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exposed the weaknesses of the empire – Spain was going through a financial crisis which was affecting the crown. An
English diplomat in Madrid received angry demands about the raid not just from Spanish ministers but also from the public. As Morgan had overstepped the limits of his commission, Modyford reported back to London that he had "reproved" him for his actions although in Britain the Porto Bello raid was celebrated as a great victory, and Morgan was widely viewed as a national hero. Neither he nor Modyford were rebuked for their actions. Historians have considered Morgan's action at Porto Bello as a display of "clever cunning and expert timing which marked his brilliance as a military commander.
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Morgan now set the task of interrogating all the
Spanish prisoners for information and the whereabouts of any hidden valuables. Some had escaped into the hinterlands along with their possessions. More importantly one of the prisoners under torture gave information regarding plans of an attack against Jamaica. This was what he needed; proof that the Spanish were planning an imminent and large attack. As such this made the attack on Porto Bello justifiable in regards to his letter of marque.
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1360:. From there he sailed along the coast to the port of El Puerto del Ponton, four miles from Porto Bello and transferred his men to 23 canoes. While this was happening six emaciated English prisoners captured from Old Providence appeared who were able to guide them and also gave valuable information. From there they paddled to within three miles (4.8 km) of the target where the Privateers approached a blockhouse at La Rancherria – an old
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1576:'s sugar exports. Each privateer received £120 – equivalent to five or six times the average annual earnings of a sailor of the time. Morgan received a five per cent share for his work, while Modyford received a ten per cent share, which was the price of Morgan's letter of marque. Morgan now had become a legend and more and more men wanted to serve under him.
1534:
town from the South. As they approached the
English launched the ambush towards the leading elements, sending many retreating in panic. The ambush was a huge success with the Spanish losing eight men to one Englishmen. Bracamonte not to be deterred ordered his men on, but ordered a halt when his scouts reported the strong defences that lay before him.
1405:
eleven badly treated chained up
English prisoners captured during Guzman's attack on Old Providence. They had been working on the construction of the castle and the privateers were furious on seeing their condition and demanded revenge. One of the prisoners claimed that the Spanish were raising levies to attack Jamaica.
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the privateers. Nevertheless the castle was well short of powder and food, so surrender was inevitable. After a heated discussion the castle commander surrendered and Morgan agreed under generous terms and kept their swords but before
Rocaberti came out of the fort, he was given a vial of poison and drank it.
1558:
Morgan and his men had remained in Porto Bello for nearly a month and kept his promise. On 2 August he loaded the treasure in addition to what had been found in the city, freed the prisoners and set sail, leaving the city and forts intact but without any weapons. All returned to
Jamaica by the middle
1493:
Morgan ran up the
English flag on all three forts. The Privateers then stripped the city of its wealth; torture was used on the residents to uncover hidden caches of money and jewels. Nevertheless there were no first-hand reports from witnesses that confirmed claims of widespread rape and debauchery.
1223:
to seize one of the castles. After capturing them all by force the privateers subsequently entered the city and then plundered it before Morgan demanded a large ransom from the
Governor of Panama Don Agustín de Bracamonte. While the negotiations for this was going on – Bracamonte led a sizeable force
1579:
The
Spanish eventually sent expeditions from Cartagena and Lima but only arrived several weeks after Morgan and his men had left. They helped Bracamonte re-establish the city. The raid was a big blow to Spanish pride – back in Spain news of the assault was met with fury and bitterness. The raid also
1554:
The ransom was brought by mules on 1 August: 27 ingot bars of silver worth of gold and silver coins: 100,000 pesos in total. Morgan was satisfied; this in addition to the rest of the booty which also included powder, guns and arms. The brass guns, some 57 in total from all the castles were collected
1434:
wounded a number of the prisoners and an
Englishman. Now close to the walls the English rushed through the prisoners and hacked away at the gate with axes. While this was going on, another force swept round the castle and with ladders managed to scale the wall. The Spanish defended with all kinds of
1421:
Meanwhile on the hill the musketeers were picking off men in Santiago castle. Morgan now had to take the castle quickly – he ordered a number of high ladders to be built, and came up with a controversial stratagem. He ordered Spanish prisoners to be placed in front of the assault force to be used as
1315:
as it was one of the main routes of high value of goods passing through its port between the Spanish territories and Spain. Silver and other treasures would be sent from Peru to Panama City. Then it was carried by mules overland to Porto Bello, where it was loaded onto the Spanish Plate fleet. Porto
1231:
Morgan however managed to ambush and repel Bracamonte's Spanish counter attack forcing him to deliver the ransom. Having achieved this, Morgan and the Privateers left Porto Bello intact as promised and went back to Jamaica unhindered. The attack was highly successful and garnered some 100,000 pieces
1571:
Following the ransom and the plunder of the city, Morgan returned to Port Royal to a hero's welcome. Morgan's losses were no more than 18 killed and 32 wounded, although a small number had been suffering from disease. The ransom and plunder was counted – between 250,000 Pesos or between £70,000 and
1537:
Bracamonte despite this setback ordered an attack as a soon as it was possible. However only a series of small weak attacks were made and all were easily repelled by the privateers. Another attempt to rescue some certain prisoners and valuables, as well as the statues of the Virgin which Bracamonte
1466:
200 men in eleven canoes with two Spanish prisoners as guides at gunpoint went in to the attack. One group fired at the men in the castle in the fort and attempted to set fire to the gate. The other group attempted to charge the fort but this attempt was repelled with the loss of five casualties on
1364:
guarded by five men. They were asked to surrender by the English, but were met with a volley of fire which wounded two men. The English then assaulted the blockhouse putting all to the sword. Although the blockhouse was captured the surprise had now been lost. The musket fire had been heard in the
1533:
Morgan acted quickly by setting up defences around the town towards where the Spanish would approach. Having done this he then sent 200 men down the only passable road to a narrow pass to set up an ambush. The Spanish already bogged down by lack of supplies and growing disease were approaching the
1506:
At Panama City 70 miles from Porto Bello, news of the latter's fall had been given by a Spanish horseman who had escaped and managed to trek all the way. On July 14 Governor Don Agustín de Bracamonte quickly set out with some 800 soldiers, militia and natives to try and retake the city. As such he
1429:
Morgan had all the prisoners bound and locked in the Santa Maria church. He then chose a set number of prisoners – the town's mayor, friars and nuns and the sick and the elderly. They were marched towards the castle – and the Spanish realised what was happening. The privateers were crouched behind
1404:
The town was captured with ease and both groups now combined and headed towards the other unfinished fort San Geronimo that lay across the other side of the harbour. Realizing the water was shallow – Morgan's men then assaulted it with ease and the Spanish gunners surrendered. Morgan also released
1373:
As dawn broke the following day Morgan now had to rush his men forward two miles across the beach towards Santiago Castle. The former prisoners guided them to Santiago from the landward side, where they arrived half an hour before dawn. Morgan suddenly saw how high the walls of the castle were and
1518:
Meanwhile in Porto Bello natives from the region who were never friends of Spain soon had friendly relations with the English. This was fortunate for Morgan as they gave him news and updates of Bracamonte's Spanish army column which had been approaching over the mountains and through the jungles
1546:
Bracamonte backed off, and now with news of delays of provisions and his force already weakened by disease, now decided to change his tone. The Spanish were also concerned that the French were about to join and reinforce them and there were even rumours of an impending attack on Panama itself.
1529:
Bracamonte wrote back and accused Morgan of being a pirate; he refused any concessions and warned his troops they would spare no 'pirate' alive. Morgan angry at being called a pirate, threatened to torch the city, demolish the castles and treat the prisoners in the same manner as the English
1462:
Alejandro Manuel Pau y Rocaberti. Morgan needed it taken quickly too so he could get his ships in to offload and on load supplies. He intended to take it peacefully but when two canoes were sent to ask for its surrender and were shot at, it was clear it had to be taken by force.
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The privateers went out in groups beyond the town to find any of the residents in hiding. After settling in for a week, Morgan then demanded 100,000 Pesos as a ransom for the town or he would burn it down. He sent two men to the President of Panama with these demands.
1374:
had second thoughts about making an assault. From the prisoners information Morgan instead sent two groups – one to head into town to capture it and the other to approach a hill which would give a commanding view of the castle's rear gate.
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1594:
Queen Mariana ordered privateers to raid English shipping in a retaliatory response. Fearing for the security of the island Modyford again commissioned Morgan to act against the Spanish. In December 1670 Morgan set out with
1623:
When Exquemelin's biography of Morgan was published in England and translated, it soon became controversial, in particular the passage about the use of nuns and monks as a human shield. Morgan was furious and then sued for
1331:
The 200 French privateers, unhappy with the division of the treasure at Puerto Principe and the murder of their countryman, left Morgan's service and returned to Tortuga. In June 26 Morgan and his ships briefly landed at
1442:'. At the same time the main gate was breached and the privateers poured in. The Spanish were all put to the sword with seventy four dead including the commander. The English lost only an eighth of the attacking force.
1430:
the prisoners who shouted at the castle not to shoot. As they got closer and closer to the main gates the castle's gunners reluctantly opened fire – despite the pleas of the prisoners. The guns firing
1555:
and loaded aboard the ships. The loot was vast – as well as the ransom money, the Privateers had a huge haul of silk, linens, cloth, slaves and any gold and silver taken from the town and residents.
1551:
and after some discussions reluctantly agreed to offer a reduced ransom. After some more exchange of letters over a week between himself and Morgan a deal was finally struck for 100,000 pesos.
1507:
made the mistake of not having enough necessary provisions to keep them sustained – instead they were to be sent later while they were on the march. Bracamonte also sent out hurried appeals to
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The other group penetrated the town and shot at everything they saw to incite terror, taking prisoners and looting everything they could before the Spanish could hide any of their valuables.
1583:
Morgan didn't stop there – in retaliation to Spain's privateering against English shipping in the Caribbean launched a wave of further attacks. Morgan set forth the following year to
1438:
The privateers using managed to cut the defenders down using earthen pots filled with gunpowder, and swept over the ramparts. One Englishman managed to raise the red flag, meaning '
370:
2347:
The Buccaneers of America: A True Account of the Most Remarkable Assaults Committed of Late Years Upon the Coasts of the West Indies by the Buccaneers of Jamaica and Tortuga
1458:
With the capture of the two fortifications Morgan now only had San Felipe to capture. It stood in the way of the other side of the harbour and was held by fifty men with
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Bello was protected by two castles in the harbour and another under construction in the town. The port had been attacked by English Privateers before;
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Oh hearing of the Spanish approach Morgan wrote to the Bracamonte the acting president of Panama, demanding a ransom for the city of 350,000
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for provisions and ended up captured one the Governors kinsman who under interrogation gave some indication of the Spanish against Jamaica.
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militia and the defence of Jamaica, took over further privateering expeditions as Admiral in Chief of the Confederacy of Buccaneers.
1219:). After landing Morgan and his men attempted to take the castles protecting the town. One such involved using captured citizens as
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1526:. The two men that Morgan sent finally reached Bracamonte's force and gave them the accounts of Morgan's actions in Porto Bello.
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On 10 July Morgan weighed anchor with his nine vessels and 470 men at Naos, a village twelve miles from Porto Bello in the
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set to trap him before heading back to Jamaica with few losses and again a significant amount of plunder.
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between England and Spain. Morgan's men marched across the Isthmus of Panama and ravaged Panama city.
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The first detachment charged towards the castle – however the Spanish garrison had loaded the cannons
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After dividing the spoils of the conquest of Puerto del Príncipe, Morgan announced a plan to attack
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1572:£100,000. The figures were more than the annual agricultural output of Jamaica, and nearly half of
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capturing it and sent the prisoners to Porto bello. Despite this Guzmán had fallen foul of the new
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British Maritime Enterprise in the New World From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century
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with a prisoner: published in December 1888 from "Buccaneers and Marooners of the Spanish Main".
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European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies: Issue 254
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A map of Porto Bello from 1700 showing the location of the three castles as well as the town.
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Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present
8:
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and won. As a result subsequent publications of the biography in England were retracted.
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and was now in imprisoned and had been replaced by the young Don Agustín de Bracamonte.
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In March 1668 Morgan set out on his first commanded expedition to the Spanish island of
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to send out an expedition to pursue and put all the English pirates to the sword.
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1847:
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2514:
Empire of Blue Water: Henry Morgan and the Pirates Who Ruled the Caribbean Waves
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1678:, the main currency used by the Spanish; English merchants and government used
1675:
1104:
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had been repelled in 1595 and then died of disease not far off the coast, and
2618:
2474:
The Buccaneer King: The Biography of the Notorious Sir Henry Morgan 1635–1688
1682:. In the late 17th century the peso was worth between five and six shillings.
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before leaving for Porto Bello but only he and the captains knew (including
1423:
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1611:
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2405:
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2497:(Kindle ed.). Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Maritime.
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intent on recapturing the city and putting the privateers to the sword.
40:
Henry Morgan's attack on the Castillo de San Jeronimo, Porto Bello, 1668
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2323:
Under the Black Flag: The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates
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Present day view of San Felipe fortifications – the last to surrender.
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weapons including stones and anything they could get their hands on.
1382:
1259:
1247:
1208:
1201:
2556:
1573:
1166:
2365:
Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar, eds. (2004).
2430:
The Buccaneer's Realm: Pirate Life on the Spanish Main, 1674–1688
1161:
140:
135:
1340:)– the rest were not told of the destination until they landed.
1292:
Don Juan Perez de Guzmán, then launched a retaliatory attack on
1193:
was a military event which took place in the latter half of the
1216:
1695:
1679:
1538:
assumed would be desecrated by the English. This also failed.
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1619:
regarding the libel action taken by Sir Henry Morgan inn 1685
154:
128:
2300:
Admiral Sir Henry Morgan: The Greatest Buccaneer of them all
1559:
of August, except for Edward Collier who having landed near
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city and the mayor immediately had called his men to arms.
2541:(April 1911). "Privateers and Pirates of the West Indies".
1523:
1512:
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had yet to be confirmed by Spain in a treaty. As a result
2045:
2043:
1885:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1758:
1748:
1746:
2410:
Buccaneers of the Caribbean: How Piracy Forged an Empire
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1994:
1992:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1770:
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England and Spain had remained in a state of war in the
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1873:
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1743:
1311:. The city was the third largest and strongest on the
2495:
The Buccaneer King: the Story of Captain Henry Morgan
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2079:
2055:
2028:
1989:
1977:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1797:
1707:
2190:
2067:
2004:
1965:
1897:
1824:
1809:
1782:
1731:
1719:
2226:
2178:
2115:
2016:
2576:
2471:
2302:. Pencader, Carmarthenshire: Glyndŵr Publishing.
240:
2616:
2364:
1701:
1585:strike at Spanish settlements in Lake Maracaibo
1397:Present day view of San Gerónimo's battlements
919:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
378:
1417:Present day view of Santiago fort and the bay
909:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
364:
226:
2587:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1587:. He did this and then defeated the Spanish
1269:Henry Morgan, who had been in charge of the
1211:force against the heavily fortified town of
1530:prisoners had been treated by the Spanish.
2340:
1776:
1541:
1266:, to help defend against Spanish attacks.
1232:of eight as well as other valuable booty.
371:
357:
233:
219:
34:
2571:
2350:. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
2316:
2297:
2244:
2109:
1959:
1752:
1501:
1849:Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer and Governor
1610:
1474:
1449:
1412:
1392:
1347:
2655:17th century in the Spanish West Indies
2584:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2537:
2404:
2278:
2220:
2208:
2172:
2133:
2061:
2049:
1930:
1918:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1842:
1803:
1256:taking possession of Jamaica since 1657
2617:
2492:
2447:
2426:
2160:
2085:
2034:
1998:
1983:
1942:
1791:
1764:
1737:
1725:
1674:, also known as piece of eight or the
1470:
2511:
2385:
2259:
2196:
2184:
2121:
2097:
2073:
2010:
1971:
1906:
1830:
1818:
1713:
1368:
904:Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
352:
214:
2625:Military campaigns involving England
2466:
2232:
2145:
2022:
1262:were invited, to base themselves at
2262:Buccaneer: Admiral Sir Henry Morgan
1197:beginning on 10 July 1668. Notable
405:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
13:
1191:Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello
21:Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello
14:
2696:
2578:"Morgan, Sir Henry (c.1635–1688)"
2478:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
2433:. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.
2390:. Michael O'Mara Books, Limited.
1597:his largest expedition, to Panama
2516:. London: Simon & Schuster.
1852:. Pioneer Press. pp. 48–50.
1606:
196:~300 killed, wounded or captured
163:
153:
134:
121:
2680:17th century in Central America
2670:Panama–United Kingdom relations
2253:
1836:
1660:
627:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
2544:The American Historical Review
2452:. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO.
1:
2660:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
2371:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
1648:
1242:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
1235:
244:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1671)
28:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1671)
2608:UK public library membership
2412:. Harvard University Press.
1702:Davenport & Paullin 2004
1689:
1643:Battle of Porto Bello (1739)
1566:
1389:San Gerónimo and Porto bello
1095:Dominican Republic (1863–65)
256:Spain and the Canary Islands
7:
1680:pounds, shillings and pence
1631:
10:
2701:
2685:Military history of Panama
1239:
951:Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
382:Spanish colonial campaigns
181:1,100 soldiers and militia
2427:Little, Benerson (2007).
2298:Breverton, Terry (2005).
2279:Bradley, Peter T (1999).
1252:Restoration of Charles II
1003:Spanish America (1808–33)
998:Río de la Plata (1806–07)
390:
252:
190:
175:
146:
114:
44:
33:
25:
20:
2645:Looting in North America
2326:. London: Random House.
2264:. London: Arthur Baker.
1653:
1599:completely unaware of a
1290:Real Audiencia of Panama
1172:Western Sahara (1973–76)
1100:Peru and Chile (1864–66)
899:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
400:Canary Islands (1402–96)
66:Real Audiencia of Panama
52:10 July - 2 August, 1668
2675:Piracy in the Caribbean
2640:Battles involving Spain
2512:Talty, Stephan (2007).
2493:Thomas, Graham (2014).
2386:Klein, Shelley (2006).
1844:Roberts, Walter Adolphe
1638:Blockade of Porto Bello
1542:Negotiations and ransom
1343:
956:North America (1779–83)
874:North America (1702–13)
712:Philippines (1599-1600)
647:Philippines (1565–1898)
2593:10.1093/ref:odnb/19224
2448:Marley, David (1998).
2283:. Edwin Mellen Press.
1620:
1502:Spanish counter attack
1490:
1455:
1418:
1398:
1358:Bay of Bocas del Torro
1353:
1286:then captured the town
1207:led a largley English
147:Commanders and leaders
2532:Articles and journals
1666:The full name of the
1614:
1519:towards Porto Bello.
1480:Morgan at Porto Bello
1478:
1453:
1416:
1396:
1351:
1326:captured and ransomed
1240:Further information:
1177:Western Sahara (1975)
1130:Philippines (1896–98)
1085:Cochinchina (1858–62)
986:Caribbean (1796–1802)
847:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
783:Philippines (1638-46)
657:Philippines (1567–72)
512:El Salvador (1524–39)
507:Guatemala (1524–1697)
467:Puerto Rico (1511–29)
191:Casualties and losses
159:Agustín de Bracamonte
2665:Military expeditions
2260:Allen, H. R (1976).
1767:, pp. 136, 144.
1589:Armada de Barlovento
1547:Bracamonte formed a
857:New Mexico (1680–92)
87:9.55444°N 79.65500°W
1672:peso de ocho reales
1601:Peace treaty signed
1486:and illustrated by
1471:Sack of Porto Bello
1309:Viceroyalty of Peru
1254:in 1660. England's
1090:Morocco (1859–1860)
1080:Balanguingui (1848)
1048:Venezuela (1811–23)
1013:Argentina (1810–18)
527:Yucatán (1527–1697)
502:Chiapas (1523–1695)
323:Puerto del Príncipe
83: /
2650:1660s in New Spain
2148:, pp. 168–69.
1894:, pp. 178–79.
1621:
1617:The London Gazette
1491:
1456:
1419:
1399:
1369:Taking the castles
1354:
1215:(now Portobelo in
1135:Puerto Rico (1898)
1105:Puerto Rico (1868)
1063:Colombia (1819–20)
1058:Colombia (1815–16)
1038:El Salvador (1811)
1023:Paraguay (1810–11)
966:New Granada (1781)
936:Philippines (1762)
842:Porto Bello (1668)
812:Philippines (1646)
768:Philippines (1630)
724:Philippines (1602)
707:Puerto Rico (1598)
697:Philippines (1596)
692:Puerto Rico (1595)
687:Cambodia (1593–97)
567:Colombia (1537–40)
517:Honduras (1524–39)
482:Mexico (1519–1821)
205:unknown to disease
198:unknown to disease
92:9.55444; -79.65500
2630:Conflicts in 1668
2606:(Subscription or
2523:978-1-4165-0293-7
2504:978-1-4738-3522-1
2485:978-0-396-07566-0
2440:978-1-59797-101-0
2419:978-0-674-03403-7
2357:978-1-108-02481-5
2333:978-0-8129-7722-6
2309:978-1-903529-17-1
2271:978-0-213-16569-7
2100:, p. 118-19.
1716:, pp. 78–79.
1615:News report from
1484:Harper's Magazine
1446:San Felipe Castle
1294:Providence Island
1195:Anglo-Spanish war
1185:
1184:
1167:Morocco (1957–58)
1162:Morocco (1920–26)
1157:Morocco (1911–12)
1120:Morocco (1893–94)
1068:Ecuador (1820–22)
1008:Bolivia (1809–25)
941:Chile (1766–1767)
889:Chile (1723–1726)
822:Hispaniola (1655)
729:Insulindia (1603)
682:Insulindia (1585)
677:Insulindia (1582)
587:Chile (1546–1662)
477:Algeria (1517–18)
346:
345:
209:
208:
110:
109:
2692:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2580:
2568:
2527:
2508:
2489:
2477:
2463:
2444:
2423:
2401:
2382:
2361:
2342:Exquemelin, John
2337:
2318:Cordingly, David
2313:
2294:
2275:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1683:
1664:
1362:pearling station
1324:six years later
1073:Mexico (1821–29)
1028:Mexico (1810–21)
931:Nicaragua (1762)
582:Halmahera (1545)
552:Brazil (1534-36)
487:Mexico (1519–21)
385:
383:
373:
366:
359:
350:
349:
247:
245:
235:
228:
221:
212:
211:
168:
167:
158:
157:
139:
138:
127:
125:
124:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
88:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
46:
45:
38:
18:
17:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2573:Zahedieh, Nuala
2557:10.2307/1834836
2539:Barbour, Violet
2524:
2505:
2486:
2460:
2441:
2420:
2398:
2379:
2358:
2334:
2310:
2291:
2272:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1777:Exquemelin 2010
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:, pp. 162.
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1634:
1609:
1569:
1561:Santa Marta Bay
1544:
1504:
1473:
1409:Santiago castle
1371:
1346:
1307:in the Spanish
1298:Viceroy of Peru
1282:Puerto Principe
1244:
1238:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1053:Chile (1812–27)
914:Portugal (1762)
807:Valdivia (1643)
744:Petén (1618–97)
386:
381:
379:
377:
347:
342:
248:
243:
241:
239:
204:
202:
197:
185:
162:
152:
133:
122:
120:
106:English victory
91:
89:
85:
82:
77:
74:
72:
70:
69:
68:
39:
12:
11:
5:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2613:
2612:
2569:
2551:(3): 529–566.
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2509:
2503:
2490:
2484:
2464:
2458:
2445:
2439:
2424:
2418:
2402:
2396:
2383:
2377:
2362:
2356:
2338:
2332:
2314:
2308:
2295:
2289:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:Breverton 2005
2237:
2235:, p. 268.
2225:
2223:, p. 559.
2213:
2211:, p. 196.
2201:
2199:, p. 122.
2189:
2177:
2175:, p. 556.
2165:
2163:, p. 113.
2150:
2138:
2136:, p. 181.
2126:
2114:
2110:Cordingly 2006
2102:
2090:
2088:, p. 112.
2078:
2076:, p. 119.
2066:
2054:
2052:, p. 180.
2039:
2037:, p. 249.
2027:
2025:, p. 168.
2015:
2013:, p. 117.
2003:
2001:, p. 111.
1988:
1986:, p. 110.
1976:
1974:, p. 116.
1964:
1960:Zahedieh 2004a
1947:
1945:, p. 109.
1935:
1923:
1911:
1909:, p. 113.
1896:
1884:
1882:, p. 169.
1872:
1870:, p. 179.
1855:
1835:
1833:, p. 110.
1823:
1821:, p. 109.
1808:
1806:, p. 178.
1796:
1794:, p. 108.
1781:
1779:, p. 139.
1769:
1757:
1753:Breverton 2005
1742:
1740:, p. 106.
1730:
1718:
1706:
1704:, p. 187.
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1676:Spanish dollar
1658:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1608:
1605:
1568:
1565:
1543:
1540:
1503:
1500:
1472:
1469:
1448:
1447:
1411:
1410:
1391:
1390:
1370:
1367:
1345:
1342:
1338:Edward Collier
1322:William Parker
1250:following the
1237:
1234:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Morocco (1909)
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:Cuba (1895–98)
1122:
1117:
1115:Cuba (1879–80)
1112:
1110:Cuba (1868–78)
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:Uruguay (1811)
1040:
1035:
1033:Peru (1811–24)
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:Florida (1810)
1015:
1010:
1000:
994:
993:
989:
988:
983:
978:
976:Algiers (1784)
973:
971:Algiers (1783)
968:
963:
961:Peru (1780–82)
958:
953:
948:
946:Algiers (1775)
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
922:
921:
916:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Bahamas (1720)
881:
876:
870:
869:
865:
864:
862:Morocco (1689)
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
837:Jamaica (1658)
834:
832:Jamaica (1657)
829:
827:Jamaica (1655)
824:
819:
817:Tortuga (1654)
814:
809:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
756:
751:
746:
741:
739:Morocco (1614)
736:
734:Tunisia (1605)
731:
726:
720:
719:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
667:Tunisia (1574)
664:
662:Tunisia (1573)
659:
654:
652:Florida (1565)
649:
644:
642:Morocco (1564)
639:
637:Morocco (1563)
634:
632:Algeria (1563)
629:
624:
622:Tunisia (1560)
619:
617:Algeria (1558)
614:
612:Algeria (1556)
609:
607:Algeria (1555)
604:
599:
597:Tunisia (1550)
594:
592:Algeria (1547)
589:
584:
579:
577:Algeria (1543)
574:
572:Algeria (1541)
569:
564:
562:Tunisia (1535)
559:
557:Algeria (1535)
554:
549:
547:Tunisia (1534)
544:
542:Peru (1532–72)
539:
537:Algeria (1531)
534:
532:Algeria (1529)
529:
524:
522:Morocco (1525)
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
497:Tunisia (1520)
494:
492:Algeria (1519)
489:
484:
479:
474:
472:Algeria (1516)
469:
464:
462:Tunisia (1510)
459:
457:Tripoli (1510)
454:
452:Algeria (1510)
449:
447:Algeria (1509)
444:
442:Morocco (1508)
439:
437:Algeria (1507)
434:
432:Algeria (1505)
428:
427:
423:
422:
420:Melilla (1497)
417:
415:Algeria (1497)
412:
407:
402:
396:
395:
391:
388:
387:
376:
375:
368:
361:
353:
344:
343:
341:
340:
335:
333:Lake Maracaibo
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
299:
298:
294:
293:
292:
291:
280:
279:
275:
274:
269:
264:
258:
257:
253:
250:
249:
238:
237:
230:
223:
215:
207:
206:
199:
193:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
160:
149:
148:
144:
143:
131:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
31:
30:
23:
22:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2697:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2609:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2459:9780874368376
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2397:9781843172215
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2378:9781584774228
2374:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2290:9780773478664
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2247:, p. 43.
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2187:, p. 49.
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2124:, p. 41.
2123:
2118:
2112:, p. 47.
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2064:, p. 56.
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1933:, p. 52.
1932:
1927:
1921:, p. 79.
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1755:, p. 40.
1754:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1613:
1607:Libel actions
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1424:human shields
1415:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:Francis Drake
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:human shields
1218:
1217:modern Panama
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
991:
990:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Chiloé (1712)
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
852:Panama (1671)
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
806:
801:
799:
798:Taiwan (1642)
796:
794:
793:Taiwan (1641)
791:
789:
788:Brazil (1640)
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:Brazil (1638)
776:
774:
773:Brazil (1631)
771:
769:
766:
764:
762:
757:
755:
754:Taiwan (1626)
752:
750:
749:Brazil (1625)
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
672:Brunei (1578)
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
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628:
625:
623:
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445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Guinea (1478)
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
389:
384:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
354:
351:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:Santo Domingo
301:
300:
296:
295:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
277:
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273:
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268:
265:
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231:
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217:
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200:
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189:
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174:
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156:
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150:
145:
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137:
132:
130:
119:
118:
113:
105:
102:
101:
96:
67:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
37:
32:
29:
24:
19:
2635:Privateering
2596:. Retrieved
2582:
2548:
2542:
2513:
2494:
2473:
2468:Pope, Dudley
2449:
2429:
2409:
2406:Latimer, Jon
2388:Evil Pirates
2387:
2367:
2346:
2322:
2299:
2280:
2261:
2254:Bibliography
2240:
2228:
2221:Barbour 1911
2216:
2209:Latimer 2009
2204:
2192:
2180:
2173:Barbour 1911
2168:
2141:
2134:Latimer 2009
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2062:Roberts 1952
2057:
2050:Latimer 2009
2030:
2018:
2006:
1979:
1967:
1938:
1931:Roberts 1952
1926:
1919:Latimer 2009
1914:
1892:Latimer 2009
1887:
1880:Bradley 1999
1875:
1868:Latimer 2009
1848:
1838:
1826:
1804:Latimer 2009
1799:
1772:
1760:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1622:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1479:
1465:
1457:
1437:
1428:
1420:
1403:
1400:
1376:
1372:
1355:
1330:
1313:Spanish Main
1302:
1275:
1268:
1245:
1230:
1205:Henry Morgan
1190:
1189:
1146:20th century
992:19th century
981:Chile (1792)
868:18th century
841:
804:
763:Nevis (1629)
760:
718:17th century
602:Libya (1551)
426:16th century
394:15th century
327:
170:Henry Morgan
115:Belligerents
26:Part of the
2161:Thomas 2014
2086:Thomas 2014
2035:Little 2007
1999:Thomas 2014
1984:Thomas 2014
1943:Thomas 2014
1792:Thomas 2014
1765:Marley 1998
1738:Thomas 2014
1726:Marley 1998
1488:Howard Pyle
1328:the place.
1305:Porto Bello
1226:Panama City
1213:Porto Bello
1140:Guam (1898)
926:Cuba (1762)
894:Oran (1732)
702:Cuba (1596)
328:Porto Bello
90: /
62:Porto Bello
2619:Categories
2610:required.)
2598:10 October
2197:Talty 2007
2185:Allen 1976
2122:Klein 2006
2098:Talty 2007
2074:Talty 2007
2011:Talty 2007
1972:Talty 2007
1907:Talty 2007
1831:Talty 2007
1819:Talty 2007
1714:Talty 2007
1649:References
1440:no quarter
1432:chain shot
1379:Round shot
1334:Port Royal
1271:Port Royal
1264:Port Royal
1260:Buccaneers
1236:Background
759:St. Kitts
272:Santa Cruz
203:32 wounded
78:79°39′18″W
75:09°33′16″N
2575:(2004a).
2470:(1978) .
2344:(2010) .
2320:(2006) .
2233:Pope 1978
2146:Pope 1978
2023:Pope 1978
1690:Citations
1567:Aftermath
1509:Cartagena
1460:Castellan
1383:grapeshot
1280:to seize
1248:Caribbean
1209:Privateer
1202:Buccaneer
318:Rio Nuevo
313:Ocho Rios
297:Caribbean
289:The Dunes
201:18 killed
2408:(2009).
1846:(1952).
1670:was the
1632:See also
1574:Barbados
1381:and not
278:Flanders
176:Strength
57:Location
2565:1834836
803:Chiloé
308:Jamaica
284:Dunkirk
186:500 men
184:8 ships
141:England
2604:
2563:
2520:
2501:
2482:
2456:
2437:
2416:
2394:
2375:
2354:
2330:
2306:
2287:
2268:
338:Panama
262:Malaga
126:
103:Result
2561:JSTOR
1654:Notes
1626:libel
1549:junta
1524:pesos
1224:from
1199:Welsh
267:Cadiz
129:Spain
2600:2016
2518:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2266:ISBN
1668:peso
1513:Lima
1511:and
1344:Raid
1278:Cuba
49:Date
2589:doi
2553:doi
2621::
2581:.
2559:.
2549:16
2547:.
2153:^
2042:^
1991:^
1950:^
1899:^
1858:^
1811:^
1784:^
1745:^
1426:.
64:,
2602:.
2591::
2567:.
2555::
2526:.
2507:.
2488:.
2462:.
2443:.
2422:.
2400:.
2381:.
2360:.
2336:.
2312:.
2293:.
2274:.
1962:.
805:·
761:·
372:e
365:t
358:v
234:e
227:t
220:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
