Meat - Knowledge

2890: 2584: 1469: 2569: 2363: 2984: 1182: 2976: 2375: 3043: 1457: 2417: 9392: 2393: 1934: 1950: 2405: 643: 1168: 655: 2599: 2629: 2644: 901: 9577: 627: 1965: 2614: 10861: 3391: 2734:(WHO), classified processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) as, "carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer." IARC classified red meat as "probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A), based on limited evidence that the consumption of red meat causes cancer in humans and strong mechanistic evidence supporting a carcinogenic effect." 2446:

included it in their diet regularly and 14% consumed meat only occasionally or infrequently. Estimates of the non-meat diets were analysed. About 3% of people followed vegan diets, where consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy are abstained from. About 5% of people followed vegetarian diets, where consumption of meat is abstained from, but egg and/or dairy consumption is not strictly restricted. About 3% of people followed

612: 10850: 9571: 42: 2771:(HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute published results of a study which found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done. While eating muscle meat raw may be the only way to avoid HCAs fully, the 819:, are better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in excess. Because producing high-quality protein animal feed is expensive, several techniques are employed or experimented with to ensure maximum utilization of protein. These include the treatment of feed with 560:

farming of beef and dairy cattle and domestic pigs. Intensive animal farming became globalized in the later years of the 20th century, replacing traditional stock rearing in countries around the world. In 1990 intensive animal farming accounted for 30% of world meat production and by 2005, this had risen to 40%.

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The environmental impact of meat production can be reduced on the farm by conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops. Manure from meat-producing livestock is used as fertilizer; it may be composted before application to food crops. Substitution of animal manures for synthetic fertilizers in

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Meat production continues to be shaped by the demands of customers. The trend towards selling meat in pre-packaged cuts has increased the demand for larger breeds of cattle, better suited to producing such cuts. Animals not previously exploited for their meat are now being farmed, including mammals

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study of 16–64 years olds in 28 countries. Ipsos states "An omnivorous diet is the most common diet globally, with non-meat diets (which can include fish) followed by over a tenth of the global population." Approximately 87% of people include meat in their diet in some frequency. 73% of meat eaters

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In the nineteenth century, meat consumption in Britain was the highest in Europe, exceeded only by that in British colonies. In the 1830s consumption per head in Britain was about 34 kilograms (75 lb) a year, rising to 59 kilograms (130 lb) in 1912. In 1904, laborers consumed 39 kilograms

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has increased from the 20th to the 21st centuries. Poultry meat has increased by 76.6% per kilo per capita and pig meat by 19.7%. Bovine meat has decreased from 10.4 kg (22 lb 15 oz) per capita in 1990 to 9.6 kg (21 lb 3 oz) per capita in 2009. FAO analysis found that

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are removed, leaving only bones and edible muscle. Cattle and pig carcases, but not those of sheep, are then split in half along the mid ventral axis, and the carcase is cut into wholesale pieces. The dressing and cutting sequence, long a province of manual labor, is being progressively automated.

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Over the past week, representatives from the world's governments have fine-tuned the summary for policymakers, which includes remedial scenarios, such as "transformative change" across all areas of government, revised trade rules, massive investments in forests and other green infrastructure, and

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Heat regulation in livestock is of economic significance, as mammals attempt to maintain a constant optimal body temperature. Low temperatures tend to prolong animal development and high temperatures tend to delay it. Depending on their size, body shape and insulation through tissue and fur, some

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Meat production is by far the biggest user of land, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface. Just in the contiguous United States, 34% of its land area (265 million hectares or 654 million acres) are used as pasture and rangeland, mostly feeding livestock, not counting

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The biochemical composition of meat varies in complex ways depending on the species, breed, sex, age, plane of nutrition, training and exercise of the animal, as well as on the anatomical location of the musculature involved. Even between animals of the same litter and sex there are considerable

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to increase animal production. The effect was to raise output at the cost of increased inputs such as of animal feed and veterinary medicines, as well as of animal disease and environmental pollution. In 1966, the United States, the United Kingdom and other industrialized nations, began factory

2712:. Toxins may be introduced to meat as part of animal feed, as veterinary drug residues, or during processing and cooking. Such compounds are often metabolized in the body to form harmful by-products. Negative effects depend on the individual genome, diet, and history of the consumer. 2335:(87 lb) a year while aristocrats ate 140 kilograms (300 lb). There were some 43,000 butcher's shops in Britain in 1910, with "possibly more money invested in the meat industry than in any other British business" except finance. The US was a meat importing country by 1926. 1840:

Under hygienic conditions and without other treatment, meat can be stored at above its freezing point (−1.5 °C) for about six weeks without spoilage, during which time it undergoes an aging process that increases its tenderness and flavor. During the first day after death,

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diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet Earth... far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car". However, this is often ignored in the public consciousness and in plans to tackle serious environmental issues such as the

9184: 1271:. Decades of breeding meat animals for fatness is being reversed by consumer demand for leaner meat. The fatty deposits near the muscle fibers in meats soften meat when it is cooked, improve its flavor, and make the meat seem juicier. Fat around meat further contains 2966:

Environmental effects vary among livestock production systems. Grazing of livestock can be beneficial for some wildlife species, but not for others. Targeted grazing of livestock is used as a food-producing alternative to herbicide use in some vegetation management.

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meat products has "exploded the global carbon footprint of agriculture," according to some top scientists. Meat production is responsible for some 35% of global emissions of greenhouse gases, and 60% of the greenhouse gases attributable to food production.

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found that around 15 percent of the US population suffers from foodborne illnesses every year. The investigation highlighted unsanitary conditions in US-based meat plants, which included meat products covered in excrement and abscesses "filled with pus".

854:, cattle are fed additional phosphate to increase the efficiency of beef production. Also in Australia, cattle and sheep in certain areas were often found losing their appetite and dying in the midst of rich pasture; this was found to be a result of 5941: 2330:

found, based on the funerary record, that high-meat protein diets were extremely rare, and that (contrary to previously held assumptions) elites did not consume more meat than non-elites, and men did not consume more meat than women.

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asked men and teenage boys to increase their consumption of vegetables or other underconsumed foods (fruits, whole grains, and dairy) while reducing intake of protein foods (meats, poultry, and eggs) that they currently overconsume.

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Giosuè, Annalisa; Calabrese, Ilaria; Riccardi, Gabriele; Vaccaro, Olga; Vitale, Marilena (2022). "Consumption of different animal-based foods and risk of type 2 diabetes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective studies".

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Truncated lifespan as a result of intensive breeding allows more meat to be produced from fewer animals. The world cattle population was about 600 million in 1929, with 700 million sheep and goats and 300 million pigs.

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is now routinely used to produce animals of the best possible genetic quality, and the efficiency of this method is improved through the administration of hormones that synchronize the ovulation cycles within groups of females.

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Xu, Xiaoming; Sharma, Prateek; Shu, Shijie; Lin, Tzu-Shun; Ciais, Philippe; Tubiello, Francesco N.; et al. (September 2021). "Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods".

3079:'s (UNEP) international panel for sustainable resource management, a worldwide transition in the direction of a meat and dairy free diet is indispensable if adverse global climate change were to be prevented. A 2019 report in 3065:

Some nations show very different impacts to counterparts within the same group, with Brazil and Australia having emissions over 200% higher than the average of their respective income groups, driven by meat consumption.

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in their "Diet and Physical Activity Guideline", stated "evidence that red and processed meats increase cancer risk has existed for decades, and many health organizations recommend limiting or avoiding these foods." The

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in the 1980s, the fat content of United Kingdom beef, pork and lamb fell from 20–26 percent to 4–8 percent within a few decades, due to both selective breeding for leanness and changed methods of butchery. Methods of

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state that it is the "massive planetary monopoly of industrial meat production that needs to be curbed" while respecting the cultural traditions of indigenous peoples, for whom meat is an important source of protein.

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Although among many Indigenous populations, meat consumption represents a cultural tradition and a source of protein, it is the massive planetary monopoly of industrial meat production that needs to be

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The consumption of meat, especially red and processed meat, causes health effects including increased risks of cancer, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. Meat production is a major contributor to

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A 2021 review found an increase of 11–51% risk of multiple cancer per 100g/d increment of red meat, and an increase of 8–72% risk of multiple cancer per 50g/d increment of processed meat.

2963:. Cattle farming was estimated to be responsible for 80 per cent of Amazon deforestation in 2008 due to the clearing of forests to grow animal feed (especially soya) and cattle ranching. 6519:

Clifford, Katie; Desai, Darash; Prazeres da Costa, Clarissa; Meyer, Hannelore; Klohe, Katharina; Winkler, Andrea; Rahman, Tanvir; Islam, Taohidul; Zaman, Muhammad H (September 1, 2018).

999:, an international trade dispute. It may decrease the tenderness of meat, although research on this is inconclusive, and have other effects on the composition of the muscle flesh. Where 4021: 3140:

Meat consumption is predicted to rise as the human population increases and becomes more affluent; this in turn would increase greenhouse gas emissions and further reduce biodiversity.

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diets, where consumption of the meat of land animals is abstained from, fish meat and other seafood is consumed, and egg and/or dairy consumption may or may not be strictly restricted.

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in pigs. Draining as much blood as possible from the carcass is necessary because blood causes the meat to have an unappealing appearance and is a breeding ground for microorganisms.

2889: 8141: 3071: 118:, and fat. Its quality is affected by many factors, including the genetics and nutritional status of the animal involved. It is edible raw, but is normally eaten cooked, such as by 8110: 7046: 3149:

crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 MJ of fossil fuel energy are used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.

3901: 5681: 3129: 1468: 2877:, consumers have altered their consumption of various meats. Consumption of beef in the United States between 1970 and 1974 and 1990–1994 dropped by 21%, while consumption of 7378:

Rajão, Raoni; Soares-Filho, Britaldo; Nunes, Felipe; Börner, Jan; Machado, Lilian; Assis, Débora; et al. (July 17, 2020). "The rotten apples of Brazil's agribusiness".

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is attributable to meat-based diets, in particular from the use of land for feed crops, resulting in large-scale loss of habitats and species. Livestock make up 60% of the

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Rozin, Paul; Hormes, Julia M.; Faith, Myles S.; Wansink, Brian (October 2012). "Is Meat Male? A Quantitative Multimethod Framework to Establish Metaphoric Relationships".

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of commercially important meat animals such as sheep, pig or cattle has been successful. Multiple asexual reproduction of animals bearing desirable traits is anticipated.

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zu Ermgassen, Erasmus K. H. J.; Godar, Javier; Lathuillière, Michael J.; Löfgren, Pernilla; Gardner, Toby; Vasconcelos, André; Meyfroidt, Patrick (December 15, 2020).

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The type of meat consumed varies between different cultures. The amount and kind of meat consumed varies by income, both between countries and within a given country.

8164: 6178: 4731: 3545:. By and large, at least in modern societies, men tend to consume more meat than women, and men often prefer red meat whereas women tend to prefer chicken and fish. 2897:

Except for poultry, at 50 g/day unprocessed red and processed meat are risk factors for ischemic heart disease, increasing the risk by about 9 and 18% respectively.

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chickens are bred to be very large and to grow rapidly. Broilers often have leg deformities and become lame, and many die from the stress of handling and transport.

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Willett, Walter; Rockström, Johan; Tilman, David; Godfray, H. Charles J.; Fanzo, Jess; Loken, Brent; Rayner, Mike; Scarborough, Peter; Zurayk, Rami (October 2018).

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Huang Y, Cao D, Chen Z, Chen B, Li J, Guo J, Dong Q, Liu L, Wei Q (September 2021). "Red and processed meat consumption and cancer outcomes: Umbrella review".

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Schurgers, L.J.; Vermeer, C. (2000). "Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in food. Effect of food matrix on circulating vitamin K concentrations".

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helped export meat-eating across the globe, as colonized peoples took up the culinary habits of their colonizers, which they associated with wealth and power.

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Murray, Christopher JL; Ikuta, Kevin Shunji; Sharara, Fablina; Swetschinski, Lucien; Aguilar, Gisela Robles; Gray, Authia; et al. (January 19, 2022).

4135: 8301: 7917: 7069: 5312: 3989: 3525:, indicates that men are much more likely to participate in preparing meat than other food. This has been attributed to the influence of traditional male 2568: 1885:

in a contracted position, actin and myosin filaments overlap and cross-bond, resulting in meat that becomes tough when cooked. Over time, muscle proteins

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of animal, the way in which the animal was raised, what it was fed, the part of the body, and the methods of butchering and cooking. Wild animals such as

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Turner, E. 2005. "Results of a recent analysis of horse remains dating to the Magdalenian period at Solutre, France," pp. 70–89. In Mashkour, M (ed.).

17: 8338: 3219:, and other alternatives, such as those based on mushrooms, legumes (pulses), and other food sources. Land previously used for meat production can be 1021:

to certain animals increases growth rates. This practice is particularly prevalent in the US, but has been banned in the EU, partly because it causes

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Launchbaugh, K. (ed.) 2006. Targeted Grazing: a natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement. American Sheep Industry. 199 pp.

5178: 5621: 4866: 1757:. Unnecessary stress in transport may adversely affect the quality of the meat. In particular, the muscles of stressed animals are low in water and 7255: 7005: 6731:

Mehdi, Youcef; Létourneau-Montminy, Marie-Pierre; Gaucher, Marie-Lou; Chorfi, Younes; Suresh, Gayatri; Rouissi, Tarek; et al. (June 1, 2018).

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contains more broad fibers that tend to work in short fast bursts, such as the brief flight of the chicken. The meat of adult mammals such as

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Elferink, E.V.; Nonhebel, S.; Moll, H.C. (2008). "Feeding livestock food residue and the consequences for the environmental impact of meat".

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158 million hectares (391 million acres) of cropland (20%), some of which is used for producing feed for livestock. Roughly 75% of

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Keller, Carmen; Seigrist, Michael (January 2015). "Does personality influence eating styles and food choices? Direct and indirect effects".

5825: 3368:" between meat and dead animals; for instance, calves' eyes are no longer considered a delicacy as in the Middle Ages, but provoke disgust. 1133:, reddish oxymyoglobin develops, making myoglobin-rich meat appear red. The redness of meat depends on species, animal age, and fiber type: 7673:

Borrelli, Pasquale; Robinson, David A.; Panagos, Panos; Lugato, Emanuele; Yang, Jae E.; Alewell, Christine; et al. (August 20, 2020).

8133: 1927:, a breakdown product of ATP, contributes to meat's flavor and odor, as do other products of the decomposition of muscle fat and protein. 976:

infertility is a common problem – possibly due to excessive fatness. No methods currently exist to augment the fertility of male animals.

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called for significantly reducing meat consumption, particularly in wealthy countries, in order to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

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Craig, Winston J.; Mangels, Ann Reed; Fresán, Ujué; Marsh, Kate; Miles, Fayth L.; Saunders, Angela V.; et al. (November 19, 2021).

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Increase the water-binding and emulsifying ability of meat proteins, limit lipid oxidation and flavor loss, and reduce microbial growth.

1086:, form the muscle's overall structure and enable it to deliver power, consuming ATP in the process. The remaining protein mass includes 6812: 5672: 3897: 3631: 8650: 7847:

Behrens, Paul; Jong, Jessica C. Kiefte-de; Bosker, Thijs; Rodrigues, João F.D.; Koning, Arjan de; Tukker, Arnold (December 19, 2017).

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to the slaughterhouse. Depending on its length and circumstances, this may exert stress and injuries on the animals, and some may die

808:, i.e., whether it is over- or underfed. Scientists disagree about how exactly the plane of nutrition influences carcase composition. 8496:

Sun, Zhongxiao; Scherer, Laura; Tukker, Arnold; Spawn-Lee, Seth A.; Bruckner, Martin; Gibbs, Holly K.; Behrens, Paul (January 2022).

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A multitude of serious negative environmental effects are associated with meat production. Among these are greenhouse gas emissions,

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357 million tonnes of meat were produced in 2021, 53% more than in 2000, with chicken meat representing more than half the increase.

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are hunted, partly for their flesh, in several countries. Misidentification is a risk; in 2013, products in Europe labelled as beef

1456: 7824: 6946: 3124: 1949: 1791:(bled out). Death results from the one or the other procedure, depending on the methods employed. Stunning can be effected through 925: 8596:

Humpenöder, Florian; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Linder, Tomas; Popp, Alexander (May 2022).

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Steinfeld, H. et al. 2006, Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Livestock, Environment and Development, FAO.

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MacHugh, David E.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (2017). "Taming the Past: Ancient DNA and the Study of Animal Domestication".

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calling for a drastic reduction in per capita consumption of meat and "dietary shifts towards mostly plant-based foods". The 2019

1275:. The increase in meat consumption after 1960 is associated with significant imbalances of fat and cholesterol in the human diet. 6077: 6029:

Rock, Cheryl L.; Thomson, Cynthia; Gansler, Ted; Gapstur, Susan M.; McCullough, Marjorie L.; Patel, Alpa V.; et al. (2020).

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disagreed; Rousseau argued that meat-eating is a social rather than a natural act, because children are not interested in meat.

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from poultry meat production is a threat to human health. Furthermore, the use of antibiotics in meat production contributes to

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regions. Historically, dog meat has been consumed in various parts of the world, such as Hawaii, Japan, Switzerland and Mexico.

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Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; et al. (2021).

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Bartlett, Harriet; Holmes, Mark A.; Petrovan, Silviu O.; Williams, David R.; Wood, James L. N.; Balmford, Andrew (June 2022).

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report asserted that a shift towards plant-based diets would free up land for the restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity.

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of grown tropical forest ecosystems which substantially mitigate climate change. Land use is a major pressure on pressure on

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Zhang, X.; et al. (2022). "Red/processed meat consumption and non-cancer-related outcomes in humans: umbrella review".

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of all mammals on earth, followed by humans (36%) and wild mammals (4%). In November 2017, 15,364 world scientists signed a

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are used to protect or modify its flavor or color, to improve its tenderness, juiciness or cohesiveness, or to aid with its

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drew on Aristotle to argue that the universe's natural hierarchy allows humans to eat animals, and animals to eat plants.

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in 1066: while the animals retained their English names, their meat as brought to the tables of the invaders was named in

7102: 4078:"Understanding the relative risks of zoonosis emergence under contrasting approaches to meeting livestock product demand" 3984: 3786: 811:

The composition of the diet, especially the amount of protein provided, is an important factor regulating animal growth.

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Source: Xu, et al., 2021, 'Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods'

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is used to improve control over male animals, its side effects can be counteracted by the administration of hormones.

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Machovina, B.; Feeley, K.J.; Ripple, W.J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption".

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Meat is part of the human diet in most cultures, where it often has symbolic meaning and important social functions.

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resolves. These changes mean that meat is tender and pliable when cooked just after death or after the resolution of

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After exsanguination, the carcass is dressed; that is, the head, feet, hide (except hogs and some veal), excess fat,

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proteins, about 5.5 percent of mass). There are several hundred sarcoplasmic proteins. Most of them – the glycolytic

4709: 3274:. Some people, while not vegetarians, refuse to eat the flesh of certain animals for cultural or religious reasons. 5566: 2915:

use, water use, water quality changes, and effects on grazed ecosystems. They are so significant that according to

2709: 2671: 1881:. This in turn lowers the meat's water-holding capacity, so the meat loses water or "weeps". In muscles that enter 10574: 5014: 3360:

only the edible parts are served, which are no longer recognizably part of an animal. Modern eaters, according to

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techniques can shorten breeding programs significantly because they allow for the identification and isolation of

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Complete cooking and the careful avoidance of recontamination reduce the risk of bacterial infections from meat.

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Some economically important traits in meat animals are heritable to some degree, and can thus be selected for by

9456: 4143: 3356:, for instance, noted that in medieval times cooked animals were brought to the table whole, but that since the 3089:. Meat consumption in Western societies needs to be reduced by up to 90% according to a 2018 study published in 10901: 9490: 8483:

Shapouri, H. et al. 2002. The energy balance of corn ethanol: an update. USDA Agricultural Economic Report 814.

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would be a type of fiscal mechanism. Meat can be replaced by, for example, high-protein iron-rich low-emission

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Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio; de Haan, Cees (2006).

4948: 2853:, whether though contact with wild and farmed animals, or via husbandry's environmental impact. For example, 2827:

Consumption of 100 g/day of red meat and 50 g/day of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of

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animals have a relatively narrow zone of temperature tolerance and others (e.g. cattle) a broad one. Static

10804: 6680:"Challenges to the Poultry Industry: Current Perspectives and Strategic Future After the COVID-19 Outbreak" 5500: 5269: 3254:

Ethical issues regarding the consumption of meat include objecting to the act of killing animals or to the

2628: 850:, a lack or excess of which can cause a great many ailments. In Australia, where the soil contains limited 422:

evidence suggests that meat constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of the earliest humans. Early

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Püssa, Tõnu (December 1, 2013). "Toxicological issues associated with production and processing of meat".

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species (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) raised and prepared for human consumption, to the exclusion of

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Walker, Polly; Rhubart-Berg, Pamela; McKenzie, Shawn; Kelling, Kristin; Lawrence, Robert S. (June 2005).

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wrote that since the European diet of the 15th and 16th century was particularly heavy in meat, European

2975: 2288: 1886: 995:, are used in some countries to accelerate muscle growth in animals. This practice has given rise to the 9343:"Can we cut out the meat of the dish? Constructing consumer-oriented pathways towards meat substitution" 7290:

Holechek, J. L.; et al. (1982). "Manipulation of grazing to improve or maintain wildlife habitat".

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The IPCC and others have stated that meat production has to be reduced substantially for any sufficient

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They substitute for the process of natural fermentation that acidifies some meat products such as hard

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consists of roughly 75 percent water, 19 percent protein, 2.5 percent intramuscular fat, 1.2 percent

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may be administered to animals to counteract stress factors and increase weight gain. The feeding of

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Leroy, Frédéric; Praet, Istvan (July 2015). "Meat traditions. The co-evolution of humans and meat".

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Bhuvaneswari, Meganathan; Sivakumar, Nallusamy (2021). "Fungi: A Potential Future Meat Substitute".

5357: 3834: 2805:, with more than half (52%) of those bacteria resistant to antibiotics. A 2018 investigation by the 2799:

showed that nearly half (47%) of the meat and poultry in U.S. grocery stores were contaminated with

2643: 75:, that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and farmed other animals for meat since prehistory. The 10710: 10642: 10532: 10075: 5343: 3216: 3042: 2858: 2701: 2231: 1022: 996: 895: 779:

of cattle, and some specific features of muscle fibers have been genetically altered. Experimental

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Zur, Ifat; Klöckner, Christian A. (2014). "Individual motivations for limiting meat consumption".

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believed that humans and animals were equal and therefore disapproved of meat consumption, as did

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Overall, diets that include meat are the most common worldwide according to the results of a 2018

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Meat is important to economies and cultures around the world. Some people choose not to eat meat (

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IARC Monographs Q&A on the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat.

7606: 5956:"World Health Organization – IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat" 5817: 5505: 5417:

Francis H. Fay (June 1960) "Carnivorous walrus and some arctic zoonoses". Arctic 13, no.2: 111–22

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October 7, 2007, at Wikiwix, Table 4. Composition of dog meat and Bosintang (in 100g, raw meat),

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are commonly eaten in countries such as France, Italy, Germany and Japan. Horses and other large

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Impart a tangy or tart flavor note, extend shelf-life, tenderize fresh meat or help with protein

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explicitly forbids meat from animals that die naturally, blood, and the meat of pigs, which are

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Risk of ischemic heart disease for each 50 g per day increase in processed meat consumption

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states that cooking meat below 100 °C (212 °F) creates "negligible amounts" of HCAs.

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used in meat production. Reasons for objecting to killing animals for consumption may include

3049:

of GHG emissions for foods. Beef is the food with the largest carbon footprint, mainly due to

1857:, about 18 g per kg, increases the water-holding capacity and tenderness of cooked meat. 1137:

contains more narrow muscle fibers that tend to operate over long periods without rest, while

10777: 10720: 10652: 10554: 10080: 9117: 8499:"Dietary change in high-income nations alone can lead to substantial double climate dividend" 7973: 7535: 5466: 5370: 4419: 3255: 3249: 3046: 2801: 2076: 1803:, or shocking them with electric current. The exsanguination is accomplished by severing the 1448: 941: 169: 33: 6831:"Meat consumption and risk of ischemic heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3627: 2979:

Cereal-use statistic showing an estimated large fraction of crops used as animal feed (red)

2074:, to stabilize color and flavor, and inhibit growth of spore-forming microorganisms such as 2058:

The most common additive. Ready-to-eat meat products often contain 1.5 to 2.5 percent salt.

10496: 10486: 8779: 8719:"Status of meat alternatives and their potential role in the future meat market – A review" 8614: 8458: 8378: 8209: 8045: 7985: 7860: 7686: 7645: 7462: 7389: 7325: 7162: 6829:

Papier, Keren; Knuppel, Anika; Syam, Nandana; Jebb, Susan A.; Key, Tim J. (July 20, 2021).

6210:

Corpet, Denis; Yin, Y.; Zhang, X.; Rémésy, C.; Stamp, D.; Medline, A.; et al. (1995).

5051: 5034: 4091: 3855: 3714:"Unlocking the origins and biology of domestic animals using ancient DNA and paleogenomics" 3436: 3326: 3317: 3263: 2916: 2176: 1203: 944:

have similarly been questioned. Breeding for high productivity may affect welfare, as when

863: 727: 556: 111:

has enabled farmers to produce meat with the qualities desired by producers and consumers.

76: 8547:"The Safe and Effective Use of Plant-Based Diets with Guidelines for Health Professionals" 7735: 6212:"Colonic protein fermentation and promotion of colon carcinogenesis by thermolyzed casein" 4357: 3361: 2404: 1058:, and inorganic substances such as minerals. Muscle proteins are either soluble in water ( 835:

by feeding it back to cattle mixed with feed concentrates, or the conversion of petroleum

8: 10787: 10481: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10439: 10431: 9404: 8717:

Lee, Hyun Jung; Yong, Hae In; Kim, Minsu; Choi, Yun-Sang; Jo, Cheorun (October 1, 2020).

5133: 3799: 3571: 3498: 3220: 3112: 3108: 2992: 2948: 2936: 2850: 2783:, present in processed and cooked foods, are carcinogenic, being linked to colon cancer. 1800: 867: 753: 582: 8618: 8462: 8382: 8213: 8049: 7989: 7864: 7825:"Meat accounts for nearly 60% of all greenhouse gases from food production, study finds" 7690: 7649: 7630:

Lawrence, Deborah; Coe, Michael; Walker, Wayne; Verchot, Louis; Vandecar, Karen (2022).

7466: 7431: 7393: 7329: 7166: 6468:

Monger, Xavier C.; Gilbert, Alex-An; Saucier, Linda; Vincent, Antony T. (October 2021).

6031:"American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention" 6016: 4095: 2668:

Meat, in particular red and processed meat, is linked to a variety of health risks. The

10829: 10469: 10359: 10160: 9483: 9370: 9261: 9176: 8938: 8886: 8859: 8840: 8791: 8768:"A Study of Using Mushrooms as a Plant-based Alternative for a Popular Meat-based Dish" 8743: 8718: 8699: 8638: 8573: 8546: 8527: 8404: 8232: 8195: 8105: 8069: 8009: 7883: 7848: 7722: 7709: 7674: 7566: 7485: 7450: 7413: 7351: 7237: 7041: 6901: 6858: 6757: 6732: 6708: 6679: 6660: 6611: 6598: 6571: 6547: 6520: 6496: 6469: 6445: 6418: 6394: 6369: 6345: 6320: 6236: 6211: 6060: 5626: 5206: 4953: 4687: 4439: 4407: 4229: 4112: 4077: 3811: 3740: 3713: 3474: 3278: 3192: 3058: 2768: 2737: 2193: 1812: 1226: 739: 611: 573: 115: 108: 8766:

Sirimuangmoon, Chirat; Lee, Soh-Min; Guinard, Jean-Xavier; Myrdal Miller, Amy (2016).

6977: 6589: 5792: 5387: 2051:

Imparts flavor, inhibits microbial growth, extends the product's shelf life and helps

1062:

proteins, about 11.5 percent of total muscle mass) or in concentrated salt solutions (

1054:

and 2.3 percent other soluble substances. These include organic compounds, especially

760:

coding for desired traits, and for the reincorporation of these genes into the animal

10755: 10657: 10262: 10113: 9826: 9419: 9362: 9296: 9292: 9253: 9180: 9125: 9022: 8963: 8930: 8891: 8844: 8832: 8795: 8748: 8703: 8689: 8642: 8630: 8578: 8531: 8519: 8498: 8396: 8325:

changes in individual behaviour such as lower consumption of meat and material goods.

8237: 8073: 8061: 8031: 8001: 7888: 7726: 7714: 7610: 7490: 7417: 7405: 7380: 7241: 7229: 7178: 7115: 6982: 6905: 6893: 6862: 6850: 6806: 6762: 6713: 6652: 6615: 6603: 6552: 6501: 6450: 6399: 6350: 6277: 6241: 6107: 6064: 6052: 5924: 5648: 5509: 5476: 5445: 5366: 5278: 5151: 5100: 5066:

Henchion, Maeve; McCarthy, Mary; Resconi, Virginia C.; Troy, Declan (November 2014).

4985: 4957: 4900: 4691: 4677: 4399: 4221: 4117: 3803: 3745: 3410: 3337:

considered them inferior beings for lack of discernment: means rather than ends. But

3120: 3116: 3050: 3021: 2323: 2146: 2017: 2007: 1894: 1708: 1289: lb); data vary widely with selection (e.g. skinless, boneless) and preparation 1125:

Meat can be broadly classified as "red" or "white" depending on the concentration of

1087: 961: 633: 158: 127: 10379: 9781: 9374: 9265: 8942: 8408: 8013: 7355: 7174: 6947:"World leaders 'reckless for ignoring how meat and dairy accelerate climate crisis'" 6572:"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" 6319:

González, Neus; Marquès, Montse; Nadal, Martí; Domingo, José L. (November 1, 2020).

4411: 4233: 3815: 2368:

While meat consumption in most industrialized countries is at high, stable levels...

2145:

Impart a sweet flavor, bind water and assist surface browning during cooking in the

229:

English has specialized terms for the meat of particular animals, deriving from the

10824: 10725: 10619: 10614: 10123: 10035: 9961: 9946: 9896: 9354: 9323: 9288: 9245: 9218: 9168: 9075: 8922: 8881: 8873: 8822: 8783: 8738: 8730: 8681: 8622: 8605: 8568: 8558: 8511: 8466: 8431: 8422:

Anderson, D.C. (1978). "Use of cereal residues in beef cattle production systems".

8386: 8280: 8270: 8227: 8217: 8053: 8036: 7993: 7878: 7868: 7803: 7764:"Top scientists warn of 'ghastly future of mass extinction' and climate disruption" 7704: 7694: 7653: 7480: 7470: 7397: 7341: 7333: 7219: 7211: 7170: 6885: 6842: 6752: 6744: 6703: 6693: 6642: 6593: 6585: 6542: 6534: 6491: 6481: 6440: 6430: 6389: 6381: 6340: 6332: 6269: 6231: 6223: 6103: 6099: 6042: 5916: 5882: 5362: 5143: 5090: 5082: 5046: 4943: 4933: 4669: 4391: 4213: 4107: 4099: 3853:

Nierenburg, Danielle (2005). "Happier Meals: Rethinking the Global Meat Industry".

3795: 3735: 3725: 3690: 3576: 3321:

assert that animals, as inferior beings, exist to serve humans, including as food.

3287: 3172: 3091: 2952: 2874: 2726:

The consumption of processed and red meat carries an increased risk of cancer. The

2473:

are consumed in China, South Korea and Vietnam. Dogs are occasionally eaten in the

1774: 747: 743: 585:

that could improve the meat-producing qualities of animals are becoming available.

443: 68: 8470: 6921:"Veganism is 'single biggest way' to reduce our environmental impact, study finds" 6846: 6336: 6273: 5920: 5793:"Q&A on the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat" 5086: 3653: 3489:, and personality. Psychological research suggests meat eating is correlated with 3133:

recommended a reduction in meat consumption to mitigate biodiversity loss. A 2021

2987:

Meat production is a main driver of tropical deforestation, in the Amazon largely

2663: 1263:

are leaner than farm animals, leading those concerned about fat content to choose

10760: 10662: 10100: 10055: 10045: 9886: 9663: 9520: 9463: 9451: 9018: 8957: 8685: 7675:"Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015–2070)" 6951: 6664: 6179:"'Dirty meat': Shocking hygiene failings discovered in US pig and chicken plants" 5439: 5423: 5224: 5213: 5018: 3432: 3394: 3369: 3228: 3085:

recommended that global meat (and sugar) consumption be reduced by 50 percent to

2932: 2854: 2650: 2268: 2227: 1248:. Muscle tissue is very low in carbohydrates and does not contain dietary fiber. 1154: 1146: 913: 883: 769: 723: 618: 602: 569: 423: 295: 264: 234: 199: 50: 9358: 9249: 8926: 8827: 8810: 6748: 6486: 5336:"Good to Pet and Eat: The Keeping and Consuming of Dogs and Cats in South Korea" 2988: 2845:

Meat production and trade substantially increase risks for infectious diseases (

746:

continues to reveal the genetic mechanisms that control numerous aspects of the

730:

which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding. One such trait is

10730: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10253: 10085: 9941: 9766: 9731: 9706: 9698: 9643: 9608: 8626: 8515: 8057: 7215: 6973: 5818:"US Meat and Poultry Is Widely Contaminated With Drug-Resistant Staph Bacteria" 5651:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3581: 3521:. Sociological research, ranging from African tribal societies to contemporary 3200: 3009: 2960: 2925: 2878: 2536: 2447: 2319: 1940: 1804: 1796: 1788: 1749:

Upon reaching a predetermined age or weight, livestock are usually transported

1099: 984: 917: 900: 793: 765: 458: 388: 154: 131: 9015:

From Body Fuel to Universal Poison: Cultural History of Meat: 1900–The Present

8809:

Onwezen, M. C.; Bouwman, E. P.; Reinders, M. J.; Dagevos, H. (April 1, 2021).

8165:"Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study" 7997: 7808: 7791: 6889: 6385: 6227: 4938: 4921: 4732:"Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study" 3730: 2795:

Bacterial contamination has been seen with meat products. A 2011 study by the

1919:, which may cause a brown discoloration near the surface of the meat. Ongoing 214:. The term is sometimes used in a more restrictive sense to mean the flesh of 10886: 10880: 10865: 10772: 10677: 10592: 10564: 10414: 10314: 10165: 10128: 10015: 9921: 9916: 9891: 9751: 9736: 9570: 9550: 9535: 9476: 9327: 9172: 9092: 7658: 7631: 7596: 6698: 6521:"Antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poor quality veterinary medicines" 5561: 3712:

McHugo, Gillian P.; Dover, Michael J.; MacHugh, David E. (December 2, 2019).

3560: 3502: 3353: 3259: 3224: 3204: 3134: 3025: 3001: 2944: 2912: 2787:, present in processed, smoked and cooked foods, are similarly carcinogenic. 2635: 2574: 2548: 2250: 2210: 2118: 2101: 2013: 2003: 1778: 1444: 905: 875: 847: 594: 577: 529: 435: 414: 328: 309: 165: 143: 8651:"Replacing some meat with microbial protein could help fight climate change" 8435: 8391: 8275: 8256: 8222: 7873: 7699: 7475: 7401: 4555: 10794: 10782: 10750: 10634: 10319: 10258: 10223: 10183: 9981: 9818: 9806: 9716: 9613: 9525: 9396: 9366: 9300: 9257: 8934: 8895: 8877: 8836: 8787: 8752: 8634: 8598:"Projected environmental benefits of replacing beef with microbial protein" 8582: 8523: 8400: 8343: 8306: 8241: 8065: 8005: 7912: 7892: 7829: 7768: 7718: 7588: 7494: 7451:"The origin, supply chain, and deforestation risk of Brazil's beef exports" 7409: 7233: 7182: 7074: 6897: 6854: 6766: 6733:"Use of antibiotics in broiler production: Global impacts and alternatives" 6717: 6656: 6607: 6556: 6505: 6454: 6403: 6354: 6281: 6183: 6111: 6056: 5928: 5734: 5242: 5104: 4922:"Food and Power in Early Medieval England: a Lack of (Isotopic) Enrichment" 4403: 4225: 4121: 3807: 3749: 3591: 3304: 2811: 2749: 2685: 1924: 1861: 1808: 1308: 1115: 1051: 973: 842:

In plant feed, environmental factors influence the availability of crucial

820: 507: 419: 219: 6538: 6245: 5010:

2014 – Facts and figures about the animals we eat, pp. 46–48, download as

2721: 1765:

fails to attain acidic values, all of which results in poor meat quality.

10854: 10765: 10715: 10700: 10685: 10404: 10394: 10364: 10294: 10289: 10228: 10213: 10155: 10150: 10135: 9956: 9936: 9861: 9851: 9836: 9831: 9786: 9756: 9746: 9711: 9688: 9560: 9555: 8734: 7592: 7346: 7202: 5468:

Everyday Things in Premodern Japan: The Hidden Legacy of Material Culture

5028: 5026: 4705: 3526: 3518: 3490: 3373: 3357: 3348:

Later philosophers examined the changing practices of eating meat in the

3311:

were vegetarian but allowed meat-eating in their philosophy. Conversely,

3212: 3017: 2956: 2834: 2780: 2776: 2544: 2466: 2260: 2239: 2235: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2188: 2071: 1920: 1846: 1297: 1272: 1264: 1211: 1158: 1119: 1018: 836: 768:. Some research has already seen commercial application. For instance, a 525: 223: 185: 8134:"Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet" 8032:"Eat less meat: UN climate change report calls for change to human diet" 7591:(2011). "Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex". In 5556: 5309:"Programmes – From Our Own Correspondent – China's taste for the exotic" 4103: 2761:

have stated that "eating red and processed meat increases cancer risk".

10834: 10809: 10329: 10324: 10243: 10090: 9951: 9658: 9653: 9618: 8680:. Fungal Biology. Springer International Publishing. pp. 181–195. 8563: 8285: 8261: 7337: 6647: 6630: 6576: 6047: 6030: 5007: 3530: 3390: 3349: 3296: 3081: 2870: 2705: 2590: 2482: 2454: 2442: 2299: 2140: 2134: 2088: 2052: 1975: 1878: 1842: 1241: 1230: 1222: 1150: 1138: 1111: 1071: 1059: 1055: 1043:

differences in such parameters as the percentage of intramuscular fat.

1000: 937: 866:, found in some African and Australian plants, kills by disrupting the 824: 381: 360: 9279:

Richardson, N.J.; et al. (1994). "Consumer Perceptions of Meat".

8860:"Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity" 7510:"How Americans' love of beef is helping destroy the Amazon rainforest" 7224: 6435: 6252: 5023: 4600: 4395: 4217: 172:, environmental effects, health concerns, or religious dietary rules. 10647: 10369: 10277: 10267: 10248: 10218: 10070: 10030: 9996: 9966: 9901: 9761: 9726: 9648: 9628: 9585: 9515: 9103: 8302:"Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life" 7632:"The Unseen Effects of Deforestation: Biophysical Effects on Climate" 7006:"Meat industry blamed for largest-ever 'dead zone' in Gulf of Mexico" 6730: 5147: 5095: 4673: 4467:

Putting Meat on the American Table: Taste, Technology, Transformation

4351:"Don't Miss Out on the Benefits of Naturally Nutrient-Rich Lean Beef" 3565: 3486: 3330: 3322: 3312: 3271: 3180: 2940: 2693: 2689: 2552: 2279: 2171: 2156: 2092: 1916: 1912: 1245: 1126: 1063: 1004: 988: 965: 957: 933: 879: 871: 851: 816: 735: 439: 355: 58: 8765: 8595: 7736:"Climate change and land use are accelerating soil erosion by water" 7448: 4045:"Farm Fresh? Natural? Eggs Not Always What They're Cracked Up To Be" 3435:

such as pork, and mixtures of meat and milk. Similar rules apply in

3183:

of free meat consumption per person would be a form of restriction,

2704:

can contaminate meat. Processed, smoked and cooked meat may contain

1102:, used by the animal to store energy and consisting of "true fats" ( 10819: 10814: 10624: 10374: 10354: 10349: 10339: 10334: 10203: 10193: 10145: 10108: 9911: 9866: 9841: 9801: 9771: 9721: 9633: 9623: 9222: 6518: 6419:"The Pandemic Threat of Emerging H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses" 5527:"Carapulcra de gato y gato a la parrilla sirven en fiesta patronal" 4896: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4663: 3555: 3538: 3522: 3478: 3342: 3338: 3308: 3300: 3292: 3184: 2920: 2846: 2828: 2540: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2478: 2470: 2462: 2200: 1854: 1792: 1758: 1735: 1218: 1134: 1107: 1091: 1026: 1014: 843: 812: 772: 731: 590: 552: 135: 123: 8339:"Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report" 5227:, edited by Anita Regmi, May 2001. USDA Economic Research Service. 3980:"RSPCA says egg industry is 'misleading the public' on free range" 3352:

as part of a process of detachment from animals as living beings.

1074:, the conversion of sugars into high-energy molecules, especially 605:

supports an increasing demand for meat produced to that standard.

202:

with its associated fat and connective tissue, but it can include

10695: 10559: 10409: 10389: 10272: 10198: 10065: 10040: 10010: 10002: 9986: 9971: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9856: 9846: 9796: 9741: 9603: 9540: 9507: 8101:"Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns" 7974:"Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits" 7941:"Eating meat has 'dire' consequences for the planet, says report" 7849:"Evaluating the environmental impacts of dietary recommendations" 7037:"Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns" 6824: 6822: 6628: 6152:"Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats – National Cancer Institute" 6126:"National Cancer Institute – Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats" 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4180: 4178: 4165: 4163: 4161: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3542: 3482: 3456: 3415: 3402: 3072:

Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production

3005: 2748:

have stated that red and processed meat intake increases risk of

2604: 2494: 2084: 2063: 1971: 1890: 1824: 1784: 1303: 1268: 1252: 1237: 1095: 992: 969: 945: 780: 499: 376: 334: 119: 84: 4792: 4769: 4750: 2837:

advises people to limit their intake of red and processed meat.

804:

The quality and quantity of usable meat depends on the animal's

775:

has been developed which improves the digestion of grass in the

189: 10384: 10284: 10238: 10139: 10118: 10060: 10050: 10020: 9906: 9791: 9638: 9593: 6631:"Public health implications of meat production and consumption" 4240: 3514: 3421: 3188: 3130:

Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

2697: 2619: 2520: 2512: 2474: 2458: 2295: 1978: 1874: 1712: 1199: 1130: 1079: 1067: 1047: 855: 832: 761: 215: 211: 139: 104: 72: 9406:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

8491: 8489: 8025: 8023: 7789: 7194: 7192: 7100: 6819: 6569: 6258: 5876:"PAH-Occurrence in Foods, Dietary Exposure and Health Effects" 4307: 4305: 4292: 4290: 4264: 4175: 4158: 4136:"Compassion in World Farming – Meat chickens – Welfare issues" 4075: 3955: 3943: 3916: 3867: 3610: 3608: 45:

A selection of uncooked red meat, pork and poultry, including

10799: 10399: 10344: 10309: 10304: 10208: 10188: 9976: 9926: 9668: 9545: 9082:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 37–91. 8808: 7971: 7792:"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future" 7672: 7564: 6312: 3451: 3445: 3440: 3427: 3282: 2556: 2490: 2486: 2243: 1984: 1870: 1828: 1256: 1103: 1083: 859: 828: 776: 517: 475: 427: 207: 203: 100: 88: 54: 10849: 8858:

Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2022).

8802: 7377: 4839: 4252: 3898:"Demand for organic meat on the rise, says Soil Association" 10025: 9931: 9776: 9678: 9673: 9598: 9439: 8486: 8365:

Godfray, H. Charles J.; Aveyard, Paul; et al. (2018).

8020: 7189: 6467: 6318: 5942:"IARC evaluates consumption of red meat and processed meat" 5622:"Europe Says Tests Show Horse Meat Scandal Is 'Food Fraud'" 5065: 4827: 4815: 4302: 4287: 3605: 3334: 3267: 3159:

Sustainable consumption § Sustainable food consumption

2043: 1260: 1207: 1142: 764:. To enable such manipulation, the genomes of many animals 757: 670:

Several factors affect the growth and development of meat.

471: 431: 426:

depended on the organized hunting of large animals such as

371: 344: 314: 278: 259: 92: 46: 41: 7846: 7148: 7146: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3777: 1889:

in varying degree, with the exception of the collagen and

1474:

World production of main meat items, main producers (2019)

10299: 9683: 9530: 9341:

Schösler, Hanna; Boer, Joop de; Boersema, Jan J. (2012).

8495: 7539: 7104:

Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

6028: 5391: 4049: 4016: 598: 483: 479: 96: 8956:

Sandler, Ronald L. (2014). "3. Should we eat animals?".

8257:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" 7629: 7432:"Amazon soya and beef exports 'linked to deforestation'" 5498:(2006). Tom Jaine, Jane Davidson and Helen Saberi. eds. 5267:(2006). Tom Jaine, Jane Davidson and Helen Saberi. eds. 3705: 3333:

wrote that animals were merely animated machines, while

3167:

climate change and, at least initially, largely through

796:, for reasons still unknown, retard animal development. 237:. These names came to be used by the entire population. 9468: 9208: 8544: 7143: 5218:

Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade

5207:"Global Food Consumption and Impacts on Trade Patterns" 3841: 1850: 1762: 726:. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by 597:

and camel, as well as non-mammals, such as crocodile,

9152:

Loughnan, Steve; Bastian, Brock; Haslam, Nick (2014).

9068: 6019:. progressreport.cancer.gov. Retrieved March 22, 2023. 5135:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

4665:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021

4325:"White Meat vs. Red Meat / Nutrition / Healthy Eating" 2087:

is now limited to a few products such as dry sausage,

9151: 9080:

Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama

8675: 7152: 6828: 742:

and thereby increases the animal's commercial value.

442:, enabling the systematic production of meat and the 9340: 8857: 8448: 7602:

The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination

6209: 5033:

Parlasca, Martin C.; Qaim, Matin (October 5, 2022).

4197:

Aiello, D.; Patel, K.; Lasagna, E. (December 2018).

4012:"What The Rise Of Cage-Free Eggs Means For Chickens" 3783: 3505:

marketing and to those advocating eating less meat.

1078:(ATP). The two most abundant myofibrillar proteins, 9122:

Sikh identity: an exploration of groups among Sikhs

8194:Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (2018). 4886: 4884: 2555:are made with ground meat and fat, often including 8497: 8193: 7908:"UN urges global move to meat and dairy-free diet" 7070:"How humans are driving the sixth mass extinction" 6005:"Does eating processed and red meat cause cancer?" 5735:"Steak tartare: Traditional Appetizer From France" 5671: 4196: 3711: 3513:Unlike most other foods, meat is not perceived as 3413:advocate but do not mandate vegetarianism. Jewish 2931:The livestock sector may be the largest source of 2547:, and air-drying. Some recipes call for raw meat; 8865:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 6007:. cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved March 22, 2023. 4949:20.500.11820/220ece77-d37d-4be5-be19-6edc333cb58e 3646: 3107:Meat consumption is a primary contributor to the 2271:, which would create an undesirable "off flavor". 1202:tissue is high in protein, containing all of the 10878: 9418:(7th ed.). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. 6307:"What is a Healthy, Balanced Diet for Diabetes?" 6089: 4881: 4469:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 4. 4381: 3756: 3143: 2203:to make the meat more palatable for consumption. 960:of female animals through the administration of 665: 107:, starting around 11,000 years ago. Since then, 9399:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 9272: 9074: 8367:"Meat consumption, health, and the environment" 8255:Ripple, W.J.; et al. (November 13, 2017). 8201:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7853:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7679:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7455:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4658: 4656: 4506:"Lamb, New Zealand, imported, ground lamb, raw" 3681: 3679: 3533:calls a "male familiarity with killing", or as 2864: 2563:Types of meat and techniques used to prepare it 1783:Animals are usually slaughtered by being first 1251:The fat content of meat varies widely with the 9307: 9235: 9053: 8772:Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology 8716: 8364: 7198: 6835:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 5068:"Meat consumption: Trends and quality matters" 4919: 1129:in muscle fiber. When myoglobin is exposed to 568:Modern agriculture employs techniques such as 9484: 9413: 9145: 9040: 9038: 9021:International Publishing AG. pp. 10–16. 8949: 8723:Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 5388:"Asia-Pacific – Vietnam's dog meat tradition" 5003: 5001: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4786: 4763: 4311: 4296: 4281: 4258: 4246: 4184: 4169: 3966: 3949: 3937: 3884: 3614: 2422:Total annual meat consumption by type of meat 2024:Additives used in industrial meat processing 1722: Livestock, mostly cattle and pigs (60%) 882:residues present a particular hazard as they 862:are a risk to grazing animals; for instance, 9395: This article incorporates text from a 9008: 9006: 7899: 7816: 6309:. diabetes.org.uk. Retrieved March 22, 2023. 6297:. diabetes.org.uk. Retrieved March 22, 2023. 5947: 5795:. World Health Organization. October 1, 2015 5179:"An exploration into diets around the world" 5032: 4653: 4531:"Beef, ground, 80% lean meat / 20% fat, raw" 3676: 3477:has investigated meat eating in relation to 3152: 3004:land around the globe is used for livestock 2779:meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90%. 2398:Per capita annual meat consumption by region 2055:finely processed products, such as sausages. 1869:is used up. This causes the muscle proteins 1244:and iron. Several forms of meat are high in 904:The welfare of farm animals such as hens in 194:, meaning food in general. In modern usage, 9313: 9229: 9161:Current Directions in Psychological Science 9109: 9044: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8330: 8029: 6678:Hafez, Hafez M.; Attia, Youssef A. (2020). 5964:International Agency for Research on Cancer 4424:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 3762: 3281:disagreed about the ethics of eating meat. 2907:Environmental impacts of animal agriculture 2728:International Agency for Research on Cancer 2511:Meat can be cooked in many ways, including 1987: 540: 9491: 9477: 9278: 9202: 9035: 8912: 8336: 8162: 6677: 5709:National Center for Home Food Preservation 5333: 4998: 4964: 4481:"Chicken, breast, boneless, skinless, raw" 3852: 3763:Lawler, Andrew; Adler, Jerry (June 2012). 2790: 886:in meat, potentially poisoning consumers. 750:and, through it, meat growth and quality. 9440:American Meat Science Association website 9334: 8885: 8826: 8742: 8572: 8562: 8390: 8284: 8274: 8231: 8221: 7882: 7872: 7807: 7708: 7698: 7657: 7484: 7474: 7345: 7308: 7223: 6756: 6707: 6697: 6646: 6597: 6546: 6526:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 6495: 6485: 6470:"Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat" 6444: 6434: 6393: 6344: 6235: 6046: 6017:"Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption" 5705:"Historical Origins of Food Preservation" 5356: 5094: 5050: 4947: 4937: 4111: 3739: 3729: 3431:). The rules prohibit the consumption of 3097:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2797:Translational Genomics Research Institute 2506: 9062:Ahimsa: Non-Violence in Indian Tradition 9059: 8983: 8421: 8131: 7289: 5812: 5810: 5557:"A Guinea Pig for All Times and Seasons" 4464: 4375: 4343: 3517:-neutral: it is associated with men and 3389: 3295:describe the ideal state as vegetarian. 3041: 2982: 2974: 2888: 1206:, and in most cases is a good source of 1114:), or intramuscular fat, which contains 899: 40: 9190:from the original on September 30, 2018 9012: 8955: 8337:Carrington, Damian (February 3, 2021). 8175:from the original on September 11, 2018 7938: 7595:; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II; 7577:from the original on February 25, 2020. 7536:"How to stop the sixth mass extinction" 6972: 6262:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 5993:"Red meat and the risk of bowel cancer" 5870: 5868: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5238:"France's horsemeat lovers fear US ban" 5188:. UK. August 2018. pp. 2, 10, 11. 3405:opposes the eating of meat, while some 3379: 2900: 2434: 2410:Total annual meat consumption by region 2380:... it is rising in emerging economies. 1818: 956:Meat producers may seek to improve the 446:of animals to improve meat production. 161:, at every scale from local to global. 14: 10879: 9115: 9049:. Ancient Greece. p. I. 8. 1256b. 8254: 8113:from the original on December 20, 2016 8098: 8030:Schiermeier, Quirin (August 8, 2019). 7822: 7761: 7637:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 7587: 7533: 7507: 7131:from the original on December 10, 2019 7049:from the original on December 20, 2016 7034: 7003: 6918: 6811:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6416: 6374:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 6367: 6191:from the original on February 23, 2018 6176: 6158:from the original on December 21, 2010 6132:from the original on December 21, 2010 6080:. cancer.ca. 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Deforestation from practices like 2730:(IARC), a specialized agency of the 2353:List of countries by meat production 1845:continues until the accumulation of 1462:World production of meat, main items 8196:"The biomass distribution on Earth" 8163:Carrington, Damian (May 21, 2018). 8080:from the original on August 9, 2019 7939:Gibbens, Sarah (January 16, 2019). 7762:Weston, Phoebe (January 13, 2021). 7565:Dave Merrill and Lauren Leatherby. 6563: 6295:"Red alert: processed and red meat" 5995:. nhs.uk. 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The 2019 special report by the 3057:The rising global consumption of 3031: 2873:as well as health concerns about 2657: 2431:Food and Agriculture Organization 2274:Used in precooked meat products. 1161:breast meat is considered white. 912:Practices such as confinement in 889: 827:during their passage through the 734:; another is the doppelender or " 10860: 10859: 10848: 9575: 9569: 9390: 9116:Takhar, Opinderjit Kaur (2005). 9097: 9086: 8962:. London: Taylor & Francis. 8906: 8851: 8759: 8710: 8669: 8589: 8538: 8477: 8442: 8415: 8358: 8293: 8248: 8187: 8156: 8125: 8092: 7965: 7932: 7906:Carus, Felicity (June 2, 2010). 7840: 7783: 7755: 7666: 7623: 7581: 7558: 7527: 7501: 7442: 7424: 7371: 7362: 7302: 7283: 7274: 7248: 7155:Science of the Total Environment 7094: 7061: 7028: 6997: 6966: 6938: 6912: 6869: 6773: 6724: 6671: 6622: 6512: 6461: 6410: 5444:. 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Plant 786: 206:, other edible organs such as 13: 1: 10518:Countries by meat consumption 8471:10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.06.008 6847:10.1080/10408398.2021.1949575 6590:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0 6370:"Primary Pandemic Prevention" 6337:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109341 6274:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110071 5921:10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.032 5703:Nummer, Brian A. (May 2002). 5087:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.007 4893:Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences 3628:"Meat definition and meaning" 3598: 3462: 3144:Reducing environmental impact 2875:saturated fat and cholesterol 2499:actually contained horse meat 2313: 2161:Spices, herbs, essential oils 1923:contributes to conditioning: 1811:in cattle and sheep, and the 1438: 1098:). 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December 31, 2001. 5017:July 8, 2018, at the 4976:Otter, Chris (2020). 4442:. Ext.colostate.edu. 3837:on November 16, 2013. 3568:(also called gristle) 3541:is more violent than 3393: 3250:Ethics of eating meat 3109:sixth mass extinction 3047:Life-cycle assessment 3045: 2986: 2978: 2905:Further information: 2892: 2662:Further information: 2347:Further information: 2077:Clostridium botulinum 2002:Further information: 1449:Meat-packing industry 1443:Further information: 1204:essential amino acids 972:. In pig production, 903: 545:Further information: 488:Near East, South Asia 413:Further information: 402:Further information: 44: 34:Meat (disambiguation) 10706:Environmental impact 9316:British Food Journal 8780:Khon Kaen University 8735:10.5713/ajas.20.0419 6976:(February 9, 2021). 5537:on November 17, 2010 4865:. October 16, 1920. 4363:on February 27, 2008 3654:"Definition of MEAT" 3497:. Research into the 3437:Islamic dietary laws 3380:Religious traditions 3264:environmental ethics 2917:University of Oxford 2901:Environmental impact 2177:Monosodium glutamate 1915:denatures, its iron 1819:Dressing and cutting 864:sodium fluoroacetate 781:reproductive cloning 151:environmental issues 77:Neolithic Revolution 32:For other uses, see 8619:2022Natur.605...90H 8463:2008JCPro..16.1227E 8383:2018Sci...361M5324G 8214:2018PNAS..115.6506B 8050:2019Natur.572..291S 7990:2018Natur.562..519S 7953:on February 3, 2019 7946:National Geographic 7865:2017PNAS..11413412B 7691:2020PNAS..11721994B 7685:(36): 21994–22001. 7650:2022FrFGC...5.6115L 7514:The Washington Post 7467:2020PNAS..11731770Z 7461:(50): 31770–31779. 7394:2020Sci...369..246R 7330:1987EnMan..11...35S 7167:2015ScTEn.536..419M 5715:on October 15, 2011 4926:Anglo-Saxon England 4812:, pp. 141–146. 4789:, pp. 134–138. 4766:, pp. 129–130. 4668:. 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November 11, 2017 3658:merriam-webster.com 3572:List of meat dishes 3535:Claude Lévi-Strauss 3499:consumer psychology 3407:schools of Buddhism 3193:dietary supplements 3125:Warning to Humanity 3113:World Wildlife Fund 3075:report produced by 2841:Infectious diseases 2769:heterocyclic amines 2469:in western Europe. 2194:Proteolytic enzymes 2025: 1801:captive bolt pistol 1481: 1290: 930:Invasive procedures 868:cellular metabolism 831:, the recycling of 815:, which may digest 754:Genetic engineering 583:genetic engineering 451: 241: 10830:Warmed-over flavor 10598:Semi-vegetarianism 8564:10.3390/nu13114144 7338:10.1007/bf01867177 6648:10.1079/PHN2005727 6048:10.3322/caac.21591 5627:The New York Times 4631:"FoodData Central" 4601:"FoodData Central" 3529:, in view of what 3475:applied psychology 3399: 3279:Western philosophy 3195:(e.g. of vitamin B 3191:and common fungi, 3055: 2997: 2981: 2895: 2881:increased by 90%. 2738:Cancer Research UK 2023: 1974:" is derived from 1813:anterior vena cava 1728: Humans (36%) 1479: 1278: 1070:– are involved in 1009:muscle hypertrophy 952:Human intervention 922:abnormal behaviors 910: 806:plane of nutrition 740:muscle hypertrophy 574:selective breeding 564:Selective breeding 449: 240: 109:selective breeding 62: 10874: 10873: 10541: 10540: 9425:978-1-84569-159-2 9131:978-0-7546-5202-1 9076:Walters, Kerry S. 9028:978-3-319-72085-2 8969:978-1-135-04547-0 8729:(10): 1533–1543. 8695:978-3-030-64405-5 8269:(12): 1026–1028. 8044:(7769): 291–292. 7984:(7728): 519–525. 7388:(6501): 246–248. 7121:978-92-5-105571-7 7114:. p. xxiii. 6983:Our World in Data 6436:10.3390/v10090461 5565:. July 15, 2004. 5482:978-0-520-92267-9 5451:978-0-8139-1162-5 5376:on July 19, 2011. 5157:978-92-5-138262-2 4991:978-0-226-69710-9 4906:978-0-12-464970-5 4683:978-92-5-134332-6 4396:10.1159/000054147 4284:, pp. 76–80. 4249:, p. 94–126. 4218:10.1111/age.12696 4187:, pp. 35–39. 4172:, pp. 31–33. 3969:, pp. 25–30. 3952:, pp. 22–23. 3940:, pp. 17–22. 3900:. July 28, 2016. 3887:, pp. 10–14. 3223:. The biologists 3173:plant-based diets 3117:biodiversity loss 3103:Biodiversity loss 3069:According to the 2937:biodiversity loss 2429:According to the 2324:isotopic analysis 2320:bioarchaeological 2306: 2305: 2147:Maillard reaction 2008:Meat preservation 1895:connective tissue 1795:the animals with 1702: 1701: 1436: 1435: 1088:connective tissue 720: 719: 713:Muscle/fat ratio 557:guaranteed prices 538: 537: 395: 394: 222:, other seafood, 159:biodiversity loss 157:, pollution, and 16:(Redirected from 10909: 10863: 10862: 10853: 10852: 10825:Roadkill cuisine 10620:Meat alternative 10615:Plant-based diet 10533:Meat substitutes 10428: 10427: 9579: 9573: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9429: 9394: 9379: 9378: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9158: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9093:Leviticus 11:3–8 9090: 9084: 9083: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9042: 9033: 9032: 9010: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8889: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8830: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8746: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8646: 8602: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8576: 8566: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8501: 8493: 8484: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8394: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8278: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8235: 8225: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8027: 8018: 8017: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7949:. Archived from 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7886: 7876: 7859:(51): 13412–17. 7844: 7838: 7837: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7730: 7712: 7702: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7488: 7478: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7438:. July 17, 2020. 7428: 7422: 7421: 7375: 7369: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7349: 7315: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7227: 7196: 7187: 7186: 7150: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7130: 7109: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6826: 6817: 6816: 6810: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6793:on March 4, 2006 6792: 6786:. Archived from 6785: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6737:Animal Nutrition 6728: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6701: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6650: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6601: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6550: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6499: 6489: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6448: 6438: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6397: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6239: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6050: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5960: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5881:. Archived from 5880: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5822:sciencedaily.com 5814: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5711:. Archived from 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5533:. Archived from 5523: 5517: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5435: 5426: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5369:. Archived from 5360: 5340: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5305: 5299: 5292: 5286: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5234: 5228: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5148:10.4060/cc8166en 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5113: 5098: 5072: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5030: 5021: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4973: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4899:. pp. 1–6. 4888: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4790: 4784: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4674:10.4060/cb4477en 4660: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4635:fdc.nal.usda.gov 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4605:fdc.nal.usda.gov 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4572: 4566: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4356:. Archived from 4355: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4279: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4173: 4167: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4142:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3865: 3864: 3856:Worldwatch Paper 3850: 3839: 3838: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3743: 3733: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3691:Voice of America 3683: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3577:Meat on the bone 3455:, allowed. Some 3277:The founders of 3272:sentient animals 3236:Cultural aspects 3217:meat substitutes 3059:carbon-intensive 3016:and removes the 2953:land degradation 2919:researchers, "a 2646: 2631: 2616: 2601: 2586: 2571: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2377: 2365: 2249:Limit growth of 2026: 2022: 1991: 1982: 1967: 1952: 1936: 1775:Animal slaughter 1733: 1727: 1721: 1697: 1696: 1683: 1682: 1669: 1668: 1655: 1654: 1641: 1640: 1627: 1626: 1613: 1612: 1599: 1598: 1585: 1584: 1571: 1570: 1557: 1556: 1543: 1542: 1529: 1528: 1515: 1514: 1501: 1500: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1459: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1184: 1170: 1046:Adult mammalian 1029:microorganisms. 870:. Some man-made 800:Animal nutrition 766:are being mapped 748:endocrine system 744:Genetic analysis 678: 677: 657: 645: 629: 614: 459:Centre of origin 452: 448: 424:hunter-gatherers 242: 239: 198:primarily means 193: 21: 10917: 10916: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10907: 10906: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10870: 10855:Food portal 10847: 10839: 10761:Case-ready meat 10743: 10737: 10711:Factory farming 10672: 10629: 10581: 10547: 10537: 10506: 10419: 10176: 10170: 10095: 10000: 9991: 9813: 9693: 9664:Lamb and mutton 9580: 9574: 9565: 9502: 9497: 9464:Wayback Machine 9452:Wayback Machine 9436: 9426: 9388: 9383: 9382: 9339: 9335: 9312: 9308: 9277: 9273: 9234: 9230: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9156: 9150: 9146: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9114: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9087: 9073: 9069: 9058: 9054: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9011: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8954: 8950: 8911: 8907: 8856: 8852: 8807: 8803: 8764: 8760: 8715: 8711: 8696: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8649: 8647: 8613:(7908): 90–96. 8600: 8594: 8590: 8543: 8539: 8494: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8457:(12): 1227–33. 8447: 8443: 8420: 8416: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8335: 8331: 8317: 8315: 8298: 8294: 8253: 8249: 8208:(25): 6506–11. 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8130: 8126: 8116: 8114: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8028: 8021: 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7904: 7900: 7845: 7841: 7821: 7817: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7760: 7756: 7744: 7742: 7734: 7671: 7667: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7609:. p. 206. 7586: 7582: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7506: 7502: 7447: 7443: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7363: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7197: 7190: 7151: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7050: 7033: 7029: 7019: 7017: 7002: 6998: 6988: 6986: 6974:Ritchie, Hannah 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6952:The Independent 6943: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6925:The Independent 6917: 6913: 6874: 6870: 6827: 6820: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6781:"Archived copy" 6779: 6778: 6774: 6729: 6725: 6676: 6672: 6627: 6623: 6568: 6564: 6517: 6513: 6466: 6462: 6415: 6411: 6366: 6362: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6257: 6253: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5888:on May 19, 2011 5885: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5678:The Independent 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5436: 5429: 5424:Wayback Machine 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5358:10.1.1.596.7570 5338: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5293: 5289: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5246:. June 14, 2007 5236: 5235: 5231: 5225:Wayback Machine 5216:, Chapter 1 in 5214:Wayback Machine 5204: 5200: 5192: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5031: 5024: 5019:Wayback Machine 5006: 4999: 4992: 4974: 4965: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4889: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4793: 4785: 4770: 4762: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4684: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4440:"Dietary Fiber" 4438: 4437: 4433: 4417: 4416: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4206:Animal Genetics 4201: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3868: 3851: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3782: 3778: 3761: 3757: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3617:, pp. 1–2. 3613: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3551: 3537:suggests, that 3511: 3493:, and reduced 3471: 3465: 3433:unclean animals 3388: 3382: 3370:Fernand Braudel 3252: 3246: 3238: 3229:Paul R. Ehrlich 3209:microbial foods 3201:fortified foods 3198: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3105: 3040: 3034: 3015: 2973: 2943:, as it causes 2933:water pollution 2909: 2903: 2887: 2867: 2855:avian influenza 2843: 2825: 2793: 2724: 2718: 2682: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2509: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2355: 2345: 2322:(specifically, 2316: 2311: 2269:lipid oxidation 2228:calcium sulfate 2010: 2000: 1993: 1968: 1959: 1953: 1944: 1937: 1838: 1821: 1781: 1771: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1675:Donkeys, mules 1670: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1475: 1472: 1463: 1460: 1451: 1441: 1318:Chicken breast 1285: 1281: 1280: 1234: 1215: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1040: 1035: 991:agents such as 987:, particularly 985:Growth hormones 954: 926:feather pecking 920:. Animals have 914:factory farming 898: 892: 802: 794:magnetic fields 789: 736:double muscling 728:recessive genes 724:animal breeding 676: 668: 661: 658: 649: 646: 637: 630: 621: 615: 603:Organic farming 570:progeny testing 566: 549: 543: 466:Date/years ago 434:. Animals were 420:Paleontological 417: 411: 406: 400: 387:(meat of large 200:skeletal muscle 184:comes from the 178: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10915: 10905: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10868: 10866:Category: Meat 10857: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10758: 10753: 10747: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10731:Slaughterhouse 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10682: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10639: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10608:Pollotarianism 10605: 10603:Pescetarianism 10595: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10551: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10434: 10425: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10265: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10180: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10007: 10005: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9823: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9703: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9590: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9496: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9454: 9442: 9435: 9434:External links 9432: 9431: 9430: 9424: 9387: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9333: 9306: 9287:(1–2): 57–65. 9271: 9228: 9223:10.1086/664970 9201: 9167:(2): 104–108. 9144: 9130: 9108: 9096: 9085: 9067: 9052: 9034: 9027: 8982: 8968: 8948: 8905: 8850: 8801: 8758: 8709: 8694: 8668: 8648:News article: 8588: 8537: 8485: 8476: 8451:J. Clean. Prod 8441: 8414: 8357: 8329: 8292: 8247: 8186: 8155: 8124: 8091: 8019: 7964: 7931: 7898: 7839: 7815: 7782: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7733:News article: 7665: 7622: 7616:978-0739136980 7615: 7580: 7557: 7526: 7500: 7441: 7423: 7370: 7361: 7301: 7282: 7273: 7247: 7210:(9): 724–732. 7188: 7142: 7120: 7093: 7060: 7027: 6996: 6965: 6945:Dalton, Jane. 6937: 6911: 6884:(3): 484–494. 6868: 6841:(3): 426–437. 6818: 6772: 6743:(2): 170–178. 6723: 6670: 6641:(4): 348–356. 6621: 6562: 6533:(9): 662–664. 6511: 6460: 6409: 6380:(5): 498–505. 6360: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6251: 6222:(3): 271–281. 6202: 6169: 6143: 6117: 6082: 6070: 6041:(4): 245–271. 6021: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5946: 5934: 5915:(4): 844–853. 5899: 5864: 5839: 5806: 5781: 5764:MICHELIN Guide 5751: 5726: 5695: 5662: 5640: 5612: 5580: 5548: 5518: 5496:Davidson, Alan 5488: 5481: 5475:. p. 66. 5457: 5450: 5427: 5409: 5379: 5351:(3): 615–632. 5326: 5300: 5287: 5265:Davidson, Alan 5257: 5229: 5198: 5170: 5156: 5125: 5081:(3): 561–568. 5058: 5022: 4997: 4990: 4963: 4912: 4905: 4880: 4850: 4848:, p. 155. 4838: 4826: 4814: 4791: 4768: 4749: 4738:. May 21, 2018 4723: 4697: 4682: 4652: 4622: 4592: 4567: 4554:Ann Yong-Geun 4547: 4522: 4497: 4472: 4457: 4431: 4390:(6): 298–307. 4374: 4342: 4316: 4301: 4286: 4263: 4261:, p. 126. 4251: 4239: 4212:(6): 505–519. 4189: 4174: 4157: 4127: 4068: 4035: 4003: 3971: 3954: 3942: 3915: 3889: 3866: 3840: 3829:Zatta, Paolo. 3821: 3776: 3755: 3704: 3675: 3645: 3619: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3582:Meat-free days 3579: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3510: 3507: 3467:Main article: 3464: 3461: 3384:Main article: 3381: 3378: 3362:Noëlie Vialles 3248:Main article: 3245: 3244:Ethical issues 3242: 3237: 3234: 3199:and zinc) and 3196: 3157:Main article: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3104: 3101: 3033: 3032:Climate change 3030: 3013: 3010:slash-and-burn 2972: 2969: 2961:global warming 2926:climate crisis 2902: 2899: 2886: 2883: 2866: 2863: 2842: 2839: 2824: 2821: 2792: 2789: 2744:(NHS) and the 2720:Main article: 2717: 2714: 2681: 2678: 2659: 2658:Health effects 2656: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2531:. Meat can be 2508: 2505: 2421: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2344: 2341: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2247: 2213: 2211:Antimicrobials 2207: 2206: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2102:polyphosphates 2097: 2096: 2081: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1941:slaughterhouse 1938: 1931: 1837: 1834: 1820: 1817: 1805:carotid artery 1797:carbon dioxide 1770: 1767: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1499:61,171,973,510 1496: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1488:Number Killed 1486: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1454: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1232: 1213: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1165: 1100:adipose tissue 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 953: 950: 918:animal welfare 891: 890:Animal welfare 888: 848:micronutrients 801: 798: 788: 785: 718: 717: 714: 710: 709: 706: 702: 701: 698: 694: 693: 690: 686: 685: 682: 675: 672: 667: 664: 663: 662: 659: 652: 650: 647: 640: 638: 631: 624: 622: 617:A shoulder of 616: 609: 578:saturated fats 565: 562: 553:postwar period 542: 539: 536: 535: 532: 523: 520: 514: 513: 510: 505: 502: 496: 495: 494:11,000–10,000 492: 489: 486: 468: 467: 464: 461: 456: 410: 407: 399: 396: 393: 392: 379: 374: 368: 367: 358: 353: 349: 348: 339:Norman French 337: 332: 325: 324: 319:Norman French 317: 312: 306: 305: 300:Norman French 298: 293: 289: 288: 283:Norman French 281: 276: 272: 271: 262: 257: 253: 252: 249: 248:...is called: 246: 177: 174: 155:global warming 142:decompose and 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10914: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10897:Meat industry 10895: 10893: 10892:Types of food 10890: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10867: 10858: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10845: 10842: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10773:Cultured meat 10771: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10740: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10678:Meat industry 10675: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10593:Vegetarianism 10591: 10590: 10588: 10584: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10565:Animal rights 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10544: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10424:List articles 10422: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10325:Luncheon meat 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 9998: 9994: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9922:Pacific saury 9920: 9918: 9917:Orange roughy 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9578: 9572: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9489: 9487: 9482: 9480: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9427: 9421: 9417: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9322:(4): 629–42. 9321: 9317: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9217:(3): 629–43. 9216: 9212: 9205: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9148: 9133: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9100: 9094: 9089: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9041: 9039: 9030: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8971: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8897: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8657:. May 5, 2022 8656: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8607: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8492: 8490: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8430:(3): 849–61. 8429: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8296: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8095: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8026: 8024: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7819: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7758: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7597:Peter McLaren 7594: 7590: 7589:Nibert, David 7584: 7576: 7572: 7571:Bloomberg.com 7568: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7530: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7374: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7347:2027.42/48162 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7195: 7193: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7147: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7105: 7097: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6823: 6814: 6808: 6789: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5666: 5650: 5644: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5597: 5590: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5562:The Economist 5558: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5514:0-19-280681-5 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5330: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5298:Oxford: Oxbow 5297: 5291: 5285:, pp. 387–388 5284: 5283:0-19-280681-5 5280: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5118:September 24, 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4836:, p. 90. 4835: 4830: 4824:, p. 87. 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4657: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4461: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4359: 4352: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4314:, p. 93. 4313: 4308: 4306: 4299:, p. 82. 4298: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4090:(6): 211573. 4089: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3561:Culinary name 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3503:meat industry 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3364:, demand an " 3363: 3359: 3355: 3354:Norbert Elias 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3327:Enlightenment 3324: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260:animal rights 3257: 3251: 3241: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3225:Rodolfo Dirzo 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205:cultured meat 3202: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165:mitigation of 3160: 3150: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3135:Chatham House 3132: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3026:food security 3023: 3022:fertile soils 3019: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2977: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2955:, pollution, 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945:deforestation 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913:fossil energy 2908: 2898: 2891: 2885:Heart disease 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849:), including 2848: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680:Contamination 2677: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2636:steak tartare 2630: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2575:Spit-roasting 2570: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549:steak tartare 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2376: 2364: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2251:meat spoilage 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119:Ascorbic acid 2117: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2005: 2004:Meat spoilage 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789:exsanguinated 1786: 1780: 1779:Meat industry 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1737: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1547: 1541:1,171,578,000 1537: 1533: 1527:1,451,856,889 1523: 1519: 1513:2,887,594,480 1509: 1505: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1445:Meat industry 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1187:"White" meat: 1183: 1178: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1116:phospholipids 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:carbohydrates 1049: 1044: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 962:gonadotrophic 959: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 934:beak trimming 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 907: 906:battery cages 902: 897: 887: 885: 884:bioaccumulate 881: 877: 876:methylmercury 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 797: 795: 784: 782: 778: 774: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 715: 712: 711: 707: 704: 703: 699: 697:Meat quality 696: 695: 691: 688: 687: 684:Heritability 683: 680: 679: 671: 656: 651: 644: 639: 635: 628: 623: 620: 613: 608: 607: 606: 604: 601:and ostrich. 600: 596: 595:water buffalo 592: 586: 584: 579: 575: 571: 561: 558: 554: 548: 533: 531: 527: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 511: 509: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 493: 490: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 470: 469: 465: 462: 460: 457: 454: 453: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 415:Domestication 409:Domestication 405: 390: 386: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 365: 362: 359: 357: 354: 351: 350: 346: 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Retrieved 9164: 9160: 9147: 9137:November 26, 9135:. Retrieved 9121: 9111: 9099: 9088: 9079: 9070: 9061: 9055: 9047:The Politics 9046: 9014: 8975:February 11, 8973:. Retrieved 8958: 8951: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8899: 8869: 8863: 8853: 8818: 8814: 8804: 8775: 8771: 8761: 8726: 8722: 8712: 8677: 8671: 8659:. Retrieved 8655:Science News 8654: 8610: 8604: 8591: 8557:(11): 4144. 8554: 8550: 8540: 8510:(1): 29–37. 8507: 8503: 8479: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8427: 8424:J. Anim. Sci 8423: 8417: 8374: 8370: 8360: 8348:. Retrieved 8344:The Guardian 8342: 8332: 8323: 8316:. Retrieved 8307:The Guardian 8305: 8295: 8266: 8260: 8250: 8205: 8199: 8189: 8177:. Retrieved 8169:The Guardian 8168: 8158: 8146:. Retrieved 8138:The Guardian 8137: 8127: 8117:December 14, 8115:. Retrieved 8104: 8094: 8082:. Retrieved 8041: 8035: 7981: 7977: 7967: 7957:February 14, 7955:. Retrieved 7951:the original 7944: 7934: 7922:. 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Retrieved 3622: 3592:Mystery meat 3527:gender roles 3512: 3473:Research in 3472: 3450: 3444: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3400: 3347: 3316: 3286: 3276: 3253: 3239: 3162: 3147: 3139: 3128: 3106: 3090: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3056: 2998: 2965: 2930: 2910: 2896: 2868: 2851:of pandemics 2844: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2812:The Guardian 2810: 2800: 2794: 2781:Nitrosamines 2766: 2763: 2750:bowel cancer 2736: 2725: 2686:heavy metals 2683: 2669: 2667: 2589:Geese being 2510: 2503: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2337: 2333: 2317: 2289:denaturation 2261:Antioxidants 2240:bacteriocins 2075: 2018:preservation 2011: 1925:hypoxanthine 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899:rigor mortis 1898: 1882: 1862:Rigor mortis 1860: 1859: 1839: 1836:Conditioning 1822: 1809:jugular vein 1793:asphyxiating 1782: 1761:, and their 1754: 1750: 1748: 1736:Wild mammals 1707: 1706: 1633:Other birds 1406:1,010 (242) 1372:1,100 (270) 1355:1,200 (287) 1338:1,330 (319) 1300:: kJ (kcal) 1250: 1198: 1124: 1064:myofibrillar 1060:sarcoplasmic 1045: 1041: 1013: 983: 955: 942:ear notching 911: 841: 837:hydrocarbons 810: 805: 803: 790: 752: 721: 669: 587: 567: 550: 522:Central Asia 508:Cockfighting 436:domesticated 418: 384: 363: 340: 329:Domesticated 320: 301: 284: 267: 228: 195: 181: 179: 163: 148: 113: 83:, including 79:allowed the 64: 63: 38: 29: 10778:Entomophagy 10766:Meat diaper 10756:Cannibalism 10432:Meat dishes 10214:Charcuterie 10177:preparation 10161:Mopane worm 10151:Mezcal worm 9244:: 128–138. 8921:: 200–211. 8782:: 156–167. 8504:Nature Food 8350:February 5, 8286:11336/71342 7775:January 14, 7593:Steven Best 7550:January 10, 7203:Nature Food 7086:January 10, 7053:January 10, 6474:Antibiotics 6216:Nutr Cancer 5978:October 26, 5744:November 3, 5573:December 1, 5541:December 1, 5402:February 4, 5319:February 4, 4932:: 155–196. 4873:January 31, 4716:October 25, 4645:October 26, 4615:October 25, 4384:Haemostasis 4367:January 11, 4150:October 22, 3908:January 21, 3794:: 329–351. 3770:Smithsonian 3718:BMC Biology 3519:masculinity 3491:masculinity 3374:colonialism 3358:Renaissance 3270:or harm on 3213:mycoprotein 3018:carbon sink 3012:releases CO 2957:overfishing 2871:meat prices 2835:Diabetes UK 2777:Microwaving 2706:carcinogens 2483:Guinea pigs 2467:Paleolithic 2448:pescetarian 2326:) study of 2309:Consumption 2236:lactoferrin 2224:acetic acid 2199:Break down 2189:Tenderizers 2121:(vitamin C) 2072:Curing meat 2053:emulsifying 1992:, "salted". 1921:proteolysis 1849:causes the 1847:lactic acid 1611:298,799,160 1597:438,320,370 1583:536,742,256 1569:618,086,890 1555:687,147,000 1352:Beef mince 1335:Lamb mince 1273:cholesterol 1195:Nutritional 1173:"Red" meat: 1120:cholesterol 1112:fatty acids 1056:amino acids 1038:Biochemical 1033:Composition 1019:antibiotics 825:amino acids 823:to protect 787:Environment 770:recombinant 245:Meat of... 186:Old English 166:vegetarians 10881:Categories 10835:White meat 10810:Pink slime 10788:Artificial 10663:Tenderness 10548:psychology 10546:Ethics and 10380:Salt-cured 10086:Sea urchin 9654:Guinea pig 8821:: 105058. 8262:BioScience 8148:October 5, 8084:August 10, 7225:2164/18207 7161:: 419–31. 6797:August 17, 6577:The Lancet 6429:(9): 461. 6331:: 109341. 6268:: 110071. 6098:: 129697. 6094:(Review). 5852:health.gov 5739:TasteAtlas 5719:January 2, 5688:August 28, 5680:. London. 5504:. Oxford: 5273:. Oxford: 5008:Meat Atlas 3599:References 3531:Jack Goody 3463:Psychology 3350:modern age 3303:, whereas 3297:Pythagoras 3185:meat taxes 3082:The Lancet 3036:See also: 3002:deforested 2949:dead zones 2941:ecosystems 2696:residues, 2690:mycotoxins 2670:2015–2020 2651:liver pâté 2634:Raw beef: 2443:Ipsos MORI 2435:white meat 2314:Historical 2300:prosciutto 2280:Acidifiers 2172:Flavorings 2157:Seasonings 2141:corn syrup 2135:Sweeteners 2089:prosciutto 1976:Old French 1970:The word " 1879:actomyosin 1843:glycolysis 1773:See also: 1653:25,798,819 1639:59,656,000 1625:70,371,000 1439:Production 1426:32 g 1423:900 (215) 1415:30 g 1409:14 g 1403:Pork loin 1392:23 g 1389:610 (146) 1381:22 g 1375:20 g 1364:22 g 1358:19 g 1347:26 g 1341:19 g 1324:25 g 1321:490 (117) 1242:riboflavin 1223:phosphorus 1175:beef steak 1139:white meat 1072:glycolysis 1027:pathogenic 1001:castration 968:-inducing 938:castration 894:See also: 872:pollutants 382:Old French 361:Old French 343:(domestic 251:Etymology 153:including 67:is animal 59:pork chops 10726:Slaughter 10648:Drip loss 10370:Rillettes 10330:Marinated 10268:Forcemeat 10254:Fermented 10194:Barbecued 10166:Palm grub 9997:Shellfish 9967:Swordfish 9902:Mahi Mahi 9732:Crocodile 9707:Alligator 9586:Livestock 9516:Cassowary 9194:August 6, 9181:145339463 8845:227242500 8796:113606865 8704:234315964 8643:248526001 8551:Nutrients 8532:245867412 8074:199543066 7727:221305830 7418:220548355 7298:: 204–10. 7242:240562878 7020:August 2, 6989:March 20, 6906:255021441 6863:236158918 6616:246077406 6092:Food Chem 6065:219550658 5799:August 7, 5605:April 10, 5353:CiteSeerX 5096:11019/767 5045:: 17–41. 4958:257354036 4859:"Sausage" 4706:"FAOSTAT" 4692:240163091 4335:April 25, 3724:(1): 98. 3697:August 4, 3566:Cartilage 3523:barbecues 3487:cognition 3331:Descartes 3323:Augustine 3313:Aristotle 2802:S. aureus 2694:pesticide 2100:Alkaline 2093:parma ham 2014:additives 1998:Additives 1980:saussiche 1943:, Finland 1913:myoglobin 1787:and then 1769:Slaughter 1745:Transport 1695:3,298,266 1689:Camelids 1681:3,478,300 1667:4,863,367 1493:Chickens 1432:9 g 1429:0 g 1412:0 g 1398:5 g 1395:0 g 1378:0 g 1361:0 g 1344:0 g 1330:2 g 1327:0 g 1246:vitamin K 1231:vitamin B 1212:vitamin B 1127:myoglobin 1015:Sedatives 1005:Myostatin 966:ovulation 958:fertility 880:pesticide 878:and some 852:phosphate 844:nutrients 817:cellulose 813:Ruminants 773:bacterium 593:, zebra, 572:to speed 504:East Asia 440:Neolithic 287:(cattle) 216:mammalian 180:The word 176:Etymology 10820:Red meat 10815:Raw meat 10744:subjects 10625:Veganism 10492:Meatball 10355:Pemmican 10340:Meatloaf 10335:Meatball 10175:Cuts and 10156:Silkworm 10146:Mealworm 10124:Crickets 10036:Crayfish 10016:Calamari 9912:Milkfish 9897:Mackerel 9892:Kingfish 9867:Flounder 9767:Pangolin 9752:Kangaroo 9737:Elephant 9722:Bushmeat 9460:Archived 9448:Archived 9375:10495322 9367:21983048 9347:Appetite 9301:22061452 9266:34628674 9258:25308432 9238:Appetite 9185:Archived 9019:Springer 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