Deaf culture - Knowledge

761:

of highly diverse Deaf individuals, and to impose narrow culture onto a group full of heterogeneous members would be rather questionable. There is room for deviation and hybridization of values and beliefs in Deaf culture as society and technology evolves. Even if they are proud of their Deaf identity, many deaf individuals wish they knew what their voices sounded like, and wish they could pick up the phone and have a conversation with ease without the need for a third-party device or interpreter. So, instead of looking at cochlear implants as identity stripping, many Deaf parents of Deaf children see cochlear implants as a way to give their children more than what they have; to offer them the pleasure of being able to hear. It has also been proven that cochlear implants help to provide opportunities for success, and help individuals to feel more connected to the world. Though most Deaf individuals agree that choosing to use a cochlear implant is a difficult decision, many say that resistance to cochlear implants has decreased since 1990, the year when it was first approved for children. By building more evidence of the benefits and limitations of cochlear implants, both Deaf and hearing individuals can be properly educated on the impact of cochlear implants, and thus unrealistic expectations and controversies can be resolved.

749:

books, where improved quality of life is only seen after characters obtain cochlear implants. This idea that deafness is a physiological issue that resides only within the individual and therefore should be physiologically fixed or solved counters the teachings and beliefs within Deaf culture. Often people feel as though children should make the decision if they want a cochlear implant for themselves as opposed to someone else, like their parents or caregivers, making it for them. Although ethical, this idea poses a problem since the success rate of cochlear implants is at its highest when implanted at early childhood; in other words, when the child is not able to make rather large decisions, like this one, for themselves. These critics argue forcing cochlear implants on children should be reduced and the assumption that cochlear implants offer the best quality of life for Deaf individuals should be countered. One way of doing this would be to expose children of young ages to Deaf culture and the Deaf community early on, as well as teach them American Sign Language.

1094: 626: 1012:. Deaf clubs were the solution to this need. Money was made by selling alcohol and hosting card games. Sometimes these ventures were so successful that the building used by the club was able to be purchased. The main attraction of these clubs was that they provided a place that deaf people could go to be around other deaf people, sometimes sharing stories, hosting parties, comedians, and plays. Many of today's common ABC stories were first seen at deaf clubs. The clubs were found in all of the major cities, New York City being home to at least 12. These clubs were an important break from their usually solitary day spent at factory jobs. 355:

black students for a long time. The examples mentioned by Ladd also point to tendencies towards gender discrimination. He also points out that his analyses focus strongly on the USA and the UK, and that the situation and self-definition of d/Deaf people in other countries can differ greatly. Like other authors, however, he assumes a common core of a Deaf culture that arises from experiences as a Deaf person(s). Research in Tanzania in the early 21st century resulted in differing analysis whether or not - or how much - the identify of deaf Tanzanians can be characterized as Deaf, pointing also to intersectional identities.

427:), students will be able to interact "normally" with other students, without having to worry about being criticized. An argument supporting inclusion, on the other hand, exposes the student to people who are not just like them, preparing them for adult life. Through interacting, children with hearing disabilities can expose themselves to other cultures which in the future may be beneficial for them when it comes to finding jobs and living on their own in a society where their disability may put them in the minority. These are some reasons why a person may or may not want to put their child in an inclusion classroom. 347:(1989) that "87 percent of black deaf people polled identified with their black culture first". Deaf youth who belong to multiple minority groups face exceptional challenges. Deaf Black individuals may encounter discrimination from both hearing people of the Black community and White deaf individuals. Though racism is not greater than audism, the intersection of race and deafness (and other identities) can increase the barriers to success and compound hardship. Therefore, it is crucial to acknowledge the intersectionality of Black Deaf students as it plays a significant role in their educational success. 969: 637: 477: 454: 271: 175:, and therefore some who are a part of this community may feel misunderstood by those who do not know sign language. Another struggle that the Deaf community often faces is that educational institutions usually consist primarily of hearing people. Additionally, hearing family members may need to learn sign language in order for the deaf person to feel included and supported. Unlike some other cultures, a deaf person may join the community later in life, rather than needing to be born into it. 303: 564: 36: 1208:

the Deaf people in their community. The QBPL hired a deaf librarian, Lori Stambler-Dunsmore, to train the library staff about Deaf culture, to teach sign language classes for family members and people who are involved with deaf people, and to teach literacy classes for Deaf patrons. In working with the library, Stambler-Dunsmore was able to help the community reach out to its deaf neighbors, and helped other deaf people become more active in their outside community.

737: 1244: 648:. Sign languages convey meaning through manual communication and body language instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns. This involves the simultaneous combination of hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express a speaker's thoughts. "Sign languages are based on the idea that vision is the most useful tool a deaf person has to communicate and receive information". 255:, where the more than 60 countries that participated in it agreed that "Despite this 'disability mindset,' Deaf citizens positively contribute to societies that embrace diversity and creativity. They enhance their nations in areas of education, economic activity, politics, arts and literature. For Deaf people, It is an inalienable right to be acknowledged as a linguistic and cultural minority integral to every society." 343:. Deaf culture intersects with nationality, education, race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexual orientation, and other identity markers, leading to a culture that is at once quite small and also tremendously diverse. The extent to which people identify primarily with their deaf identity rather than their membership in other intersecting cultural groups also varies. Professor Anthony J. Aramburo found in a study titled 1204:

provide services for the Deaf community, availability of text telephones or TTYs not only to assist patrons with reference questions but also for making outside calls, using the most recent technology in order to communicate more effectively with Deaf patrons, including closed captioning services for any television services, and developing a collection that would interest the members of the Deaf community.

1161:, the only deaf liberal arts university in the United States, was founded in 1876. The library's collection has grown from a small number of reference books to the world's largest collection of deaf-related materials, with over 234,000 books and thousands of other materials in different formats. The collection is so large that the library had to create a hybrid classification system based on the 4154: 286: 753:

for a variety of reasons, including: there is value to being Deaf, being Deaf is not an illness and does not require a cure, the Deaf are not lesser than the hearing, etc. Cochlear implants also have a variety of risks associated with them, like costliness, effectiveness, and surgical requirement. Alternative solutions proposed by cochlear opponents are centered around the

1029:

World War II ended and the civil rights movement progressed, the federal government started offering more jobs to deaf men and women. People began switching from manufacturing jobs to service jobs, moving away from solitary work with set hours. Today, deaf clubs are rare, but deaf advocacy centers and other deaf organizations have become widespread and popular.

1220:, the only Deaf liberal arts university in the world, was founded in 1876. The library's collection has grown from a small number of reference books to the world's largest collection of deaf-related materials with over 234,000 books and thousands of other materials in different formats. The library created a hybrid classification system based on an extension of the 861: 96: 221: 238:

hearing loss that defines a member of the deaf community but the individual's own sense of identity and resultant actions." As with all social groups that a person chooses to belong to, a person is a member of the Deaf community if they identify as a member of the community and the community accept them as a member of the community.

1077:, DeafDisabled and Hard of Hearing communities using ASL are held regionally and virtually. Queer ASL is an educational platform taught virtually by Deaf queer instructors focused on educating queer and trans people in a safe space. Deaf queer events include Rainbow Alliance of the Deaf conferences, the Deaf Lesbian Festival, and 179: 217:

Deaf individuals who are not a part of the Deaf community may not have the same support in the hearing world, resulting in lower self-esteem. Stereotypes, lack of knowledge, and negative attitudes about Deafness cause widespread discrimination. This could lead to a lower education and economic status for deaf people.

1185:, herself deaf. In 1974 she created Deaf Awareness Week, later called Deaf Heritage Week, in which programs about deaf culture are held in libraries. In 1980 she founded the unit now known as the Library Service to People who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Forum, which is a unit within the American Library Association. 1125:. Our communities, synagogues, schools, and camps must strive to be welcoming and accessible, and inclusive. Sign language may be used in matters of personal status and may be used in rituals. A deaf person called to the Torah who does not speak may recite the berakhot via sign language. A deaf person may serve as a 1511:

Despite this "disability mindset", Deaf citizens positively contribute to societies that embrace diversity and creativity. They enhance their nations in areas of education, economic activity, politics, arts and literature. For Deaf people, It is an inalienable right to be acknowledged as a linguistic

822:

Lack of understanding about technological accessibility for the deaf causes conflict and injustice for the deaf community. For example, a significant number of deaf individuals in the UK admit that they are dissatisfied with their banks because of their heavy reliance on telephone banking and lack of

760:

Alternatively, those who support cochlear implants do not necessarily oppose Deaf culture. Culture itself is not a simple concept, but rather it has high levels of complexity and power; due to this nature, culture is not to be applied narrowly to a group of individuals. The Deaf community is composed

237:

The community may include hearing family members of deaf people and sign-language interpreters who identify with Deaf culture. It does not automatically include all people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. As educator and American Sign Language interpreter Anna Mindess writes, "it is not the extent of

207:

systems. Some feel the social view fails to recognize the unique qualities of Deaf people and Deaf culture. They believe that this perspective asks Deaf people to fit and find their own way in a predominantly hearing society, instead of recognizing their own abilities and culture. Another perspective

1207:

Over the years, library services have begun to evolve in order to accommodate the needs and desires of local Deaf communities. For example, at the Queens Borough Public Library (QBPL) in New York, the staff implemented new and innovative ideas in order to involve the community and library staff with

814:

Closed Captioning must be available on a television in order for a deaf person to fully appreciate the audio portion of the broadcast. Conflicts arise when establishments such as restaurants, airlines, or fitness centers fail to accommodate deaf people by turning on Closed Captioning. Movie theaters

732:

fibers are stimulated. To do this, noises and sounds are transformed into electrical energy which is translated as audio information by the nerve which is then sent to the brain. An external microphone captures outside sound, a transmitter processes these sounds and sends them to a receiver embedded

322:

and within Deaf social clubs, both of which unite deaf people into communities with which they can identify. Becoming Deaf culturally can occur at different times for different people, depending on the circumstances of one's life. A small proportion of deaf individuals acquire sign language and Deaf

1188:

Australian librarian Karen McQuigg stated in 2003 that "even ten years ago, when I was involved in a project looking at what public libraries could offer the deaf, it seemed as if the gap between the requirements of this group and what public libraries could offer was too great for public libraries

1028:

and a change in the job market. During WWII there was high demand for factory laborers and a promise of high pay. Many deaf Americans left their homes to move to bigger cities with the hope of obtaining a factory job. This huge influx of workers into new cities created the need for deaf clubs. When

499:

defines deafness as "a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification". Hearing impairment is defined as "an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child's

1231:

In Nashville, Tennessee, Sandy Cohen manages the Library Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (LSDHH). The program was created in 1979 in response to information accessibility issues for the Deaf in the Nashville area. Originally, the only service provided was the news via a teletypewriter or

752:

Cochlear implants have been controversial around the Deaf community ever since they first were made available to the public. Those who oppose cochlear implants even refer to it as "cultural genocide," as it lessens the prevalence and importance of Deaf culture. People are against cochlear implants

212:

view. Supporters of Deaf Culture state that this perspective appropriately recognizes Deaf people as a minority culture in the world with their own language and social norms. This standpoint is believed to promote Deaf people's right to collective space within society to pass on their language and

748:

can be aligned with technological advancements in cochlear implants. This is due to the fact that cochlear implants can be perceived to "cure" deafness or fix an individual's hearing, when in reality those who are Deaf may not feel a need to be cured or fixed. This idea is seen in many children's

216:

Being involved in the Deaf community and culturally identifying as Deaf has been shown to significantly contribute to positive self-esteem in Deaf individuals. The community can provide support, easy social interaction, and "refuge from the grinding frustrations of the hearing world." Conversely,

959:

with limited or no use of sign language in the classroom in order to make it easier for deaf children to integrate into hearing communities, but the benefits of learning in such an environment are disputed. The Milan conference recommendations were repudiated in Hamburg a century later, and sign

449:

believe that an improved recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) as an official language would improve education, as well as economic status. Some argue that by improving the recognition of ASL, better access to school materials, deaf teachers, interpreters, and video-telephone communication

354:

often emphasizes a strong sense of collectivity within the Deaf community, but also correctly points out that other forms of marginalization also exist within this community, e.g. towards Deaf people from other countries. Racial discrimination is also noted: Deaf schools in the USA did not admit

194:

There are several perspectives on deaf people and Deaf culture that shape their treatment and role in society. From a medical standpoint, many encourage Deaf children to undergo surgery. Especially in the past, the medical perspective discouraged the use of sign language because they believed it

1203:

is one such set of guidelines, and it was published to inform libraries of the services that should be provided for Deaf patrons. Most of the guidelines pertain to ensuring that Deaf patrons have equal access to all available library services. Other guidelines include training library staff to

1015:

In the 1960s, deaf clubs began their quick and drastic decline. Today there are only a few spread-out deaf clubs found in the United States and their attendance is commonly small with a tendency to the elderly. This sudden decline is often attributed to the rise of technology like the TTY and

999:

Deaf clubs, popular in the 1940s and 1950s, were also an important part of deaf culture. During this time there were very few places that deaf people could call their own– places run by deaf people for deaf people. Films were made from the Los Angeles Club for the Deaf and included styles of

810:

Social media tends to be of great importance to deaf individuals. Networking sites allow deaf people to find each other and to remain in contact. Many deaf people have deaf friends throughout the entire country that they met or maintain contact with through online communities. Because of the

806:

Technology is even important in face-to-face social situations. For example, when deaf people meet a hearing person who does not know sign language, they often communicate via the notepad on their cell phones. Here, technology takes the place of a human sense, allowing deaf individuals to

1084:

Internationally, institutions include the Hong Kong Bauhinias Deaf Club, Deaf LGBTW in Fukoaka, Tohoku, Tokyo, and Osaka, Pinoy Deaf Rainbow in the Philippines, Deaf Rainbow NSW in Australia, Deaf Rainbow UK, Rainbow International Deaf at Israel, and the Greenbow LGBT Society of Ireland.

289: 1121:(CJLS). This responsa declared that, among other things, "The Committee on Jewish Law and Standards rules that the deaf who communicate via sign language and do not speak are no longer to be considered mentally incapacitated. Jews who are deaf are responsible for observing 1069:

and began as a website connects people to resources nationally. The DQRC is now a nonprofit that provides "peer support, support groups, information and referrals, educational workshops, work to increase visibility, educate on accessibility and preserve Deaf LGBT history."

288: 293: 292: 287: 1232:

TTY, but today, the program has expanded to serving the entire state of Tennessee by providing all different types of information and material on deafness, Deaf culture, and information for family members of Deaf people, as well as a historical and reference collection.

294: 491:

team must consider "the child's language and communication needs. The IEP must include opportunities for direct communication with peers and professionals. It must also include the student's academic level, and finally must include the students full range of needs"

863: 867: 866: 862: 98: 102: 101: 97: 223: 868: 707:

The use of a sign language is central to Deaf cultural identity. Oralist approaches to educating deaf children thereby pose a threat to the continued existence of Deaf culture. Some members of Deaf communities may also oppose technological innovations like

227: 226: 222: 1498: 103: 104: 229: 228: 326:

Although up to fifty percent of deafness has genetic causes, fewer than five percent of deaf people have a deaf parent, so Deaf communities are unusual among cultural groups in that most members do not acquire their cultural identities from parents.

181: 195:

would distract from development of auditory and speech skills. From a social standpoint, Deaf individuals are welcomed to participate in society in the same manner as any other individual. This view discourages the idea that those who are deaf or

185: 184: 180: 2907: 1177:

preamble states that "all libraries are forums for information and ideas" and as such libraries need to remove the physical and technological barriers which in turn would allow persons with disabilities full access to the resources available.

803:, an electronic device used for communication over a telephone line) are far less common, but are used by some deaf people who are without access to high-speed Internet or have a preference for these methods for their telephonic communication. 186: 291: 951:, where hearing educators voted to embrace oral education and remove sign language from the classroom. This effort resulted in pressure around the world to abandon sign language in favor of the oral approach exclusively. The intent of the 1165:

in order to make cataloging and location within the library easier for both library staff and users. The library also houses the university's archives, which holds some of the oldest deaf-related books and documents in the world.

865: 818:

Alert systems such as fire alarms and alarm clocks must appeal to different senses in order for a deaf individual to notice the alert. Objects such as vibrating pillows and flashing lights often take the place of the noise-based

100: 225: 798:

and an array of freestanding and software-driven video phones are often used by deaf people to conduct telephonic communication with hearing and deaf businesses, family and friends. Devices such as the teletype (known as a

486:

Those who are deaf (by either state or federal standards) have access to a free and appropriate public education. If a child does qualify as being deaf or hard of hearing and receives an individualized education plan, the

248:, which states that "Persons with disabilities shall be entitled, on an equal basis with others, to recognition and support of their specific cultural and linguistic identity, including sign languages and deaf culture." 2741:

Vaerenberg, Bart; Govaerts, Paul J.; De Ceulaer, Geert; Daemers, Kristin; Schauwers, Karen (2011). "Experiences of the use of FOX, an intelligent agent, for programming cochlear implant sound processors in new users".

1020:

for personal TVs. With other options available for entertainment and communication, the need for deaf clubs grew smaller. It was no longer the only option for getting in touch with other members of the deaf community.

783:

Deaf people may also consider time differently. Showing up early to large-scale events, such as lectures, is typical. This may be motivated by the need to get a seat that provides the best visual clarity for the Deaf

757:, where instead of fixing the actual hearing of the individual, reform and accommodations can be made in society, education, and more to better allow the individual to be integrated into society as would any other. 3015: 1173:, also founded in 1876, has stated that disabled people belong to a minority that is often overlooked and underrepresented by people in the library, and the Deaf community belongs in this minority group. The ALA's 183: 773:

Deaf people also keep each other informed of what is going on in one's environment. It is common to provide detailed information when leaving early or arriving late; withholding such information may be considered

1040:

was established in 1982 "to promote the leadership development, economic and educational opportunities, social equality, and to safeguard the general health and welfare of Black deaf and hard-of-hearing people."

3536: 923:

In the United States, the Cobbs School, a deaf school in Virginia, was established in 1815. This school lasted only one and half years due to financial setbacks. American Deaf Community recounts the story of

2993: 815:

are increasingly compliant with providing visual access to first-run movies through stand-alone devices, glasses and open caption technology which allow deaf people to attend movies as they are released.

3873: 3389: 2173:

Rothe, A. (2020). Deaf People in Arusha (Tanzania) - Navigating through a Multilingual Education System and Expectations To “Fit in.” Unpublished master’s thesis, Universität Wien, Vienna (Austria).

1061:". The RAD hosts an annual conference "to encourage and promote the educational, economical, and social welfare of Deaf LGBTQ individuals. RAD now has chapters in the United States and Canada. The 335:

Educator and ASL interpreter Anna Mindess notes that there is "not just one homogeneous deaf culture". There are many distinct Deaf communities around the world, which communicate using different

667:

speaking, the predominant signed languages used in these countries differ markedly. Due to the origins of deaf education in the United States, American Sign Language is most closely related to

3333: 323:

culture in infancy from Deaf parents, others acquire it through attendance at schools, and yet others may not be exposed to sign language and Deaf culture until college or a time after that.

826:

Architecture that is conducive to signed communication minimizes visual obstructions and may include such things as automatic sliding doors to free up the hands for continuous conversation.

290: 199:

are sick and in need of a cure. The social view also encourages making accommodations for deaf people so that they can fully participate in society. Such accommodations include the use of

1199:(IFLA) and the ALA were written in order to help libraries make their information more accessible to people with disabilities, and in some cases, specifically the Deaf community. IFLA's 2332: 2225: 864: 1196: 1192:

In 2006 the American Library Association and the (American) National Association of the Deaf declared that they would recognize March 13 to April 15 as National Deaf History Month.

99: 2826: 770:

Culturally Deaf people have rules of etiquette for getting attention, walking through signed conversations, leave-taking, and otherwise politely negotiating a signing environment.

224: 683:

The term "Deaf Gain" is used by Deaf people, to re-frame the perceived losses of Deafness and "hearing loss" to highlight the benefits of being deaf. According to deaf scientist

473:

are post-secondary institutions that serve a large population of Deaf students. Gallaudet University is the first and only liberal-arts college for deaf students in the world.

3623: 1436: 780:

When giving introductions, Deaf people typically try to find common ground; since the Deaf community is relatively small, Deaf people usually have other Deaf people in common.

182: 1110: 902:

or D-PAN are dedicated to promoting professional development and access to the entertainment, visual and media arts fields for individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing.

4055: 1004:

and short comedy skills. These films survived through the 1940s. Wolf Bragg, a popular Deaf club performer through 1930 is known for interpreting sign language into "

3528: 3019: 2072:

Foster, S. (July 1, 2003). "Deaf Persons of Asian American, Hispanic American, and African American Backgrounds: A Study of Intraindividual Diversity and Identity".

2045:

Foster, S. (July 1, 2003). "Deaf Persons of Asian American, Hispanic American, and African American Backgrounds: A Study of Intraindividual Diversity and Identity".

1277: 2458: 4511:– a popular national newspaper among the deaf population of the United States during the end of the 1890s through the end of the first quarter of the 20th century. 4230:

Day, J. M. (2000). Guidelines for library services to deaf people (Report no. 62). The Hague: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.

2985: 841:

A strong tradition of poetry and storytelling exists in American Sign Language and other sign languages. Some prominent performers in the United States include

944: 3865: 245: 3696: 3423: 3367: 2929: 2427: 2259: 1991: 1146: 3600: 3146: 1142: 1888: 1228:

or Deaf communication. The library also houses the university's archives, which holds some of the oldest deaf-related books and documents in the world.

1957: 4087: 3569: 690:

Culturally, Deaf people value the use of natural sign languages that exhibit their own grammatical conventions, such as American Sign Language and

2527: 1809: 1145:

throughout the United States; its mission is, "to promote the lives of Deaf women through empowerment, enrichment, and networking." There is also

119:

is the set of social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values, and shared institutions of communities that are influenced by

3277: 728:, which makes noises and sounds louder for the user to hear. Instead, cochlear implants bypass the outer ear and target the inner ear where the 680:

A positive attitude toward deafness is typical in Deaf cultural groups. Deafness is not generally considered a condition that needs to be fixed.

4172: 2558: 574: 440: 46: 2325: 4363:

For Hearing People Only, Answers to Some of the Most Commonly Asked Questions About the Deaf Community, its Culture, and the "Deaf Reality"

1053:

community in the United States. The Rainbow Alliance of the Deaf (RAD), previously named National Rainbow Society of the Deaf (NRSD), is a

905: 3811: 1093: 535: 381: 2405: 2496: 1546: 251:

Deaf culture is as well recognized in the statement presented at the 21st International Conference on Education of the Deaf in 2010 in

891:

was a famous Deaf sculptor who produced many different sculptures in his lifetime. Some Deaf artists belong to an art movement called

2161:

LEE, J. C. (2012). They Have To See Us: An Ethnography of Deaf People in Tanzania. Unpublished dissertation, University of Colorado.

981: 3967: 3634: 1428: 1224:

because traditional Dewey was not fine-grained enough to handle thousands of books in relatively small classification areas such as

2614: 976:

Deaf culture revolves around such institutions as residential schools for deaf students, universities for deaf students (including

740:

Cochlear Implant: A surgically implanted device used by Deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals to experience representations of sound

655:. These include 114 sign languages listed in the Ethnologue database and 157 more sign languages, systems, and dialects. While the 4284:

Cohen, S. (2006). Have you heard about the Library Services for the Deaf & Hard of Hearing? Tennessee Libraries, 56(1), 51–56.

4113: 4023: 1463:"Partners in Progress: The 21st International Congress on Education of the Deaf and the Repudiation of the 1880 Congress of Milan" 733:

under the skin in the skull, and the receiver transforms these sounds into electrical impulses which stimulate the auditory nerve.

2118:

Stapleton, Lissa D. (2016). "Audism and Racism: The Hidden Curriculum Impacting Black d/Deaf College Students in the Classroom".

2099:

Stapleton, Lissa D. (2016). "Audism and Racism: The Hidden Curriculum Impacting Black d/Deaf College Students in the Classroom".

462: 4045: 3671: 811:

relatively small size of the deaf community, compared to other communities, the stigma of meeting others online does not exist.

800: 4461: 419:

In a residential school where all the children use the same communication system (whether it is a school using sign language,

4448: 4433: 4418: 4398: 3761: 3316: 3130: 3105: 3073: 2598: 2146: 2022: 1967: 1819: 1771: 1662: 1613: 1409: 1382: 1325: 1118: 704:

Deaf culture in the United States tends to be collectivist rather than individualist; culturally Deaf people value the group.

496: 171:. Many members take pride in their Deaf identity. Deaf people, in the sense of a community or culture, can then be seen as a 3784: 1911: 1109:

There are deaf churches (where sign language is the main language), deaf synagogues, deaf Jewish community centers, and the

617:

Sign language is just one part of deaf culture. Deaf identity is also constructed around specific beliefs, values and art.

4472: 3184: 2466: 1162: 436: 2357: 4489: 2908:"Do You Hear the People Sing: Balancing Parental Authority and a Child's Right to Thrive: The Cochlear Implant Debate" 4495: 4209: 3399: 3239: 2235: 1912:"Chasing the Mythical Ten Percent: Parental Hearing Status of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in the United States" 1854: 1730: 1579: 1262: 857:, Debbie Rennie, Patrick Graybill, Peter Cook, and many others. Their works are now increasingly available on video. 836: 604: 466: 80: 4139: 625: 3834: 3150: 488: 377: 17: 4368:

Padden, Carol A. (1980). The deaf community and the culture of Deaf people. In: C. Baker & R. Battison (eds.)

3467: 2162: 988:, in New York City), deaf social organizations (such as the Deaf Professional Happy Hour), deaf religious groups, 984:), deaf clubs, deaf athletic leagues, communal homes (such as The Home for Aged and Infirm Deaf-Mutes, founded by 794:

Like all other people, Deaf individuals rely on technology for communication significantly. In the United States,

262:, a Certified Deaf ASL interpreter, describes it as "a coined word from two languages – Su – your; main – hands". 3700: 147:

was among the first to discuss analogies between Deaf and hearing cultures in his appendices C and D of the 1965

2435: 1619: 4173:"Are the deaf a disabled group, or a linguistic minority? Issues for librarians in Victoria's public libraries" 3592: 3343: 2186:

Frishberg, Nancy (September 1975). "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in American Sign Language".

899: 4375:

Padden, Carol A. (1996). "From the cultural to the bicultural: the modern Deaf community", in Parasnis I, ed.

3505: 2383: 2006: 1880: 1037: 4296:

Berbrier, Mitch. "Being Deaf has little to do with one's ears": Boundary work in the Deaf culture movement.

3561: 3445: 876:

Culturally Deaf people have also represented themselves in the dominant written languages of their nations.

445:

In comparison to the general public, deaf people have lower levels of educational achievement. Advocates in

127:

as the main means of communication. When used as a cultural label, especially within the culture, the word

4050: 4019: 1170: 993: 933: 409: 1062: 960:

languages in education came back into vogue after the publication of Stokoe's linguistic analyses of ASL.

745: 518:

has several institutions, including Instituto Santa Tersinha and Escola para Crianças Surdas Rio Branco.

4077: 3722: 3263: 2519: 1315: 754: 3842: 3285: 1181:

One notable American activist in the library community working toward accessibility for the deaf was

992:, and an array of conferences and festivals, such as the Deaf Way II Conference and Festival and the 480: 2550: 1372: 1117:

unanimously passed the rabbinic responsa, "The Status of the Heresh and of Sign Language", by the

523: 509: 62: 3529:"How SF's Deaf Queer Resource Center Is Filling Gaps in Accessibility, Especially During COVID-19" 530:. Other notable universities for the deaf across the globe include Finland School for the Deaf in 373:

for the deaf throughout the world, though higher education specifically for them is more limited.

3749: 1272: 200: 4194: 2945:"Exploring Perspectives on Cochlear Implants and Language Acquisition within the Deaf Community" 2590: 2584: 4506: 3957: 3819: 1182: 1174: 1054: 1009: 968: 694:, over signed versions of English or other oral languages. Spoken English, written English and 652: 632:

are an important part of Deaf culture. The American Sign Language (ASL) alphabet is shown here.

109: 461:

Often colloquially referred to as the "Big Three" schools for the Deaf in the United States,

258:

In Deaf culture, "sumain" refers to people who communicate with each other using their hands.

4530: 4239:

Hollander, P. (1995). Deaf-advocacy at Queens Borough PL. American Libraries, 26(6), 560–562.

2923: 2397: 1761: 1344: 937: 695: 691: 2488: 1825: 1538: 1399: 1073:

Support and community groups for people with intersectional LGBGTQ+ identities in the Deaf,

932:

in 1817 to help found the first permanent school for deaf children in the country now named

908:

was established by Alex Abenchuchan in 2017 to make the news accessible for Deaf ASL users.

4082: 3962: 2863:

Tucker, Bonnie Poitras (1998). "Deaf Culture, Cochlear Implants, and Elective Disability".

2660: 2649:"Electrophysiological assessment of temporal envelope processing in cochlear implant users" 2282: 1221: 1217: 1158: 1114: 977: 668: 527: 470: 413: 209: 8: 3043:

Deaf Space and the Visual World – Buildings That Speak: An Elementary School For The Deaf

2986:"New Closed-Captioning Glasses Help Deaf Go Out to the Movies : All Tech Considered" 1078: 1005: 795: 420: 2785:

Levy, Neil (2002). "Reconsidering Cochlear Implants: The Lessons of Martha's Vineyard".

2664: 2286: 412:

in Hartford, Connecticut. American Sign Language (ASL) started to evolve from primarily

339:

and exhibit different cultural norms. Deaf identity also intersects with other kinds of

4109: 4015: 3417: 3361: 3257: 3094: 2880: 2767: 2681: 2648: 2306: 2294: 2253: 2203: 1985: 1777: 1720: 1524: 1282: 636: 582: 476: 135:

and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. When used as a label for the

54: 4535: 4444: 4429: 4414: 4394: 3757: 3660: 3395: 3339: 3312: 3245: 3235: 3126: 3101: 3069: 2966: 2918:(2): 309–330. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024 – via ResearchGate. 2888: 2802: 2759: 2716: 2686: 2594: 2377: 2298: 2231: 2142: 2018: 1963: 1931: 1850: 1815: 1811:

Reading Between the Signs: Intercultural Communication for Sign Language Interpreters

1767: 1726: 1682: 1658: 1652: 1609: 1575: 1490: 1482: 1405: 1378: 1352: 1348: 1321: 1017: 586: 408:; accompanied by Clerc, he returned to the United States, where in 1817 they founded 340: 204: 172: 144: 58: 3593:"Learning About Queer and Trans Disability During Deaf History Month | BestColleges" 2310: 2174: 500:

educational performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness".

453: 4265: 4189: 4184: 3944:

The Deaf collection at the Gallaudet University Library. Education Libraries, 22(3)

3385: 3335:

International congresses on education of the deaf, an analytical history, 1878-1980

3046: 2956: 2872: 2838: 2794: 2771: 2751: 2676: 2668: 2622: 2290: 2195: 2081: 2054: 1923: 1757: 1722:

Politics of Visual Language: Deafness, Language Choice, and Political Socialization

1694: 1648: 1474: 709: 664: 393: 385: 2717:"Hearing The Deaf: Cochlear Implants, The Deaf Community, and Bioethical Analysis" 2326:"The College Choice Process of Deaf Students at a Residential School for the Deaf" 2755: 1844: 1599: 1569: 880: 736: 259: 1683:"Culture and empowerment in the Deaf community: An analysis of internet weblogs" 4479: 2672: 2580: 2163:

https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/n009w2365

1340: 1249: 1066: 985: 888: 850: 729: 656: 446: 364: 336: 319: 242: 3172: 1429:"International Congress of the Deaf (ICED) July 18-22, 2010 Vancouver, Canada" 1149:, an American breast cancer support group for deaf and hard-of-hearing women. 397: 270: 4524: 4409: 4158: 3788: 3624:"Developing & Supporting Japanese Deaf LGBTQ Individuals and Communities" 3249: 1935: 1486: 1462: 1293: 1102: 1074: 1057:

established in America in 1977 to, "establish and maintain a society of Deaf

925: 842: 684: 660: 645: 629: 401: 315: 124: 2961: 2944: 2798: 2085: 2058: 4404: 3866:"JDRC Salutes Conservative Judaism's Ruling to Include Deaf Jews as Equals" 3381: 2970: 2806: 2763: 2690: 2273:

Christiansen, John B. (1991). "Sociological Implications of Hearing Loss".

1840: 1753: 1644: 1494: 1025: 989: 917: 547: 405: 302: 196: 160: 4270: 4253: 2892: 2302: 1927: 1478: 972:

Women's art class at State School of the Deaf, Delavan, Wisconsin, c. 1880

715:

Sign language was developed to enable the Deaf person to be closer to god.

687:, it describes the benefits that Deaf people provide the larger community. 2842: 1595: 956: 884: 725: 3309:

Forbidden Signs: American Culture and the Campaign against Sign Language

777:

Deaf people may be more direct or blunt than their hearing counterparts.

396:

witnessed a demonstration of deaf teaching skills from Épée's successor

4323: 3475: 3437: 3234:. Van Cleve, John V. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. 2007. 2884: 2827:""Why Would I Want to Hear?": Cochlear Implants in Young Adult Fiction" 2010: 1368: 1001: 351: 164: 3989: 3050: 2626: 2207: 1698: 698:

are three different symbolic systems for expressing the same language.

3895: 1603: 1287: 1267: 1225: 892: 846: 252: 136: 4517:. The NAD protects deaf and hard of hearing civil rights in the U.S. 3066:

Signing the Body Poetic: Essays in American Sign Language Literature

2876: 2227:

Introduction to Special Education: Teaching in an Age of Opportunity

1846:

American Sign Language: A look at its story, structure and community

1657:(11. printing ed.). Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 701:

Deaf communities strongly oppose discrimination against deaf people.

2740: 2199: 1098: 854: 370: 120: 3497: 3278:"Through Deaf Eyes . Deaf Life . The First Permanent School | PBS" 3018:. Action on Hearing Loss / RNID. February 21, 2012. Archived from 1243: 4157:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1197:

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

1122: 952: 543: 531: 424: 307: 168: 3726: 3096:

A Mighty Change: An Anthology of Deaf American Writing 1816–1864

2589:. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf. pp. 241:

Deaf culture is recognized under Article 30, Paragraph 4 of the

4465: 4311:

Deaf President Now! The 1988 Revolution at Gallaudet University

1353:

A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles

1257: 1130: 1126: 929: 539: 515: 1397: 233:

Deaf community (video in ASL with English subtitles available)

3206: 1050: 948: 940:. American School is the first official school for the deaf. 573:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

519: 45:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

4490:"Deafness is not a disability" (argumentum ad consequentiam) 4441:

A Place of Their Own: Creating the Deaf Community in America

4347:

Lane, Harlan, Hoffmeister, Robert, & Bahan, Ben (1996).

3723:"Hebrew Seminary – A Rabbinical School for Deaf and Hearing" 3631:

WorldPride and EuroGames in Copenhagen and Malmö August 2021

3064:

Bauman, Dirksen (2006). Jennifer Nelson; Heidi Rose (eds.).

887:

have produced visual artwork that conveys a Deaf worldview.

4305:

Encounters with Reality: 1001 (Deaf) interpreters scenarios

3920: 1058: 465:(CSUN), National Technical Institute for the Deaf (part of 278: 2647:

Gransier, Robin; Carlyon, Robert P.; Wouters, Jan (2020).

2141:. Clevedon, England ; Buffalo: Multilingual Matters. 1881:"A Conversation with Marla Berkowitz, ASL Senior Lecturer" 1537:

James, Susan Donaldson; Huang, Grace (December 12, 2006).

4254:"The Deaf Collection at the Gallaudet University Library" 4078:"Visionary Leader - January 2014: Alice Lougee Hagemeyer" 2615:"The Societal Shaping of Deaf Technological Advancements" 2007:"5 - Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Black Deaf Community" 1681:

Hamill, Alexis C.; Stein, Catherine H. (September 2011).

1278:

Language deprivation in deaf and hard of hearing children

1049:

There are several major institutions supporting the Deaf

1024:

Others attribute the decline of deaf clubs to the end of

380:

opened the first school for the deaf in Paris called the

4372:, Silver Spring(EEUU): National Association of the Deaf. 4439:

Van Cleve, John Vickrey & Crouch, Barry A. (1989).

4377:

Cultural and Language Diversity and the Deaf Experience

1910:

Mitchell, Ross E; Karchmer, Michael A (December 2004).

526:, Special Education College of Beijing University, and 345:

The Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Black Deaf Community

4514: 4016:"Library services for people with disabilities policy" 3175:

Ability Magazine: Sean Forbes – Not Hard to Hear"

2646: 1398:

Lane, Harlan L.; Richard Pillard; Ulf Hedberg (2011).

1320:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 1. 945:

Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf

2831:

Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies

246:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1687:

Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology

1608:. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2010). 1239: 928:, a deaf educator, coming to the United States from 4410:

Seeing Voices: A Journey Into The World Of The Deaf

830: 823:

assistance to deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals.

4247: 4245: 4140:"Women of Library History; Alice Lougee Hagemeyer" 3093: 1605:The people of the eye: deaf ethnicity and ancestry 1594: 1401:The People of the Eye: Deaf Ethnicity and Ancestry 1314:Padden, Carol A.; Humphries, Tom (Tom L.) (2005). 1195:New guidelines from library organizations such as 163:as a difference in human experience rather than a 4389:Padden, Carol A. & Humphries, Tom L. (2005). 4382:Padden, Carol A. & Humphries, Tom L. (1988). 4328:Understanding Deaf Culture. In Search of Deafhood 4210:"historytrendsanddeafeducation / Alice Hagemeyer" 3123:Deaf Artists in America: Colonial to Contemporary 2586:Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America 2175:https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail/o:1392094.pdf 2139:Understanding deaf culture: in search of deafhood 1814:(2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Intercultural Press. 1725:. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 1–6. 1374:Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood 1133:whose medium of communication is sign language." 807:successfully communicate with different cultures. 546:, and Northwest Secondary School for the Deaf in 350:In his central work on Deafhood, English scholar 4522: 3562:"Online Communities For Deaf LGBTQ+ Individuals" 3422:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3366:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2928:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2364:. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018 2258:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1990:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1909: 1849:. the University of Virginia; T. J. Publishers. 1512:and cultural minority integral to every society. 4496:Identity Politics Gone Wild, by Charlotte Allen 4361:Moore, Matthew S. & Levitan, Linda (2003). 4356:Eyes of Desire: A Deaf Gay & Lesbian Reader 4242: 3950: 3404:. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024 3380: 3348:. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024 2240:. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024 1972:. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024 1752: 1643: 1313: 955:method was to teach deaf children to speak and 724:A cochlear implant is not to be mistaken for a 640:The sign for "friend" in American Sign Language 4470: 4137: 3016:"Banks face massive payouts to deaf customers" 2219: 2217: 1962:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1201:Guidelines for Library Services to Deaf People 441:History of deaf education in the United States 400:and two of the school's deaf faculty members, 390:National Institute for Deaf Children of Paris) 4424:Spradley, Thomas and Spradley, James (1985). 3338:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press. 3087: 3085: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1574:. Toronto: LexingtonBooks. pp. 100–102. 653:over 200 distinct sign languages in the world 571:The examples and perspective in this section 43:The examples and perspective in this article 3120: 2272: 1903: 4212:. Historytrendsanddeafeducation.pbworks.com 4102: 3300: 2426: 2214: 1838: 1784: 1680: 1355:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press 872:Literacy traditions and arts (video in ASL) 788: 536:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris 382:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris 159:Members of the Deaf community tend to view 139:condition, it is written with a lower case 4386:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 4342:When the Mind Hears: A History of the Deaf 4251: 4201: 4133: 4131: 3941: 3082: 3057: 2949:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2459:"Deaf Education Programs around the World" 2275:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2074:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2047:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2017:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 113. 2015:The Sociolinguistics of the deaf community 1942: 1832: 1746: 1536: 1363: 1361: 589:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 306:Students at a school for deaf students in 298:Acquisition of Deaf culture (video in ASL) 4269: 4188: 4070: 3498:"HISTORY OF RAINBOW ALLIANCE OF THE DEAF" 2960: 2905: 2714: 2680: 2323: 2185: 2117: 2098: 1766:. Harvard University Press. p. 134. 1307: 982:National Technical Institute for the Deaf 644:Members of Deaf cultures communicate via 605:Learn how and when to remove this message 463:California State University at Northridge 190:Three views on Deaf people (video in ASL) 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 4207: 3935: 3747: 3621: 3566:Communication Service for the Deaf (CSD) 2004: 1568:Nash, Jeffrey E.; Nash, Anedith (1981). 1567: 1404:. Oxford University Press. p. 269. 1092: 967: 895:, which stands for Deaf View Image Art. 859: 735: 635: 624: 475: 452: 301: 284: 269: 219: 177: 94: 4365:, Rochester, New York: Deaf Life Press. 4320:New York, USA: Oxford University Press. 4170: 4128: 3832: 3756:. Sage Publications. pp. 997–998. 3677:from the original on September 28, 2015 3590: 3526: 3508:from the original on September 24, 2023 3306: 3040: 2845:– via Liverpool University Press. 2428:"Regulations: Part 300 / A / 300.8 / c" 1807: 1391: 1358: 1189:to be able to serve them effectively." 14: 4523: 4384:Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture 4379:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press 4318:Introduction to American Deaf Culture. 3835:"Hearing the Needs of the Jewish Deaf" 3603:from the original on November 27, 2022 3572:from the original on November 27, 2022 3527:Morandi, Jessica (February 25, 2021). 3149:. Deafness.answers.com. Archived from 3147:"Douglas Tilden facts and information" 3091: 3063: 2912:Journal of Health & Biomedical Law 2862: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2579: 2530:from the original on November 18, 2014 2517: 2499:from the original on November 15, 2016 2071: 2044: 1955: 1875: 1873: 1763:Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture 1654:Deaf in America: voices from a culture 1460: 963: 764: 112:(ASL) with English subtitles available 3863: 3658: 3556: 3554: 3539:from the original on November 3, 2022 3448:from the original on October 12, 2023 3331: 2548: 2408:from the original on January 16, 2016 2324:Zerlentes, Nicholas (December 2019). 2223: 1891:from the original on October 30, 2020 1780:from the original on August 24, 2012. 1718: 1676: 1674: 1639: 1637: 1539:"Deaf and Proud to Use Sign Language" 1119:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 943:Another well-known event is the 1880 674: 514:There are colleges across the globe. 416:(LSF), and other outside influences. 4370:Sign Language and the Deaf Community 4038: 4008: 3970:from the original on August 15, 2021 3809: 3187:from the original on October 4, 2012 2983: 2942: 2824: 2784: 2520:"Sign language of the world by name" 2338:from the original on January 3, 2024 2136: 1959:Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking 1622:from the original on January 2, 2024 1549:from the original on October 7, 2015 1456: 1454: 1423: 1421: 1367: 719: 557: 149:Dictionary of American Sign Language 29: 4492:Article discussing the controversy. 4058:from the original on April 27, 2021 3754:Encyclopedia of Disability Volume 5 2849: 2813: 2697: 1870: 1828:from the original on June 17, 2021. 1297:, a Czech sign language comedy play 1163:Dewey Decimal Classification System 1032: 437:Deaf education in the United States 108:An introduction to Deaf culture in 24: 4290: 4142:. Womenoflibraryhistory.tumblr.com 4026:from the original on July 11, 2015 3864:Laird, Grant Jr. (June 20, 2011). 3551: 3068:. University of California Press. 2744:International Journal of Audiology 2398:"Deaf Students Education Services" 2295:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19592.x 2266: 1671: 1634: 1602:; Hedberg, Ulf (January 1, 2011). 1588: 1527:, Burtonsville, MD: Linstok Press. 1501:from the original on April 9, 2023 1439:from the original on April 9, 2023 553: 503: 457:Gallaudet University's Chapel Hall 25: 4547: 4455: 4138:Lisa Petriello (March 10, 2015). 4116:from the original on May 26, 2021 4090:from the original on July 6, 2018 3876:from the original on May 18, 2015 3045:(MArch). University of Maryland. 2996:from the original on May 18, 2015 2561:from the original on May 18, 2020 2551:"What is my Deaf way of science?" 2463:deafeducationworldwide.weebly.com 1525:Language Choice – Identity Choice 1451: 1418: 1263:Deaf culture in the United States 1065:, was founded in 1995 founded by 1063:Deaf Queer Resource Center (DQRC) 837:American Sign Language literature 620: 467:Rochester Institute of Technology 4515:National Association of the Deaf 4330:, Toronto: Multilingual Matters. 4152: 3699:. LGBT Diversity. Archived from 3591:Jourian, T.J. (March 22, 2022). 2825:Rana, Marion (January 2, 2017). 2715:Ouellette, Alicia (April 2011). 2526:. Gallaudet University Library. 1242: 831:Literary traditions and the arts 562: 542:, Berlin School for the Deaf in 430: 265: 131:is often written with a capital 34: 4351:, San Diego, CA: DawnSignPress. 4298:Perspectives on Social Problems 4278: 4233: 4224: 4164: 3982: 3913: 3888: 3857: 3826: 3803: 3777: 3748:Albrecht, Gary L., ed. (2006). 3741: 3715: 3689: 3652: 3615: 3584: 3520: 3490: 3460: 3430: 3374: 3325: 3311:. University of Chicago Press. 3270: 3224: 3199: 3165: 3139: 3114: 3034: 3008: 2977: 2936: 2899: 2778: 2734: 2640: 2607: 2573: 2542: 2511: 2481: 2456: 2450: 2420: 2390: 2350: 2317: 2224:Smith, Deborah Deutsch (2005). 2179: 2167: 2155: 2130: 2111: 2092: 2065: 2038: 1998: 1712: 1461:Moores, Donald F. (June 2010). 916:For detailed deaf history, see 213:culture to future generations. 4428:, Gallaudet University Press, 4252:Harrington, Thomas R. (2017). 4190:10.1080/00049670.2003.10721582 4171:McQuigg, Karen (August 2003). 3121:Sonnenstrahl, Deborah (2002). 3100:. Gallaudet University Press. 1561: 1530: 1517: 1334: 900:Deaf Professional Arts Network 13: 1: 4349:A Journey into the Deaf-World 4309:Christiansen, John B. (2003) 3923:. DEAF, Inc. October 11, 2009 3833:Tomchin, Susan (April 2012). 3812:"Hebrew Seminary of the Deaf" 3442:National Black Deaf Advocates 2984:Rood, Rachel (May 12, 2013). 2432:U. S. Department of Education 2005:Aramburo, Anthony J. (1989). 1301: 1038:National Black Deaf Advocates 522:'s deaf universities include 369:Deaf culture is prevalent in 154: 4313:, Gallaudet University Press 4051:American Library Association 4020:American Library Association 3994:American Library Association 3787:. Ohsoez.com. Archived from 3472:Rainbow Alliance of the Deaf 3394:. Harvard University Press. 3092:Krentz, Christopher (2000). 2756:10.3109/14992027.2010.531294 1523:Kannapell, Barbara M. 1993. 1433:World Federation of the Deaf 1171:American Library Association 1152: 1088: 994:World Federation of the Deaf 934:American School for the Deaf 497:U.S. Department of Education 410:American School for the Deaf 358: 330: 277:school for deaf students in 7: 2906:Zimmerman, Adam B. (2009). 1467:American Annals of the Deaf 1235: 1211: 1111:Hebrew Seminary of the Deaf 746:medical model of disability 585:, discuss the issue on the 57:, discuss the issue on the 10: 4552: 4177:Australian Library Journal 4110:"Deaf Person of the Month" 3839:Jewish Women International 3697:"Other LGBT Organisations" 3332:Brill, Richard G. (1984). 2865:The Hastings Center Report 2673:10.1038/s41598-020-72235-9 2549:Cooke, Michele L. (2018). 1509:– via ResearchGate. 1136: 1097:Chapel for deaf people in 915: 911: 898:Organizations such as the 834: 755:social model of disability 507: 434: 362: 318:has often occurred within 4337:, New York: Random House. 3942:Harrington, T.R. (1998). 3622:Yamamoto, Fuyumi (2017). 3307:Baynton, Douglas (1996). 2382:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1938:– via ResearchGate. 1708:– via ResearchGate. 1141:There are 15 chapters of 1115:the Conservative Movement 481:Texas School for the Deaf 320:schools for Deaf students 281:, Finland (February 2006) 4354:Luczak, Raymond (1993). 4046:"Library Bill Of Rights" 3041:Tsymbal, Karina (2010). 2489:"American Sign Language" 2120:Negro Educational Review 2101:Negro Educational Review 1956:Bauman, Dirksen (2008). 1377:. Multilingual Matters. 789:Importance of technology 524:Beijing Union University 510:Deaf education in Africa 378:Charles-Michel de l'Épée 4471:Edward Dolnick (1993). 4335:The Mask of Benevolence 4316:Holcomb, T. K. (2013). 3232:The deaf history reader 2799:10.1111/1467-8519.00275 2524:libguides.gallaudet.edu 1273:Deaf mental health care 1044: 663:are both predominantly 27:Culture of deaf persons 4303:Cartwright, Brenda E. 3822:on September 11, 2013. 3262:: CS1 maint: others ( 2621:. September 11, 2024. 1808:Mindess, Anna (2006). 1183:Alice Lougee Hagemeyer 1175:Library Bill of Rights 1129:in sign language in a 1106: 973: 873: 741: 641: 633: 483: 458: 392:in 1760. The American 311: 299: 282: 234: 208:is referred to as the 191: 113: 110:American Sign Language 4473:"Deafness as Culture" 4340:Lane, Harlan. (1984) 4333:Lane, Harlan (1993). 4271:10.26443/el.v22i3.131 3845:on September 28, 2015 3478:on September 13, 2014 2962:10.1093/deafed/enq044 2086:10.1093/deafed/eng015 2059:10.1093/deafed/eng015 1928:10.1353/sls.2004.0005 1916:Sign Language Studies 1719:Roots, James (1999). 1479:10.1353/aad.2010.0016 1345:Dorothy C. Casterline 1113:in Illinois. In 2011 1096: 1000:performances such as 971: 938:Hartford, Connecticut 879:Deaf artists such as 871: 739: 692:British Sign Language 639: 628: 479: 456: 305: 297: 273: 232: 189: 107: 4344:, New York: Vintage. 4083:Gallaudet University 4054:. February 2, 2009. 3963:Gallaudet University 3921:"Pink Wings of Hope" 3597:www.bestcolleges.com 2843:10.3828/jlcds.2017.5 2518:Harrington, Thomas. 2362:Gallaudet University 2137:Ladd, Paddy (2003). 1222:Dewey decimal system 1218:Gallaudet University 1159:Gallaudet University 978:Gallaudet University 796:video relay services 712:for the same reason. 669:French Sign Language 583:improve this section 528:Zhengzhou University 471:Gallaudet University 414:French Sign Language 63:create a new article 55:improve this article 4485:on October 4, 2018. 4391:Inside Deaf Culture 4258:Education Libraries 3785:"Churches for Deaf" 3640:on November 3, 2022 3568:. October 1, 2021. 3533:Horizons Foundation 3391:Inside Deaf Culture 2665:2020NatSR..1015406G 2495:. August 18, 2015. 2469:on December 3, 2018 2287:1991NYASA.630..230C 2230:. Pearson/A and B. 1887:. January 9, 2015. 1571:Deafness in Society 1317:Inside Deaf Culture 1079:Deaf Queer Men Only 964:Shared institutions 853:, Manny Hernandez, 765:Behavioral patterns 421:Total Communication 310:, Iraq (April 2004) 210:cultural-linguistic 173:linguistic minority 4112:. Deafpeople.com. 2653:Scientific Reports 1839:Baker, Charlotte; 1341:Stokoe, William C. 1283:List of Deaf films 1147:Pink Wings of Hope 1107: 974: 874: 742: 675:Values and beliefs 642: 634: 484: 459: 450:would take place. 312: 300: 283: 235: 192: 114: 4507:The Silent Worker 4449:978-0-930323-49-3 4434:978-0-930323-11-0 4419:978-0-520-06083-8 4399:978-0-674-01506-7 3900:Deaf Women United 3791:on April 20, 2015 3763:978-0-7619-2565-1 3659:Gianoulis, Tina. 3386:Humphries, Tom L. 3318:978-0-226-03964-0 3132:978-1-58121-050-7 3125:. DawnSignPress. 3107:978-1-56368-101-1 3075:978-0-520-22975-4 2943:Gale, E. (2011). 2627:10.62594/aapj0007 2600:978-0-913072-38-7 2148:978-1-85359-546-2 2024:978-0-12-458045-9 1969:978-0-8166-4619-7 1821:978-1-931930-26-0 1773:978-0-674-19423-6 1699:10.1002/casp.1081 1664:978-0-674-19424-3 1615:978-0-19-975929-3 1435:. July 10, 2010. 1411:978-0-19-975929-3 1384:978-1-85359-545-5 1349:Carl G. Croneberg 1327:978-0-674-01506-7 1143:Deaf Women United 1026:World War II 1018:closed captioning 869: 720:Cochlear implants 710:cochlear implants 615: 614: 607: 341:cultural identity 295: 253:Vancouver, Canada 230: 205:closed captioning 187: 145:Carl G. Croneberg 105: 91: 90: 83: 65:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 4543: 4486: 4484: 4478:. Archived from 4477: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4249: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4197:on May 31, 2004. 4193:. Archived from 4192: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4086:. January 2014. 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3946:. pp. 5–12. 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3841:. Archived from 3830: 3824: 3823: 3818:. Archived from 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3725:. Archived from 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3703:on April 8, 2015 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3676: 3668:glbtqarchive.com 3665: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3639: 3633:. Archived from 3628: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3474:. Archived from 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3421: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3382:Padden, Carol A. 3378: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3288:on March 9, 2018 3284:. Archived from 3274: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3253: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3181:Ability Magazine 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3153:on April 4, 2015 3143: 3137: 3136: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3099: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2860: 2847: 2846: 2822: 2811: 2810: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2712: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2465:. Archived from 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2438:on July 15, 2015 2434:. Archived from 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1953: 1940: 1939: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1805: 1782: 1781: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1600:Pillard, Richard 1592: 1586: 1585: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1458: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1425: 1416: 1415: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1365: 1356: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1311: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1033:African-American 1006:The Monkey's Paw 870: 610: 603: 599: 596: 590: 566: 565: 558: 394:Thomas Gallaudet 296: 231: 188: 106: 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 38: 37: 30: 21: 18:Hearing (person) 4551: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4521: 4520: 4500:Weekly Standard 4482: 4475: 4458: 4405:Sacks, Oliver W 4293: 4291:Further reading 4288: 4283: 4279: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4169: 4165: 4153: 4145: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3870:Deafnetwork.com 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3831: 3827: 3810:DeFiglio, Pam. 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3729:on May 17, 2014 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3379: 3375: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3255: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3062: 3058: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3022:on June 4, 2013 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2982: 2978: 2941: 2937: 2921: 2920: 2904: 2900: 2877:10.2307/3528607 2861: 2850: 2823: 2814: 2783: 2779: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2713: 2698: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2619:Atomic Academia 2613: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2271: 2267: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2222: 2215: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2135: 2131: 2116: 2112: 2107:(1–4): 149–168. 2097: 2093: 2070: 2066: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2003: 1999: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1954: 1943: 1908: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1837: 1833: 1822: 1806: 1785: 1774: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1642: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1616: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1518: 1504: 1502: 1459: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1366: 1359: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1248: 1241: 1238: 1216:The library at 1214: 1157:The library at 1155: 1139: 1127:shaliah tzibbur 1105:, built in 1979 1091: 1047: 1035: 1010:Auf Weidersehen 1002:Vaudeville show 966: 921: 914: 881:Betty G. Miller 860: 839: 833: 791: 767: 722: 677: 623: 611: 600: 594: 591: 580: 567: 563: 556: 554:Characteristics 512: 506: 504:Other countries 443: 435:Main articles: 433: 367: 361: 333: 285: 268: 260:Marla Berkowitz 220: 197:hard-of-hearing 178: 157: 95: 87: 76: 70: 67: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4549: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4519: 4518: 4512: 4503: 4502:, 2 April 2007 4493: 4487: 4468: 4457: 4456:External links 4454: 4453: 4452: 4437: 4422: 4402: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4277: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4208:Ellen Perlow. 4200: 4183:(4): 367–377. 4163: 4127: 4101: 4069: 4037: 4007: 3996:. June 9, 2008 3981: 3949: 3934: 3912: 3887: 3856: 3825: 3802: 3776: 3762: 3740: 3714: 3688: 3661:"Deaf Culture" 3651: 3614: 3583: 3550: 3519: 3489: 3459: 3429: 3400: 3373: 3344: 3324: 3317: 3299: 3269: 3240: 3223: 3207:"thedailymoth" 3198: 3164: 3138: 3131: 3113: 3106: 3081: 3074: 3056: 3033: 3007: 2976: 2935: 2898: 2848: 2812: 2793:(2): 134–153. 2777: 2733: 2696: 2639: 2606: 2599: 2581:Gannon, Jack R 2572: 2555:UMass Magazine 2541: 2510: 2480: 2449: 2419: 2389: 2349: 2316: 2281:(1): 230–235. 2265: 2236: 2213: 2200:10.2307/412894 2194:(3): 696–719. 2178: 2166: 2154: 2147: 2129: 2110: 2091: 2080:(3): 271–290. 2064: 2053:(3): 271–290. 2037: 2023: 1997: 1968: 1941: 1922:(2): 138–163. 1902: 1869: 1855: 1831: 1820: 1783: 1772: 1758:Humphries, Tom 1745: 1731: 1711: 1693:(5): 388–406. 1670: 1663: 1649:Humphries, Tom 1633: 1614: 1587: 1580: 1560: 1529: 1516: 1473:(3): 309–310. 1450: 1417: 1410: 1390: 1383: 1357: 1333: 1326: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1250:Society portal 1237: 1234: 1213: 1210: 1154: 1151: 1138: 1135: 1090: 1087: 1067:Drago Renteria 1046: 1043: 1034: 1031: 986:Jane Middleton 965: 962: 913: 910: 889:Douglas Tilden 851:Ella Mae Lentz 835:Main article: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 790: 787: 786: 785: 781: 778: 775: 771: 766: 763: 730:auditory nerve 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 705: 702: 699: 696:signed English 688: 681: 676: 673: 657:United Kingdom 646:sign languages 630:Sign languages 622: 621:Sign languages 619: 613: 612: 577:of the subject 575:worldwide view 570: 568: 561: 555: 552: 505: 502: 447:deaf education 432: 429: 365:Deaf education 363:Main article: 360: 357: 337:sign languages 332: 329: 314:Historically, 267: 264: 243:United Nations 156: 153: 125:sign languages 123:and which use 89: 88: 49:of the subject 47:worldwide view 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4548: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4300:, 10, 79–100. 4299: 4295: 4294: 4281: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4236: 4227: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4159:public domain 4141: 4134: 4132: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3958:"Collections" 3953: 3945: 3938: 3927:September 26, 3922: 3916: 3905:September 26, 3901: 3897: 3891: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3849:September 26, 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3681:September 26, 3673: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3482:September 26, 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3403: 3401:9780674015067 3397: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3241:9781563683596 3237: 3233: 3227: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3021: 3017: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2632:September 11, 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457:Tay, Phoebe. 2453: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2239: 2237:9780205470334 2233: 2229: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1858: 1856:9780932666017 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1841:Padden, Carol 1835: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1754:Padden, Carol 1749: 1734: 1732:9780886293451 1728: 1724: 1723: 1715: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1645:Padden, Carol 1640: 1638: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1583: 1581:9780669045901 1577: 1573: 1572: 1564: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1520: 1513: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1455: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1103:Lower Austria 1100: 1095: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1042: 1039: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 997: 996:conferences. 995: 991: 990:deaf theaters 987: 983: 979: 970: 961: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926:Laurent Clerc 919: 909: 907: 903: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 843:Clayton Valli 838: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 802: 797: 793: 792: 782: 779: 776: 772: 769: 768: 762: 758: 756: 750: 747: 738: 734: 731: 727: 714: 711: 706: 703: 700: 697: 693: 689: 686: 685:Michele Cooke 682: 679: 678: 672: 670: 666: 662: 661:United States 658: 654: 649: 647: 638: 631: 627: 618: 609: 606: 598: 588: 584: 578: 576: 569: 560: 559: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 511: 501: 498: 495:In part, the 493: 490: 482: 478: 474: 472: 468: 464: 455: 451: 448: 442: 438: 431:United States 428: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 402:Laurent Clerc 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 366: 356: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 328: 324: 321: 317: 316:acculturation 309: 304: 280: 276: 272: 266:Acculturation 263: 261: 256: 254: 249: 247: 244: 239: 218: 214: 211: 206: 202: 198: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 111: 93: 85: 82: 74: 64: 60: 56: 50: 48: 41: 32: 31: 19: 4531:Deaf culture 4505: 4499: 4480:the original 4440: 4426:Deaf Like Me 4425: 4408: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4280: 4261: 4257: 4235: 4226: 4216:November 12, 4214:. Retrieved 4203: 4195:the original 4180: 4176: 4166: 4146:November 12, 4144:. Retrieved 4118:. Retrieved 4104: 4092:. Retrieved 4081: 4072: 4060:. Retrieved 4049: 4040: 4028:. Retrieved 4010: 4000:February 27, 3998:. Retrieved 3993: 3984: 3972:. Retrieved 3961: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3925:. Retrieved 3915: 3903:. Retrieved 3899: 3890: 3878:. Retrieved 3869: 3859: 3847:. Retrieved 3843:the original 3838: 3828: 3820:the original 3815: 3805: 3793:. Retrieved 3789:the original 3779: 3767:. Retrieved 3753: 3743: 3731:. Retrieved 3727:the original 3717: 3705:. Retrieved 3701:the original 3691: 3679:. Retrieved 3667: 3654: 3642:. Retrieved 3635:the original 3630: 3617: 3607:November 27, 3605:. Retrieved 3596: 3586: 3576:November 27, 3574:. Retrieved 3565: 3541:. Retrieved 3532: 3522: 3510:. Retrieved 3501: 3492: 3480:. Retrieved 3476:the original 3471: 3462: 3450:. Retrieved 3441: 3432: 3406:. Retrieved 3390: 3376: 3350:. Retrieved 3334: 3327: 3308: 3302: 3290:. Retrieved 3286:the original 3281: 3272: 3231: 3226: 3214:. Retrieved 3211:thedailymoth 3210: 3201: 3189:. Retrieved 3180: 3174: 3167: 3155:. Retrieved 3151:the original 3141: 3122: 3116: 3095: 3065: 3059: 3042: 3036: 3024:. Retrieved 3020:the original 3010: 2998:. Retrieved 2989: 2979: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2924:cite journal 2915: 2911: 2901: 2868: 2864: 2834: 2830: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2750:(1): 50–58. 2747: 2743: 2736: 2724:. Retrieved 2721:ResearchGate 2720: 2659:(1): 15406. 2656: 2652: 2642: 2630:. Retrieved 2618: 2609: 2585: 2575: 2563:. Retrieved 2554: 2544: 2532:. Retrieved 2523: 2513: 2503:November 17, 2501:. Retrieved 2492: 2483: 2473:November 19, 2471:. Retrieved 2467:the original 2462: 2452: 2440:. Retrieved 2436:the original 2431: 2422: 2410:. Retrieved 2401: 2392: 2368:November 29, 2366:. Retrieved 2361: 2358:"Who We Are" 2352: 2340:. Retrieved 2319: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2242:. Retrieved 2226: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2138: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2028:. Retrieved 2014: 2000: 1974:. Retrieved 1958: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1893:. Retrieved 1885:cllc.osu.edu 1884: 1860:. Retrieved 1845: 1834: 1810: 1762: 1748: 1736:. Retrieved 1721: 1714: 1702:. Retrieved 1690: 1686: 1653: 1624:. Retrieved 1604: 1596:Lane, Harlan 1590: 1570: 1563: 1551:. Retrieved 1542: 1532: 1519: 1510: 1503:. Retrieved 1470: 1466: 1441:. Retrieved 1432: 1400: 1393: 1373: 1336: 1316: 1309: 1292: 1230: 1215: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1140: 1108: 1083: 1072: 1048: 1036: 1023: 1014: 998: 975: 949:Milan, Italy 942: 922: 918:Deaf history 904: 897: 878: 875: 840: 759: 751: 743: 723: 650: 643: 616: 601: 595:January 2023 592: 572: 548:South Africa 513: 494: 485: 460: 444: 418: 406:Jean Massieu 389: 375: 371:K–12 schools 368: 349: 344: 334: 325: 313: 274: 257: 250: 240: 236: 215: 203:or improved 201:interpreters 193: 158: 148: 140: 137:audiological 132: 128: 117:Deaf culture 116: 115: 92: 77: 68: 44: 3644:November 3, 3543:November 3, 3502:deafrad.org 3282:www.pbs.org 2955:: 121–139. 2871:(4): 6–14. 2412:January 29, 2011:Lucas, Ceil 1895:October 17, 1369:Ladd, Paddy 885:Chuck Baird 726:hearing aid 398:Abbé Sicard 275:Merikartano 4525:Categories 4407:. (1989). 4326:. (2003). 4120:August 14, 4094:August 14, 4062:August 14, 4030:August 14, 3974:August 14, 3896:"About Us" 3512:January 2, 3438:"About Us" 3408:January 2, 3352:January 2, 3345:0913580872 3051:1903/11295 2726:January 2, 2342:January 2, 2244:January 2, 2030:January 2, 1976:January 2, 1862:January 2, 1738:January 2, 1704:January 2, 1626:January 2, 1553:August 31, 1505:January 2, 1443:January 2, 1302:References 906:Daily Moth 651:There are 508:See also: 165:disability 155:Background 71:April 2023 3990:"History" 3880:April 12, 3795:April 12, 3769:April 12, 3750:"Judaism" 3733:April 12, 3707:April 12, 3468:"Purpose" 3452:April 12, 3418:cite book 3362:cite book 3258:cite book 3250:122715372 3157:April 17, 3026:April 12, 3000:April 12, 2787:Bioethics 2442:August 9, 2254:cite book 1986:cite book 1936:1533-6263 1487:1543-0375 1288:Sign name 1268:Deaf flag 1226:audiology 1153:Libraries 1089:Religious 1075:DeafBlind 1055:nonprofit 847:Ben Bahan 587:talk page 359:Education 352:Pady Ladd 331:Diversity 59:talk page 4536:Deafness 4462:Deafness 4264:(3): 5. 4114:Archived 4088:Archived 4056:Archived 4024:Archived 4022:. 2012. 3968:Archived 3874:Archived 3672:Archived 3601:Archived 3570:Archived 3537:Archived 3506:Archived 3446:Archived 3388:(2005). 3292:March 8, 3216:March 8, 3191:April 4, 3185:Archived 2994:Archived 2971:20881008 2807:12083155 2764:21091083 2691:32958791 2583:(1981). 2565:April 9, 2559:Archived 2534:July 24, 2528:Archived 2497:Archived 2406:Archived 2378:cite web 2333:Archived 2311:42056798 2188:Language 1889:Archived 1843:(1978). 1826:Archived 1778:Archived 1760:(1988). 1651:(1999). 1620:Archived 1547:Archived 1543:ABC News 1499:Archived 1495:21138043 1437:Archived 1371:(2003). 1351:. 1965. 1294:U výčepu 1236:See also 1212:Services 1099:Loimanns 980:and the 957:lip read 855:CJ Jones 659:and the 581:You may 161:deafness 121:deafness 53:You may 4324:Ladd, P 3177:(2011)" 2893:9762533 2885:3528607 2772:4673683 2682:7506023 2661:Bibcode 2303:1835330 2283:Bibcode 2013:(ed.). 1137:Women's 1123:mitzvot 953:oralist 912:History 819:alarms. 784:person. 665:English 544:Germany 532:Finland 469:), and 425:Oralism 386:English 308:Baghdad 169:disease 4509: 4466:Curlie 4447: 4432: 4417: 4397: 3760: 3398: 3342: 3315: 3248: 3238: 3129: 3104: 3072: 2969: 2891: 2883: 2805: 2770: 2762: 2689: 2679: 2597: 2402:ed.gov 2309: 2301: 2234: 2208:412894 2206: 2145: 2126:(1–4). 2021: 1966: 1934: 1853: 1818: 1770: 1729: 1661: 1612: 1578: 1493: 1485: 1408: 1381: 1324: 1258:Audism 1131:minyan 1008:" and 930:France 893:De'VIA 540:France 516:Brazil 4483:(PDF) 4476:(PDF) 3816:Patch 3675:(PDF) 3664:(PDF) 3638:(PDF) 3627:(PDF) 2881:JSTOR 2837:(1). 2768:S2CID 2493:NIDCD 2336:(PDF) 2329:(PDF) 2307:S2CID 2204:JSTOR 2009:. In 1051:queer 774:rude. 520:China 376:Abbé 61:, or 4445:ISBN 4430:ISBN 4415:ISBN 4395:ISBN 4218:2015 4148:2015 4122:2021 4096:2021 4064:2021 4032:2021 4002:2022 3976:2021 3929:2015 3907:2015 3882:2015 3851:2015 3797:2015 3771:2015 3758:ISBN 3735:2015 3709:2015 3683:2015 3646:2022 3609:2022 3578:2022 3545:2022 3514:2024 3484:2015 3454:2015 3424:link 3410:2024 3396:ISBN 3368:link 3354:2024 3340:ISBN 3313:ISBN 3294:2018 3264:link 3246:OCLC 3236:ISBN 3218:2018 3193:2012 3159:2015 3127:ISBN 3102:ISBN 3070:ISBN 3028:2015 3002:2015 2967:PMID 2930:link 2889:PMID 2803:PMID 2760:PMID 2728:2024 2687:PMID 2634:2024 2595:ISBN 2567:2020 2536:2012 2505:2016 2475:2018 2444:2015 2414:2016 2384:link 2370:2018 2344:2024 2299:PMID 2260:link 2246:2024 2232:ISBN 2143:ISBN 2032:2024 2019:ISBN 1992:link 1978:2024 1964:ISBN 1932:ISSN 1897:2020 1864:2024 1851:ISBN 1816:ISBN 1768:ISBN 1740:2024 1727:ISBN 1706:2024 1659:ISBN 1628:2024 1610:ISBN 1576:ISBN 1555:2015 1507:2024 1491:PMID 1483:ISSN 1445:2024 1406:ISBN 1379:ISBN 1322:ISBN 1169:The 1059:LGBT 1045:LGBT 883:and 744:The 439:and 404:and 279:Oulu 129:deaf 4464:at 4266:doi 4185:doi 3047:hdl 2990:NPR 2957:doi 2873:doi 2839:doi 2795:doi 2752:doi 2677:PMC 2669:doi 2623:doi 2591:378 2291:doi 2279:630 2196:doi 2082:doi 2055:doi 1924:doi 1695:doi 1475:doi 1471:155 947:in 936:in 801:TTY 538:in 489:IEP 423:or 167:or 4527:: 4498:. 4443:, 4413:, 4393:, 4262:22 4260:. 4256:. 4244:^ 4181:52 4179:. 4175:. 4130:^ 4080:. 4048:. 4018:. 3992:. 3966:. 3960:. 3898:. 3872:. 3868:. 3837:. 3814:. 3752:. 3670:. 3666:. 3629:. 3599:. 3595:. 3564:. 3553:^ 3535:. 3531:. 3504:. 3500:. 3470:. 3444:. 3440:. 3420:}} 3416:{{ 3384:; 3364:}} 3360:{{ 3280:. 3260:}} 3256:{{ 3244:. 3209:. 3183:. 3179:. 3084:^ 2992:. 2988:. 2965:. 2953:16 2951:. 2947:. 2926:}} 2922:{{ 2914:. 2910:. 2887:. 2879:. 2869:28 2867:. 2851:^ 2835:11 2833:. 2829:. 2815:^ 2801:. 2791:16 2789:. 2766:. 2758:. 2748:50 2746:. 2719:. 2699:^ 2685:. 2675:. 2667:. 2657:10 2655:. 2651:. 2617:. 2593:. 2557:. 2553:. 2522:. 2491:. 2461:. 2430:. 2404:. 2400:. 2380:}} 2376:{{ 2360:. 2331:. 2305:. 2297:. 2289:. 2277:. 2256:}} 2252:{{ 2216:^ 2202:. 2192:51 2190:. 2124:67 2122:. 2105:67 2103:. 2076:. 2049:. 1988:}} 1984:{{ 1944:^ 1930:. 1918:. 1914:. 1883:. 1872:^ 1824:. 1786:^ 1776:. 1756:; 1691:21 1689:. 1685:. 1673:^ 1647:; 1636:^ 1618:. 1598:; 1545:. 1541:. 1497:. 1489:. 1481:. 1469:. 1465:. 1453:^ 1431:. 1420:^ 1360:^ 1347:; 1343:; 1101:, 1081:. 849:, 845:, 671:. 550:. 534:, 388:: 151:. 143:. 4451:. 4436:. 4421:. 4401:. 4358:. 4274:. 4268:: 4220:. 4187:: 4161:. 4150:. 4124:. 4098:. 4066:. 4034:. 4004:. 3978:. 3931:. 3909:. 3884:. 3853:. 3799:. 3773:. 3737:. 3711:. 3685:. 3648:. 3611:. 3580:. 3547:. 3516:. 3486:. 3456:. 3426:) 3412:. 3370:) 3356:. 3321:. 3296:. 3266:) 3252:. 3220:. 3195:. 3173:" 3161:. 3135:. 3110:. 3078:. 3053:. 3049:: 3030:. 3004:. 2973:. 2959:: 2932:) 2916:5 2895:. 2875:: 2841:: 2809:. 2797:: 2774:. 2754:: 2730:. 2693:. 2671:: 2663:: 2636:. 2625:: 2603:. 2569:. 2538:. 2507:. 2477:. 2446:. 2416:. 2386:) 2372:. 2346:. 2313:. 2293:: 2285:: 2262:) 2248:. 2210:. 2198:: 2151:. 2088:. 2084:: 2078:8 2061:. 2057:: 2051:8 2034:. 1994:) 1980:. 1926:: 1920:4 1899:. 1866:. 1742:. 1697:: 1667:. 1630:. 1584:. 1557:. 1477:: 1447:. 1414:. 1387:. 1330:. 920:. 608:) 602:( 597:) 593:( 579:. 384:( 141:d 133:D 84:) 78:( 73:) 69:( 51:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index