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cause neurodevelopmental impairment, in particular because some pesticides and their metabolites cross the placenta and fetal blood-brain-barrier, which has not fully developed in a fetus. In addition, an accumulation of chronic exposure has been associated with an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative disease later in life. There is strong evidence that chronic exposure to pesticides increases risk of developing
Parkinson's disease, potentially through direct toxic effects on dopaminergic neurons (which are depleted in Parkinson's disease). In addition, there is increasing evidence that chronic exposure increases risk of Alzheimer's disease. A review of multiple studies that looked at high pesticide exposure, mainly organophosphates, among agricultural workers further suggested neurological consequences for such exposures. High pesticide exposure is associates with
194:. While all pesticides have been shown to have effects on human health, OCPs are notable for significant risk for adverse effects as they dissolve in fatty tissues and can, thus, accumulate to harmful levels in these tissues. For example, some OCPs are structurally similar to estrogen and can mimic the effects of endogenous estrogen via binding to the estrogen receptors. These pesticides exhibit their toxic effects by interfering with hormonal homeostasis, resulting in hormonal dysregulation. This promotes abnormal growth and development of reproductive tissues and can lead to cancer or harmful effects on reproductive health. OCPs or POPs, which were used in agricultural practices in the 1950s, have now been banned in most countries. However, their breakdown products are persistent and can still be found in soil.
432:
the mother is associated with longer time to pregnancy and greater infertility rates. For example, in mothers and/or their partners who reported pesticide exposure, there was an increased risk of miscarriage with the strongest association with exposure during the first three weeks of pregnancy. This is perhaps linked to the possible negative impact of pesticides on oocyte development and fertilization. Similarly, studies evaluating the short-term impact of occupational exposure to a variety of pesticides on reproductive health suggest that pesticides can have deleterious effects on sperm—pesticide exposure, associated with decreased sperm motility, defects in sperm morphology and semen volume. However, the long-term impacts of pesticide exposure on spermatogenesis and fertility are unknown.
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health and is associated with decreased fertility, increased rates of miscarriage, and changes in pattern of maturity. Specifically, triazines, organs-chlorine, and carbamate insecticides have anti-androgenic effects impacting males, resulting in the lack of development of male characteristics including decreases in testicular size, sperm production, and androgen production. A number of pesticides including dibromochlorophane and 2,4-D has been associated with impaired fertility in males. Pesticide exposure resulted in reduced fertility in males, genetic alterations in sperm, a reduced number of sperm, damage to germinal epithelium and altered hormone function.
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pesticides and airway symptoms such as wheezing, cough, shortness of breath, runny nose, sore or irritation of throat, and difficulty breathing. Decreased lung function was associated with occupational exposure to pesticides. Studies have suggested a correlation between inhibition of cholinesterase by pesticides like carbamate and organophosphate and reduction or impairment of lung function. In addition, exposure to pesticides was also reported to be linked with obstructive and restrictive lung conditions. Specifically, organophosphate exposure was associated with lung function decline driven by a restrictive process.
356:
280:. This increased risk occurs with both residential and occupational exposures. Increased rates of cancer have been found among farm workers who apply these chemicals. Studies suggest an association between carbamate exposure and glioma and meningioma, glyphosate exposure and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, as well as alachlor exposure and laryngeal cancer. A mother's occupational exposure to pesticides during pregnancy is associated with an increases in her child's risk of
151:, and how much of the pesticide (i.e. the residue) remains in or on food by the time it is marketed and distributed. Tolerance levels are obtained using scientific risk assessments that pesticide manufacturers are required to conduct—assessments include toxicological studies, exposure modeling and residue studies before a particular pesticide can be registered. However, the effects are tested a single pesticide at a time and there is little information on the possible
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Additionally, studies have indicated that pesticide exposure is associated with long-term respiratory problems. A significant association was found between exposure to pesticides and decreased lung function along with related airway symptoms. Studies have suggested an association between exposure to
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Acute health problems may occur in workers that handle pesticides, such as abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems. In China, an estimated half-million people are poisoned by pesticides each year, 500 of whom die. Pyrethrins, insecticides commonly used
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The effects of endocrine disruption is dependent on the timing of pesticide exposure (for example, during embryogenesis in early pregnancy or in infancy) as windows of varying susceptibility dictate disease manifestation. Several studies suggest that higher levels of pesticides in the blood of
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recommend limiting exposure to pesticides. They came to this conclusion due to the fact that surveillance systems currently in place are inadequate to determine problems related to exposure. The utility of applicator certification and public notification programs are also of unknown value in their
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There is accumulating evidence of neurological effects secondary to pesticide exposure. Acute exposure to high levels of pesticides that affect the central nervous system can cause neurotoxicity, including cognitive and motor changes. In-utero and early-childhood exposure to organophosphates can
427:
Many pesticides act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) or substances that interfere with normal hormonal activity. As of 2013, 101 pesticides have been listed as proven or possible endocrine disruptors. As such, high levels of and/or long-term exposure to pesticides can impact reproductive
460:. It was also found that offspring who were at some point exposed to pesticides had a low birth weight and had developmental defects. Maternal exposure to pesticides has also been linked to higher incidence of hypospadias in the newborn, which is the abnormal opening of the urethra in males.
435:
Because some pesticides and their resulting metabolites can cross the placenta and, therefore, the blood-brain-barrier, they can also impact development of the fetus; strong evidence links pre- and post-natal exposures to pesticides to congenital disorders, including physical and/or mental
311:
The suggested molecular mechanism for association of pesticide exposure and cancer development is damage to genetic materials such as chromosomes, DNA, and histone proteins, or damage to cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, endocrine networks, and nuclear receptors.
197:
Pesticides can also exert their adverse effects on human health by acting on cell receptors and ion channels, suppressing key signal pathways in cells, and by affecting DNA methylation and histone modifications, thus resulting in changes in gene expression and cellular function.
103:
People can be exposed to pesticides, which include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, by a number of different routes including: occupation, in the home, at school, in the air, water, soil, and in food. Almost all humans are exposed to some level of pesticides. For example,
538:, about 18,000 of whom die. According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly. Detectable levels of 50 different pesticides were found in the blood of a representative sample of the U.S. population.
597:. A study in North Carolina indicated that more than 30 percent of the quail tested were made sick by one aerial insecticide application. Once sick, wild birds may neglect their young, abandon their nests, and become more susceptible to predators or disease.
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even after being washed or peeled. Chemicals that are no longer used but that are resistant to breakdown for long periods may remain in soil and water and, thus, in food. For example, most people in the United States still have detectable levels of
419:, but did little to account for developmental neurotoxic effects, drawing strong criticism from within the agency and from outside researchers. Comparable studies have not been done with newer pesticides that are replacing organophosphates.
403:
among agricultural workers who apply the pesticides. The reported disorders are: ADHD, depression, anxiety, dizziness, headaches and olfactory impairment (which was used as an early indicator for neurodegenerative disorders).
108:, may be a potentially significant source of exposure to the general public. Exposure can occur via ingestion, inhalation, or contact with skin. Some pesticides can remain in the environment for prolonged periods of time.
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Yilmaz B, Terekeci H, Sandal S, Kelestimur F (March 2020). "Endocrine disrupting chemicals: exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention".
143:(MRLs), for individual pesticides in food. In the United States, levels of residues permitted to remain on foods are limited based on tolerance levels considered to be safe as established by the
128:
and exposure to pesticides in majority-Latino counties of the state to pesticides is 906% higher than counties in which the Latino population is fewer than 24%. This has raised concerns over
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as this would be unethical. A definitive cause effect relationship therefore cannot be established. Consistent evidence can and has been gathered through other study designs. The
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There are concerns that pesticides used to control pests on food crops are dangerous to people who consume those foods. Many food crops, including fruits and vegetables, contain
997:
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Van Maele-Fabry G, Lantin AC, Hoet P, Lison D (June 2010). "Childhood leukaemia and parental occupational exposure to pesticides: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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and altered fetal growth. Perhaps the more widely known health effect of pesticides is the elevated rate of birth defects in areas in
Vietnam sprayed with defoliant or
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While pesticide use is commonly associated with agriculture, pesticides are also used as part of public health interventions to control vector-borne diseases (e.g.
92:
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147:(EPA). The EPA sets the permitted levels of pesticide residues based on the toxicity of the pesticide, its breakdown products, the amount and frequency of
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EPA workers blast agency's rulings on deadly pesticides: Letter sent to EPA administrator
Stephen L. Johnson by unions representing 9,000 EPA scientists
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Pesticides are designed to kill living organisms and vary in their mechanisms of action, depending on their class. The major classes of pesticides are
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Jurewicz J, Hanke W (2008). "Prenatal and childhood exposure to pesticides and neurobehavioral development: review of epidemiological studies".
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68:, which may be a medical emergency. Strong evidence exists for other, long-term negative health outcomes from pesticide exposure including
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292:. Exposure to insecticides within the home and herbicides outside is associated with blood cancers in children. A 2007
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Many studies have examined the effects of pesticide exposure on the risk of cancer. Associations have been found with:
95:(2001), 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent chemicals were pesticides, so many have now been withdrawn from use.
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Summaries of peer-reviewed research have examined the link between pesticide exposure and neurologic outcomes and
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such that absolute proof is not required before efforts to decrease exposure to potential toxins are enacted.
561:
1918:
Ngo AD, Taylor R, Roberts CL (2010). "Paternal exposure to Agent Orange and spina bifida: a meta-analysis".
800:
Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA (January 2017). "Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects".
88:. Toxicity of pesticides depend on the type of chemical, route of exposure, dosage, and timing of exposure.
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regarding the research base have been raised for some research into toxicity of pesticides. For example,
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2249:"Educational and informational strategies to reduce pesticide risks. Council on Scientific Affairs".
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estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe
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120:(DDT), an insecticide, despite its ban in the US in 1972. These concerns are one reason for the
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effects of exposure to multiple pesticide traces in the air, food and water on human health.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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521:
315:
118:dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
2678:
2125:Annual Review of Public Health
1041:Codex Alimentarius Commission
913:
749:
642:
629:
542:Research conflicts of interest
415:pesticides following the 1996
1:
2365:Boseley S (8 December 2006).
1575:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124657
1563:Journal of Cleaner Production
1503:"Neurotoxicity of pesticides"
1182:Medline Plus (May 17, 2006),
881:"Pesticides and health risks"
667:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61202-1
622:
562:Imperial Cancer Research Fund
493:
2834:Persistent organic pollutant
2211:Current Opinion in Neurology
1749:10.1126/science.341.6147.740
1662:Phillips ML (October 2006).
1122:10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.004
515:American Medical Association
296:found that "most studies on
62:Health effects of pesticides
7:
2977:Index of pesticide articles
2804:Agricultural spray adjuvant
2403:10.1007/978-1-4419-6445-8_8
2018:European Respiratory Review
1378:Cancer Causes & Control
600:
506:is thus frequently used in
417:Food Quality Protection Act
401:neurodegenerative disorders
78:neurodevelopmental disorder
10:
3222:
2972:Integrated Pest Management
2819:Integrated pest management
1710:Pulaski A (May 26, 2006),
1519:10.1007/s00401-019-02033-9
1345:10.1007/s40572-020-00266-5
1227:10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025
955:10.1007/s11154-019-09521-z
846:. Pops.int. Archived from
574:Pesticide toxicity to bees
571:
545:
319:
211:
205:
3201:Health effects by subject
3147:
3125:
3094:
3031:
2967:
2936:
2869:Paradox of the pesticides
2781:
2770:
2686:
2611:
2563:
2031:10.1183/09059180.00005113
1932:10.1007/s10654-009-9401-4
1466:Canadian Family Physician
1390:10.1007/s10552-010-9516-7
924:Spray drift of pesticides
770:10.2478/v10001-008-0014-z
721:Canadian Family Physician
536:poisoning from pesticides
528:World Health Organization
500:placebo controlled trials
363:This article needs to be
227:
43:
38:
29:
24:
2909:Pesticide Action Network
2829:Non-pesticide management
1773:Zlatnik MG (July 2016).
1173:Retrieved on 2007-10-25.
595:colony collapse disorder
532:UN Environment Programme
463:
2809:Biological pest control
1841:10.2486/indhealth.41.55
1087:Rabideau, Christine L.
504:precautionary principle
367:. The reason given is:
2922:The Pesticide Question
2263:10.1006/pmed.1996.0122
2087:10.3390/ijerph10126442
1980:10.1186/1477-7827-4-30
1630:10.3390/ijerph18126576
1438:10.1542/peds.2015-0006
176:organochlorines (OCPs)
141:maximum residue limits
2824:Maximum residue limit
2794:Environmental effects
2515:"Parkinson's Disease"
1507:Acta Neuropathologica
617:Chlorpyrifos#Toxicity
554:conflict of interests
444:, a 50:50 mixture of
149:pesticide application
130:environmental justice
3086:Ultra-processed food
2982:Pesticide categories
2285:Sustaining the Earth
2257:(2): 191–200. 1997.
1680:10.1289/ehp.114-a592
423:Reproductive effects
298:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
3140:(including tannins)
2251:Preventive Medicine
814:2017ScTEn.575..525K
552:Concerns regarding
208:Pesticide poisoning
170:Mechanism of action
86:Parkinson's disease
66:pesticide poisoning
3165:Pesticide exposure
2612:External resources
2343:10.1002/ajim.20357
2283:Miller GT (2004),
1896:10.1093/ije/dyl038
1791:10.1111/jmwh.12500
1717:2006-10-05 at the
1110:Toxicology Reports
1048:2012-02-29 at the
1005:CRB Short Subjects
472:in those exposed.
137:Codex Alimentarius
113:pesticide residues
50:Emergency medicine
25:Pesticide toxicity
3188:
3187:
2990:
2989:
2646:
2645:
2507:978-953-307-454-2
2412:978-1-4419-6444-1
2080:(12): 6442–6471.
1866:. 29 August 2022.
1828:Industrial Health
1743:(6147): 740–741.
1674:(10): A592–A595.
1472:(10): 1704–1711.
922:(December 1999),
727:(10): 1712–1720.
661:(9612): 597–607.
508:environmental law
388:
387:
294:systematic review
223:Long-term effects
99:Route of exposure
91:According to The
59:
58:
19:Medical condition
3213:
3170:Sawdust exposure
3017:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2776:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2561:
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2275:
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2246:
2235:
2234:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2178:10.1289/ehp.7135
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2024:(132): 180–192.
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1889:(5): 1220–1230.
1874:
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1356:
1324:
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1303:
1294:. Archived from
1285:
1274:10.1289/ehp.8526
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1210:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1163:
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975:
974:
938:
927:
917:
911:
910:
900:
876:
859:
858:
856:
855:
844:"What are POPs?"
840:
834:
833:
797:
782:
781:
753:
747:
746:
736:
712:
689:
688:
678:
646:
640:
633:
397:neuropsychiatric
383:
380:
374:
358:
357:
350:
180:organophosphates
34:
22:
21:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3160:Noise pollution
3143:
3121:
3090:
3027:
3021:
2991:
2986:
2963:
2932:
2777:
2768:
2682:
2677:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2607:
2606:
2572:
2558:
2553:
2548:the EPA website
2524:
2522:
2513:
2508:
2481:
2479:Further reading
2476:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2453:10.1641/B580503
2432:
2428:
2413:
2391:
2387:
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2375:
2372:theguardian.com
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2154:
2117:
2113:
2066:
2057:
2010:
2006:
1959:
1955:
1916:
1912:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1820:
1816:
1771:
1764:
1733:
1729:
1719:Wayback Machine
1709:
1705:
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1211:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1160:
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1082:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1050:Wayback Machine
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1007:. October 2013.
1000:
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978:
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496:
488:type 2 diabetes
466:
425:
413:organophosphate
384:
378:
375:
372:
359:
355:
348:
326:Organochlorines
318:
230:
225:
216:
210:
204:
172:
106:pesticide drift
101:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3186:
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3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
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3142:
3141:
3135:
3129:
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3126:Phytochemicals
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
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3089:
3088:
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3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
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3041:
3035:
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3029:
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3024:Health effects
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2949:European Union
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2928:Toxicity class
2925:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2904:Restricted use
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Gene silencing
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Health effects
2785:
2783:
2782:Related topics
2779:
2778:
2771:
2769:
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2761:
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2639:
2637:article/815051
2628:
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2613:
2609:
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2604:
2589:
2573:
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2565:
2564:Classification
2557:
2556:External links
2554:
2552:
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2531:
2511:
2506:
2482:
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2477:
2474:
2473:
2459:
2446:(5): 384–388.
2426:
2411:
2385:
2357:
2336:(3): 227–233.
2316:
2305:(3): 139–144.
2289:
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2236:
2217:(6): 687–690.
2201:
2172:(9): 950–958.
2152:
2111:
2055:
2004:
1953:
1910:
1869:
1855:
1814:
1785:(4): 442–455.
1762:
1727:
1703:
1654:
1596:
1542:
1513:(3): 343–362.
1493:
1452:
1431:(4): 719–729.
1411:
1384:(6): 787–809.
1368:
1308:
1268:(6): 953–960.
1248:
1221:(2): 157–177.
1188:
1175:
1158:
1145:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1034:
1010:
989:
976:
949:(1): 127–147.
928:
912:
891:(1): 103–110.
860:
835:
783:
764:(2): 121–132.
748:
690:
641:
627:
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621:
620:
619:
614:
609:
602:
599:
580:neonicotinoids
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436:disabilities,
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3064:Saturated fat
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2959:United States
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2915:Silent Spring
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2497:10.5772/18734
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1723:The Oregonian
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1116:: 1179–1192.
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