Closed captioning - Knowledge

2086:, standards now exist that dictate how open and closed captions, as well as hearing-impaired and visually impaired narrative audio, are packaged with the rest of the digital movie. This eliminates the proprietary caption distributions required for film, and the associated royalties. SMPTE has also standardized the communication of closed caption content between the digital cinema server and 3rd-party closed caption systems (the CSP/RPL protocol). As a result, new, competitive closed caption systems for digital cinema are now emerging that will work with any standards-compliant digital cinema server. These newer closed caption devices include cupholder-mounted electronic displays and wireless glasses which display caption text in front of the wearer's eyes. Bridge devices are also available to enable the use of Rear Window systems. As of mid-2010, the remaining challenge to the wide introduction of accessibility in digital cinema is the industry-wide transition to SMPTE DCP, the standardized packaging method for very high quality, secure distribution of digital movies. 985:: Real-time words sent in paint-on or scrolling mode appear from left to right, up to one line at a time; when a line is filled in roll-up mode, the whole line scrolls up to make way for a new line, and the line on top is erased. The lines usually appear at the bottom of the screen, but can actually be placed on any of the 14 screen rows to avoid covering graphics or action. This method is used when captioning video in real-time such as for live events, where a sequential word-by-word captioning process is needed or a pre-made intermediary file isn't available. This method is signaled on 1013:: A caption appears on any of the 14 screen rows as a complete sentence, which can be followed by additional captions. This method is used when captions come from an intermediary file (such as the Scenarist or EBU STL file formats) for pre-taped television and film programming, commonly produced at captioning facilities. This method of captioning can be aided by digital scripts or voice recognition software, and if used for live events, would require a video delay to avoid a large delay in the captions' appearance on-screen, which occurs with Teletext-encoded live subtitles. 2027:. However, a few early titles from 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment carried Line 21 closed captions that are output when using the analog outputs (typically composite video) of a few Blu-ray players. Both Blu-ray and DVD can use either PNG bitmap subtitles or 'advanced subtitles' to carry SDH type subtitling, the latter being an XML-based textual format which includes font, styling and positioning information as well as a unicode representation of the text. Advanced subtitling can also include additional media accessibility features such as "descriptive audio". 133: 2215:(*.SRT) or *.SBV file. As a beta feature, the site also added the ability to automatically transcribe and generate captioning on videos, with varying degrees of success based upon the content of the video. However, on August 30, 2020, the company announced that communal captions will end on September 28. The automatic captioning is often inaccurate on videos with background music or exaggerated emotion in speaking. Variations in volume can also result in nonsensical machine-generated captions. Additional problems arise with strong accents, 145: 36: 866:

behind by a few seconds. This delay is because the machine does not know what the person is going to say next, so after the person on the show says the sentence, the captions appear. Automatic computer speech recognition works well when trained to recognize a single voice, and so since 2003, the BBC does live subtitling by having someone re-speak what is being broadcast. Live captioning is also a form of

609:(ADA) was passed to ensure equal opportunity for persons with disabilities. The ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in public accommodations or commercial facilities. Title III of the ADA requires that public facilities—such as hospitals, bars, shopping centers and museums (but not movie theaters)—provide access to verbal information on televisions, films or slide shows. 823:(ESL) learners were the largest group buying decoders in the late 1980s and early 1990s before built-in decoders became a standard feature of US television sets. This suggested that the largest audience of closed captioning was people whose native language was not English. In the United Kingdom, of 7.5 million people using TV subtitles (closed captioning), 6 million have no hearing impairment. 1456: 994: 594:

Through discussions with the manufacturer it was established that the appropriate circuitry integrated into the television set would be less expensive than the stand-alone box, and Ronald May, then a Sanyo employee, provided the expert witness testimony on behalf of Sanyo and Gallaudet University in support of the passage of the bill. On January 23, 1991, the

2043:, or (rarely) a display located above or below the movie screen. Typically, this display is a large LED sign. In a digital theater, open caption display capability is built into the digital projector. Closed caption capability is also available, with the ability for 3rd-party closed caption devices to plug into the digital cinema server. 960:

then revert to normal. Uncorrectable byte errors within the teletext page header will cause whole captions to be dropped. EIA-608, due to using only two characters per video frame, sends these captions ahead of time storing them in a second buffer awaiting a command to display them; Teletext sends these in real-time.

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content by various robotic algorithms (robots). Multiple chains of errors are the result. When a video is truly and accurately transcribed, then the closed-captioning publication serves a useful purpose, and the content is available for search engines to index and make available to users on the internet.

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editing is words per minute, commonly varying from 180 to 300, depending on the type of program. Offensive words are also captioned, but if the program is censored for TV broadcast, the broadcaster might not have arranged for the captioning to be edited or censored also. The "TV Guardian", a television

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their English Subtitles in some showing on films. The law regarding that was passed by Gerald Anthony Gullas Jr., a lawmaker from Cebu City, who had implemented the regulations on standardizing both official languages of the Philippines, as the people had not fluently mastered their English vocabulary.

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Captioning on display screens or personal devices can be difficult to follow at the same time as the performance on stage. To solve this sproblem, Creative Captioning refers to the process of integrating captions into set design as part of the creative process. Creative Captions are a visible part of

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packet container with different IDs for both line 21 fields. These captions can be turned on and off and appear in the same style as TV closed captions, with all the standard formatting (pop-on, roll-up, paint-on), and can be positioned and split anywhere on the video screen. QuickTime closed caption

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format. The latest Flash authoring software adds free player skins and caption components that enable viewers to turn captions on/off during playback from a web page. Previous versions of Flash relied on the Captionate 3rd party component and skin to caption Flash video. Custom Flash players designed

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captions as a bitmap overlay that can be turned on and off via a set top DVD player or DVD player software, just like the textual captions. This type of captioning is usually carried in a subtitle track labeled either "English for the hearing impaired" or, more recently, "SDH" (subtitled for the deaf

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A bill, H.R. 3101, the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, was passed by the United States House of Representatives in July 2010. A similar bill, S. 3304, with the same name, was passed by the United States Senate on August 5, 2010, by the House of Representatives

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Other non-linear editing systems indirectly support closed captioning only in Standard Definition line-21. Video files on the editing timeline must be composited with a line-21 VBI graphic layer known in the industry as a "blackmovie" with closed caption data. Alternately, video editors working with

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Many modern digital television receivers can be directly connected to cables, but often cannot receive scrambled channels that the user is paying for. Thus, the lack of a standard way of sending CC information between components, along with the lack of a mandate to add this information to a picture,

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As CC1 and CC2 share bandwidth, if there is a lot of data in CC1, there will be little room for CC2 data and is generally only used for the primary audio captions. Similarly, CC3 and CC4 share the second even field of line 21. Since some early caption decoders supported only single field decoding of

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During transmission, single byte errors can be replaced by a white space which can appear at the beginning of the program. More byte errors during EIA-608 transmission can affect the screen momentarily, by defaulting to a real-time mode such as the "roll up" style, type random letters on screen, and

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For older televisions, a set-top box or other decoder is usually required. In the US, since the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, manufacturers of most television receivers sold have been required to include closed captioning display capability. High-definition TV sets, receivers, and

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Until the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, television captioning was performed by a set-top box manufactured by Sanyo Electric and marketed by the National Captioning Institute (NCI). (At that time a set-top decoder cost about as much as a TV set itself, approximately $ 200.)

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closed captions. Vegas Pro 10, released on October 11, 2010, added several enhancements to the closed captioning support. TV-like CEA-608 closed captioning can now be displayed as an overlay when played back in the Preview and Trimmer windows, making it easy to check placement, edits, and timing of

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capture and index closed captioning text from news and public affairs programs, allowing them to search the text for client references. The use of closed captioning for television news monitoring was pioneered by Universal Press Clipping Bureau (Universal Information Services) in 1992, and later in

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videotapes, a shift down of this line 21 field must be done due to the greater number of VBI lines used in 625 line PAL countries, though only a small minority of European PAL VHS machines support this (or any) format for closed caption recording. Like all teletext fields, teletext captions can not

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video systems devised another mechanism for inserting closed caption data by allowing the video editor to include CEA-608 and CEA-708 in a discrete audio channel on the video editing timeline. This allows real-time preview of the captions while editing and is compatible with Final Cut Pro 6 and 7.

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DVD by Columbia Pictures). On some DVDs, the Line 21 captions may contain the same text as the subtitles; on others, only the Line 21 captions include the additional non-speech information (even sometimes song lyrics) needed for deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers. European Region 2 DVDs do not carry

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service. In collaboration with the BBC, a university student took on the research project of writing the first phonetics-to-text conversion program for this purpose. Sometimes, the captions of live broadcasts, like news bulletins, sports events, live entertainment shows, and other live shows, fall

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individuals to assist in comprehension. They can also be used as a tool by those learning to read, learning to speak a non-native language, or in an environment where the audio is difficult to hear or is intentionally muted. Captions can also be used by viewers who simply wish to read a transcript

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became a problem in the 1990s as games began to commonly feature voice tracks, which in some cases contained information which the player needed in order to know how to progress in the game. Closed captioning of video games is becoming more common. One of the first video game companies to feature

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Closed captions are also used in public environments, such as bars and restaurants, where patrons may not be able to hear over the background noise, or where multiple televisions are displaying different programs. In addition, online videos may be treated through digital processing of their audio

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Closed captioning in some Filipino films either to be "included" if film production companies have a bias on having impact on their viewing experience for those who did not understand the language. Since 2016, all Filipino-Language Films and also on some Streaming Services like iWant had included

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There are several competing technologies used to provide captioning for movies in theaters. Cinema captioning falls into the categories of open and closed. The definition of "closed" captioning in this context is different from television, as it refers to any technology that allows as few as one

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began providing non-Teletext DVB image-based captions on their HD service and used the same format on the satellite service, which has since caused major timing issues in relation to server load and the loss of captions from most SD DVB-S receivers, such as the ones Sky Television provides their

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On June 30, 2010, YouTube announced a new "YouTube Ready" designation for professional caption vendors in the United States. The initial list included twelve companies who passed a caption quality evaluation administered by the Described and Captioned Media Project, have a website and a YouTube

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series of stealth games, not only are subtitles available during cut scenes, but any dialog spoken during real-time gameplay will be captioned as well, allowing players who can't hear the dialog to know what enemy guards are saying and when the main character has been detected. Also, in many of

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display that shows the captions in mirror image. The panel reflects captions for the viewer but is nearly invisible to surrounding patrons. The panel can be positioned so that the viewer watches the movie through the panel, and captions appear either on or near the movie image. A company called

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Captions are often edited to make them easier to read and to reduce the amount of text displayed onscreen. This editing can be very minor, with only a few occasional unimportant missed lines, to severe, where virtually every line spoken by the actors is condensed. The measure used to guide this

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The Federal Communications Commission requires all providers of programs to caption material which has audio in English or Spanish, with certain exceptions specified in Section 79.1(d) of the commission's rules. These exceptions apply to new networks; programs in languages other than English or

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standpoint, since, for example, it lacked many of the characters required for captioning in languages other than English. Since that time, the core Line 21 character set has been expanded to include quite a few more characters, handling most requirements for languages common in North and South

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In 2015, a law was passed in Hawaii requiring two screenings a week of each movie with captions on the screen. In 2022 a law took effect in New York City requiring movie theaters to offer captions on the screen for up to four showtimes per movie each week, including weekends and Friday nights.

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in a number of markets—such as Australia and New Zealand—that purchase large amounts of imported US material, with much of that video having had the US CC logo already superimposed over the start of it. In New Zealand, broadcasters superimpose an ear logo with a line through it that represents

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Video games don't offer Line 21 captioning, decoded and displayed by the television itself but rather a built-in subtitle display, more akin to that of a DVD. The game systems themselves have no role in the captioning either; each game must have its subtitle display programmed individually.

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cards. Line 21 support provides a workflow for existing legacy media. Other improvements include increased support for multiple closed captioning file types, as well as the ability to export closed caption data for DVD Architect, YouTube, RealPlayer, QuickTime, and Windows Media Player.

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group to closed caption games and serve as a research and development team to aid the industry. Kimball designed the Dynamic Closed Captioning system, writes articles and speaks at developer conferences. Games's first closed captioning project called Doom3 was nominated for an award as

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Closed captioning was first demonstrated in the United States at the First National Conference on Television for the Hearing Impaired at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee, in December 1971. A second demonstration of closed captioning was held at Gallaudet College (now

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Cinematic Captioning Systems has a similar reflective system called Bounce Back. A major problem for distributors has been that these systems are each proprietary, and require separate distributions to the theater to enable them to work. Proprietary systems also incur license fees.

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information; there is no standard for transmitting the CC information to a display monitor separately. Thus, if there is CC information, the source device needs to overlay the CC information on the picture prior to transmitting to the display over the interconnect's video output.

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in 1981 for the establishment of the Australian Caption Centre (ACC) and the purchase of equipment. Captioning by the ACC commenced in 1982 and a further grant from the Australian government enabled the ACC to achieve and maintain financial self-sufficiency. The ACC, now known as

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The use of captions and audio description is not limited to deaf and blind people. Captions can be used in situations of "temporary" deafness, such as watching televisions in public areas where the sound has been turned down (commonplace in America and starting to appear more in

947:, especially on low-bandwidth VHS. This is why Teletext captions used to be stored separately on floppy disk to the analogue master tape. DVDs have their own system for subtitles and captions, which are digitally inserted in the data stream and decoded on playback into video. 337:

subtitles for the hard of hearing, even though they are currently referred to as captions. In the UK, modern digital television services have subtitles for the majority of programs, so it is no longer necessary to highlight which have subtitling/captioning and which do not.

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to raise funds for Teletext-encoding equipment used for the creation and editing of text-based broadcast services for the deaf. The service came into use in 1984 with caption creation and importing paid for as part of the public broadcasting fee until the creation of the

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be displayed on the TV over component video input if the TV captioning is turned on and set to CC1.) When viewed on a personal computer, caption data can be viewed by software that can read and decode the caption data packets in the MPEG-2 streams of the DVD-Video disc.

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announcer and other spoken content, such as those contained within in-game segments, public service announcements, and lyrics of songs played in-stadium. In some facilities, these systems were added as a result of discrimination lawsuits. Following a lawsuit under the

602:(FCC) power to enact rules on the implementation of closed captioning. This Act required all analog television receivers with screens of at least 13 inches or greater, either sold or manufactured, to have the ability to display closed captioning by July 1, 1993. 203:

or in edited form), sometimes including descriptions of non-speech elements. Other uses have included providing a textual alternative language translation of a presentation's primary audio language that is usually burned-in (or "open") to the video and unselectable.

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Line 21 captions, and instead list the subtitle languages available-English is often listed twice, one as the representation of the dialogue alone, and a second subtitle set which carries additional information for the deaf and hard-of-hearing audience. (Many deaf/

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NTSC DVDs may carry closed captions in data packets of the MPEG-2 video streams inside of the Video-TS folder. Once played out of the analog outputs of a set top DVD player, the caption data is converted to the Line 21 format. They are output by the player to the

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pioneer Medialink Worldwide Incorporated in 1997). US patent 7,009,657 describes a "method and system for the automatic collection and conditioning of closed caption text originating from multiple geographic locations" as used by news monitoring services.

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as a "transcription or translation of the dialogue, sound effects, relevant musical cues, and other relevant audio information when sound is unavailable or not clearly audible" (for example, when audio is muted or the viewer is deaf or hard of hearing).

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near the stage. Software is also now available that automatically generates the captioning and streams the captioning to individuals sitting in the theater, with that captioning being viewed using heads-up glasses or on a smartphone or computer tablet.

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The responsibility of decoding the CC information and overlaying onto the visible video image has been taken away from the TV display and put into the "source" of DVI and HDMI digital video interconnects. Because the TV handles "mute" and, when using

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Spanish; networks having to spend over 2% of income on captioning; networks having less than US$ 3,000,000 in revenue; and certain local programs; among other exceptions. Those who are not covered by the exceptions may apply for a hardship waiver.

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608 closed caption track (a special 608 coded track in the .mov file wrapper) for standard-definition video, and finally a QuickTime 708 closed caption track (a special 708 coded track in the .mov file wrapper) for high-definition video output.

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On February 20, 2014, the FCC unanimously approved the implementation of quality standards for closed captioning, addressing accuracy, timing, completeness, and placement. This is the first time the FCC has addressed quality issues in captions.

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involves making a proxy video from the non-linear system to import into a third-party non-linear closed captioning software. Once the closed captioning software project is completed, it must export a closed caption file compatible with the

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standard, has created a digital captioning device called the DTS-CSS (Cinema Subtitling System). It is a combination of a laser projector which places the captioning (words, sounds) anywhere on the screen and a thin playback device with a

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stream and overlay it on the picture, but turning CC on and off requires turning off the unit and going into a special setup menu (it is not on the standard configuration menu and it cannot be controlled using the remote). Historically,

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are also covered, though the technical specifications are different (high-definition display screens, as opposed to high-definition TVs, may lack captioning). Canada has no similar law but receives the same sets as the US in most cases.

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will have closed captioning operating in all public areas where there are televisions with closed captioning; televisions in public areas without built-in closed captioning capability will be replaced with televisions that have such

1415:, though those extended characters are not required in all decoders and are thus unreliable in everyday use. The problem has been almost eliminated with a market specific full set of Western European characters and a private adopted 415:. At the same time in the UK the BBC was demonstrating its Ceefax text based broadcast service which they were already using as a foundation to the development of a closed caption production system. They were working with professor 1447:, is available to parents who wish to censor offensive language of programs—the video signal is fed into the box and if it detects an offensive word in the captioning, the audio signal is bleeped or muted for that period of time. 276:

aim to describe to the deaf and hard of hearing all significant audio content—spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking—along with any significant

2054:. Upon entering the theater, viewers requiring captions are given a panel of flat translucent glass or plastic on a gooseneck stalk, which can be mounted in front of the viewer's seat. In the back of the theater is an 2461:

to their tape masters. The typical workflow included first printing the SD or HD video to a tape and sending it to a professional closed caption service company that had a stand-alone closed caption hardware encoder.

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CC information. CEA708 style Closed Captioning is automatically created when the CEA-608 data is created. Line 21 closed captioning is now supported, as well as HD-SDI closed captioning capture and print from AJA and

636:-decoding set-top box remotes to have a button to turn on or off the closed captioning in the output signal. It also requires broadcasters to provide captioning for television programs redistributed on the Internet. 426:. As a result of these tests, the FCC in 1976 set aside line 21 for the transmission of closed captions. PBS engineers then developed the caption editing consoles that would be used to caption prerecorded programs. 671:

As amended by RA 10905, all TV networks in the Philippines are required to give CC. As of 2018, the three major TV networks in the country are currently testing the closed captioning system on their transmissions.

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Software programs are available that automatically generate a closed-captioning of conversations. Examples of such conversations include discussions in conference rooms, classroom lectures, or religious services.

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operators who are able to type at speeds of over 225 words per minute provide captions for live television programs, allowing the viewer to see the captions within two to three seconds of the words being spoken.

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In some cases, the transcript is available beforehand, and captions are simply displayed during the program after being edited. For programs that have a mix of pre-prepared and live content, such as

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that television receivers located in any part of a facility open to the general public have closed captioning activated at all times when the facility is open and the television receiver is in use.

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that holds many languages. If the Rear Window Captioning System is used, the DTS-CSS player is also required for sending caption text to the Rear Window sign located in the rear of the theater.

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has not mandated that broadcasters either broadcast both datastream formats or exclusively in one format. Most broadcasters and networks to avoid large conversion cost outlays just provide

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The use of capitalization varies among caption providers. Most caption providers capitalize all words while others such as WGBH and non-US providers prefer to use mixed-case letters.

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type of machines, whose phonetic output is instantly translated into text by a computer and displayed on the screen. This technique was developed in the 1970s as an initiative of the

3018: 907:) programming, three streams are encoded in the video: two are backward compatible "line 21" captions, and the third is a set of up to 63 additional caption streams encoded in 989:

by a two-byte caption command or in Teletext by replacing rows for a roll-up effect and duplicating rows for a paint-on effect. This allows for real-time caption line editing.

316:. Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says "Subtitles", or previously "Subtitles 888" or just "888" (the latter two are in reference to the conventional 624:

receivers by July 1, 2002. All TV programming distributors in the U.S. are required to provide closed captions for Spanish-language video programming as of January 1, 2010.

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are both processes of displaying text on a television, video screen, or other visual display to provide additional or interpretive information. Both are typically used as a

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Viewer-adjustable text size (called the "caption volume control" in the specification), allowing individuals to adjust their TVs to display small, normal, or large captions

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does not have the ability to read and decode Line 21 caption data which are recorded on a DVD made from an over-the-air broadcast. It can display some movie DVD captions.

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recordings due to all fields being recorded. Recorded Teletext caption fields also suffer from a higher number of caption errors due to increased number of bits and a low

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the show: the set designer/captioner match(es) the style of the captions to the atmosphere of the show through characteristics such as animation, color, font, and size.

2183:), when closed captions are activated, dialog and nearly all sound effects either made by the player or from other sources (e.g. gunfire, explosions) will be captioned. 272:

assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they transcribe only dialogue and some on-screen text.

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customers. As of April 2, 2013, only the Teletext page 801 caption service will remain in use with the informational Teletext non-caption content being discontinued.

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and set-top tuners did not need to do this overlaying, since they simply passed this information on to the TV, and they are not mandated to perform this overlaying.

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had developed and sold the Telecaption adapter, a decoding unit that could be connected to a standard television set. The first programs seen with captioning were a

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handsets for TVs, DVDs, and similar devices in most European markets often use "SUB" or "SUBTITLE" on the button used to control the display of subtitles/captions.

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as a "transcription or translation of the dialogue when sound is available but not understood" by the viewer (for example, dialogue in a foreign language) and

3096: 2990: 2474:. In the case of Final Cut Pro 7, three different file formats can be accepted: a .SCC file (Scenarist Closed Caption file) for Standard Definition video, a 2227:

channel where customers can learn more about their services and have agreed to post rates for the range of services that they offer for YouTube content.

1479:(T1, T2). Even field 2 can have five additional data channels: two separate synchronized captions (CC3, CC4) with caption related text (T3, T4), and 2190:

Reid Kimball, a game designer who is hearing impaired, is attempting to educate game developers about closed captioning for games. Reid started the

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that displays real-time captions of the current conversation. The captions are typically displayed on a screen embedded into the telephone base.

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added caption screens in 2006. Some stadiums utilize on-site captioners while others outsource them to external providers who caption remotely.

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together. Odd field 1 can have four data channels: two separate synchronized captions (CC1, CC2) with caption-related text, such as website

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the closed captioning signal is included. However, for DVB-T and DVB-S, it is not necessary for a teletext page signal to also be present (

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Many source devices do not have the ability to overlay CC information, for controlling the CC overlay can be complicated. For example, the

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can support closed captions for both video on demand streaming or live streaming scenarios. Typically, Windows Media captions support the

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As of 2009, most closed captioning for digital television environments is done using tools designed for analog captioning (working to the

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For prerecorded programs, commercials, and home videos, audio is transcribed and captions are prepared, positioned, and timed in advance.

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the DV25 and DV50 FireWire workflows must encode their DV .avi or .mov file with VAUX data which includes CEA-608 closed caption data.

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A pair of eighth notes on a line of no text are used during a section of instrumental music or even voice tones playing with the music.

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broadcasts use a "respeaker": a trained human who repeats the running commentary (with careful enunciation and some simplification and

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signal on line 21. (Actually, regardless of this, if the DVD player is in interlaced rather than progressive mode, closed captioning

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be stored by a standard 625 line VHS recorder (due to the lack of field shifting support); they are available on all professional

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Ceefax and Teletext can have a larger number of captions for other languages due to the use of multiple VBI lines. However, only

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and compatible video capture cards. Up until this time, it was not possible for video editors to insert caption data with both

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The National Captioning Institute was created in 1979 in order to get the cooperation of the commercial television networks.

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Media Framework also includes support for the timed-text exchange profile for both download and adaptive streaming media.

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was once started broadcasting nightly and late night news programs, but then they stopped adding CCs lately. Only select

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Outside North America, capitals with black or no background coloration indicates when a word is stressed or emphasized.

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access. A similar symbol depicting an ear (slashed or not) is used on television in several other countries, including

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More text and background colors, including both transparent and translucent backgrounds to optionally replace the big

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An additional musical notation character is appended to the end of the last line of lyrics to indicate the song's end.

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service from a major broadcaster meeting comparable levels of captioning as those provided on its broadcast channels.

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in the UK was the first broadcaster to include closed captions (called subtitles in the UK) in 1979 based on the

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standard for digital television has worldwide character set support, but there has been little use of it due to

491:) for input to the automated text generation system. This is generally reliable, though errors are not unknown. 422:

The closed captioning system was successfully encoded and broadcast in 1973 with the cooperation of PBS station

4559: 4495: 4419: 3839: 2630: 1985:

In addition to Line 21 closed captions, video DVDs may also carry subtitles, which generally rendered from the

617: 57: 2859: 68: 5106: 4856: 4772: 4459: 4383: 4307: 2512: 2047: 1176: 1143:

Outside North America, capitals with background coloration indicate a song title or sound effect description.

1055: 816: 465: 441: 402: 4678: 4660: 1656:, a different device handles turning on and off CC, this means the "captions come on automatically when the 1519:

broadcasters use CC3 for French translated SAPs, which is also a similar practice in South Korea and Japan.

5039: 4876: 4790: 3348: 2191: 1990:

and Hard of hearing). Many popular Hollywood DVD-Videos can carry both subtitles and closed captions (e.g.

1604:

they are unable to view closed caption (CC) information, even though the broadcaster is sending it and the

508: 406: 4464: 1718:-based teletext systems are the source for closed captioning signals, thus when teletext is embedded into 502:

The first use of regularly scheduled closed captioning on American television occurred on March 16, 1980.

4067: 3090:"Submission to DBCDE's investigation into Access to Electronic Media for the Hearing and Vision Impaired" 2984:"Submission to DBCDE's investigation into Access to Electronic Media for the Hearing and Vision Impaired" 2794: 1121:'>>>' (three prefixed greater-than signs) indicates a change in news story or multiple speakers. 677: 541: 357: 196: 3821: 547:

Since 2010 BBC provides a 100% broadcast captioning service across all 7 of its main broadcast channels

4803: 4747: 4576: 4512: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4393: 4378: 4368: 4115: 3560: 3447: 2595: 2008: 1796: 1761: 1436: 896: 524: 17: 3695: 5018: 4907: 4552: 4547: 4537: 4363: 3803: 2471: 157: 3866: 3179: 2919: 2771: 2402:

1993 by Tulsa-based NewsTrak of Oklahoma (later known as Broadcast News of Mid-America, acquired by

2039:

Open captioning in a film theater can be accomplished through burned-in captions, projected text or

1745:

but are now used by multiple European broadcasters as the editorial and design best practice guide

1691:

DCT-5xxx and -6xxx cable set-top receivers have the ability to decode CC information located on the

4927: 4358: 2714: 2537: 2523:; two such versions exist – one with a tail on the left, the other with a tail on the right. 2398: 1681: 1673: 1649: 1616: 2078:

Special effort has been made to build accessibility features into digital projection systems (see

2547: 2347: 2063: 1950:) for a connected TV's built-in decoder or a set-top decoder as usual. They can not be output on 1565:

mandates that broadcasters deliver (and generate, if necessary) both datastream formats with the

843: 46: 4727: 2428:, the professional non-linear editor, was updated to support importing, editing, and delivering 2258:

to provide captioned on-demand content. The media encoding firms generally use software such as

5049: 4403: 4060: 3883:

Closed Captioning: Subtitling, Stenography, and the Digital Convergence of Text with Television

3768: 3580: 3074: 1773: 1701: 1628: 1480: 899:- a part of the TV picture that sits just above the visible portion and is usually unseen. For 783: 726: 378: 93: 2449:

version 7 and began support for inserting closed caption data into SD and HD tape masters via

2211:

offers captioning services in videos. The author of the video can upload a SubViewer (*.SUB),

1101:

For real-time captioning done outside of captioning facilities, the following syntax is used:

830:

Some television sets can be set to automatically turn captioning on when the volume is muted.

5034: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4719: 4424: 3208: 2152: 2107: 1877: 1233:

In Ceefax/Teletext countries, it indicates a change in single speaker in place of '>>'.

944: 733:

in December 2005. Red Bee Media continues to provide captioning services in Australia today.

648: 572: 372: 1495:

in a second language were often placed in CC2. This led to bandwidth problems, and the U.S.

304:, and a number of other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and captions and use 5069: 5029: 4752: 4398: 4322: 1968: 1765: 1492: 993: 398: 231:

indicates that the captions are not visible until activated by the viewer, usually via the

3994: 3982: 3632:"YouTube is ending its community captions feature and deaf creators aren't happy about it" 2196: 8: 5101: 5024: 4615: 3613:"Official YouTube Blog: The Future Will Be Captioned: Improving Accessibility on YouTube" 2896: 2273: 2146: 1992: 1979: 1913: 1780: 1412: 1236:

Some Teletext countries use coloration to indicate when a word is stressed or emphasized.

1113: 656: 536: 419:

from the University of Southampton who had been developing prototypes in the late 1960s.

384: 301: 255:

indicate that the captions are visible to all viewers as they are embedded in the video.

3999: 2156:

in 1997. Many games since then have at least offered subtitles for spoken dialog during

2094:

Captioning systems have also been adopted by most major league and high-profile college

1365:

to indicate singing or may just instead use the eighth notes without the lyrics playing.

4851: 4478: 3915:

Alternative Realtime Careers: A Guide to Closed Captioning and CART for Court Reporters

3732: 3043: 2912:"Philippine TV to Provide Closed Captioning – Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas" 2403: 2137: 1815: 1597: 1546: 1508: 904: 808: 791: 779: 771: 660: 621: 480: 4257: 1818:

and obscure the picture more than the more modern, partially transparent backgrounds.

5111: 4866: 4106: 3936: 3933:

A New Civil Right: Telecommunications Equality for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Americans

3922: 3904: 3886: 2434: 2351: 2307: 2168: 1908:

specification). The captions are then run through transcoders made by companies like

1190:

indicate when a word is stressed or emphasized and when real world names are quoted.

1106: 787: 775: 564: 440:

Real-time captioning, a process for captioning live broadcasts, was developed by the

165: 3247: 3129: 2813: 2652: 5064: 4529: 4487: 3304: 2838: 2162: 1769: 1460: 1408: 1039: 652: 3594: 3428: 2389:, offer the ability to display captions in real time of the current conversation. 930:, but the methods of preparation and the line 21 field used are similar. For home 5059: 4891: 4042: 4015: 3989: 3876: 3409: 3320:"Getting Captions On Your New TV—The Good, the Bad and the Downright Frustrating" 3254: 1955: 1943: 1890:

More language channels, to allow the encoding of more independent caption streams

1807: 1612: 1404: 1318: 582: 488: 362: 3492:"Fourth Circuit Holds ADA Requires Expanded Access to Aural Content in Stadiums" 1741:

Subtitle (Captioning) Editorial Guidelines were born out of the capabilities of

1615:, but there is no equivalent capability in digital video interconnects (such as 874:, using a special (steno) keyboard and individually constructed "dictionaries." 5014: 5009: 4912: 4840: 4828: 4623: 4327: 3918: 3900: 3822:"CPC Closed Captioning & Subtitling Software for Non-linear Editors (NLEs)" 2520: 2516: 2425: 2238:

in Flex can be tailored to support the timed-text exchange profile, Captionate

2111: 2079: 2067: 1976: 1905: 1543: 900: 871: 867: 681: 514: 340: 297: 232: 1526:

used a second subtitle page for second language audio tracks where either the

5095: 4836: 4701: 4603: 4598: 4253: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4141: 4123: 3565: 3387: 2542: 2446: 2251: 2233:

also supports captions using the Distribution Exchange profile (DFXP) of W3C

1811: 1803: 1784: 1384: 952: 878: 730: 473: 411: 4047: 4035: 2346:

Live plays can be open captioned by a captioner who displays lines from the

2283: 2001:

subtitle files on DVDs are reworkings of original teletext subtitle files.)

1814:

subtitles use classic caption style opaque backgrounds with an overly large

1631:

or cable digital television receiver. When CC information is encoded in the

1112:

Sometimes appended with the speaker's name in alternate case, followed by a

200: 4332: 4299: 4153: 4008: 3655: 2892:"More cities are requiring captions on public TVs. Here's why that matters" 2323: 1947: 1810:

connected TVs incapable of decoding the captions on their own. Also, these

1668:—must "burn" the image of the CC text into the picture data carried by the 1531: 1239:

Coloration is limited to white, green, blue, cyan, red, yellow and magenta.

721: 689: 629: 483:

technology means that live captioning may be fully or partially automated.

328:-based videotext encoding that is used with PAL-compatible video. The term 282: 132: 4052: 3678:"Official YouTube Blog: Professional caption services get "YouTube Ready"" 3234: 2046:

Probably the best known closed captioning option for film theaters is the

1398:

There were many shortcomings in the original Line 21 specification from a

708:) are the programs and shows that they air with proper closed captioning. 144: 4388: 2835:"Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010" 2810:"Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010" 2499:

The current and most familiar logo for closed captioning consists of two

2466: 2419: 2386: 2267: 2230: 2179: 2173: 1855: 1665: 1623:) between the display and a "source". A "source", in this case, can be a 1611:

Originally, CC information was included in the picture ("line 21") via a

1601: 1472: 1444: 1420: 1380: 1358: 1344: 1335: 1328: 1322: 1227: 1187: 685: 578: 469: 3749: 2989:. Australia: Media Access Australia. pp. 12, 18, 43. Archived from 1975:) in Vista supported only closed caption channels 1 and 2 (not 3 or 4). 1708:

results in CC being unavailable to many hard-of-hearing and deaf users.

1230:

in the past, but generally has declined due to system incompatibilities.

620:

expanded on the Decoder Circuitry Act to place the same requirements on

4846: 4780: 4691: 4650: 3995:

Alan Newell, Inventor of Closed Captioning, Teletext for the Deaf, 1982

3789: 3363:"ETSI EN 300 743: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Subtitling systems" 2754:"Economically Burdensome Exemption from Closed Captioning Requirements" 2657: 2503:(for "closed captioned") inside a television screen. It was created at 2442: 2327: 2259: 2234: 2132: 2120: 2103: 1959: 1870: 1862: 1697: 1661: 1657: 1624: 1605: 1471:

The Line 21 data stream can consist of data from several data channels

1399: 1180: 1163: 1129:

Capitals indicate main on-screen dialogue and the name of the speaker.

1065: 839: 684:

started implementing CCs on their live noon and nightly news programs.

530: 461: 1821: 1331:

indicate speaker's vocal pitch e.g., (man), (woman), (boy) or (girl).

5054: 4633: 4173: 4133: 2558: 2553: 2508: 2475: 2374: 2319: 2311: 2298: 1972: 1838: 1504: 1500: 1464: 1218:

Italics are also applied when a word is spoken in a foreign language.

1212: 1205: 1194: 1167: 1152: 1137: 997:

A still frame showing simulated closed captioning in the pop-on style

851: 847: 755: 751: 556: 484: 445: 260: 192: 3843: 3154: 2638: 1175:'-' (a prefixed dash) indicates a change in single speaker (used by 838:

For live programs, spoken words comprising the television program's

35: 4932: 4922: 4813: 4798: 4373: 4312: 4245: 2653:"Match of the Day 2: Newcastle subtitle error leaves BBC red-faced" 2450: 2157: 1742: 1688: 1676:

cable; there's no other way for the CC text to be carried over the

1553:

datastream standards: the original analog-compatible (available by

1376: 923: 862: 746: 568: 560: 434: 409:

demonstrated closed captions embedded within a normal broadcast of

317: 2683:. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, pp. 384-387 2293:

caption data via proprietary closed caption track, which are just

4762: 4709: 4225: 3804:"CPC Closed Captioning & Subtitling Software for Matrox MXO2" 2960: 2504: 2458: 2454: 2429: 2294: 2290: 2263: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2095: 2051: 2004: 1986: 1951: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1902: 1895: 1827: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1428: 1310: 1271: 1198: 1159: 1133: 986: 931: 927: 908: 892: 759: 673: 552: 548: 453: 423: 367: 290: 137: 4031:

First Sears Telecaption adapter advertised in 1980 Sears catalog

3435:. What's the difference between Closed Captions and subtitles?. 3042:. Australia: Red Bee Media Australia Pty Limited. Archived from 1660:

is muted" feature no longer works. That source device—such as a

1125:

Styles of syntax that are used by various captioning producers:

4353: 4289: 4149: 4036:

BBC Best Practice Guidelines for Captioning and Subtitling (UK)

4003: 3095:. Australia: Media Access Australia. p. 16. Archived from 2532: 2483: 2331: 2315: 2212: 2040: 1757: 1731: 1715: 1692: 1636: 1632: 1570: 1523: 1516: 1416: 1372: 1362: 1348: 1286: 1255: 859: 767: 325: 173: 4221: 3807: 3744: 3742: 3123: 1223:

Text coloration indicates captioning credits and sponsorship.

4586: 4517: 4317: 4229: 4163: 4157: 4083: 3825: 3725:"STAGETEXT Certificate in Theatre Captioning for Deaf People" 3069: 2874:"Why captions are suddenly everywhere and how they got there" 2303: 2280:

file format but can also carry embedded closed caption data.

2099: 2083: 2024: 1885: 1866: 1848: 1777: 1723: 1719: 1537: 1527: 1512: 1424: 1298: 1294: 1282: 1275: 1259: 1247: 1243: 1087: 940: 919: 503: 476:, itfc, and Independent Media Support are the major vendors. 457: 391: 278: 207: 177: 2011:

data such as Line 21 closed captioning due to the design of

5004: 4757: 4640: 4581: 4569: 4564: 4542: 4505: 4500: 4145: 3739: 3703: 2736:"Self Implementing Exemptions From Closed Captioning Rules" 2563: 2369:

Telecommunications Relay Service § Captioned telephone

2335: 2277: 2254:

broadcast and cable networks that are mandated by the U.S.

2247: 2243: 1898: 1881: 1792: 1730:, for example, does not carry analogue teletext signals on 1727: 1677: 1669: 1653: 1620: 1573: 1302: 1290: 1267: 1251: 1022: 888: 804: 742: 153: 4022:

Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education, Washington, D.C.

4009:

Closed Captioned TV: A Resource for ESL Literacy Education

1455: 4628: 4217: 2790:"§ 79.1 Closed captioning of televised video programming" 2055: 2020: 2012: 1799: 1788: 1754: 1738: 1712: 1591: 1484: 1476: 1432: 1306: 1263: 1026: 935: 915: 855: 763: 519: 430: 161: 966:

There are two main styles of line 21 closed captioning:

289:

has come to be used to also refer to the North American

3973:

Closed Captioning of Video Programming - 47 C.F.R. 79.1

3335:"Can you get closed captioning over HDMI with DIRECTV?" 2072: 754:

taxpayer fund, which is used to provide captioning for

715: 199:

of the audio portion of a program as it occurs (either

2707:"Crossing at Roundabouts - United States Access Board" 2420:

Non-linear video editing systems and closed captioning

1909: 1569:

format merely a conversion of the Line 21 format. The

1439:

countries, which has its own extended character sets.

588: 2500: 2286:

supports multiple players across multiple platforms.

2102:, typically through dedicated portions of their main 1924:

features are used unless they were also contained in

1151:

Descenders indicate background sound description and

736: 3523: 2957:"Lawmaker wants English subtitles for PH TV, movies" 3498: 3458: 3180:"mb21 - ether.net - The Teletext Museum - Timeline" 2860:"FCC Moves to Upgrade TV Closed Captioning Quality" 2250:captioning). This is the preferred method for most 1920:to the digital format. This means that none of the 1822:

Digital television standard captioning improvements

1561:formats are delivered within the video stream. The 1549:system originally specified two different kinds of 1487:details. XDS data structure is defined in CEA-608. 632:on October 8, 2010. The Act requires, in part, for 628:on September 28, 2010, and was signed by President 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 27:

Process of displaying interpretive texts to screens

4048:EBU-TT-D Subtitling (Captions) Distribution Format 3962:"A deafie's guide to accessing captions anywhere!" 3128:. City and County of San Francisco. Archived from 2935:"GMA, TV5 now airing shows with closed captioning" 2131:The infrequent appearance of closed captioning in 2110:LED boards. These screens display captions of the 1858:text rather than the letters on a solid background 1325:indicate a song title or sound effect description. 914:Captioning is modulated and stored differently in 293:encoding that is used with NTSC-compatible video. 3286:"What types of cables support closed captioning?" 2681:Deaf Heritage-A Narrative History of Deaf America 2385:Some online video conferencing services, such as 1830:specification provides for dramatically improved 1045:(man) I got the machine ready. (engine starting) 5093: 1791:broadcasts, this decision was made based on the 1083:MAN: I got the machine ready. (ENGINE STARTING) 1051:MAN: I got the machine ready. (engine starting) 168:. The symbol was used on road signs to identify 3854: 3445: 2515:, is that of a simple geometric rendering of a 1841:and non-Latin letters, and more special symbols 494: 136:The "CC in a Television" symbol was created at 4026:Bill Kastner: The Man Behind Closed Captioning 3531:"Cards provide captioning for deaf at stadium" 1635:data stream, only the device that decodes the 4068: 3868:BBC Subtitles (Captions) Editorial Guidelines 2465:This new closed captioning workflow known as 2350:and including non-speech elements on a large 2036:member of the audience to view the captions. 786:programming. During the second half of 2012, 729:, sold its commercial captioning division to 320:channel for captions), which is why the term 235:or menu option. On the other hand, the terms 3696:"Microsoft Media Platform: Player Framework" 3506:"Lifeline for hearing-impaired at ballparks" 3332: 2570:Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language 2392: 870:. Meanwhile, sport events on ESPN are using 647:Some state and local governments (including 4082: 3863:by Amy Bowlen and Kathy DiLorenzo (no ISBN) 3225: 3223: 3221: 3152: 3124:Mayor's Disability Council (May 16, 2008). 3087: 2981: 2932: 1596:Many viewers find that when they acquire a 1204:Some North American providers use this for 1080:Non-US in-house real-time roll-up example: 758:content, TVNZ news shows and conversion of 356:Regular open-captioned broadcasts began on 258:In the United States and Canada, the terms 4075: 4061: 3979:Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau 1538:Digital television interoperability issues 598:was passed by Congress. This Act gave the 392:Technical development of closed captioning 4963: 4961: 3448:"Enabling the Disabled in Digital Cinema" 2631:"A Brief History of Captioned Television" 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2564:Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange 2202: 1936: 891:programming, captions are "encoded" into 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3771:(April 2010): the Vegas Pro 9.0d update. 3595:"Add caption tracks to your video files" 3298: 3218: 1454: 1109:) indicates a change in single speaker. 992: 596:Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990 581:launched in 2008 as the first captioned 437:framework for pre-recorded programming. 143: 131: 3983:FCC Consumer Facts on Closed Captioning 3959: 3466:"Redskins Ordered To Continue Captions" 3317: 1998: 1158:Most modern caption producers, such as 1077:>> Man: I GOT THE MACHINE READY. 1074:US in-house real-time roll-up example: 881:, a combination of techniques is used. 842:are transcribed by a human operator (a 833: 821:English as a foreign or second language 308:as the general term. The equivalent of 285:using words or symbols. Also, the term 14: 5094: 4958: 4955:Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network. 4951: 4949: 4020:Education Resources Information Center 3651:"The Sorry State of Closed Captioning" 3578: 3426: 3407: 3268:"HDMI Support for 'Closed Captioning'" 2610: 2397:In the United States especially, most 1931: 1795:practice of using this format on only 1592:Incompatibility issues with digital TV 1025:Access Services and Red Bee Media for 370:began open captioning of the programs 4993: 4094: 4056: 3840:"National Captioning Institute Logos" 3629: 3017:. Australia: Media Access Australia. 2380: 1854:More text styles, including edged or 1017: 720:The government of Australia provided 4994: 2199:for IGDA's Choice Awards 2006 show. 2052:National Center for Accessible Media 2017:High-Definition Multimedia Interface 1837:An enhanced character set with more 1776:channels who completely switched to 1393: 778:with archived captions available to 716:Legislative development in Australia 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 4946: 3960:Parfitt, Ellie (15 November 2018). 3648: 3349:"closed captions support in HDLink" 3021:from the original on 1 January 2009 1557:) and the more modern digital-only 1450: 1338:indicate a silent on-screen action. 922:625 line 25 frame countries, where 589:Legislative development in the U.S. 452:Major US producers of captions are 24: 3861:Realtime Captioning, the VITAC Way 1136:home caption decoder fonts had no 737:Funding development in New Zealand 444:in 1982. In real-time captioning, 351: 25: 5138: 3977:Federal Communications Commission 3953: 2776:Federal Communications Commission 2772:"Closed Captioning on Television" 2758:Federal Communications Commission 2740:Federal Communications Commission 2256:Federal Communications Commission 2207:Internet video streaming service 2007:media typically cannot carry any 1580:captions along with a transcoded 1497:Federal Communications Commission 1463:touting CC1 and CC3 captions (on 1048:US WGBH Access Services example: 803:Closed captions were created for 600:Federal Communications Commission 314:subtitles for the hard of hearing 150:International Symbol for Deafness 3301:"Understanding Digital Captions" 2933:Carl Lamiel (October 14, 2017). 2606:from the original on 2013-06-06. 2410: 2089: 2023:, S-Video, component video, and 1873:, and some playful cursive fonts 1753:In New Zealand, captions use an 1371:As the symbol is unsupported by 1357:Outside North America, a single 1035:ENGINE STARTING (speeding away) 148:The "Slashed ear" symbol is the 34: 3949:by Michael Karagosian (no ISBN) 3832: 3814: 3796: 3774: 3762: 3717: 3688: 3670: 3649:Nam, Tammy H. (June 24, 2014). 3642: 3623: 3605: 3587: 3572: 3548: 3484: 3439: 3420: 3416:. What are the video details?. 3401: 3372: 3355: 3341: 3326: 3311: 3292: 3278: 3260: 3190: 3172: 3146: 3117: 3081: 3057: 3040:"About Red Bee Media Australia" 3032: 3007: 2975: 2949: 2926: 2904: 2884: 2866: 2852: 2827: 2802: 2782: 2117:Americans with Disabilities Act 607:Americans with Disabilities Act 45:needs additional citations for 4095: 3897:The Closed Captioning Handbook 3246:- ATSC Closed Captioning FAQ ( 3153:Alex Varley (April 18, 2005). 3015:"About Media Access Australia" 2764: 2746: 2728: 2699: 2686: 2673: 2645: 2588: 2126: 1901:specification rather than the 1748: 812:along with the program audio. 798: 666: 618:Telecommunications Act of 1996 401:) on February 15, 1972, where 222: 13: 1: 4460:Field-sequential color system 3750:"About - Creative Captioning" 2696:, March 11, 1980, Section 2-5 2635:National Captioning Institute 2576: 2513:National Captioning Institute 2362: 2289:QuickTime video supports raw 2266:captions to this format. The 2066:, the company behind the DTS 2062:For film projection systems, 2048:Rear Window Captioning System 1958:outputs due to the lack of a 1639:(a source) has access to the 1347:is used to bracket a line of 1177:National Captioning Institute 1056:National Captioning Institute 817:National Captioning Institute 762:US captions to the preferred 692:and local or foreign movies, 466:National Captioning Institute 442:National Captioning Institute 324:is also used to refer to the 5040:Reverse Standards Conversion 3855:General and cited references 3333:Stuart Sweet (31 May 2022). 3157:. U.S. Department of Justice 3065:"Television access services" 2581: 2284:EBU-TT-D distribution format 1584:version encapsulated within 1383:- which resembles a musical 1281:US order of use for text is 1242:UK order of use for text is 1211:Some providers use this for 1061:- I GOT THE MACHINE READY. 495:Full-scale closed captioning 407:National Bureau of Standards 7: 5127:Transcription (linguistics) 3630:Lyons, Kim (31 July 2020). 3581:"Captioning Computer Games" 2795:Code of Federal Regulations 2526: 2373:A captioned telephone is a 1916:, which convert the analog 1861:More text fonts, including 1071:- I got the machine ready. 10: 5143: 5122:High-definition television 2596:"4.8.10 The track element" 2550:(captioner), an occupation 2519:merged with the tail of a 2366: 2341: 2197:Best Doom3 Mod of the Year 1783:subtitles in 2012 on both 1760:-based teletext system on 1491:CC1 and CC2, captions for 897:vertical blanking interval 815:In the United States, the 346: 312:is usually referred to as 5000: 4989: 4941: 4900: 4827: 4789: 4771: 4718: 4700: 4677: 4659: 4614: 4528: 4486: 4477: 4412: 4341: 4298: 4282: 4266: 4244: 4172: 4132: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4090: 3568:. June 1997. p. 133. 3380:"BBC Subtitle Guidelines" 3088:Alex Varley (June 2008). 2982:Alex Varley (June 2008). 2472:non-linear editing system 2399:media monitoring services 2393:Media monitoring services 2219:, differing contexts, or 2140:in their 1990 release of 2030: 1865:and proportional spaced, 1105:'>>' (two prefixed 1096: 1093:I got the machine ready. 512:presentation of the film 268:have different meanings. 3935:by Karen Peltz Strauss ( 2538:Same language subtitling 2302:tracks can be viewed in 2297:byte pairs wrapped in a 2171:'s video games (such as 1507:, for example, provides 1032:I got the machine ready. 676:added CC in their daily 509:Disney's Wonderful World 158:New Zealand broadcasters 4084:Broadcast video formats 3231:"Closed Captioning FAQ" 2548:Speech-to-text reporter 2494: 2150:. Infocom also offered 2142:Hockey League Simulator 2064:Digital Theater Systems 1608:is able to display it. 1334:Outside North America, 1166:for both on-screen and 1029:and Australia example: 926:is used rather than in 844:speech-to-text reporter 661:the State of Washington 332:has been replaced with 5117:Television terminology 5050:Television transmitter 3885:by Gregory J. Downey ( 3769:Sony Creative Software 2837:. 2010. Archived from 2812:. 2010. Archived from 2203:Online video streaming 2136:closed captioning was 2106:or as part of balcony 1937:DVDs and Blu-ray Discs 1918:Line 21 caption format 1774:MediaWorks New Zealand 1772:with the exception of 1481:Extended Data Services 1468: 1197:are only supported by 998: 727:Media Access Australia 525:ABC Sunday Night Movie 379:ABC World News Tonight 181: 141: 5035:MPEG transport stream 4862:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 4425:Mechanical television 4333:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR) 3947:Enabling the Disabled 3846:on February 15, 2008. 3682:Official YouTube Blog 3617:Official YouTube Blog 3579:Robson, Gary (1998). 3446:MKPE Consulting LLC. 2153:Zork Grand Inquisitor 1613:composite video input 1458: 1361:is used on a line of 1351:to indicate singing. 1297:; and backgrounds is 1258:; and backgrounds is 1140:on lowercase letters. 996: 649:Boston, Massachusetts 147: 135: 5107:Assistive technology 5070:Widescreen signaling 5045:Standards conversion 5030:Moving image formats 3535:The Arizona Republic 2711:www.access-board.gov 2694:Chicago Daily Herald 2679:Gannon, Jack. 1981. 1969:Windows Media Player 1435:Teletext dominating 834:Television and video 766:STL format for only 399:Gallaudet University 388:shortly thereafter. 54:improve this article 5025:Display motion blur 3735:on August 14, 2007. 3214:on 12 October 2006. 3132:on January 28, 2009 2897:The Washington Post 2274:Windows Media Video 2147:The Terminator 2029 1932:Uses in other media 1483:(XDS) for Now/Next 698:Drew's Explorations 657:Rochester, New York 605:Also, in 1990, the 537:Masterpiece Theatre 385:Once Upon a Classic 69:"Closed captioning" 5076:Analogue TV Topics 4041:2022-07-15 at the 4014:2011-06-07 at the 3988:2010-08-10 at the 3875:2019-10-20 at the 3828:on March 16, 2010. 3810:on April 16, 2010. 3433:dvddemystified.com 3414:dvddemystified.com 3253:2006-03-22 at the 2572:(SMIL) file format 2566:(SAMI) file format 2507:. The other logo, 2404:video news release 2381:Video conferencing 2138:Bethesda Softworks 1598:digital television 1547:digital television 1524:European countries 1469: 1427:markets. The full 1107:greater-than signs 1018:Caption formatting 999: 905:digital television 680:in the afternoon. 622:digital television 481:speech recognition 182: 164:tapes released by 142: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4867:MPEG Multichannel 4473: 4472: 4000:Closed Captioning 3941:978-1-56368-291-9 3891:978-0-8018-8710-9 3782:"Final Cut Pro X" 3472:. October 3, 2008 2963:. October 6, 2013 2435:Blackmagic Design 2318:(via QuickTime), 1946:(or an available 1551:closed captioning 1515:programs in CC3. 1509:English subtitles 1394:Technical aspects 1387:- is substituted. 1042:and Sky example: 887:For all types of 185:Closed captioning 166:Alliance Atlantis 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5134: 5065:Video processing 4995:Technical issues 4991: 4990: 4968: 4965: 4956: 4953: 4484: 4483: 4216:(Color systems: 4144:(Color systems: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4092: 4091: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4054: 4053: 3969: 3848: 3847: 3842:. Archived from 3836: 3830: 3829: 3824:. Archived from 3818: 3812: 3811: 3806:. Archived from 3800: 3794: 3793: 3792:on June 8, 2011. 3788:. Archived from 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3731:. Archived from 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3702:. Archived from 3692: 3686: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3494:. April 4, 2011. 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3386:. Archived from 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3303:. Archived from 3296: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3270:. Archived from 3264: 3258: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3233:. Archived from 3227: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3207:. Archived from 3202: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3077:on June 1, 2010. 3073:. Archived from 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3046:on June 13, 2009 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2918:. Archived from 2908: 2902: 2901: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2880:. June 27, 2022. 2870: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2713:. Archived from 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2661:. 2 October 2017 2649: 2643: 2642: 2637:. Archived from 2627: 2608: 2607: 2592: 2163:Metal Gear Solid 2000: 1880:, to allow more 1839:accented letters 1802:broadcasts (aka 1770:cable television 1511:for many of its 1451:Caption channels 1403:America such as 653:Portland, Oregon 479:Improvements in 468:. In the UK and 160:, as well as on 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5081: 5060:Video on demand 5005:14:9 compromise 4996: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4937: 4896: 4892:MPEG-H 3D Audio 4823: 4785: 4767: 4714: 4696: 4673: 4655: 4610: 4524: 4469: 4408: 4337: 4294: 4278: 4262: 4240: 4168: 4128: 4097: 4086: 4081: 4043:Wayback Machine 4016:Wayback Machine 3990:Wayback Machine 3966:Hearing Like Me 3956: 3877:Wayback Machine 3857: 3852: 3851: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3647: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3577: 3573: 3564:. No. 30. 3561:Next Generation 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3470:Washington Post 3464: 3463: 3459: 3444: 3440: 3425: 3421: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3255:Wayback Machine 3240: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3219: 3211: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3160: 3158: 3151: 3147: 3135: 3133: 3122: 3118: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2760:. May 30, 2017. 2752: 2751: 2747: 2742:. July 8, 2011. 2734: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2692:"Today on TV", 2691: 2687: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2629: 2628: 2611: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2529: 2497: 2482:Alternatively, 2422: 2413: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2365: 2344: 2205: 2129: 2092: 2033: 1956:component video 1944:composite video 1939: 1934: 1910:EEG Enterprises 1824: 1808:composite video 1764:broadcasts via 1751: 1594: 1540: 1453: 1396: 1319:Square brackets 1099: 1094: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1062: 1052: 1046: 1036: 1033: 1020: 872:court reporters 836: 809:hard of hearing 801: 739: 718: 678:3 O'Clock Habit 669: 591: 583:Video on demand 497: 394: 363:The French Chef 354: 352:Open captioning 349: 225: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5015:Digital cinema 5012: 5010:Broadcast-safe 5007: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4957: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4913:Broadcast flag 4910: 4904: 4902: 4901:Hidden signals 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4534: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4342:Hidden signals 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4328:Sound-in-Syncs 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4138: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4099: 4098: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4006: 3997: 3992: 3980: 3970: 3955: 3954:External links 3952: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3930: 3919:Gary D. Robson 3912: 3901:Gary D. Robson 3894: 3880: 3864: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3831: 3813: 3795: 3773: 3761: 3738: 3716: 3687: 3669: 3641: 3622: 3604: 3599:Google Support 3586: 3571: 3547: 3522: 3497: 3483: 3457: 3438: 3419: 3400: 3371: 3354: 3340: 3325: 3310: 3307:on 2024-02-26. 3299:Steve Barber. 3291: 3277: 3274:on 2021-02-13. 3259: 3217: 3198:"Publications" 3189: 3171: 3145: 3116: 3080: 3056: 3031: 3006: 2974: 2948: 2925: 2922:on 2023-11-17. 2916:www.kbp.org.ph 2903: 2883: 2865: 2851: 2826: 2801: 2781: 2778:. 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991: 990: 879:news bulletins 868:real-time text 835: 832: 800: 797: 738: 735: 717: 714: 702:Idol sa Kusina 694:Biyahe ni Drew 668: 665: 590: 587: 515:Son of Flubber 496: 493: 393: 390: 353: 350: 348: 345: 341:Remote control 298:United Kingdom 287:closed caption 233:remote control 224: 221: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5139: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4964: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4782: 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