364:
letter. In 1994 Joseph Alan
Poirier, a college student-worker, recommended using the system to send texts to forklifts to improve delivery of parts to the assembly line at GM Powertrain in Toledo, Ohio, and sending a text to pagers. He recommended taking pagers to alphanumeric displays incorporating the same system in discussions with the pager supplier for Outback Steakhouse and having relays put in the forklifts to ping alert messages to the pagers used in that system. He called it text messaging, coining the phrase. It is theorized that when Toyota forklift was allegedly hired by GM for this work, one of the subcontractors, Kyocera, utilized the work for the Toyota forklift company to create text messaging for cell phones.
1154:
3034:
27:
3044:
3023:
3054:
235:, of Skokie, Illinois, made page printers for text, notably for news wire services and telegrams, but these used standards different from those for deaf communication, and although in quite widespread use, were technically incompatible. Furthermore, these were sometimes referred to by the "TTY" initialism, short for "Teletype". When computers had keyboard input mechanisms and page printer output, before
124:
355:
bit rate on those models similarly equipped. However, the lack of true computer interface functionality spelled the demise of the original TTY and its clones. During the mid-1970s, other so-called portable telephone devices were being cloned by other companies, and this was the time period when the term "TDD" began being used largely by those outside the deaf community.
338:
and interpreter, Kit
Patrick Corson, in conjunction with Michael Cannon and physicist Art Ogawa. It was manufactured by Michael Cannon's company, Micon Industries, and initially marketed by Kit Corson's company, Silent Communications. In order to be compatible with the existing TTY network, the MCM was designed around the five-bit
342:
established by the older TTY machines instead of the ASCII code used by computers. The MCM was an instant success with the deaf community despite the drawback of a $ 599 cost. Within six months there were more MCMs in use by the deaf and hard of hearing than TTY machines. After a year Micon took over
337:
In 1973, the Manual
Communications Module (MCM), which was the world's first electronic portable TTY allowing two-way telecommunications, premiered at the California Association of the Deaf convention in Sacramento, California. The battery-powered MCM was invented and designed by a deaf news anchor
1161:
In addition to TDD, there are a number of pieces of equipment that can be coupled to telephones to improve their utility. For those with hearing difficulties the telephone ring and conversation sound level can be amplified or pitch adjusted; ambient noise can also be filtered. The amplifier can be a
363:
This relay system became known commonly as the Def-Tone System (DTS) because the tones representing letters of the alphabet were eventually carried in tones outside the range of human hearing. Today, this is commonly called multi-tap because you press a number 1, 2 or 3 times to get a corresponding
1170:
There are some etiquette rules that users of TTYs must be aware of. Because of the inability to detect when a person has finished speaking—and the fact that two people typing will scramble the text on both ends—the term "Go Ahead" (GA) is used to denote the end of a turn, and an indication for the
988:
This is a variant of the Baudot code, implemented as 5-bits per character transmitted asynchronously using frequency-shift key-modulation at either 45.5 or 50 baud, 1 start bit, 5 data bits, and 1.5 stop bits. Details of the protocol implementation are available in TIA-825-A and also in T-REC V.18
354:
Before he left Micon in 1980, Michael Cannon developed several computer compatible variations of the MCM and a portable, battery operated printing TTY, but they were never as popular as the original MCM. Newer model TTYs could communicate with selectable codes that allow communications at a higher
350:
After Micon formed an alliance with APCOM, Michael Cannon (Micon), Paul
Conover (Micon), and Andrea Saks (APCOM) successfully petitioned the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), resulting in a tariff that paid for TTY devices to be distributed free of cost to deaf persons. Micon produced
1077:
Computers can, with appropriate software and modem, emulate a V.18 TTY. Some voice modems, coupled with appropriate software, can now be converted to TTY modems by using a software-based decoder for TTY tones. Same can be done with such software using a computer's sound card, when coupled to the
215:
Special telephone services have been developed to carry the TDD functionality even further. In certain countries, there are systems in place so that a deaf person can communicate with a hearing person on an ordinary voice phone using a human relay operator. There are also "carry-over" services,
211:
screen to display typed text electronically. In addition, TDDs commonly have a small spool of paper on which text is also printed – old versions of the device had only a printer and no screen. The text is transmitted live, via a telephone line, to a compatible device, i.e. one that
299:
to couple, or fit, into the rubber cups on the coupler, thus allowing the device to transmit and receive a unique sequence of tones generated by the different corresponding TTY keys. The entire configuration of teleprinter machine, acoustic coupler, and telephone set became known as the TTY.
1144:
hardware handset). Because some people have no access to any kind of data connection, and it is not even available in some parts within many countries, TTYs are still the only method for analog landline text phone calls, although TTYs include any device with a suitable modem and software.
376:) for its efforts to increase accessibility to communication for people with disabilities. The award holds some irony; it was AT&T that, in the 1960s, resisted efforts to implement TTY technology, claiming it would damage its communication equipment. In 1968, the
1069:
approved the V.18 standard, which comprises two major parts, a dual standard. It is both an umbrella protocol that allows recognition and interoperability of some of the most commonly used textphone protocols, as well as offering a native V.18 mode, which is an
1085:(PSTN), thereby offering interoperability between textphones using different protocols. The platform also offers additional functionality like call progress and status information in text and automatic invocation of a relay service for speech-to-text calls.
1693:
219:
The term TDD is sometimes discouraged because people who are deaf are increasingly using mainstream devices and technologies to carry out most of their communication. The devices described here were developed for use on the partially-analog
324:
machines with modems to create teletypewriters, known as TTYs. He distributed these early, non-portable devices to the homes of many in the deaf community in St. Louis, Missouri. He worked with others to establish a local telephone
228:
networks. Thus as society increasingly moves toward IP based telecommunication, the telecommunication devices used by people who are deaf will not be TDDs. In the US and Canada, the devices are referred to as TTYs.
1467:
Note: In the UK, Text relay service used to be called typetalk (RNID) but have since merged with the phone line using the dialling prefix 18001 (TTY) or the 18002 (voice relay). The emergency line is 18000
997:
The UltraTec company implements another protocol known as
Enhanced TTY, which it calls "Turbo Code," in its products. Turbo Code has some advantages over Baudot protocols, such as a higher data rate, full
1685:
1230:
from confusing the recipient by letting the recipient know not to expect any more messages, but also letting the recipient know that the keyer remains "listening" for any "goodbye"-type message)
216:
enabling people who can hear but cannot speak ("hearing carry-over," a.k.a. "HCO"), or people who cannot hear but are able to speak ("voice carry-over," a.k.a. "VCO") to use the telephone.
242:
came into use, Teletypes were the most widely used devices. They were called "console typewriters". (Telex used similar equipment, but was a separate international communication network.)
1875:
1162:
simple addition or through an inductive coupler to interact with suitable hearing aids. The ring can also be supplemented with extension bells or a visual call indicator.
404:
protocol, which means that only one person at a time may transmit characters. If both try to transmit at the same time, the characters will be garbled on the other end.
1509:
44:
1238:
Now hanging up (used in reply to SK as confirmation that the replying keyer has nothing left to say and that both ends of the conversation are terminated)
2298:
1132:
protocols. However, these newer methods require IP connections and will not work with regular analog phone lines, unless a data connection is used (i.e.
91:
63:
300:
Weitbrecht invented the acoustic coupler modem in 1964. The actual mechanism for TTY communications was accomplished electro-mechanically through
131:
on the top is for use with telephone handsets. The printer records the conversation. The specific GA and SK keys allow for speedier use of common
1865:
1010:, and UltraTec gives its specifications only to parties who are willing to license it, although some information concerning it is disclosed in
70:
3006:
2978:
2973:
1998:
132:
1729:
1644:
77:
1898:"Reply comments of consumer groups on petitions of AT&T regarding the substitution of real-time text for text telephone technology"
1593:
1621:
329:. In the early 1970s, these small successes in St. Louis evolved into the nation's first local telephone relay system for the deaf.
1897:
59:
1226:
Stop Keying (not an imperative to the other person but rather a description of what the keyer is doing: preventing the subsequent
1567:
3000:
1032:
2995:
2985:
2965:
2767:
1959:
1932:
1820:
1790:
1760:
1066:
373:
267:, a deaf physicist. In 1964, Marsters, Weitbrecht and Andrew Saks, an electrical engineer and grandson of the founder of the
271:
department store chain, founded APCOM (Applied
Communications Corp.), located in the San Francisco Bay area, to develop the
1846:
1764:
2132:
1686:"AT&T to Receive the James C. Marsters Promotion Award for Helping Improve Accessibility for People With Disabilities"
3057:
2990:
2836:
1824:
1794:
284:
2762:
1425:
TXD DIALING.. TXD RING... TXD OPERATOR CONNECTED.. EXPLAINING TEXT RELAY SERVICE. PLEASE WAIT.... HI THIS IS JOHN GA
2856:
1669:
1484:
The voice recognition systems are in limited use, due to problems with the technology. A new development called the
1082:
377:
221:
110:
84:
2641:
2189:
1991:
1514:
1478:
2752:
1481:(TRS), which makes it possible for the deaf to successfully make phone calls to users of regular phone systems.
2747:
1648:
48:
351:
over 1,000 MCMs per month, resulting in approximately 50,000 MCMs being disseminated into the deaf community.
3078:
2772:
1787:"ITU-T V.21: 300 bits per second duplex modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network"
347:(who coined the term "TDD") to purchase MCMs and rent them to deaf telephone subscribers for $ 30 per month.
3093:
3047:
2808:
2705:
2248:
2043:
2015:
1488:
now uses voice recognition to assist the human operators. Newer text-based communication methods, such as
1053:
3088:
3037:
2544:
1984:
2896:
2818:
2757:
2464:
1924:
208:
1363:
SK is used to allow the users to say their farewells, while SKSK indicates an immediate call hang-up.
2668:
2629:
2474:
2374:
2303:
2236:
2063:
1757:"ITU-T V.18: Operational and interworking requirements for DCEs operating in the text telephone mode"
1719:"TIA-825 revision A: A Frequency Shift Keyed Modem for Use on the Public Switched Telephone Network"
236:
3027:
2269:
2204:
2157:
2117:
2866:
2851:
2695:
2646:
2569:
2469:
2147:
2033:
2028:
1545:
37:
1817:"ITU-T V.23: 600/1200-baud modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network"
2788:
2574:
2389:
2334:
2329:
2142:
2107:
317:
301:
1718:
1652:
2690:
2494:
2459:
2379:
2359:
2281:
2169:
2090:
1489:
1379:
HI JOHN, ITS ME FRED, I AM WONDERING WHERE YOU ARE, ITS GETTING LATE TO GO OUT TO THE PUB GA
2023:
1611:
2604:
2564:
2534:
2291:
2226:
2048:
1007:
321:
232:
200:
1100:(RTT), which can be used on a digital cell phone or tablet without a separate TTY device.
259:(1924–2009), a dentist and private airplane pilot who became deaf as an infant because of
8:
2614:
2554:
2313:
2275:
2073:
2058:
1519:
1493:
1485:
1141:
296:
292:
1901:
2841:
2798:
2729:
2599:
2529:
2504:
2439:
2286:
2007:
156:
1571:
1563:
3083:
2881:
2803:
2717:
2700:
2663:
2509:
2339:
2308:
2174:
2068:
1965:
1955:
1952:
A New Civil Right: Telecommunications
Equality for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Americans
1938:
1928:
1587:
1497:
1121:
268:
264:
256:
239:
196:
192:
The typical TDD is a device about the size of a typewriter or laptop computer with a
2549:
372:
In 2009, AT&T received the James C. Marsters
Promotion Award from TDI (formerly
2886:
2846:
2826:
2793:
2722:
2680:
2594:
2449:
2434:
2409:
2384:
2344:
2194:
2053:
2038:
1133:
288:
272:
128:
2514:
2369:
2137:
2112:
2100:
160:
1756:
380:
struck down AT&T's policy and forced it to offer TTY access to its network.
2712:
2584:
2559:
2519:
2489:
2364:
2199:
2152:
2127:
2085:
1850:
1616:
1460:
1129:
186:
165:
1816:
1786:
1435:
HI FRED. I AM THINKING OF HAVING A POKER NIGHT AT MINE, WHAT DO YOU THINK? GA
1024:
Other protocols used for text telephony are
European Deaf Telephone (EDT) and
1012:
3072:
2861:
2634:
2624:
2539:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2399:
2221:
2080:
1109:
408:
400:. The maximum speed of this protocol is 10 characters per second. This is a
260:
225:
1969:
1942:
1153:
1081:
In the UK, a virtual V.18 network, called TextDirect, exists as part of the
2739:
2579:
2524:
2454:
2419:
2354:
2253:
2243:
2095:
1870:
1866:"AT&T says T-Mobile and Sprint Wi-Fi calling violates disability rules"
1543:"His Ingenuity Helped the Deaf Tap the Power of Telephones, Remembrances".
1125:
1097:
344:
326:
2939:
2589:
2499:
2484:
2444:
2404:
2263:
1689:
1350:: OK, NO PROBLEM, DON'T FORGET TO BRING THE BOOKS AND THE WORK SO FAR GA
1003:
401:
397:
339:
305:
280:
148:
1500:
have also been adopted by the deaf as an alternative or adjunct to TTY.
2944:
2651:
2349:
2258:
2214:
2184:
2162:
1440:
GOOD IDEA, I'LL CALL A FEW MATES TO COME ROUND AND HAVE A GOOD GAME GA
1182:
1049:
1043:
1404:
I KNOW.. I GOTTA GO. THE KIDS NEED ME. SEE YOU AROUND! BYE FOR NOW SK
2929:
2394:
2209:
1976:
1394:
MY WIFE IS NOT FEELING WELL AND I HAVE NO BABYSITTER FOR MY KIDS! GA
152:
1326:
Xs are often used to indicate a typing error instead of backspacing
26:
2924:
2914:
2831:
2656:
2479:
1430:
HI JOHN ITS ME FRED. I AM WONDERING WHAT YOU ARE DOING TONIGHT? GA
1227:
1056:
modulation to encode and transfer data at 600/1200 bits per second.
279:; their first product was named the PhoneType. APCOM collected old
1399:
AWWWW DARN. I WANTED YOU THERE. OH WELL WHAT CAN YOU DO ? GA
2919:
2904:
2122:
1681:
1202:
Communications assistant (another term for an RO/relay operator)
1117:
1270:
Relay
Operator (another term for a CA/Communications assistant)
1148:
343:
the marketing of the MCM and subsequently concluded a deal with
2949:
2909:
2231:
1728:. Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). 1 April 2003.
358:
193:
178:
2934:
2871:
2179:
1477:
One of the most common uses for a TTY is to place calls to a
1340:: HELLO JOHN, WHAT TIME WILL YOU BE COMING AROUND TODAY Q GA
1137:
1113:
1071:
999:
308:
communication, where only one person at a time can transmit.
276:
1035:
include the following early modem standards approved by the
388:
There are many different standards for TDDs and textphones.
2876:
1510:
List of video telecommunication services and product brands
1112:
devices, with the emergence of modern technologies such as
1025:
1093:
Many digital cell phones are compatible with TTY devices.
1921:
A Phone of Our Own: the Deaf Insurrection Against Ma Bell
1900:. Federal Communications Commission. 2015. Archived from
1036:
250:
204:
123:
1140:
method of multiplexing text and voice that is done on a
396:
The original standard used by TTYs is a variant of the
151:, an electronic device for text communication over a
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1124:, text from TDD are increasingly being sent over
3070:
1954:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
1455:THANK YOU FOR USING TEXT RELAY SERVICE. GOODBYE
1374:HI, THIS IS JOHN, CAN I ASK WHO IS CALLING? GA
155:line, that is designed for use by persons with
332:
1992:
1636:
1149:Other devices for the deaf or hard of hearing
391:
1847:"TTY Compatibility with Digital Cell Phones"
359:Text messaging and the Def-Tone System (DTS)
3007:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1713:
1711:
1612:"James Marsters, Deaf Inventor, Dies at 85"
3043:
1999:
1985:
1409:OK NO WORRIES SEE YOU SOON! BYE BYE SK GA
1046:specifies 300 bits per second duplex mode.
1417:
1019:
311:
224:(PSTN). They do not work well on the new
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1708:
1680:
1645:"Paul and Sally Taylor Background Sheet"
1384:HI FRED, SORRY I DONT THINK I CAN GO GA
1366:
1152:
1074:full- or half-duplex modulation method.
122:
60:"Telecommunications device for the deaf"
1949:
1863:
1605:
1603:
1463:except when there are computer screens.
212:uses a similar communication protocol.
3071:
2006:
1767:from the original on 16 September 2016
1751:
1749:
1747:
1609:
1592:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1450:OK SEE YOU AT 7PM BYE BYE SKSKSKSK GA
1332:
407:This protocol is commonly used in the
251:APCOM acoustic coupler or MODEM device
163:. Other names for the device include
141:telecommunications device for the deaf
1980:
1821:International Telecommunication Union
1791:International Telecommunication Union
1761:International Telecommunication Union
1624:from the original on 11 February 2017
1538:
1536:
1096:Many people want to replace TTY with
374:Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc.
3053:
1918:
1878:from the original on 18 January 2017
1665:
1642:
1600:
1559:
1345:: HI FRED, I WILL BE AROUND NOON GA
1108:As TDDs are increasingly considered
1006:capability. However, Turbo Code is
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
16:Electronic text communication device
1744:
1103:
1026:dual-tone multi-frequency signaling
13:
1533:
989:Annex A "5-bit operational mode".
14:
3105:
1827:from the original on 26 June 2023
1797:from the original on 26 June 2023
1732:from the original on 2 March 2017
1696:from the original on 26 June 2023
1610:Hevesi, Dennis (22 August 2009).
1445:OK SEE YOU AT 7PM. BYE BYE SK GA
1318:Who are You? (or Where are You?)
1083:Public Switched Telephone Network
378:Federal Communications Commission
367:
291:were cabled to TTYs enabling the
255:The TDD concept was developed by
222:Public Switched Telephone Network
3052:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3021:
2642:Free-space optical communication
1515:Telecommunications relay service
1479:Telecommunications Relay Service
25:
1890:
1864:Brodkin, Jon (2 October 2015).
1857:
1839:
1809:
36:needs additional citations for
1779:
1674:
1659:
1649:Central Institute for the Deaf
1553:
1171:other person to begin typing.
1088:
1033:ITU-T V-series recommendations
199:and small screen that uses an
1:
1950:Strauss, Karen Peltz (2006).
1912:
1549:. 21 August 2009. p. A9.
1414:SKSK (THE PARTY HAS HUNG UP)
992:
3028:Telecommunication portal
2809:Telecommunications equipment
1704:– via Market Screener.
1472:
1165:
1054:audio frequency-shift keying
383:
7:
2545:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1503:
1176:Commonly used abbreviations
333:Micon Industries MCM device
10:
3110:
2249:Telecommunications history
1925:Gallaudet University Press
1849:. Ultratec. Archived from
392:Original 5-bit Baudot code
245:
3016:
2958:
2895:
2857:Public Switched Telephone
2817:
2781:
2738:
2679:
2669:telecommunication circuit
2630:Fiber-optic communication
2613:
2375:Francis Blake (telephone)
2322:
2170:Optical telecommunication
2014:
1520:Video relay service (VRS)
979:
912:
590:
523:
490:
457:
422:
419:
2768:Orbital angular-momentum
2205:Satellite communications
2044:Communications satellite
1526:
1210:See You (be seeing you)
415:TTY 5-bit character set
2647:Molecular communication
2470:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2299:Undersea telegraph line
2034:Cable protection system
1919:Lang, Harry G. (2000).
1546:The Wall Street Journal
1060:
320:combined Western Union
316:During the late 1960s,
127:Miniprint 425 TDD. The
2789:Communication protocol
2575:Charles Sumner Tainter
2390:Walter Houser Brattain
2335:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2143:Information revolution
1522:, using videotelephony
1418:Sample text relay call
1158:
1098:real-time text over IP
1020:Other legacy protocols
312:Paul Taylor TTY device
302:frequency-shift keying
226:internet protocol (IP)
136:
2763:Polarization-division
2495:Narinder Singh Kapany
2460:Erna Schneider Hoover
2380:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2360:Alexander Graham Bell
2091:online video platform
1490:short message service
1367:Sample conversation 2
1156:
285:Department of Defense
126:
3079:Assistive technology
2605:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2565:Almon Brown Strowger
2535:Charles Grafton Page
2190:Prepaid mobile phone
2118:Electrical telegraph
1923:. Washington, D.C.:
1823:. 25 November 1988.
1793:. 25 November 1988.
1763:. 17 November 2000.
1459:Note: TTYs use only
1389:WHY CANT YOU GO? GA
1243:GA OR SK, SKGA, BiBi
304:(FSK) allowing only
281:teleprinter machines
233:Teletype Corporation
45:improve this article
3094:American inventions
2555:Johann Philipp Reis
2314:Wireless revolution
2276:The Telephone Cases
2133:Hydraulic telegraph
1726:TIA Standards Store
1494:Internet Relay Chat
1486:captioned telephone
1333:Sample conversation
1178:
1142:Captioned Telephone
1128:gateways, or other
1013:US patent 5,432,837
416:
297:Model 500 telephone
161:speech difficulties
3089:Telecommunications
2753:Frequency-division
2730:Telephone exchange
2600:Charles Wheatstone
2530:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2505:Innocenzo Manzetti
2440:Reginald Fessenden
2175:Optical telegraphy
2008:Telecommunications
1254:Question Mark (?)
1174:
1159:
414:
137:
3066:
3065:
2804:Store and forward
2799:Data transmission
2713:Network switching
2664:Transmission line
2510:Guglielmo Marconi
2475:Internet pioneers
2340:Mohamed M. Atalla
2309:Whistled language
1961:978-1-56368-291-9
1934:978-1-56368-090-8
1688:(Press release).
1498:instant messaging
1330:
1329:
1157:AT&T TDD 2700
1122:instant messaging
986:
985:
592:(carriage return)
289:Acoustic couplers
269:Saks Fifth Avenue
265:Robert Weitbrecht
257:James C. Marsters
121:
120:
113:
95:
3101:
3056:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3024:
2897:Notable networks
2887:Wireless network
2827:Cellular network
2819:Types of network
2794:Computer network
2681:Network topology
2595:Thomas A. Watson
2450:Oliver Heaviside
2435:Philo Farnsworth
2410:Daniel Davis Jr.
2385:Charles Bourseul
2345:John Logie Baird
2054:Data compression
2049:Computer network
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1946:
1906:
1905:
1904:on 5 March 2016.
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1684:(31 July 2009).
1678:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1651:. Archived from
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1570:. Archived from
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1179:
1173:
1134:dial-up Internet
1104:New technologies
1078:telephone line.
1015:
1002:compliance, and
417:
413:
283:(TTYs) from the
273:acoustic coupler
129:acoustic coupler
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3022:
3020:
3012:
2954:
2891:
2813:
2777:
2734:
2683:
2675:
2616:
2609:
2515:Robert Metcalfe
2370:Tim Berners-Lee
2318:
2138:Information Age
2010:
2005:
1962:
1935:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1862:
1858:
1853:on 14 May 2013.
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1679:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1655:on 4 July 2008.
1643:Readmond, Kim.
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1608:
1601:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1574:on 12 June 2010
1568:"Archived copy"
1566:
1558:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1506:
1475:
1465:
1461:capital letters
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1360:: BYE BYE SKSK
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1168:
1151:
1106:
1091:
1063:
1022:
1011:
995:
443:
438:
394:
386:
370:
361:
335:
327:wake-up service
314:
287:and junkyards.
253:
248:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3030:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Space-division
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Camille Tissot
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Claude Shannon
2557:
2552:
2550:Tivadar Puskás
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Antonio Meucci
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Charles K. Kao
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Harold Hopkins
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Emile Berliner
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:Videotelephony
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2202:
2200:Radiotelephone
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Internet video
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1947:
1933:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1856:
1838:
1808:
1778:
1743:
1707:
1673:
1658:
1635:
1617:New York Times
1599:
1552:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1474:
1471:
1419:
1416:
1368:
1365:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:Be Right Back
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1167:
1164:
1150:
1147:
1130:real-time text
1105:
1102:
1090:
1087:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1021:
1018:
994:
991:
984:
983:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
917:
916:
911:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:
589:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
528:
527:
522:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
494:
489:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
462:
461:
456:
453:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
393:
390:
385:
382:
369:
368:Marsters Award
366:
360:
357:
334:
331:
313:
310:
252:
249:
247:
244:
187:United Kingdom
166:teletypewriter
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3106:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2773:Code-division
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Time-division
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:and switching
2682:
2678:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:optical fiber
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Coaxial cable
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Radia Perlman
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Lee de Forest
2428:
2426:
2425:Thomas Edison
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Donald Davies
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Claude Chappe
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Smoke signals
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:Semiconductor
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:Digital media
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1355:: WILL DO SK
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1065:In 1994, the
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
990:
982:
976:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
918:
915:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
593:
587:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
526:
520:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
493:
487:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
460:
454:
451:
448:
447:
441:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
418:
412:
410:
409:United States
405:
403:
399:
389:
381:
379:
375:
365:
356:
352:
348:
346:
341:
330:
328:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:scarlet fever
258:
243:
241:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
133:abbreviations
130:
125:
115:
112:
104:
101:December 2013
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
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2615:Transmission
2580:Nikola Tesla
2570:Henry Sutton
2525:Samuel Morse
2455:Robert Hooke
2420:Amos Dolbear
2355:John Bardeen
2274:
2254:Telautograph
2158:Mobile phone
2113:Edholm's law
2096:social media
2029:Broadcasting
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1920:
1902:the original
1892:
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1871:Ars Technica
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38:verification
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2940:NPL network
2652:Radio waves
2590:Alfred Vail
2500:Hedy Lamarr
2485:Dawon Kahng
2445:Elisha Gray
2405:Yogen Dalal
2330:Nasir Ahmed
2264:Teleprinter
2128:Heliographs
1690:PR Newswire
1496:(IRC), and
1089:Cell phones
1008:proprietary
1004:full-duplex
459:(backspace)
402:half-duplex
398:Baudot code
340:Baudot code
318:Paul Taylor
306:half-duplex
177:(common in
149:teleprinter
3073:Categories
2986:Antarctica
2945:Toasternet
2867:Television
2350:Paul Baran
2282:Television
2266:(teletype)
2259:Telegraphy
2237:transistor
2215:Phryctoria
2185:Photophone
2163:Smartphone
2153:Mass media
1913:References
1668:, p.
1562:, p.
1278:Oh, I See
1183:Initialism
1052:specifies
1050:ITU-T V.23
1044:ITU-T V.21
993:Turbo Code
492:(linefeed)
423:Character
71:newspapers
2970:Americas
2959:Locations
2930:Internet2
2691:Bandwidth
2395:Vint Cerf
2292:streaming
2270:Telephone
2210:Semaphore
2101:streaming
1666:Lang 2000
1628:24 August
1578:22 August
1560:Lang 2000
1473:TRS relay
1302:Tomorrow
1286:Operator
1251:Q, QQ, QM
1218:Go Ahead
1166:Etiquette
1136:, or the
1039:in 1988:
384:Protocols
295:standard
240:terminals
175:textphone
153:telephone
3084:Deafness
3038:Category
2925:Internet
2915:CYCLADES
2832:Ethernet
2782:Concepts
2706:terminal
2657:wireless
2480:Bob Kahn
2323:Pioneers
2148:Internet
2039:Cable TV
1970:62393257
1943:59576008
1876:Archived
1825:Archived
1795:Archived
1765:Archived
1730:Archived
1694:Archived
1682:AT&T
1622:Archived
1588:cite web
1504:See also
1453:Caller A
1448:Caller B
1443:Caller A
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1433:Caller A
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1343:Caller B
1338:Caller A
1246:Goodbye
1228:dead air
1028:(DTMF).
442:Figures
322:Teletype
293:AT&T
197:keyboard
3058:Commons
3048:Outline
3001:Oceania
2920:FidoNet
2905:ARPANET
2718:circuit
2287:digital
2016:History
1882:15 June
1831:26 June
1801:26 June
1771:1 March
1736:1 March
1700:25 June
1492:(SMS),
1310:Thanks
1294:Number
1262:Please
1118:texting
525:(space)
444:(FIGS)
437:Letters
428:Decimal
246:History
183:minicom
181:), and
157:hearing
147:) is a
85:scholar
2996:Europe
2966:Africa
2950:Usenet
2910:BITNET
2847:Mobile
2723:packet
2232:MOSFET
2227:device
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1110:legacy
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263:, and
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2979:South
2974:North
2935:JANET
2872:Telex
2862:Radio
2701:Nodes
2696:Links
2617:media
2195:Radio
2180:Pager
2108:Drums
2074:video
2069:image
2059:audio
1722:(pdf)
1527:Notes
1138:modem
1114:email
1072:ASCII
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1929:ISBN
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