: 6063: 6006: 5939: 5885: 5836: 5826: 5777: 5625: 5560: 5503: 5493: 5452: 5442: 5377: 5319: 5258: 5220: 5196: 5184: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5013: 5001: 4978: 4924: 4914: 4873: 4863: 4797: 4739: 4699: 4452: 6946:Vanek D, Saskova L, Koch H (June 2009). 6742: 6501:Forensic Science International. Genetics 5653: 5651: 5649: 5577: 5223:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 128, I0559. 5139:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 375, I0122. 5127:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 153, I0124. 5115:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 298, I4666. 4941: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4547: 4485: 4482:Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. 1953:. These remains have been linked to the 1848: 518: 259: 8684:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe" 7313: 6845: 6708:International Journal of Legal Medicine 6377: 5962: 5199:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 73, I2430. 5175:, Supplementary Information, pp. 44-45. 5151:, Supplementary Information, pp. 26-27. 4660:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe" 3786:, descended in the male line from the 3726:, China and in a sample of people from 481:, 24,000 years ago), and its precursor 383:, Russia c. 7200-6000 BP carried R1b1a. 365:, Serbia c. 8200-7900 BP carried R1b1a. 354:A WHG male buried at Ostrovul Corbuli, 268:, thought to have spoken some stage of 255: 240:According to ancient DNA studies, most 8742: 7364: 7224:The American Journal of Human Genetics 7105: 5043:, Supplementary Table 1, Rows 205-245. 5016:, Supplementary Table 1, Rows 251-272. 1776:from central Mongolia, 5.0% (1/20) of 1106:Distribution of R-V88, R-M73 and M269 697:Names such as R1b, R1b1 and so on are 8109: 6643: 6398:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0067 5646: 5028: 4646: 4529: 3850: 3733: 1988:R-L23 (R1b1a1b1; L23/PF6534/S141) and 7314:Vicente, Mario; et al. (2019). 7275:Kulichova, Iva; et al. (2017). 4520: 4467: 4395:Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people 4370: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4297: 4289: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4258: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4163: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4132: 4127: 4118: 4113: 4104: 4099: 4063: 4049: 3932: 3887: 1628:, in a study of 322 people from the 441:R1b is a subclade within the "macro- 405:, Bulgaria c. 6500 BP carried R1b1a. 7106:Grugni, Viola; et al. (2019). 4503: 4037: 3977: 3960: 2206:R-U106/R-M405/R-S21 (R1b1a1b1a1a1) 1991:R-PF7558 (R1b1a1b2; PF7558/PF7562.) 1831: 592:(P331), and a direct descendant of 489:) dating from c. 31,600 years ago. 401:A Late Chalcolithic male buried in 13: 8057:Timmers P, Wilson JF (July 2022). 8014:European Journal of Human Genetics 7839:European Journal of Human Genetics 7749:American Journal of Human Genetics 7640:American Journal of Human Genetics 7365:Simões, L.G.; et al. (2023). 6903:European Journal of Human Genetics 6760:European Journal of Human Genetics 6144:American Journal of Human Genetics 6044:American Journal of Human Genetics 5920:European Journal of Human Genetics 5758:European Journal of Human Genetics 5300:European Journal of Human Genetics 4584: 4575: 4538: 4494: 4476: 2003:Bashkirs, 11 out of 52 (21.2%) of 1677: 1664: 14: 8771: 6673:Journal of Archaeological Science 6302:American Journal of Human Biology 5004:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 467. 4464:. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) 3798: 3681: 3665: 1655: 1061: 896:), Italy (including one from the 707:names change with new discoveries 584:(M45) itself a primary branch of 469:". However the oldest example of 372:, Russia 7500 BP carried R1b1a1a. 57:, North Eurasia or Eastern Europe 3892: 2347: 1639: 433:7 males that were tested of the 328:Several males of the Mesolithic 306:, Italy), who lived circa 14000 77:R1b1a (L754, PF6269, YSC0000022) 8102: 8050: 8001: 7952: 7893: 7875: 7798:Molecular Biology and Evolution 7677: 7627: 7570: 7415: 7358: 7307: 7268: 7207: 7150: 7039: 6939: 6858: 6839: 6796: 6699: 6664: 6535: 6404: 6131: 6080: 6031: 5878:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.06.003 5853: 5794: 5702: 5659:"ISOGG 2017 Y-DNA Haplogroup R" 5636:"ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup R" 5469: 5410: 5336: 5187:, Supplementary Table 1, I0410. 5163:, Extended Data Table 2, I0410. 5091:, p. 4, Table 1, OC1_Meso. 4628: 4610: 4517:, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. 1824:Uyghurs from Horiqol township, 1614: 715:Basic phylogenetic tree for R1b 572:Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K 6865:Vadimovna TN (February 2015). 5866:Forensic Science International 4890: 4831: 3760:, gives the R1b patriarch the 2415:Distribution of R1b in Africa 1674:relatively high detail below. 820:, also found rarely elsewhere. 628:P295/PF5866/S8 (also known as 1: 6561:10.1080/03014460.2017.1409801 4640: 113:human Y-chromosome haplogroup 7927:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 7711:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430 6513:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.07.006 6442:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285 6359:(316): 85–95. Archived from 6217:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 5828:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 5495:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536 5103:, Extended Dataset 1.3, OC1. 4916:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006852 3879:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups 3804:Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia 2164:R-L51*/R-M412* (R1b1a1b1a*) 1884:at a rate of 92%, at 82% in 556: 502:Proto-Indo-European homeland 7: 5089:González-Fortes et al. 2017 5077:González-Fortes et al. 2017 3929: 3877:Phylogenetic tree of human 3825: 122:, as well as some parts of 10: 8776: 8388:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 8075:10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.317664 7761:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020 7391:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6 7236:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 7183:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0 7072:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 6817:10.1163/157338406780345899 6386:Acta Anthropologica Sinica 6056:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014 5101:Sánchez-Quinto et al. 2019 4461:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 4363: 4330: 4287: 4256: 4247: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4173: 4139: 4125: 4111: 4097: 4081: 4065: 3934: 3794:) are also members of R1b. 2019:and 1 out of 43 (2.3%) of 1835: 565: 412:c. 6450 BP carried R1b1b2. 18: 8187:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.023 8136:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060 7579:"Genetic History of Chad" 7509:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4 7496:Journal of Human Genetics 7333:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7 7014:10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5 6848:"Haplogrouop R1b (Y-DNA)" 6720:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 6693:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004 5995:Journal of Human Genetics 5603:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 5370:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z 4384: 4162: 4155: 4089: 4072: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3969: 3962: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3927: 3901:This article needs to be 3885: 3816: 3788:House of Holstein-Gottorp 3624: 3610: 3596: 3582: 3574: 3548: 2324: 2301: 2278: 2255: 2241: 2227: 2204: 2197: 2183: 2176: 2162: 2155: 2137: 2130: 2116: 2109: 1842:Genetic history of Europe 1594: 1057:Geographical distribution 987: 953: 943: 849: 839: 813: 803: 765: 755: 737: 730: 693:Internal structure of R1b 562:External phylogeny of R1b 358:c. 8700 BP carried R1b1c. 86: 71: 61: 50: 42: 33: 28: 7157:Allentoft, M.E. (2024). 6952:Croatian Medical Journal 5055:, Supplementary Table 1. 4625:who were M173+ and P25-. 4604: 3832:Atlantic modal haplotype 2015:, 2 out of 53 (3.8%) of 2011:, 4 out of 59 (6.8%) of 1965:, at a rate of 8% among 1717:suggested that Sengupta 1074:R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) 525:Indo-European migrations 508:; they also detected an 51:Possible place of origin 21:M-343 (Michigan highway) 16:Type of paternal lineage 8760:Human Y-DNA haplogroups 8656:10.1073/pnas.1818037116 8482:10.1126/science.aat7487 7450:10.1073/pnas.1800851115 6964:10.3325/cmj.2009.50.286 6773:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 6549:Annals of Human Biology 5444:10.1073/pnas.1100723108 5251:10.1126/science.aar7711 4865:10.1073/pnas.1518445113 4509:Between 2002 and 2008, 2257:R-A8051 (R1b1a1b1a1a4) 2243:R-S1194 (R1b1a1b1a1a3) 2185:R-L151* (R1b1a1b1a1a*) 1859:Indo-European expansion 1709:of Afghanistan and the 1364:North Eastern Europeans 984: M269/PF6517 940: P297/PF6398 727: M343/PF6242 576:The broader haplogroup 506:Indo-European languages 338:Zvejnieki burial ground 323:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer 298:culture setting in the 292:Western Hunter-Gatherer 250:Indo-European languages 103:), previously known as 43:Possible time of origin 6268:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13 6255:Investigative Genetics 3758:Origins of the British 2280:R-PF7589 (R1b1a1b1a2) 2229:R-P312 (R1b1a1b1a1a2) 2007:, 4 out of 50 (8%) of 1973:males and over 35% in 1854: 1729:(2011), Di Cristofaro 892:, Russia (including a 798:L754/PF6269/YSC0000022 784:, the UK, and the USA. 547:Linear Pottery culture 542: 475:Ancient North Eurasian 310:and belonged to R1b1a. 290:(individual I9030), a 273: 8368:Nature Communications 8173:(12): 1801–1810.e10. 8026:10.1038/ejhg.2017.128 7977:10.1038/ejhg.2013.211 7811:10.1093/molbev/msq247 7052:Nature Communications 6915:10.1038/ejhg.2011.192 6805:Iran and the Caucasus 5932:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231 5770:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146 5676:YFull YTree v10.00.00 5312:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106 3837:Genealogical DNA test 3790:(which originated in 3780:Nicholas II of Russia 2355:Afroasiatic languages 1852: 522: 477:sample from Siberia ( 473:has been found in an 315:Iron Gates Mesolithic 313:Several males of the 263: 7851:10.1038/ejhg.2015.80 7125:10.3390/ijms20225763 2326:R-PF7558 (R1b1a1b2) 2303:R-Z2103 (R1b1a1b1b) 2151:L51/M412/PF6536/S167 2093:as far as China and 1733:(2013), and Lippold 1634:Carpathian Mountains 1442:South-east Europeans 1312:North-west Europeans 1182:Central Sahel Region 256:Origin and dispersal 189:as well as parts of 8708:10.1038/nature17993 8700:2016Natur.534..200F 8647:2019PNAS..116.9469S 8604:10.1038/NATURE14317 8586:2015Natur.522..207H 8533:10.1038/nature25738 8525:2018Natur.555..190O 8439:10.1038/nature25778 8431:2018Natur.555..197M 8380:2020NatCo..11..939M 8337:10.1038/nature24476 8329:2017Natur.551..368L 8248:10.1038/nature14317 8240:2015Natur.522..207H 8179:2017CBio...27E1801G 8128:2017CBio...27..576J 7918:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 7702:2008PLoSO...3.1430C 7441:2018PNAS..115.6774F 7383:2023Natur.618..550S 7175:2024Natur.625..301A 7064:2020NatCo..11..939M 6685:2017JArSc..78...20O 6208:2013PLoSO...876748D 6109:10.1038/nature09103 6101:2010Natur.466..238B 6008:10.1038/jhg.2011.64 5819:2012PLoSO...741252G 5553:10.1038/nature25738 5545:2018Natur.555..190O 5435:2011PNAS..108.9788L 5362:2019Natur.570..182S 4856:2016PNAS..113..368C 4775:10.1038/nature14507 4767:2015Natur.522..167A 4684:10.1038/nature17993 4676:2016Natur.534..200F 4390:Y-DNA by population 4305: 3756:, in his 2007 book 3754:Stephen Oppenheimer 3742:, in his 2006 book 3626:R-V69 (R1b1b2a2a1) 2416: 2379:lactase persistence 2139:R-L23* (R1b1a1b1*) 2118:R-M269* (R1b1a1b*) 2001:Burzyansky District 1107: 898:Province of Salerno 717: 539:Sredny Stog culture 514:Neolithic Europeans 457:likely occurred in 368:An EHG buried near 294:(WHG), found in an 270:Proto-Indo-European 8755:Pre-Indo-Europeans 8476:(6457): eaat7487. 8288:10.1002/ajpa.23607 7595:10.1002/ajpa.23711 7553:10.1002/ajpa.20876 7293:10.1002/ajpa.23285 6314:10.1002/ajhb.23194 5963:Varzari A (2006). 5245:(6396): eaar7711. 5209:Marcus et al. 2020 4971:10.1101/gr.7172008 4430:10.1002/humu.22468 4156: 3937:Y-chromosomal Adam 3792:Schleswig-Holstein 3744:Blood of the Isles 3734:In popular culture 2659:Southern Egyptians 2531:Northern Egyptians 2414: 1855: 1105: 906:Dominican Republic 818:Sub-Saharan Africa 713: 543: 410:Carbonia, Sardinia 274: 272:, carried R1b-L23. 87:Defining mutations 8641:(19): 9469–9474. 8570:(7555): 207–211. 8519:(7695): 190–196. 8425:(7695): 197–203. 8323:(7680): 368–372. 8224:(7555): 207–211. 8020:(11): 1181–1188. 7885:. 5 August 2014. 7435:(26): 6774–6779. 7377:(7965): 550–556. 6644:Lobov AS (2009). 6485:978-0-521-54697-3 5973:10.5282/edoc.5868 5539:(7695): 190–196. 5356:(7760): 182–188. 4601: 4600: 4563:, 2017, "K-M2335" 4561:YFull YTree v5.08 4511:Haplogroup T-M184 4379: 4378: 4324: 4314: 4304: 4295: 4283: 4272: 4264: 4252: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4168: 4087: 4079: 4070: 4000: 3984: 3967: 3950: 3922: 3921: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3612:R-V35 (R1b1b2a1) 3566: 3565: 2563:Berbers from Siwa 2375:Neolithic farmers 2344: 2343: 2335: 2334: 2312: 2311: 2289: 2288: 2266: 2265: 2225:P312/PF6547/S116 2215: 2214: 1920:, 45% in Eastern 1838:Haplogroup R-M269 1612: 1611: 1546:North-east Asians 1520:South-east Asians 1416:Eastern Europeans 1338:Central Europeans 1286:Western Europeans 1133: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1031: 1030: 1022: 1021: 1013: 1012: 1004: 1003: 995: 985: 973: 951: 941: 929: 847: 836: 821: 811: 800: 785: 763: 753: 741: 728: 615:Phylogeny within 568:Haplogroup P-P295 494:Kurgan hypothesis 361:A male buried at 130:) and across the 94: 93: 8767: 8729: 8719: 8678: 8668: 8658: 8625: 8615: 8597: 8579: 8554: 8544: 8503: 8493: 8460: 8450: 8409: 8399: 8358: 8348: 8307: 8269: 8259: 8233: 8208: 8198: 8157: 8147: 8097: 8096: 8086: 8069:(9): 1198–1206. 8054: 8048: 8047: 8037: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7988: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7939: 7929: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7813: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7772: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7723: 7713: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7663: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7614: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7511: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7470: 7452: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7402: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7345: 7335: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7247: 7230:(6): 1316–1324. 7221: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7194: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7127: 7103: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7026: 7016: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6975: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6926: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6878: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6775: 6751: 6740: 6739: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6652: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6598: 6589: 6588: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6454: 6444: 6420: 6411: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6365: 6350: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6270: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6229: 6219: 6187: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6095:(7303): 238–42. 6084: 6078: 6077: 6067: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6010: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5943: 5911: 5900: 5899: 5889: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5840: 5830: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5749: 5718: 5717: 5706: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5655: 5644: 5643: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5586: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5497: 5488:(11): e1000536. 5473: 5467: 5466: 5456: 5446: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5381: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5291: 5285: 5282:Haak et al. 2015 5279: 5273: 5272: 5262: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5173:Haak et al. 2015 5170: 5164: 5161:Haak et al. 2015 5158: 5152: 5149:Haak et al. 2015 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4982: 4950: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4918: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4877: 4867: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4761:(7555): 167–72. 4746: 4737: 4734:Haak et al. 2015 4731: 4714: 4713: 4703: 4655: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4614: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4573: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4413: 4320: 4310: 4298: 4290: 4278: 4268: 4259: 4248: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4164: 4083: 4074: 4066: 3996: 3980: 3963: 3946: 3930: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3811:House of Bourbon 3784:House of Romanov 3584:R-V88* (R1b1b*) 3577: 3576: 3569: 3568: 2499:Mozabite Berbers 2417: 2413: 2200: 2199: 2179: 2178: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2133: 2132: 2128:L23/PF6534/S141 2112: 2111: 2104: 2103: 1904:), about 60% in 1832:R1b1a1b (R-M269) 1739:Haplogroup Q-M25 1127: 1108: 1104: 1086:of southeastern 989: 983: 955: 949: 946: 945: 939: 866:Southern Finland 851: 845: 842: 841: 835: 832: 815: 809: 806: 805: 799: 796: 767: 761: 758: 757: 752: L278 751: 739: 733: 732: 726: 723: 722: 718: 325:(EHG) admixture. 38: 26: 25: 8775: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8740: 8739: 8732: 8694:(7606): 200–5. 8167:Current Biology 8116:Current Biology 8105: 8100: 8055: 8051: 8006: 8002: 7965:Eur J Hum Genet 7957: 7953: 7898: 7894: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7831: 7827: 7790: 7786: 7741: 7737: 7682: 7678: 7646:(5): 1197–214. 7632: 7628: 7575: 7571: 7537: 7533: 7488: 7484: 7420: 7416: 7363: 7359: 7312: 7308: 7273: 7269: 7219: 7212: 7208: 7155: 7151: 7104: 7097: 7044: 7040: 6993: 6989: 6944: 6940: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6876: 6863: 6859: 6844: 6840: 6801: 6797: 6752: 6743: 6704: 6700: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6603:Nature Genetics 6599: 6592: 6540: 6536: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6472: 6468: 6435:(1): e1000285. 6421: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6382: 6378: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6348: 6341: 6337: 6298: 6294: 6247: 6243: 6188: 6181: 6136: 6132: 6085: 6081: 6036: 6032: 5987: 5980: 5961: 5957: 5912: 5903: 5858: 5854: 5799: 5795: 5750: 5721: 5710:"R-V1636 YTree" 5708: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5670: 5657: 5656: 5647: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5587: 5578: 5525: 5521: 5474: 5470: 5429:(24): 9788–91. 5415: 5411: 5341: 5337: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5079:, pp. 8–9. 5075: 5071: 5067:, pp. 2–3. 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4959:Genome Research 4951: 4942: 4909:(7): e1006852. 4895: 4891: 4836: 4832: 4805: 4798: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4717: 4670:(7606): 200–5. 4656: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4457: 4453: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4380: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3881: 3875: 3828: 3819: 3801: 3736: 3684: 3668: 3645: 3636: 3598:R-M18 (R1b1b1) 2886:Nigeria (South) 2854:Nigeria (North) 2822:Nigeria (North) 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2350: 2345: 2336: 2313: 2290: 2267: 2216: 2153: 2150: 2036:North Macedonia 1844: 1836:Main articles: 1834: 1680: 1678:R1b1a1a (R-M73) 1667: 1665:R1b1a1 (R-P297) 1658: 1642: 1617: 1260:Southern Africa 1156:Northern Africa 1147: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1118: 1064: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1023: 1014: 1005: 950: M73 837: 833: 801: 797: 695: 574: 566:Main articles: 564: 559: 498:Marija Gimbutas 435:Yamnaya culture 417:Baalberge group 390:male buried at 379:male buried at 302:valley (modern 258: 248:along with the 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8773: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8731: 8730: 8679: 8626: 8595:10.1101/013433 8555: 8504: 8461: 8410: 8359: 8308: 8270: 8209: 8158: 8122:(4): 576–582. 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8049: 8000: 7971:(5): 681–687. 7951: 7892: 7874: 7825: 7784: 7755:(4): 873–882. 7735: 7676: 7652:10.1086/340257 7626: 7589:(4): 804–812. 7569: 7547:(3): 316–323. 7531: 7502:(9): 435–441. 7482: 7414: 7357: 7306: 7287:(2): 424–434. 7267: 7206: 7149: 7118:(5763): 5763. 7095: 7038: 7001:Genome Biology 6987: 6938: 6889: 6886:on 2017-04-02. 6857: 6838: 6811:(2): 191–208. 6795: 6741: 6698: 6663: 6660:on 2011-08-16. 6636: 6609:(3): 358–361. 6590: 6534: 6491: 6484: 6466: 6412: 6403: 6376: 6355:(in Russian). 6335: 6292: 6241: 6202:(10): e76748. 6179: 6156:10.1086/499411 6130: 6079: 6030: 5978: 5955: 5901: 5852: 5793: 5719: 5701: 5690: 5679: 5668: 5645: 5624: 5591:Human Genetics 5576: 5519: 5468: 5409: 5335: 5286: 5274: 5225: 5221:Mathieson 2018 5213: 5201: 5197:Mathieson 2018 5189: 5185:Mathieson 2018 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5137:Mathieson 2018 5129: 5125:Mathieson 2018 5117: 5113:Mathieson 2018 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5065:Mathieson 2018 5057: 5053:Mathieson 2018 5045: 5041:Mathieson 2018 5033: 5018: 5014:Mathieson 2018 5006: 5002:Mathieson 2018 4994: 4940: 4889: 4830: 4817:10.1101/016477 4796: 4738: 4715: 4692:10211.3/198594 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4627: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4451: 4418:Human Mutation 4407: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4306: 4296: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4080: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3900: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3800: 3799:Notable People 3797: 3796: 3795: 3776: 3773:Ural Mountains 3771:epic from the 3765: 3751: 3735: 3732: 3683: 3682:R1b2 (R-PH155) 3680: 3667: 3666:R1b1b1 (R-M18) 3664: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398:Cameroon (Sth) 3396: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366:Cameroon (Nth) 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3334:Cameroon (Nth) 3332: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3302:Cameroon (Nth) 3300: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270:Cameroon (Nth) 3268: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3238:Cameroon (Nth) 3236: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3206:Cameroon (Nth) 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174:Cameroon (Nth) 3172: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142:Cameroon (Nth) 3140: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3110:Cameroon (Nth) 3108: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3078:Cameroon (Nth) 3076: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3046:Cameroon (Nth) 3044: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3014:Cameroon (Nth) 3012: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2982:Cameroon (Nth) 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2950:Cameroon (Nth) 2948: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2918:Cameroon (Nth) 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2299:CTS1078/Z2103 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2239:AM01876/S1194 2236: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2195:M405/U106/S21 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2076:Haplogroup G2a 2054:of south-east 2023:were R1b-L23. 1993: 1992: 1989: 1951:Canary Islands 1833: 1830: 1679: 1676: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1656:R1b1a (R-L389) 1654: 1641: 1638: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1234:Eastern Africa 1232: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208:Western Africa 1206: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1076: 1075: 1063: 1062:R1b* (R-M343*) 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 992:Western Europe 986: 980: 979: 976: 975: 952: 944: 942: 936: 935: 932: 931: 848: 840: 838: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 812: 804: 802: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 764: 756: 754: 748: 747: 744: 743: 736: 731: 729: 721: 694: 691: 690: 689: 688: 687: 686: 685: 684: 683: 682: 681: 675: 653: 622: 621: 605:Southeast Asia 563: 560: 558: 555: 551:Beaker culture 535:Samara culture 500:regarding the 459:Southeast Asia 439: 438: 431: 422:A male of the 420: 415:A male of the 413: 406: 399: 384: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 340:in modern-day 336:buried in the 332:and Neolithic 326: 311: 257: 254: 179:Eastern Europe 136:Central Africa 120:Western Europe 97:Haplogroup R1b 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 82: 81: 78: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 30: 29:Haplogroup R1b 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8772: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8738: 8737: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8282:(1): 97–107. 8281: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8107: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7804:(1): 717–27. 7803: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7100: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6958:(3): 286–95. 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6909:(3): 313–20. 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6846:Maciamo Hay. 6842: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6766:(7): 867–76. 6765: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6656: 6649: 6648: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6615:10.1038/81685 6612: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6595: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6507:(3): e49-52. 6506: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6417: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6392:(1): 146–56. 6391: 6387: 6380: 6366:on 2021-09-23 6362: 6358: 6354: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6308:(6): e23194. 6307: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6184: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6150:(2): 202–21. 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6050:(2): 229–46. 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5983: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5813:(7): e41252. 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764:(1): 95–101. 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5714:www.yfull.com 5711: 5705: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5597:(2): 127–48. 5596: 5592: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5344:(June 2019). 5339: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5306:(3): 369–73. 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4903:PLOS Genetics 4900: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850:(2): 368–73. 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4587: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4424:(2): 187–91. 4423: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4302: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4271: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4167: 4159: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3916: 3913:February 2021 3904: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3427:Biaka Pygmies 3426: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2409:Baggara Arabs 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2348:R1b1b (R-V88) 2340: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2276:PF7589/Z2118 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2061:Ararat Valley 2057: 2056:Bashkortostan 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2030:, especially 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912:, 50% in the 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1863:Yamna culture 1860: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1651: 1650:Epigravettian 1647: 1640:R1b1 (R-L754) 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1124: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068:peer-reviewed 1045: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1009: 1008: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 982: 981: 978: 977: 974: 971: 967: 963: 959: 948: 947: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 844: 843: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 819: 808: 807: 794: 793: 790: 789: 786: 783: 779: 775: 771: 760: 759: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 735: 734: 725: 724: 720: 719: 716: 711: 708: 704: 700: 679: 676: 673: 670: 669: 667: 664: 663: 661: 657: 654: 651: 647: 644: 643: 641: 637: 634: 633: 631: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 614: 613: 612: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 573: 569: 554: 552: 548: 540: 536: 532: 531: 526: 521: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 436: 432: 429: 425: 424:Botai culture 421: 418: 414: 411: 407: 404: 400: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 364: 360: 357: 353: 350: 346: 343: 339: 335: 334:Narva culture 331: 330:Kunda culture 327: 324: 320: 316: 312: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:Epigravettian 293: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 279: 271: 267: 266:Yamna culture 262: 253: 251: 247: 246:Pontic Steppe 243: 238: 236: 235:Western China 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 89: 85: 79: 76: 75: 74: 70: 67: 64: 60: 56: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 32: 27: 22: 8750:Haplogroup R 8733: 8691: 8687: 8638: 8634: 8567: 8563: 8516: 8512: 8473: 8469: 8422: 8418: 8371: 8367: 8320: 8316: 8279: 8275: 8221: 8217: 8170: 8166: 8119: 8115: 8103:Bibliography 8066: 8062: 8052: 8017: 8013: 8003: 7968: 7964: 7954: 7912:(3): e4838. 7909: 7905: 7895: 7877: 7845:(3): 442–9. 7842: 7838: 7828: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7696:(1): e1430. 7693: 7689: 7679: 7643: 7639: 7629: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7564: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7432: 7428: 7417: 7374: 7370: 7360: 7323: 7320:BMC Genomics 7319: 7309: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7227: 7223: 7209: 7166: 7162: 7152: 7115: 7111: 7055: 7051: 7041: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6881:the original 6872: 6867: 6860: 6851: 6841: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6763: 6759: 6714:(3): 251–5. 6711: 6707: 6701: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6655:the original 6646: 6639: 6606: 6602: 6555:(1): 44–56. 6552: 6548: 6537: 6521:11573/226727 6504: 6500: 6494: 6475: 6469: 6432: 6429:PLOS Biology 6428: 6406: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6368:. Retrieved 6361:the original 6356: 6352: 6338: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6199: 6195: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6001:(8): 583–8. 5998: 5994: 5964: 5958: 5926:(7): 800–7. 5923: 5919: 5872:(1): 14–20. 5869: 5865: 5855: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5761: 5757: 5713: 5704: 5693: 5682: 5671: 5662: 5639: 5594: 5590: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5485: 5482:PLOS Biology 5481: 5471: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5379:1887/3198847 5353: 5349: 5338: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5284:, p. 5. 5277: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5009: 4997: 4965:(5): 830–8. 4962: 4958: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4808: 4758: 4754: 4667: 4663: 4630: 4612: 4586: 4577: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4454: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4267: 4210: 3910: 3902: 3820: 3808: 3802: 3757: 3743: 3716: 3685: 3669: 3653: 3646: 3625: 3611: 3597: 3583: 3139:Other Chadic 2406: 2391: 2371: 2367:Green Sahara 2363: 2351: 2325: 2302: 2279: 2256: 2242: 2228: 2205: 2184: 2174:L151/PF6542 2163: 2138: 2117: 2107:M269/PF6517 2099: 2091:Central Asia 2083:North Africa 2080: 2069: 2025: 1994: 1979: 1942:North Africa 1879: 1867: 1856: 1845: 1828:, Xinjiang. 1810: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1769: 1767: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1646:Villabruna 1 1643: 1622: 1618: 1615:R1b (R-L278) 1494:South Asians 1100: 1096: 1081: 1077: 1070:literature. 1065: 988: 966:Central Asia 954: 890:Saudi Arabia 850: 834:L389/PF6531 814: 766: 738: 714: 699:phylogenetic 696: 677: 659: 649: 639: 629: 616: 598: 575: 544: 528: 491: 440: 428:Central Asia 363:Lepenski Vir 288:Villabruna 1 282: 275: 239: 203: 199:Central Asia 191:North Africa 187:Central Asia 183:Western Asia 176: 117: 108: 104: 100: 96: 95: 80:R1b2 (PH155) 55:Western Asia 7674:, pp. 13–14 4623:Fula people 3740:Bryan Sykes 3241:NC/Atlantic 3171:Shuwa Arabs 2857:NC/Atlantic 2729:NC/Atlantic 2627:Gurna Oasis 2423:Population 2087:Middle East 2034:with 7.9%, 1980:Apart from 1924:and 42% in 1914:Netherlands 1826:Awat County 1682:Malyarchuk 1572:East Asians 1468:West Asians 1148:(R1b1a1a1) 1143:(R1b1a1a2) 1128:(unreliable 902:Puerto Rico 894:Tomsk Tatar 846: V1636 638:M45 (a.k.a. 396:Epi-Cardial 172:Hausa Tribe 72:Descendants 8744:Categories 8577:1502.02783 8374:(1): 939. 8231:1502.02783 7326:(1): 915. 7058:(1): 939. 6370:2021-11-20 5029:Jones 2017 4811:: 016477. 4641:References 3702:, Turkey, 3700:Tajikistan 3580:undefined 3369:NC/Adamawa 3337:NC/Adamawa 3305:NC/Adamawa 3273:NC/Adamawa 3209:NS/Saharan 3177:AA/Semitic 2793:NS/Sudanic 2697:NS/Songhai 2665:AA/Semitic 2633:AA/Semitic 2601:AA/Semitic 2537:AA/Semitic 2457:R1b1b2a2a1 1947:Punta Azul 1763:Kabardians 1130:marker for 1122:Total R1b 1111:Continent 1088:Kazakhstan 778:Tajikistan 479:Mal'ta boy 443:haplogroup 377:Eneolithic 227:Tajikistan 195:South Asia 152:Mauritania 138:, namely: 126:(e.g. the 8304:205337212 7603:0002-9483 7459:0027-8424 7007:(1): 20. 6833:162345193 6679:: 20–28. 6569:1464-5033 5663:isogg.org 5640:isogg.org 5404:174809069 5388:1476-4687 4568:PhyloTree 4403:Footnotes 3730:, India. 3523:Composite 3492:Composite 3461:Composite 3395:Composite 3145:AA/Chadic 3113:AA/Chadic 3081:AA/Chadic 3049:AA/Chadic 3017:AA/Chadic 2985:AA/Chadic 2953:AA/Chadic 2921:AA/Chadic 2889:NC/Defoid 2825:AA/Chadic 2761:AA/Berber 2569:AA/Berber 2505:AA/Berber 2467:Composite 2454:(R-V88*) 2449:(R-M269) 2429:Language 2072:Ergolding 2038:5.1% and 2017:Besermyan 1997:Idel-Ural 1949:, in the 1916:, 47% in 1908:, 50% in 1896:, 60% in 1892:, 68% in 1888:, 70% in 1755:Karachays 1652:culture. 557:Structure 510:autosomal 392:Els Trocs 388:Neolithic 381:Khvalynsk 8726:27135931 8675:30988179 8622:25731166 8551:29466337 8500:31488661 8457:29466330 8406:32094358 8355:29144465 8296:29900529 8266:25731166 8205:28552360 8154:28162894 8093:35861954 8044:28853720 7995:24105374 7946:19277206 7906:PLOS ONE 7887:Archived 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