1245:
3,228 in
Britain, and the rest in other countries. But according to a newer estimate by the Minister of education, between 350 and 500 thousand Iranians were studying outside of the country in 2014. The difference remains unexplained. As of 2015, 42% of recent/young graduates were unemployed. As of 2020, 40,000 foreign nationals are studying in 43 Iranian universities, 22,000 of whom are studying at the universities affiliated to the Ministry of Science, 8,000 at the Azad University, 3,000 at the Ministry of Health, and the rest at other universities. Some 50 percent of these students are studying for a bachelor's degree and 16 percent of whom are educating to receive a Ph.D.
20:
31:
2942:
2952:
317:
1257:
130:
1271:
1285:
161:. The quality of education was among the highest in the Islamic world, and they were even renowned in Europe. They were supported financially, politically, and spiritually by the royal establishment and the elite class. Some scholars have suggested that the establishment of the Nizamiyya madrasas was in fact an attempt to thwart the growing influence of another group of Muslims, the
444:
1244:
According to the
Iranian government, in 2013, 12,000 foreign students were studying at Iranian universities while 55,686 Iranian students were studying abroad. Out of this number, 8,883 students were studying in Malaysia, 7,341 in the United States, 5,638 in Canada, 3,504 in Germany, 3,364 in Turkey,
457:
In 2008, Iran had over 3.5 million students enrolled in universities. Some 1.7 million in various programs in
Islamic Azad university and the remainder in State universities. In addition the new enrollment numbers for the academic year 2004 were 290 thousand in Azad universities, and 250 thousand in
775:
As per the data published on QS World
University Rankings official website 2024, Sharif University of Technology, ranked 334, University of Tehran, ranked 360, Amirkabir University of Technology, ranked 375, Iran University of Science and Technology, ranked 451, Shiraz University, ranked between 681
1240:
Iran tops the world countries in the brain drain phenomenon. In 2002, the CIA estimated that 77% of Iran's population aged 15 and over can read and write. By 2008, the adult literacy rate had reached 80.6%. A significant majority of this population is at or approaching collegiate levels. Of this
425:, some new universities were founded and doctoral programs were developed in the previous universities. The number of university students is now more than six times as many as in 1979 (when Shah was overthrown), so that critics debate whether the national entrance exam is useful anymore or not.
458:
state universities. Iran has 54 state operated universities, and 42 state medical schools. These are primarily the top choice for students in national entrance exams. There are 289 major private universities operating as well. In all these schools, except for private universities such as the
414:
led to what is referred to in Iran as "Iran's
Cultural Revolution". However, all universities in the country were closed down from 1980 to 1983. In addition, Islamic curricula and Islamic educational setting were introduced when the universities were reopened.
261:
The
Ministry of Higher Education, which oversees the operation of all institutes of higher education in Iran, was established in 1967. However, it was back in 1928 that Iran's first university, as we know it today, was proposed by an Iranian physicist,
71:
representatives say that academics in Iran are "ultimately directed by the regime and military when it comes to specific areas of research". Rana
Dadpour, who taught at an Iranian university, said that certain areas of research are directed by the
67:(for medical schools). According to article 3 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran guarantees "free education and physical training for everyone at all levels, and the facilitation and expansion of higher education."
1141:
and
Islamization of universities after a shutdown period, the quality of science and technology has since been revived, so much so that Iran ranked 40th in science production and first in scientific growth in the world in 2011.
2907:
281:
who first founded a professional school in Iran in 1878, and who is often credited for founding Iran's "first contemporary medical college", as well as founding one of Iran's first modern hospitals ("Westminster
Hospital") in
1882:
1183:
Additionally, in August 2012, 36 universities declared that 77 BA and BSc courses in 2012–2012 academic year would be "single gender" and effectively exclusive to men, limiting the options of female undergraduate students.
2917:
1769:
330:
By the end of the first
Pahlavi period in 1941, the University of Tehran was still the only modern university in the country. Hence, the ministry of science commenced the establishment of other universities in
776:
and 690, Shahid Beheshti University, ranked between 951 and 1000, and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, ranked between 1001 and 1200, are the top 7 Iranian universities among world-class universities.
41:
2912:
2188:
2871:
1097:
418:
In 1986, the ministry of higher education handed over supervision and overseeing of education in the medical sciences in Iran to the ministry of health, treatment and medical education.
1874:
2881:
1210:, the “entrepreneurship development plan in Iranian universities”, (known as KARAD Plan) was developed, and launched in twelve universities across the country, under the supervision of
500:
for workshops, seminars, and summer schools. The Iranian government also in 2017 offered scholarships for successful applicants to pursue PhD-level studies in foreign countries, mostly
1165:. Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979 Baháʼí students have been excluded from universities regardless of their national university examination results on basis of their religion. See
2746:
2209:
1088:
857:
2836:
2811:
2656:
2796:
236:
In 1855 "The Ministry of Science" was first established, and Ali Gholi Mirza I'tizad al-saltaneh (علیقلی میرزا اعتضاد السلطنه) was appointed Iran's first Minister of Science by
910:
According to the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings the top-ranked engineering schools in the engineering field and their rank among world universities are:
2866:
2641:
2636:
2631:
1112:
1933:
1750:
1429:
2731:
515:, which ranks it "far behind industrialized societies" and the world average of 1.4%. By 2009 this ratio of research to GDP reached 0.87% and the set target was 2.5%.
533:
Six Iranian universities have been placed among the world’s top 1,000 universities announced by the Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings 2024.
1806:
354:
In 1953, there were four universities with 14,500 undergraduate students whereas in 1977 there were 16 universities with 154,315 undergraduate students.
1696:
348:
2180:
1102:
539:
published a global ranking for universities and institutes of higher education in 2024. The best global universities in Iran were ranked as follows:
2551:
998:
Large libraries existed in Iran both before and after the advent of Islam and throughout many periods in Iran's history, including the libraries at
59:, and state-affiliated universities offering degrees in higher education. State-run universities of Iran are under the direct supervision of Iran's
866:
819:
535:
481:
470:
1478:
Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 73.
1137:
since 1979 revolution, the status of science and education has been dramatically affected in the country. In particular, following the so-called
410:
put an end to the massive US-Iran academic relations. In 1980, a major overhaul in the academia and higher education system of Iran initiated by
834:
798:
667:
1161:
Students of unrecognized minority religions have been barred from entering tertiary education institutions in Iran, particularly those of the
1166:
2831:
2434:
1211:
1178:
489:
60:
1359:
1967:
1559:
2876:
462:
system, tuition and room and board is mostly paid for by the government. The universities themselves largely operate on state budgets.
2285:
1516:
Hassan pour, Faramarz (5 June 2014). "Design of Higher Education Learning Spaces in Iran; From the Qajar Period to the Present Time".
944:
932:
697:
592:
64:
2986:
2856:
1354:
1340:
2254:
1940:
1911:
1400:
950:
894:
861:
848:
804:
1449:
2666:
1763:
1649:
899:
889:
870:
853:
843:
839:
814:
809:
793:
788:
712:
652:
447:
2981:
2583:
1064:
874:
466:
154:
2412:
2351:
2321:
1853:
2776:
1833:
1325:
727:
252:
2382:
1749:
Paola Rivetti (February 2012). "Islamic republic: shaping Iran's politics through the campus". In Rouzbeh Parsi (ed.).
1588:
926:
577:
2991:
2051:
1618:
1503:
1313:
389:
377:
251:(Madraseh-ye Nezam), established in 1885 with a budget of 10,000-12,000 tomans, was its first rival; and in 1899 the
73:
1984:"رتبه بندي آموزشي دانشگاه ها و دانشكده هاي علوم پزشكي ايران (3- دانشکده های دندانپزشکی) : سایت پزشکان بدون مرز"
1201:
2826:
2791:
1330:
1025:
built a library that reportedly contained some 40,000 volumes which was well financed and the royal library of the
980:
974:
682:
473:
373:
290:
was joined by several other Americans, namely Drs. Wright, Homlz, van Nourdon, and Miller. They were all buried in
2014:"رتبه بندي آموزشي دانشگاه ها و دانشكده هاي علوم پزشكي ايران (2-دانشكده هاي داروسازي ) : سایت پزشکان بدون مرز"
2716:
2711:
2606:
962:
914:
622:
562:
369:
145:
The traditions and heritage of these centers of higher learning were later carried on to schools such as Iran's
2726:
2706:
2626:
2616:
2497:
1795:
1373:
1303:
1022:
757:
528:
434:
1156:
2922:
2801:
2676:
2546:
2157:
1704:
1697:"Trends by Region: MIDDLE EAST and Penn's Global Engagement, University of Pennsylvania University Archives"
2816:
2771:
2751:
2741:
2482:
2021:
1991:
1349:
524:
397:
388:. The Shah in return was generous in awarding American universities with financial gifts. For example, the
376:, three of Iran's top academic universities were all directly modeled on American institutions such as the
310:
2841:
2756:
2736:
2621:
2611:
1138:
68:
2076:
286:
formerly known as Rezaieh in honor of Shia Islam's 8th Imam. The medical faculty Cochran established at
2976:
2886:
2821:
2786:
2721:
2701:
2691:
2651:
2477:
2106:
1733:
1335:
385:
176:(established 1065), where Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk appointed the distinguished philosopher and theologian,
2927:
2846:
2806:
2781:
2761:
2696:
2671:
2661:
2646:
1491:
885:
According to the 2010 rankings the top three rated schools in the pharmaceutical field in Iran are:
111:
provide examples of precedence of academic institutions of science that date back to ancient times.
2766:
2686:
2598:
2576:
2502:
1207:
1055:
1045:
2492:
1193:
1318:
1227:
1197:
1073:
459:
438:
173:
2510:
2458:
1390:
1082:
108:
90:
2536:
2150:"New tactic obstructs Baháʼí enrollments in Iranian universities – Baháʼí World News Service"
1964:
1633:
1555:
1385:
1223:
1037:
393:
357:
244:
224:
2541:
1040:
established in 1851. In 1899 another library called the Nation's Library was inaugurated in
784:
ISC's most recent list of the highest-ranked universities in the medical field for 2012 is:
2277:
956:
938:
920:
830:
According to the 2007 rankings the top five rated schools in the dental field in Iran are:
637:
607:
360:
soon initiated projects to build Iranian universities modeled after American schools. Thus
271:
233:, aimed at training and teaching Iranian experts in many fields of science and technology.
34:
23:
1648:(Dr. Charles Oberling and his role in Iran's modern medical education). شمس شریعت تربقان.
1430:"Where freedom meets repression: Australian academics tread a fine line over ties to Iran"
1162:
8:
2896:
2569:
2221:
1418:بدرالملوک بامداد، زن ایرانی از انقلاب مشروطه تا انقلاب سفید. تهران: ابنسینا، ۱۳۴۷. ص ۹۹
1675:
1537:
1231:
1124:
411:
407:
322:
306:
52:
1457:
2951:
2246:
2047:
1759:
1614:
1541:
1499:
1298:
1003:
968:
742:
422:
365:
96:
56:
1903:
223:
academic universities in Iran (Persia) dates back to 1851 with the establishment of
153:, during the Islamic era. Nizamiyyah institutes were among the first well organized
2547:
One example of electronic education (e-learning) in Iran: Biotechnology e-workshops
1667:
1529:
1521:
1276:
986:
298:
287:
266:. The University of Tehran (or Tehran University) was designed by French architect
184:
was a student of the Baghdad Nizamiyyah. Other nizamiyyah schools were located in
165:, in the region. Indeed, Nizam al-Mulk devoted a significant section in his famous
19:
2555:
2514:
2462:
1971:
1837:
1518:
Snapshots International Symposium on Learning Spaces, the University of Melbourne
1487:
1368:
1308:
1235:
263:
237:
150:
40:
2404:
2343:
2313:
1849:
1290:
477:
278:
201:
137:
depicted in the 13th century by Yahya ibn Vaseti (یحیی بن واسطی), found in the
2473:
Islamic Republic of Iran International Center for Dialogue Among Civilizations
1830:
1662:
Abrahamian, Ervand (May 1980). "Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution".
2970:
2945:
2374:
501:
485:
1580:
1036:
The first prototype of a modern national library in Iran was the Library of
2561:
1525:
1434:
309:. The school received a permanent charter from the Board of Regents of the
267:
181:
158:
465:
Some schools offer degrees in conjunction with European universities. The
316:
2955:
1636:. دفتر پژوهشهای فرهنگی (Center for Cultural Research Publications). p. 98
1262:
999:
216:
who first dispatched Iranian students to Europe for a western education.
213:
30:
247:
was competing with other prominent institutions of modern learning. The
1679:
1533:
1395:
401:
305:
is named after, also was directly responsible for the expansion of the
229:
177:
347:, with special emphasis given to the medical and veterinary sciences.
1130:
1014:
146:
124:
1671:
2483:
Islamic Republic of Iran Academy of Persian Language and Literature
2281:
2066:. Ralph H. Major. Vol 1. Charles C. Thomas Publishers. 1954. p. 242
1030:
1018:
1007:
227:– which was founded as a result of the efforts of the royal vizier
185:
162:
104:
100:
2542:
The Guardian: Iranian hawk swoops on universities to crush dissent
2435:"40,000 foreign nationals are studying in 43 Iranian universities"
2149:
1241:
population, nearly 150,000 are estimated to exit Iran every year.
858:
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
2531:
2472:
2210:
20140429102612_IranEntrepreneurshipEcosystemReport-IEA2013-v2.pdf
1026:
762:
687:
493:
392:
received a gift from the Shah in the form of an endowed chair of
332:
172:
The most famous and celebrated of all the nizamiyyah schools was
129:
2013:
1983:
2503:
Iran's Presidential Office of Scientific and Industrial Studies
1270:
1106:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1041:
747:
732:
717:
672:
657:
642:
627:
612:
597:
582:
567:
512:
344:
336:
302:
138:
134:
76:
and could be employed for "surveillance or military purposes".
294:
as their resting place after serving the area for many years.
2084:
702:
497:
340:
291:
283:
197:
193:
120:
2114:
1118:
1113:
Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics
1033:
was granted special access to, is yet another fine example.
1017:
harbored large collections of manuscripts and treatises. In
2405:"Over 350,000 Iranians studying abroad: Education Minister"
1134:
469:
for example in 2007 offered programs under the guidance of
189:
48:
2456:
Ministry of Health and Medical Education – Research Branch
2314:"12,000 foreign students studying at Iranian universities"
770:
428:
95:
The existence of pre-Islamic era universities such as the
1092:
508:
381:
2519:
2487:
2467:
1758:. Paris: Institute for Security Studies European Union.
443:
274:
is Iran's largest university with over 32,000 students.
2493:
Islamic Republic of Iran Cultural Heritage Organization
2107:"Professional Manufacturers & Suppliers from China"
2507:
1214:
and the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.
2455:
2498:
Iran Scientific Information and Documentation Center
2488:
Islamic Republic of Iran Academy of Medical Sciences
1252:
2552:
Education & Training in Iran – Australian Trade
2222:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
1217:
1202:Communications in Iran § Technology start-ups
16:Network of universities for higher studies in Iran
2478:Tehran Education Organization (Amuzesh Parvaresh)
1691:
1689:
1103:Shiraz Regional Library of Science and Technology
507:By early 2000, Iran allocated around 0.4% of its
396:, and a million dollar donation was given to the
2968:
1646:پروفسور ابرلن و نقش او در آموزش پزشکی نوین ایران
867:Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
820:Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
536:Times Higher Education World University Rankings
482:Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences
471:London School of Economics and Political Science
2427:
1896:
1686:
993:
835:Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
799:Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
668:Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
2577:
1958:
1748:
2591:
2468:Islamic Republic of Iran Academy of Sciences
2181:"Anger as Iran bans women from universities"
1752:Iran: A RevolutIonary RepublIc in TransItIon
490:International Centre for Theoretical Physics
61:Ministry of Science, Research and Technology
2375:"US universities on symbolic visit to Iran"
1515:
1360:List of colleges and universities in Tehran
1326:International Rankings of Iran in Education
1051:Iran's major national libraries today are:
543:Ranking of Iranian universities (THE) 2024
258:was organized within the Foreign ministry.
2584:
2570:
2344:"14,000 foreign students studying in Iran"
2077:"کتابخانه بزرگ آيتالله العظمى مرعشى نجفى"
1744:
1742:
1740:
1661:
1427:
1428:Yerushalmy, Jonathan (24 February 2024).
1179:Iranian restrictions on women's education
1119:Ideology and politics in higher education
945:Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
933:Iran University of Science and Technology
698:Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
593:Iran University of Science and Technology
2372:
2275:
1145:
1013:During the Middle Ages, many schools of
442:
351:was highly instrumental in this regard.
315:
128:
65:Ministry of Health and Medical Education
39:
29:
18:
1737:
1355:List of Universities in Tehran Province
1341:Modern Iranian scientists and engineers
1194:Science in Iran § Technology parks
771:Ranking by number of publications (ISI)
429:Academic system of Iranian universities
2969:
2172:
1904:"Medical Science and Research in Iran"
1796:"موسسه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی آموزش عالی"
1732:, volume 21 (2006), pp. 110–130 Link:
1728:. Stuart W. Leslie and Robert Kargon.
1591:from the original on 28 September 2011
1401:Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy
951:Imam Khomeini International University
905:
895:Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
862:Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
849:Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
805:Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
44:First Iranian women entered university
2565:
2160:from the original on 11 February 2017
1994:from the original on 11 February 2017
1167:Baháʼí Institute for Higher Education
900:Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
890:Tehran University of Medical Sciences
871:Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
854:Kerman University of Medical Sciences
844:Mashad University of Medical Sciences
840:Tehran University of Medical Sciences
815:Mashad University of Medical Sciences
810:Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
794:Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
789:Tehran University of Medical Sciences
713:Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
653:Tehran University of Medical Sciences
448:Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2415:from the original on 24 October 2016
2354:from the original on 24 October 2016
2276:Harrison, Frances (8 January 2007).
2178:
2024:from the original on 13 January 2017
1212:Management and Planning Organization
1065:Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi
1010:during the pre-Islamic era of Iran.
875:Babol University of Medical Sciences
488:, have close collaboration with The
467:International University of Chabahar
219:The history of the establishment of
2385:from the original on 5 January 2017
2288:from the original on 9 January 2007
2191:from the original on 20 August 2012
1775:from the original on 4 October 2013
1187:
880:
728:Iran University of Medical Sciences
169:to refuting the Ismaili doctrines.
63:(for non-medical universities) and
13:
2508:Iranian Nano-Technology Initiative
2324:from the original on 17 April 2017
2278:"Huge cost of Iranian brain drain"
2257:from the original on 25 March 2017
1793:
927:Amirkabir University of Technology
779:
578:Amirkabir University of Technology
84:
14:
3003:
2444:
1812:from the original on 6 March 2009
1314:School of Economic Affairs (Iran)
825:
390:University of Southern California
378:University of Illinois at Chicago
74:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
2950:
2941:
2940:
1914:from the original on 17 May 2017
1331:List of Iranian Research Centers
1283:
1269:
1255:
1208:third five-year development plan
1098:Iran's Library of The Parliament
1089:Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Library
981:University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
975:Isfahan University of Technology
683:Isfahan University of Technology
374:Isfahan University of Technology
180:, as a professor. Persian poet
2537:Iranian Diaspora: "Smart Bunch"
2397:
2373:Coughlan, Sean (23 June 2015).
2366:
2336:
2306:
2300:
2269:
2239:
2214:
2203:
2179:Tait, Robert (20 August 2012).
2142:
2129:
2099:
2069:
2057:
2036:
2006:
1976:
1926:
1885:from the original on 2017-01-25
1867:
1856:from the original on 2007-09-28
1842:
1824:
1787:
1719:
1655:
1639:
1623:
1562:from the original on 2007-11-17
1218:Brain drain and students abroad
1172:
963:Shiraz University of Technology
915:Sharif University of Technology
623:Shiraz University of Technology
563:Sharif University of Technology
474:Goldsmiths University of London
370:Sharif University of Technology
167:Books of Politics (Siyāsatnāma)
155:institutions of higher learning
2987:Science and technology in Iran
2908:British Indian Ocean Territory
2558: (archived April 18, 2008)
1603:
1581:"ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE"
1573:
1548:
1509:
1481:
1472:
1442:
1421:
1412:
1374:Intellectual Movements in Iran
1304:Science and technology in Iran
1129:Under the rule of the Islamic
758:Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
529:International rankings of Iran
435:Science and technology in Iran
114:
1:
2520:Allameh Tabatabaee University
2044:History of Islamic Philosophy
1611:Historical Dictionary of Iran
1406:
277:In the medical field, it was
254:College of political sciences
1498:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005.
1350:List of universities in Iran
1150:
761:
753:
746:
738:
731:
723:
716:
708:
701:
693:
686:
678:
671:
663:
656:
648:
641:
633:
626:
618:
611:
603:
596:
588:
581:
573:
566:
558:
525:List of universities in Iran
480:. Other schools such as the
398:George Washington University
311:State University of New York
270:, and built in 1934. Today,
7:
2982:Higher education by country
2042:S. H. Nasr, Oliver Leaman.
1850:"دانشگاه بین المللی چابهار"
1248:
1139:Iranian Cultural Revolution
994:Prominent libraries in Iran
518:
256:(Madraseh-ye olum-e siyasi)
230:Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir
10:
3008:
1336:List of Iranian scientists
1221:
1191:
1176:
1154:
1122:
756:
726:
711:
696:
681:
666:
651:
636:
621:
606:
591:
576:
561:
522:
432:
386:University of Pennsylvania
323:American College of Tehran
307:American College in Tehran
249:Military College of Tehran
118:
88:
79:
2936:
2895:
2855:
2597:
1048:was inaugurated in 1937.
801:(Former Melli University)
207:
141:of Hariri (مقامات حریری).
2992:Higher education in Iran
2657:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2592:Higher education in Asia
1875:"اعزام و بورس دانشجویان"
1056:National Library of Iran
1046:National Library of Iran
301:, whom "Jordan Ave." in
2918:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1319:Venture capital in Iran
1228:Iranian citizens abroad
1206:In accordance with the
1198:Venture capital in Iran
1074:Tabriz National Library
460:Islamic Azad University
439:Islamic Azad University
174:Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad
133:An academic library in
2247:"Iran – Literacy rate"
1630:آموزش و پرورش در ایران
1556:"Encyclopædia Iranica"
1526:10.13140/2.1.2169.5040
1391:Academy of Gundishapur
1157:Persecution of Baháʼís
1083:Malek National Library
454:
408:The Iranian revolution
327:
142:
109:Academy of Gundishapur
91:Academy of Gundishapur
45:
37:
27:
2064:A History of Medicine
1634:Naser Takmil Homayoun
1632:(Education in Iran).
1380:Historic institutions
1146:Exclusion of students
446:
394:petroleum engineering
319:
132:
43:
33:
26:College of Humanities
22:
2832:United Arab Emirates
1038:Dar al-Funun College
1023:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
957:University of Kashan
939:University of Tabriz
921:University of Tehran
638:University of Tabriz
608:University of Tehran
35:University of Tabriz
24:University of Tehran
2859:limited recognition
2437:. 13 November 2020.
2156:. 31 January 2008.
2117:on 29 December 2001
1652:Publications. 2007.
906:Engineering schools
544:
452:Tehran Heart Center
2513:2008-06-30 at the
2461:2012-01-12 at the
2081:marashilibrary.com
1970:2012-08-09 at the
1934:"irantradelaw.com"
1836:2007-03-12 at the
1794:يكتاوب, yektaweb.
1232:Demography of Iran
1224:Iran's brain drain
1125:Government of Iran
542:
455:
412:Ayatollah Khomeini
362:Pahlavi University
328:
143:
46:
38:
28:
2977:Education in Iran
2964:
2963:
2901:other territories
1765:978-92-9198-198-4
1756:(Chaillot Papers)
1299:Education in Iran
1004:School of Nisibis
969:Shiraz University
768:
767:
743:Shiraz University
366:Shiraz University
272:Tehran University
97:School of Nisibis
51:has a network of
2999:
2954:
2944:
2943:
2913:Christmas Island
2599:Sovereign states
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2139:, (2003), p. 290
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2113:. Archived from
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2087:on 30 March 2002
2083:. Archived from
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1980:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:on 10 March 2013
1945:
1939:. Archived from
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1757:
1746:
1735:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1703:. Archived from
1693:
1684:
1683:
1659:
1653:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1513:
1507:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1456:. Archived from
1446:
1440:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1277:Education portal
1274:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1188:Entrepreneurship
987:Urmia University
881:Pharmacy schools
545:
541:
349:Charles Oberling
321:McCormick Hall,
299:Samuel M. Jordan
288:Urmia University
149:, and Baghdad's
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2932:
2900:
2891:
2872:Northern Cyprus
2858:
2851:
2593:
2590:
2556:Wayback Machine
2515:Wayback Machine
2463:Wayback Machine
2447:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1972:Wayback Machine
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1838:Wayback Machine
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1672:10.2307/3011417
1660:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1574:
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1554:
1553:
1549:
1514:
1510:
1488:Patrick Clawson
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1460:on 22 July 2015
1454:Islamic-art.net
1448:
1447:
1443:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1369:Iranian Studies
1309:Economy of Iran
1289:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1238:
1236:Economy of Iran
1222:Main articles:
1220:
1204:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1127:
1121:
1044:. Finally, the
1029:court in which
996:
908:
883:
828:
782:
780:Medical schools
773:
531:
521:
441:
431:
402:Iranian Studies
264:Mahmoud Hessaby
238:Nasereddin Shah
210:
151:House of Wisdom
127:
117:
93:
87:
85:Pre-Islamic era
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2989:
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2589:
2588:
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2566:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Education IRAN
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:External links
2443:
2441:
2440:
2426:
2396:
2365:
2335:
2305:
2299:
2268:
2251:IndexMundi.com
2238:
2213:
2202:
2171:
2141:
2128:
2098:
2068:
2056:
2054:. 1993. p. 542
2035:
2005:
1975:
1957:
1925:
1895:
1881:(in Persian).
1866:
1841:
1823:
1786:
1764:
1736:
1718:
1707:on 19 May 2011
1685:
1654:
1638:
1622:
1602:
1572:
1547:
1508:
1480:
1471:
1450:"ソムリエの資格はイタリア"
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1291:Schools portal
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864:
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837:
827:
826:Dental schools
824:
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478:Royal Holloway
430:
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279:Joseph Cochran
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86:
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81:
78:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:South Ossetia
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2256:
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2190:
2186:
2185:The Telegraph
2182:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2111:MajlisLib.com
2108:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2052:0-415-25934-7
2049:
2045:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:ur.isc.gov.ir
1961:
1942:
1935:
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1743:
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1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:Exporting MIT
1722:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:(87): 21–26.
1665:
1664:MERIP Reports
1658:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1619:0-8108-2994-0
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1512:
1505:
1504:1-4039-6276-6
1501:
1497:
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1492:Michael Rubin
1489:
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502:Great Britain
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479:
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461:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
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423:Iran–Iraq War
419:
416:
413:
409:
405:
403:
400:to create an
399:
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391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
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359:
355:
352:
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346:
342:
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326:, circa 1930.
325:
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314:
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308:
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295:
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259:
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243:By the 1890s
241:
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221:western style
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2717:South Korea
2712:North Korea
2607:Afghanistan
2409:Payvand.com
2348:Payvand.com
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2137:Modern Iran
1879:www.msrt.ir
1831:History.htm
1534:11343/42271
1386:Darolfonoon
1263:Iran portal
1111:Library of
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2091:13 January
2028:8 February
2018:Pezeshk.us
1998:8 February
1988:Pezeshk.us
1950:8 February
1918:8 February
1889:2017-09-08
1860:2007-08-15
1816:8 February
1711:8 February
1595:8 February
1566:2007-05-02
1464:8 February
1407:References
1396:Nizamiyyah
1192:See also:
1177:See also:
1155:See also:
1123:See also:
551:University
523:See also:
433:See also:
421:After the
384:, and the
178:al-Ghazali
119:See also:
107:, and The
89:See also:
2923:Hong Kong
2877:Palestine
2802:Sri Lanka
2797:Singapore
2677:Indonesia
2292:8 January
2195:21 August
2154:Bahai.org
2046:. Vol I.
1908:ams.ac.ir
1701:UPenn.edu
1585:ams.ac.ir
1542:114653242
1151:Religious
1131:theocracy
1015:Nizamiyya
404:program.
147:Nizamiyya
125:Nizamiyya
2946:Category
2867:Abkhazia
2817:Thailand
2772:Pakistan
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2747:Maldives
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2642:Cambodia
2511:Archived
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2379:BBC News
2352:Archived
2322:Archived
2286:Archived
2282:BBC News
2255:Archived
2189:Archived
2158:Archived
2135:Keddie,
2022:Archived
1992:Archived
1968:Archived
1912:Archived
1883:Archived
1854:Archived
1834:Archived
1807:Archived
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1770:Archived
1613:. 1995.
1589:Archived
1560:Archived
1249:See also
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1031:Avicenna
1019:Maragheh
1008:Sarouyeh
519:Rankings
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358:The Shah
313:in 1932.
186:Nishapur
163:Ismailis
105:Reishahr
101:Sarouyeh
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2612:Armenia
2554:at the
2226:CIA.gov
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202:Isfahan
157:in the
80:History
53:private
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2787:Russia
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1944:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1810:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1773:(PDF)
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