2952:
3077:
2478:, as his heir. In 882, Ibn Tulun came close to having Egypt become the new centre of the Caliphate, when al-Mu'tamid tried to flee to his domains. In the event, however, the Caliph was overtaken and brought him back to Samarra (February 883) and under his brother's control. This opened anew the rift between the two rulers: Ibn Tulun organized an assembly of religious jurists at Damascus which denounced al-Muwaffaq a usurper, condemned his maltreatment of the Caliph, declared his place in the succession as void, and called for a
1944:
508:
3047:
2338:
2763:
5887:
5897:
56:
2603:
2585:. After his death in 946, the succession of his son Unujur was peaceful and undisputed, due to the influence of the powerful and talented commander-in-chief, Kafur. One of the many Black African slaves recruited by al-Ikhshid, Kafur remained the paramount minister and virtual ruler of Egypt over the next 22 years, assuming power in his own right in 966 until his death two years later. Encouraged by his death, in 969 the Fatimids
457:
2493:
5907:
5917:
2662:
3166:
2522:), but also a time of relative tranquility in Egypt as well as in Syria, a rather unusual occurrence for the period. Nevertheless, Khumarawayh's extravagant spending exhausted the fisc, and by the time of his assassination in 896, the Tulunid treasury was empty. Following Khumarawayh's death, internal strife sapped Tulunid power. Khumarawayh's son
2713:) which his family represented. As this was in origin identical with that professed by the Carmathians, he hoped to gain the submission of their leader by argument; but this plan was unsuccessful, and there was a fresh invasion from that quarter in the year after his arrival, and the caliph found himself besieged in his capital.
2456:. Open conflict between Ibn Tulun and al-Muwaffaq broke out in 875/6. The latter tried to oust Ibn Tulun from Egypt, but the expedition sent against him barely reached Syria. In retaliation, with the support of the Caliph, in 877/8 Ibn Tulun received responsibility for the entirety of Syria and the frontier districts of
2922:, who hastened to his aid with a large force, which united with Shawar's and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis for three months; at the end of this time, owing to the successes of Nureddin in Syria, the Franks granted Shirkuh a free passage with his troops back to Syria, on condition of Egypt being evacuated (October 1164).
2051:) with jurisdiction over all of Egypt, resident at Fustat. The governor would in turn nominate deputies for Upper and Lower Egypt. Alexandria remained a distinct district, reflecting both its role as the country's shield against Byzantine attacks, and as the major naval base. It was considered a frontier fortress (
2929:, a Kurdish general known as "the Lion", persuaded Nureddin to put him at the head of another expedition to Egypt, which left Syria in January 1167; a Frankish army hastened to Shawar's aid. At the battle of Babain (April 11, 1167) the allies were defeated by the forces commanded by Shirkuh and his nephew
2242:, rather than members of the Umayyad family or court. Both are reported to have increased pressure on the Copts, and initiated measures of Islamization. The resentment of the Copts against taxation led to a revolt in 725. In 727, to strengthen Arab representation, a colony of 3,000 Arabs was set up near
2967:. During his reign Damascus, rather than Cairo, was the major city of the empire. Nevertheless, he fortified Cairo, which became the political centre of Egypt. It was in 1183 that Saladin's rule over Egypt and North Syria was consolidated. Much of Saladin's time was spent in Syria, where he fought the
3054:
The Mamluk's violent approach to power brought them great political and economic prosperity and led them to becoming the rulers of Egypt. The Mamluk Egypt period began with the Bahri
Dynasty and was followed by the Burji Dynasty. The Bahri Dynasty would rule from 1250 to 1382, while the Burji dynasty
2364:
as his lieutenant and resident governor. This appointment ushered in a new era in Egypt's history: hitherto a passive province of an empire, under Ibn Tulun it would re-emerge as an independent political centre. Ibn Tulun would use the country's wealth to extend his rule into the Levant, in a pattern
2298:
only to the
Turkish troops stationed in the province. This was a move towards centralizing power in the hands of the central caliphal administration, but also signalled the decline of the old elites, and the passing of power to the officials sent to the province by the Abbasid court, most notably the
2868:
was assassinated in a street of Cairo, it is said, with the connivance of the Caliph, who immediately began the plunder of his house, where fabulous treasures were said to be amassed. The vizier's offices were given to al-Mamn. His external policy was not more fortunate than that of his predecessor,
2700:
to Egypt, and in the autumn of 971 Jauhar found himself besieged in his new city. By a timely sortie, preceded by the administration of bribes to various officers in the
Carmathian host, Jauhar succeeded in inflicting a severe defeat on the besiegers, who were compelled to evacuate Egypt and part of
2936:
Shirkuh was appointed vizier but died of indigestion (March 23, 1169), and the Caliph appointed
Saladin as successor to Shirkuh; the new vizier professed to hold office as a deputy of Nureddin, whose name was mentioned in public worship after that of the Caliph. Nureddin loyally aided his deputy in
3084:
The Mamluk sultans were drawn from the freed slaves who formed the court and went on to become slaveowners themselves, they went on to office the army. The sultans were unable to effectively form a new dynasty, usually leaving behind infants who were then overthrown. The Bahri dynasty (1250–1382)
2716:
The
Carmathians were gradually forced to retreat from Egypt and then from Syria by some successful engagements, and by the judicious use of bribes, whereby dissension was sown among their leaders. Al-Muizz also found time to take some active measures against the Byzantines, with whom his generals
2500:
At Ibn Tulun's death, Khumarawayh, with the backing of the
Tulunid elites, succeeded without opposition. Ibn Tulun bequeathed his heir "with a seasoned military, a stable economy, and a coterie of experienced commanders and bureaucrats". Khumarawayh was able to preserve his authority against the
3058:
Cultural contributions of the Mamluk Empire spanned across more than religion. Literature and astronomy were two subjects which the
Mamluks valued and participated in heavily. They were a highly literate and educated society. Private libraries were a status symbol in Mamluk culture. Some of the
2488:
in the mosques across the
Tulunid domains, while the Abbasid regent responded in kind with a ritual denunciation of Ibn Tulun. Ibn Tulun then tried once more, again without success, to impose his rule over Tarsus. He fell ill on his return journey to Egypt, and died at Fustat on 10 May 884.
2428:
bureaucratic dynasty that dominated the fiscal apparatus of Egypt for the next 70 years. The peace and security provided by the
Tulunid regime, the establishment of an efficient administration, and repairs and expansions to the irrigation system, coupled with a consistently high level of
1885:, expanded Egypt's territory into the Levant. He would rule until his death in 884. After years of turmoil under Ahmad ibn Tulun's successor, many citizens defected back to the Abbasids and in 904 they would reclaim power from the Tulunids. In 969, Egypt came under the control of the
2088:
i) tribes, who were scarcely represented in the province; it was they who dominated the country's affairs for the first two centuries of Muslim rule. Initially, they numbered 15,500, but their numbers grew through emigration in the subsequent decades. By the time of Caliph
2708:
had been summoned to enter the palace that had been prepared for him, and after leaving a viceroy to take charge of his western possessions he arrived in
Alexandria on May 31 973, and proceeded to instruct his new subjects in the particular form of religion
2411:
system" that became one of the two main paradigms of Islamic polities in the 9th and 10th centuries, as the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented and new dynasties emerged. These regimes were based on the power of a regular army composed of slave soldiers or
2781:
came to the throne at the age of eleven, being the son of Aziz by a Christian mother. His conduct of affairs was vigorous and successful, and he concluded a peace with the Byzantine emperor. He is perhaps best remembered by his destruction of the
2546:, murdered their nephew and assumed control of the Tulunid state. Far from halting the decline, this event alienated key commanders in Syria and led to the rapid and relatively unopposed reconquest of Syria and Egypt by the Abbasids under
2998:, who lost Damietta to the Crusaders in 1219. However, he defeated their advance to Cairo by flooding the Nile, and they were forced to evacuate Egypt in 1221. Al-Kamil was later forced to give up various cities in Palestina and Syria to
2303:
in numbers, and throughout the 9th century the rural districts were increasingly subject to both Arabization and Islamization. The rapidity of this process, and the influx of settlers after the discovery of gold and emerald mines at
2254:, the modern Arabic accent and dialect of Egypt, began to form. Other revolts of the Copts are recorded for the years 739 and 750, the last year of Umayyad domination. The outbreaks in all cases are attributed to increased taxation.
3208:
epidemics continued to ruin Egypt when it spread over the region in 1388–1389, 1397–1398, 1403–1407, 1410–1411, 1415–1419, 1429–1430, 1438–1439, 1444–1449, 1455, 1459–1460, 1468–1469, 1476–1477, 1492, 1498, 1504–1505 and 1513–1514.
2407:. Ibn Tulun continued to emulate the familiar Samarra model in the establishment of his administration as well, creating new departments and entrusting them to Samarra-trained officials. His regime was in many ways typical of the "
3228:. However, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as the Egyptian ruling class. The Mamluks and the Burji family regained much of their influence, but technically remained vassals of the Ottomans. Egypt then entered into the
2915:, who raided and did much damage on the coast. Shawar recaptured Cairo but a dispute then arose with his Syrian allies for the possession of Egypt. Shawar, being unable to cope with the Syrians, demanded help of the Frankish
2884:, the last place in Syria which the Fatimids held; its loss was attributed to dissensions between the parties of which the garrison consisted. In April 1154 the Caliph al-Zafir was murdered by his vizier Abbas, according to
2324:
pretenders in the 870s. In part, these movements were an expression of dissatisfaction with and alienation from imperial rule by Baghdad; these sentiments would manifest themselves in the support of many Egyptians for the
2403:, in 870. The project was a conscious emulation of, and rival to, the Abbasid capital Samarra, with quarters assigned to the regiments of his army, a hippodrome, hospital, and palaces. The new city's centrepiece was the
2505:
and even made additional territorial gains, recognized in a treaty with al-Muwaffaq in 886 that gave the Tulunids the hereditary governorship over Egypt and Syria for 30 years. The accession of al-Muwaffaq's son
2759:, but this was prevented by the intervention of the Byzantines. His North African possessions were maintained and extended, but the recognition of the Fatimid caliph in this region was little more than nominal.
2123:
Tax on some free men) and food for the troops, the Christian inhabitants of Egypt were excused from military service and left free in the observance of their religion and the administration of their affairs.
2937:
dealing with Crusader invasions of Egypt, and he ordered Saladin to substitute the name of the Abbasid caliph for the Fatimid in public worship. The last Fatimid caliph died soon after in September, 1171.
2266:
period was marked by new taxations, and the Copts revolted again in the fourth year of Abbasid rule. At the beginning of the 9th century the practice of ruling Egypt through a governor was resumed under
2420:, "the paying of the troops was the major preoccupation of government". It is therefore in the context of the increased financial requirements that in 879, the supervision of the finances passed to
2888:, because the Caliph had suggested to his favorite, the vizier's son, to murder his father; and this was followed by a massacre of the brothers of Zafir, followed by the raising of his infant son
3032:
defeated Louis and expelled the Crusaders from Egypt. Turanshah was soon overthrown by the Mameluks, who had become the "kingmakers" since their arrival and now wanted full power for themselves.
2141:) was maintained, and to the inhabitants of these districts demands were directly addressed by the governor of Egypt, while the head of the community—ordinarily a Copt but in some cases a Muslim
3085:
would go through 25 sultans in its 132-year period. Many died or were killed shortly after being in power; very few lived more than a few years into their rule as sultan. The first of these was
2013:, after Amr's tent, which had been pitched there when the Arabs besieged the fortress. Fustat quickly became the focal point of Islamic Egypt, and, with the exception of the brief relocation to
3116:
in the year 1260, allowing him to regain all of Syria except for the Crusader strongholds. On the way back to Egypt after the battle, Qutuz died and was succeeded by another commander,
1912:. He introduced Mamluk forces into his army in order to hold off the crusaders. This decision would be one he regretted. The Ayyubids were overthrown by their bodyguards, known as the
2395:
alike. By 872 Ibn Tulun had achieved Ibn al-Mudabirbir's dismissal and taken over the management of the fisc himself, and had managed to assemble an army of his own, thereby becoming
2312:
in particular was only superficially controlled by the local governor. Furthermore, the persistence of internecine strife and turmoil at the heart of the Abbasid state—the so-called "
5736:
2377:
1822:
4769:
2933:, who was made prefect of Alexandria, which surrendered to Shirkuh without a struggle. In 1168 Amalric invaded again, but Shirkuh's return caused the Crusaders to withdraw.
2743:, there was a large amount of toleration conceded to the other sects of Islam, and to other communities, but the belief that the Christians of Egypt were in league with the
1867:. These two very distinct regions were governed by the military and followed the demands handed down by the governor of Egypt and imposed by the heads of their communities.
2747:, and even burned a fleet which was being built for the Byzantine war, led to some persecution. Al-Aziz attempted without success to enter into friendly relations with the
2080:, staffed by the Arab settlers. These were initially the men who had followed Amr and participated in the conquest. The followers of Amr were mostly drawn from Yamani (
4764:
4759:
2550:, who entered Fustat in January 905. With the exception of the Great Mosque of Ibn Tulun, the victorious Abbasid troops pillaged al-Qata'i and razed it to the ground.
2135:
were initially rare, and the old system of taxation was maintained for the greater part of the first Islamic century. The old division of the country into districts (
2849:, thereby facilitating its conquest by the Crusaders in 1099. He endeavoured to retrieve his error by himself advancing into Palestine, but he was defeated at the
2827:
in 1059. The Turks also plundered Cairo in 1068, but they were driven out by 1074. During this time, however, Syria was overrun by an invader in league with the
2538:
who began at the same time. In addition, many commanders defected to the Abbasids, whose power revived under the capable leadership of al-Muwaffaq's son, Caliph
2275:, sending a deputy to Egypt to govern for him. In 828 another Egyptian revolt broke out, and in 831 the Copts joined with native Muslims against the government.
3194:
The Burji dynasty (1382–1517) proved especially turbulent, with political power-plays resulting in short-lived sultans. During the period, the Mamluks fought
2510:
as Caliph in 892 marked a new rapprochement, culminating in the marriage of Khumarawayh's daughter to the new Caliph, but also the return of the provinces of
4043:
3180:. Barkuk was proclaimed sultan in 1382, ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389, but recaptured Cairo in 1390, setting up the Burji dynasty.
2963:
Saladin, a general known as "the Lion", was confirmed as Nureddin's deputy in Egypt, and on the death of Nureddin on April 12, 1174, he took the title
1815:
2805:
in Cairo, with ample provision for students; this was modelled on a similar institution at Baghdad. For unknown reasons al-Hakim disappeared in 1021.
5291:
2057:) under a military governor and was heavily garrisoned, with a quarter of the province's garrison serving there in semi-annual rotation. Next to the
3342:
1873:
was ruled by many dynasties from the start of Islamic control in 639 until the early 16th century. The Umayyad period lasted from 658 to 750. The
4538:
2693:
371:
2853:, and compelled to retire to Egypt. Many of the Palestinian possessions of the Fatimids then successively fell into the hands of the Crusaders.
2169:. Amr then served as governor until his death in 664. From 667/8 until 682, the province was governed by another fervent pro-Umayyad partisan,
5160:
1808:
2899:
took control of Cairo. However, after only nine months he was compelled to flee to Damascus, where he was favorably received by the prince
2376:
The first years of Ibn Tulun's governorship were dominated by his power struggle with the powerful head of the fiscal administration, the
4786:
4754:
2421:
485:
5615:
5143:
4625:
2972:
2620:
2526:
was a drunkard who executed his uncle, Mudar ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun; he was deposed after only a few months and replaced by his brother
2189:, to the province. The Kharijite-backed Zubayrid regime was very unpopular with the local Arabs, who called upon the Umayyad caliph
2005:
Following the first surrender of Alexandria, Amr chose a new site to settle his men, near the location of the Byzantine fortress of
5627:
5018:
2357:
2104:) reached 40,000. Jealous of their privileges and status, which entitled them to a share of the local revenue, the members of the
5062:
4796:
4187:
The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE
2567:
2563:
2986:
against Saladin's other sons, and after the wars that followed, Al-Adil took power in 1200. He died in 1218 during the siege of
2299:
Turkish soldiers favoured by al-Mu'tasim. At about the same time, for the first time the Muslim population began surpassing the
4339:
2433:, resulted in a major increase in revenue. By the end of his reign, Ibn Tulun had accumulated a reserve of ten million dinars.
5864:
4218:
4174:
4047:
17:
2193:(r. 684–685) for aid. In December 684, Marwan invaded Egypt and reconquered it with relative ease. Marwan installed his son
1859:
was named the capital and housed the ruling administration. The conquest led to two separate provinces all under one ruler:
5946:
5688:
5342:
5286:
5242:
5055:
4729:
4719:
4679:
3229:
2021:, the capital and residence of the administration. After the conquest, the country was initially divided in two provinces,
5536:
5347:
5087:
4973:
2684:
for the army were immediately constructed, which for many centuries remained the centre of Muslim learning. However, the
2231:
141:
5941:
5800:
5731:
5610:
5232:
5109:
4776:
4657:
4584:
4572:
4533:
2391:, and had rapidly become the most hated man in the country as he doubled the taxes and imposed new ones on Muslims and
2165:
as governor of Egypt, but Amr led an invasion in summer 658 that defeated Ibn Abi Bakr and secured the country for the
408:
361:
161:
121:
5335:
4864:
4308:
4289:
4265:
4239:
4195:
4148:
4122:
4090:
4000:
3967:
3939:
2642:
2399:
independent of Baghdad. As a sign of his power, he established a new palace city to the northeast of Fustat, called
5468:
5131:
4854:
3012:
became sultan in 1240. His reign saw the recapture of Jerusalem in 1244, and the introduction of a larger force of
2999:
2740:
2290:
from the local revenue. Al-Mu'tasim discontinued the practice, removing the Arab families from the army registers
5827:
5795:
5548:
5274:
4684:
4404:
3097:) and quickly began a war with the region of present-day Syria. He was assassinated in 1257 and was succeeded by
2209:
2186:
2170:
774:
74:
5396:
5190:
5153:
4061:
3318:
3271:
2705:
2624:
2547:
2531:
1997:
was repulsed. From that time no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country.
1994:
1454:
478:
5683:
5478:
4884:
4409:
4392:
4211:
The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
4167:
The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
3311:
The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates : the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century
101:
5595:
2834:, and Damascus was permanently lost to the Fatimids. This period is otherwise memorable for the rise of the
2436:
Ibn Tulun's rise was facilitated by the feebleness of the Abbasid government, threatened by the rise of the
1019:
5659:
5463:
5431:
5247:
4879:
4749:
4672:
2783:
2471:
171:
5910:
5822:
5664:
5406:
5296:
5119:
4914:
4781:
4724:
4620:
4495:
3128:, the last of the crusader cities. The Bahris greatly enhanced the power and prestige of Egypt, building
2543:
2047:
438:
949:
5817:
5622:
5519:
5502:
5485:
5426:
5252:
5207:
5138:
5077:
5050:
4694:
4553:
4332:
3295:
2912:
2845:, al-Mustafa maintained himself in Alexandria, and helped the Crusaders by rescuing Jerusalem from the
2228:, as governor in a move to reassert control and prevent the country from becoming a hereditary domain.
1982:
3062:
The end of the period was brought about due to famine, military tensions, disease, and high taxation.
1989:, which was surrendered to him by a treaty signed on November 8, 641. Alexandria was regained for the
5783:
5726:
5693:
5458:
5368:
5330:
5325:
5313:
5212:
4904:
4874:
4859:
4611:
2586:
2225:
1909:
471:
35:
3220:. The sultan defeated the Mamluks and captured Cairo on 20 January 1517, transferring the center of
2294:
and ordering that the revenues of Egypt be sent to the central government, which would then pay the
5859:
5839:
5647:
5473:
5269:
5257:
5094:
5072:
4739:
4689:
4630:
4589:
4465:
4426:
4387:
2370:
1938:
1836:
1698:
92:
2250:
had been steadily gaining ground, and in 706 it was made the official language of the government.
5768:
5391:
5126:
4978:
4951:
4936:
4931:
4667:
4567:
4281:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
3136:
2613:
2221:
1444:
399:
131:
3931:
3922:
5920:
5849:
5778:
5600:
5568:
5262:
5200:
5195:
4909:
4374:
4082:
2919:
2857:
2194:
2076:
The main pillar of the early Muslim rule and control in the country was the military force, or
1549:
1494:
4110:
5854:
5746:
5716:
5605:
5585:
5531:
5443:
5082:
5040:
5035:
5013:
4821:
4811:
4596:
4475:
4443:
4325:
4301:
Protectors or Praetorians? : The Last Mamluk Sultans and Egypt's Waning As a Great Power
4253:
4136:
3241:
2778:
2527:
2523:
2162:
1539:
1509:
4074:
2820:
recognized the Fatimid caliphate. Meanwhile, Baghdad was taken by the Turks, falling to the
2470:
in Cilicia, and was forced to return to Egypt due to the abortive revolt of his eldest son,
5721:
5671:
5541:
4645:
4635:
3029:
2916:
2108:
then virtually closed off the register to new entries. It was only after the losses of the
1877:
period which came after was much more focused on taxes and centralizing power. In 868, the
1683:
1564:
151:
111:
3016:
into the army. Much of his time was spent in campaigns in Syria, where he allied with the
2017:
during a plague in 689, and the period of 750–763, when the seat of the governor moved to
8:
5832:
5812:
5632:
5580:
5575:
5514:
5416:
5099:
5030:
5025:
4744:
4448:
3147:. The Mamluks built much of the earliest remaining architecture of Cairo, including many
3113:
2865:
2404:
2342:
2235:
1970:
1773:
784:
341:
4234:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 26. transl. by Michael Bonner. Leiden: BRILL.
2717:
fought in Syria with varying fortune. Before his death he was acknowledged as Caliph in
2201:, Abd al-Aziz ruled the country for 20 years, enjoying wide autonomy and governing as a
1089:
5642:
5553:
5453:
5320:
5148:
5114:
5067:
5045:
4941:
4843:
4714:
4601:
4548:
3336:
3289:
3158:, economy, and political system experienced significant destruction as a result of the
3021:
2885:
2697:
2680:, to furnish quarters for the army which he had brought. A palace for the Caliph and a
2574:
2313:
2268:
2006:
1852:
1479:
1244:
1129:
989:
714:
649:
418:
381:
253:
2534:
in Alexandria was suppressed, the Tulunids were unable to confront the attacks of the
2518:
to caliphal control. Domestically, Khumarawayh's reign was one of "luxury and decay" (
1069:
5896:
5790:
5590:
5497:
5448:
5401:
5386:
5301:
5217:
5104:
5002:
4983:
4816:
4490:
4485:
4416:
4399:
4382:
4304:
4285:
4261:
4235:
4214:
4206:
4191:
4170:
4162:
4144:
4118:
4086:
4075:
4057:
4006:
3996:
3973:
3963:
3935:
3324:
3314:
3277:
3267:
3221:
2850:
2801:
A more reputable expedient with the same end in view was the construction of a great
2744:
2673:
2666:
2656:
2502:
2300:
1589:
1434:
1039:
679:
669:
659:
544:
303:
293:
273:
263:
206:
65:
5652:
3172:
In 1377 a revolt in Syria spread to Egypt, and the government was taken over by the
5751:
5708:
5678:
5526:
5308:
5237:
5179:
4894:
4889:
4869:
4791:
4606:
4507:
4438:
4421:
4362:
4132:
4053:
3121:
3041:
2900:
2881:
1990:
1978:
1743:
1739:
1728:
1709:
1374:
1354:
1334:
1254:
1049:
929:
854:
844:
794:
724:
624:
574:
428:
323:
44:
5563:
4111:"Some Administrative, Military, and Socio-Political Aspects of Early Muslim Egypt"
2951:
5741:
5558:
5509:
5411:
5227:
4963:
4946:
4577:
4502:
4279:
4275:
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4229:
4185:
3076:
3025:
2968:
2946:
2767:
2519:
2511:
2425:
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2213:
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1882:
1679:
1649:
1414:
1404:
1314:
1294:
1184:
1119:
1079:
1059:
969:
894:
884:
874:
834:
804:
744:
734:
614:
564:
313:
2112:
that the registers were updated, and occasionally, governors would add soldiers
1943:
1889:. This dynasty would begin to fade after the death of their last ruler in 1171.
5890:
5844:
5698:
5637:
5421:
5222:
4734:
4662:
4521:
4455:
4158:
3205:
3094:
3090:
3046:
3009:
2979:
2956:
2870:
2539:
2507:
2445:
2441:
2337:
2279:
1969:
In 639 an army of some 4,000 men were sent against Egypt by the second caliph,
1917:
1905:
1754:
1664:
1608:
1384:
1274:
1204:
904:
226:
196:
3162:
pandemic whose waves continued to destroy Egypt up to the early 16th century.
3028:), and Damietta was lost again. Najm al-Din died soon after this, but his son
5935:
5773:
5761:
5756:
5436:
4526:
4010:
3977:
3213:
3189:
3144:
3071:
3003:
2991:
2982:
succeeded him in Egypt in 1193. He allied with his uncle (Saladin's brother)
2542:(r. 892–902). Finally, in December 904, two other sons of Ibn Tulun, Ali and
2467:
2353:
2317:
2178:
2090:
1974:
1901:
1634:
1139:
999:
351:
3328:
3281:
2816:
faith and became subjects of the Caliphate in Baghdad, but at the same time
507:
5900:
5490:
4899:
4558:
4073:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Selim I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
3125:
2831:
2828:
2821:
2726:
2400:
2174:
2137:
2109:
2081:
1921:
1638:
1109:
864:
461:
3059:
libraries discovered show evidence of the remnants of thousands of books.
2794:, but was only part of a general scheme for converting all Christians and
4919:
4650:
4640:
4433:
3173:
3159:
3109:
2835:
2824:
2762:
2685:
2515:
2475:
2453:
2430:
2309:
2220:. Abd al-Aziz hoped to be succeeded by his son, but when he died, Caliph
2154:
2030:
2022:
1864:
1860:
1840:
1498:
1264:
1174:
959:
814:
764:
216:
3212:
Constant political bickering contributed to the inability to resist the
4968:
4926:
3195:
3017:
2627: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2535:
2366:
2182:
2034:
1993:
in 645 but was retaken by Amr in 646. In 654 an invasion fleet sent by
1986:
1784:
1424:
1394:
1224:
1029:
594:
3995:. Philipp, Thomas., Haarmann, Ulrich. Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 200.
3962:. Philipp, Thomas., Haarmann, Ulrich. Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 197.
2573:
In 935, after repulsing another Fatimid attack, the Turkish commander
5807:
5279:
3155:
2983:
2787:
2437:
2142:
1769:
1724:
1694:
1619:
1604:
1009:
979:
824:
584:
524:
55:
3020:
against the Crusaders and Ayyubids. In 1249 he faced an invasion by
2602:
4480:
3225:
3080:
Bahri Mamluks at its greatest extent. Blue indicates the Ilkhanate.
3013:
2995:
2987:
2846:
2791:
2748:
2689:
2326:
2217:
2190:
2018:
1886:
1856:
1844:
1553:
1324:
1284:
1234:
1194:
1099:
754:
704:
604:
283:
3120:, who assumed the sultanate and ruled from 1260 to 1277. In 1291,
2873:
to the Crusaders, and a fleet equipped by him was defeated by the
2860:, who burned the gates and the mosques of Farama, and advanced to
1977:. This army was joined by another 5,000 men in 640 and defeated a
3217:
3216:, this would see the vassalization of Egypt under Ottoman Sultan
3140:
3117:
3102:
2930:
2926:
2908:
2889:
2842:
2802:
2730:
2559:
2530:. Harun too was a weak ruler, and although a revolt by his uncle
2496:
Map of the Tulunid domains towards the end of Khumarawayh's reign
2485:
2462:
2457:
2272:
2263:
2243:
2205:
1893:
1878:
1874:
1848:
1713:
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1593:
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1344:
1304:
1214:
1149:
939:
554:
4115:
War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean: 7th–15th Centuries
3264:
War and society in the eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th centuries
3132:
from a small town into one of the foremost cities in the world.
4512:
4470:
4317:
4258:
Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
4141:
Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
3865:
3199:
3177:
3148:
2964:
2896:
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2861:
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2737:
2722:
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2681:
2492:
2392:
2042:
2014:
2010:
1913:
1788:
1668:
1524:
534:
2444:
in Iraq itself, and divided due to the rivalry between Caliph
4543:
4348:
3619:
3143:
by the Mongols in 1258, Cairo became the central city of the
3129:
3098:
3086:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2771:
2718:
2677:
2553:
2480:
2346:
2305:
2132:
2120:
2095:
2093:(r. 661–680), the number of men registered in the army list (
2053:
1900:. This dynasty fought against the Crusader States during the
1897:
1870:
1758:
1513:
1483:
3475:
2661:
2474:. Ibn Tulun has Abbas imprisoned, and named his second son,
2067:), responsible for internal security and for commanding the
1916:
in 1252 and ruled until 1517, when Egypt became part of the
4956:
4213:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 506–540.
4190:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL.
4169:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359.
3901:
3853:
3829:
3817:
3793:
3781:
3439:
2904:
2756:
2321:
2286:
as they nominally still formed the province's garrison—the
2128:
2085:
2069:
1653:
4143:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119.
4046:, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2005; or
3889:
3718:
3691:
3667:
3523:
3388:
3376:
3165:
2320:
revolutionary movements in the province under a series of
1843:
was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the
4260:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85.
3769:
3757:
3708:
3706:
3631:
3559:
3417:
3415:
2795:
2356:(r. 866–869) gave charge of Egypt to the Turkish general
2158:
3679:
3595:
3535:
3499:
2864:, when illness compelled him to retreat. In August 1121
2000:
4254:"Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868"
3877:
3805:
3735:
3733:
3643:
3427:
3400:
3354:
3352:
2448:(r. 870–892) and his increasingly powerful brother and
4028:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Methuen. pp. 243–254.
3841:
3745:
3703:
3655:
3607:
3583:
3412:
3364:
3511:
3487:
3463:
3451:
2116:
to the lists as a means to garner political support.
3730:
3571:
3547:
3349:
2208:. Abd al-Aziz also supervised the completion of the
4284:(2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd.
4137:"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969"
3921:
3313:(2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman.
2751:ruler of Baghdad, and tried to gain possession of
2119:In return for a very small tribute of money (0.5%
4231:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
2380:. The latter had been appointed as fiscal agent (
2145:—was responsible for compliance with the demand.
5933:
2589:, beginning a new era in the country's history.
2466:). Ibn Tulun occupied Syria but failed to seize
2365:followed by later Egypt-based regimes, from the
2238:in 717 were the first governors chosen from the
2197:as governor. Relying on his close ties with the
3151:built out of stone using long, imposing lines.
2971:, and Egypt was largely governed by his deputy
2798:in his dominions to his own opinions by force.
2484:against him. Al-Muwaffaq was duly denounced in
4303:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
4049:Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa
3006:, in order to gain his help against Damascus.
2790:(1009), a measure which helped to provoke the
2676:immediately began the building of a new city,
2061:, there was also the commander of the police (
4333:
1851:Caliphs in Damascus, but in 750 the Umayyads
1816:
479:
4161:(2010). "The waning of empire, 861–945". In
3993:The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society
3960:The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society
3919:
3341:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4056:and Daria Khaltourina, Moscow: URSS, 2006.
1932:
27:Period of Egyptian history from 639 to 1517
4340:
4326:
4023:
2554:Second Abbasid period and Ikhshidid period
2501:Abbasid's attempt to overthrow him at the
2009:. The new settlement received the name of
1892:In 1174, Egypt came under the rule of the
1823:
1809:
486:
472:
2643:Learn how and when to remove this message
2185:in Egypt and sent a governor of his own,
2084:) tribes, rather than the northern Arab (
1985:. Amr next proceeded in the direction of
4131:
4108:
3907:
3883:
3859:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3712:
3697:
3673:
3661:
3625:
3613:
3589:
3565:
3445:
3421:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3164:
3075:
3045:
2950:
2903:, who sent with him to Cairo a force of
2761:
2660:
2491:
2336:
2282:discontinued the practice of paying the
2278:A major change came in 834, when Caliph
1942:
4274:
4248:
4072:
3895:
3871:
3847:
3724:
3637:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3433:
3406:
3358:
3266:. Lev, Yaacov. Leiden: New York. 1997.
2812:dynasty in the Maghrib returned to the
2422:Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Madhara'i
1927:
1896:, who ruled from Damascus and not from
14:
5934:
4157:
3101:, who faced a growing danger from the
2665:The near East in 1025 AD, showing the
5366:
5177:
5000:
4841:
4360:
4321:
4298:
4204:
4183:
4026:A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages
3990:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3739:
3685:
3649:
3601:
3577:
3553:
3541:
2001:Administration of early Islamic Egypt
5916:
4227:
4040:The Black Death in Egypt and England
3258:
3256:
2625:adding citations to reliable sources
2596:
501:Historical Arab states and dynasties
5906:
4205:Brett, Michael (2010). "Egypt". In
4117:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 101–114.
4066:
3308:
3230:middle period of the Ottoman Empire
2246:. Meanwhile, the employment of the
24:
4077:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3948:
2558:The Abbasids were able to repulse
2360:. Bakbak in turn sent his stepson
25:
5958:
5287:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
3309:N.), Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh (2004).
3253:
2940:
2592:
2581:ruler of Egypt with the title of
2332:
2257:
2148:
1958: Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
1947:The age of the first few caliphs
5915:
5905:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5144:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
4347:
3183:
3065:
3000:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
2601:
2232:Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi
1964: Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
922:Western dynasties and caliphates
506:
455:
54:
5628:Identification card controversy
4032:
4017:
3984:
3913:
3035:
2612:needs additional citations for
2210:Muslim conquest of North Africa
2187:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri
2171:Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari
4534:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
3925:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
3302:
3055:would last from 1382 to 1517.
2725:, as well as Syria, Egypt and
2548:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib
2100:) and entitled an annual pay (
13:
1:
4842:
3247:
2911:. At the same time Egypt was
2895:In December 1162, the vizier
2856:In 1118 Egypt was invaded by
2385:
2045:appointed a single governor (
2041:). In 643/4, however, Caliph
5161:Twin towns and sister cities
5001:
4673:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
4024:Lane-Poole, Stanley (1901).
2784:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
2416:, but in turn, according to
2224:(685–695) sent his own son,
7:
5947:History of Islam by country
5689:Vehicle registration plates
5367:
5343:Water supply and sanitation
5178:
4361:
4256:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
4139:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
3235:
3108:Qutuz defeated the army of
2704:Meanwhile, the caliph in 2
2587:invaded and conquered Egypt
2316:"—led to the appearance of
2271:, who decided to reside at
2216:in his post as governor of
1855:. Throughout Islamic rule,
642:Arab empires and caliphates
10:
5963:
5348:Water resources management
4102:
3930:. Al Saqi Books. pp.
3187:
3069:
3039:
2944:
2654:
2212:; it was he who appointed
2181:gained the support of the
1936:
5942:Medieval history of Egypt
5881:
5707:
5379:
5375:
5362:
5243:Impact on the environment
5233:Entrepreneurship policies
5186:
5173:
5009:
4996:
4850:
4837:
4805:
4707:
4373:
4369:
4356:
4109:Athamina, Khalil (1997).
2234:in 715 and his successor
217:Roman and Byzantine Egypt
5014:Administrative divisions
4690:2011 Egyptian revolution
4631:1952 Egyptian revolution
4427:Lighthouse of Alexandria
4113:. In Lev, Yaacov (ed.).
3874:, pp. 184–185, 310.
1939:Muslim conquest of Egypt
1933:Muslim conquest of Egypt
950:Umayyad state of Córdoba
5218:Egyptian stock exchange
4299:Petry, Carl F. (1994).
4184:Brett, Michael (2001).
2994:, and was succeeded by
2440:in the east and by the
2222:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
2161:(r. 656–661) appointed
1973:, under the command of
1952: Muhammad, 622–632
162:3rd Intermediate Period
142:2nd Intermediate Period
122:1st Intermediate Period
5549:International rankings
4554:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
3294:: CS1 maint: others (
3169:
3081:
3051:
2960:
2959:at its greatest extent
2858:Baldwin I of Jerusalem
2774:
2770:, of medieval Fatimid
2670:
2562:invasions of Egypt in
2497:
2349:
2341:Spiral Minaret of the
1981:army at the battle of
1966:
1922:Eyālet-i Mıṣr province
5154:Terrorism and tourism
4612:1948 Arab–Israeli War
4444:Library of Alexandria
3991:Hanna, Nelly (2008).
3958:Hanna, Nelly (2008).
3920:Amin Maalouf (1984).
3628:, pp. 89–92, 96.
3484:, pp. 65, 70–71.
3242:Egypt in World War II
3168:
3079:
3049:
2954:
2913:invaded by the Franks
2779:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2765:
2664:
2528:Harun ibn Khumarawayh
2495:
2424:, the founder of the
2340:
2329:in the 10th century.
2163:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
1946:
1847:Caliphs and then the
1540:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1455:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
102:Early Dynastic Period
18:History of Arab Egypt
5865:World Heritage Sites
5684:Units of measurement
5139:Proposed new capital
4885:Environmental issues
4646:United Arab Republic
4539:Muhammad Ali dynasty
4228:Halm, Heinz (1996).
2621:improve this article
1928:Early Islamic period
372:Muhammad Ali dynasty
5537:Freedom of religion
5432:Mass sexual assault
4797:Timekeeping devices
4695:2013 Rabaa massacre
4668:Egyptian–Libyan War
3910:, pp. 115–118.
3898:, pp. 312–313.
3862:, pp. 106–108.
3838:, pp. 105–106.
3826:, pp. 104–105.
3802:, pp. 102–103.
3790:, pp. 100–102.
3727:, pp. 206–208.
3688:, pp. 559–560.
3604:, pp. 146–147.
3544:, pp. 550–556.
3532:, pp. 158–159.
3448:, pp. 104–105.
3397:, pp. 102–103.
3385:, pp. 101–102.
3156:Egyptian population
3114:Battle of Ain Jalut
2866:al-Afdal Shahanshah
2405:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
2343:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
2236:Ayyub ibn Sharhabil
517:Ancient Arab states
207:Ptolemaic dynasties
5727:Art (contemporary)
5407:Capital punishment
5297:Telecommunications
4974:Towns and villages
4942:Qattara Depression
4755:Muslim Brotherhood
4725:Cigarette industry
4585:British occupation
4496:Crusader invasions
4466:Rashidun Caliphate
4207:Robinson, Chase F.
4163:Robinson, Chase F.
4038:See, for example,
3700:, pp. 99–100.
3676:, pp. 92, 94.
3652:, pp. 565ff..
3640:, pp. 312ff..
3170:
3082:
3052:
3022:Louis IX of France
2961:
2907:under Asad al-din
2775:
2671:
2575:Muhammad ibn Tughj
2498:
2350:
2314:Anarchy at Samarra
2269:Abdallah ibn Tahir
1967:
1582:Current monarchies
1245:Sharifate of Mecca
715:Emirate of Tbilisi
705:Emirate of Armenia
555:Kingdom of Osroene
419:Sultanate of Egypt
409:British occupation
382:Khedivate of Egypt
254:Rashidun caliphate
75:Predynastic Period
5929:
5928:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5801:Football stadiums
5732:Botanical gardens
5611:Catholic dioceses
5503:Gender inequality
5427:Human trafficking
5358:
5357:
5292:Tallest buildings
5253:Military industry
5169:
5168:
5110:Political parties
5063:Islamic extremism
5051:Foreign relations
4992:
4991:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4573:French occupation
4491:Fatimid Caliphate
4486:Ikhshidid dynasty
4220:978-0-521-83823-8
4176:978-0-521-83823-8
4133:Bianquis, Thierry
3778:, pp. 95–99.
3766:, pp. 94–95.
3568:, pp. 92–93.
3508:, pp. 71–72.
3436:, pp. 64–65.
3409:, pp. 65–66.
3050:Mamluk manuscript
2917:king of Jerusalem
2851:battle of Ascalon
2745:Byzantine emperor
2696:advanced through
2674:Jawhar as-Siqilli
2667:Fatimid Caliphate
2657:Fatimid Caliphate
2653:
2652:
2645:
2503:Battle of Tawahin
2301:Coptic Christians
1910:Jerusalem in 1244
1904:. Ayyubid Sultan
1833:
1832:
1798:
1797:
1573:
1572:
1565:Tippu Tip's State
1463:
1462:
1435:Emirate of Beihan
1167:Arabian Peninsula
1158:
1157:
913:
912:
697:Eastern dynasties
688:
687:
633:
632:
545:Nabataean Kingdom
535:Kingdom of Lihyan
496:
495:
447:
446:
400:Late Modern Egypt
390:
389:
362:French occupation
332:
331:
294:Ikhshidid dynasty
264:Umayyad caliphate
235:
234:
189:Greco-Roman Egypt
180:
179:
83:
82:
66:Prehistoric Egypt
16:(Redirected from
5954:
5919:
5918:
5909:
5908:
5899:
5889:
5888:
5694:Waste management
5459:Academic grading
5377:
5376:
5364:
5363:
5336:Railway stations
5314:Cultural tourism
5213:Economic regions
5175:
5174:
4998:
4997:
4839:
4838:
4508:Mamluk Sultanate
4439:Diocese of Egypt
4422:Battle of Actium
4371:
4370:
4358:
4357:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4295:
4276:Kennedy, Hugh N.
4271:
4245:
4224:
4201:
4180:
4154:
4128:
4097:
4096:
4080:
4070:
4064:
4054:Andrey Korotayev
4044:Stuart J. Borsch
4036:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3929:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3260:
3122:al-Ashraf Khalil
3042:Mamluk Sultanate
2925:Two years later
2882:Ascalon was lost
2838:, or Assassins.
2755:, as the key to
2648:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2605:
2597:
2390:
2387:
2384:) already since
2371:Mamluk Sultanate
1991:Byzantine Empire
1963:
1957:
1951:
1837:Islamic conquest
1825:
1818:
1811:
1586:
1585:
1550:Nabahani dynasty
1495:Nabahani dynasty
1480:Makhzumi dynasty
1476:
1475:
1171:
1170:
926:
925:
725:Emirate of Crete
701:
700:
646:
645:
625:Kingdom of Kinda
575:Kingdom of Hatra
525:Kingdom of Qedar
521:
520:
510:
498:
497:
488:
481:
474:
462:Egypt portal
460:
459:
458:
429:Kingdom of Egypt
405:
404:
348:
347:
250:
249:
193:
192:
98:
97:
71:
70:
58:
48:
30:
29:
21:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5869:
5860:Public holidays
5850:National anthem
5703:
5616:Coptic Churches
5559:Egyptian Arabic
5469:Medical schools
5371:
5354:
5270:Nuclear program
5182:
5165:
5095:Nationality law
5088:Supreme Council
5073:Law enforcement
5005:
4988:
4964:Sinai Peninsula
4947:Red Sea Riviera
4846:
4825:
4801:
4703:
4590:1919 revolution
4578:Revolt of Cairo
4503:Ayyubid dynasty
4481:Tulunid dynasty
4365:
4352:
4346:
4311:
4292:
4268:
4242:
4221:
4198:
4177:
4159:Bonner, Michael
4151:
4125:
4105:
4100:
4093:
4071:
4067:
4037:
4033:
4022:
4018:
4003:
3989:
3985:
3970:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3350:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3307:
3303:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3238:
3192:
3186:
3154:Since 1347 the
3074:
3068:
3044:
3038:
3026:Seventh Crusade
2969:Crusader States
2949:
2947:Ayyubid dynasty
2943:
2892:to the throne.
2768:Al-Azhar Mosque
2659:
2649:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2618:
2606:
2595:
2556:
2520:Hugh N. Kennedy
2418:Hugh N. Kennedy
2388:
2378:Ibn al-Mudabbir
2362:Ahmad ibn Tulun
2352:In 868, Caliph
2335:
2260:
2252:Egyptian Arabic
2248:Arabic language
2214:Musa ibn Nusayr
2151:
2127:Conversions of
2064:ṣāḥib al-shurṭa
2003:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1883:Ahmad ibn Tulun
1853:were overthrown
1829:
1800:
1799:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1510:Mahdali dynasty
1473:
1465:
1464:
1405:Muscat and Oman
1175:Imamate of Oman
1168:
1160:
1159:
923:
915:
914:
698:
690:
689:
643:
635:
634:
565:Emesene Dynasty
518:
492:
456:
454:
449:
448:
402:
392:
391:
345:
334:
333:
314:Ayyubid dynasty
304:Fatimid dynasty
284:Tulunid dynasty
274:Abbasid dynasty
247:
237:
236:
190:
182:
181:
95:
85:
84:
68:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5960:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5903:
5893:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5796:Football clubs
5788:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5603:
5598:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5392:Animal welfare
5389:
5383:
5381:
5373:
5372:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5275:Power stations
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:Egyptian pound
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5127:Prime Minister
5124:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Northern coast
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Yom Kippur War
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4296:
4290:
4272:
4266:
4246:
4240:
4225:
4219:
4202:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4155:
4149:
4129:
4123:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4091:
4065:
4031:
4016:
4001:
3983:
3968:
3947:
3940:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3886:, p. 112.
3876:
3864:
3852:
3850:, p. 310.
3840:
3828:
3816:
3814:, p. 104.
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3742:, p. 560.
3729:
3717:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3580:, p. 558.
3570:
3558:
3556:, p. 557.
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3424:, p. 104.
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3373:, p. 102.
3363:
3348:
3319:
3301:
3272:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3198:and conquered
3188:Main article:
3185:
3182:
3095:al-Salih Ayyub
3093:(the widow of
3091:Shajar al-Durr
3089:, who married
3070:Main article:
3067:
3064:
3040:Main article:
3037:
3034:
2978:Saladin's son
2957:Ayyubid Empire
2945:Main article:
2942:
2941:Ayyubid period
2939:
2890:Abul-Qasim Isa
2777:His successor
2655:Main article:
2651:
2650:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2594:
2593:Fatimid period
2591:
2555:
2552:
2442:Zanj Rebellion
2334:
2333:Tulunid period
2331:
2259:
2258:Abbasid period
2256:
2150:
2149:Umayyad period
2147:
2002:
1999:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1937:Main article:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1918:Ottoman Empire
1835:Following the
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:Ras al Khaymah
1601:
1600:
1597:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1525:Mazrui dynasty
1521:
1520:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
986:
985:
982:
976:
975:
972:
966:
965:
962:
956:
955:
952:
946:
945:
942:
940:Fihrid Emirate
936:
935:
932:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
911:
910:
907:
901:
900:
897:
891:
890:
887:
881:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
771:
770:
767:
761:
760:
757:
751:
750:
747:
741:
740:
737:
731:
730:
727:
721:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
685:
682:
676:
675:
672:
666:
665:
662:
656:
655:
652:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
631:
630:
627:
621:
620:
617:
611:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
591:
590:
587:
581:
580:
577:
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
503:
502:
494:
493:
491:
490:
483:
476:
468:
465:
464:
451:
450:
445:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
403:
398:
397:
394:
393:
388:
387:
384:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
358:
357:
354:
346:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
329:
326:
324:Mamluk dynasty
320:
319:
316:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
296:
290:
289:
286:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
260:
259:
256:
248:
245:Medieval Egypt
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
232:
229:
227:Sasanian Egypt
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
197:Argead dynasty
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
177:
174:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
154:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
134:
132:Middle Kingdom
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
96:
91:
90:
87:
86:
81:
80:
77:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
41:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5959:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5922:
5914:
5912:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Art (ancient)
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5601:Blasphemy law
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5569:Sign Language
5567:
5565:
5564:Saʽidi Arabic
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5201:National Bank
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4527:Ottoman Egypt
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4312:
4310:9780791421390
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4291:0-582-40525-4
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4267:0-521-47137-0
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:Kennedy, Hugh
4247:
4243:
4241:90-04-10056-3
4237:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4197:90-04-11741-5
4193:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4150:0-521-47137-0
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4124:90-04-10032-6
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4094:
4092:9780816062591
4088:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4002:9780521033060
3998:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3969:9780521033060
3965:
3961:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3941:0-8052-0898-4
3937:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3908:Bianquis 1998
3904:
3897:
3892:
3885:
3884:Bianquis 1998
3880:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3860:Bianquis 1998
3856:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3836:Bianquis 1998
3832:
3825:
3824:Bianquis 1998
3820:
3813:
3812:Bianquis 1998
3808:
3801:
3800:Bianquis 1998
3796:
3789:
3788:Bianquis 1998
3784:
3777:
3776:Bianquis 1998
3772:
3765:
3764:Bianquis 1998
3760:
3754:, p. 98.
3753:
3752:Bianquis 1998
3748:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3715:, p. 97.
3714:
3713:Bianquis 1998
3709:
3707:
3699:
3698:Bianquis 1998
3694:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3674:Bianquis 1998
3670:
3664:, p. 92.
3663:
3662:Bianquis 1998
3658:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3626:Bianquis 1998
3622:
3616:, p. 91.
3615:
3614:Bianquis 1998
3610:
3603:
3598:
3592:, p. 93.
3591:
3590:Bianquis 1998
3586:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3566:Bianquis 1998
3562:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3520:, p. 73.
3519:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3496:, p. 71.
3495:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3472:, p. 70.
3471:
3466:
3460:, p. 69.
3459:
3454:
3447:
3446:Athamina 1997
3442:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3422:Athamina 1997
3418:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3395:Athamina 1997
3391:
3384:
3383:Athamina 1997
3379:
3372:
3371:Athamina 1997
3367:
3361:, p. 64.
3360:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3190:Burji dynasty
3184:Burji dynasty
3181:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:Islamic world
3142:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3072:Bahri dynasty
3066:Bahri dynasty
3063:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:Sixth Crusade
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:Fifth Crusade
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2694:Hasan al-Asam
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2669:and neighbors
2668:
2663:
2658:
2647:
2644:
2636:
2633:November 2019
2626:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2610:This section
2608:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2318:millennialist
2315:
2311:
2308:, meant that
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:Ibn al-Zubayr
2176:
2173:. During the
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2082:south Arabian
2079:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Amr ibn al-As
1972:
1945:
1940:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:Fifth Crusade
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:Umm al-Quwain
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:Muslim Sicily
998:
997:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
951:
948:
947:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
931:
928:
927:
919:
918:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
776:
773:
772:
768:
766:
763:
762:
758:
756:
753:
752:
748:
746:
743:
742:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
703:
702:
694:
693:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
651:
648:
647:
639:
638:
629:450 AD–550 AD
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:64 BC–300s AD
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:132 BC–244 AD
558:
556:
553:
552:
549:400 BC–106 AD
548:
546:
543:
542:
539:600 BC–100 BC
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:800 BC–300 BC
528:
526:
523:
522:
514:
513:
509:
505:
504:
500:
499:
489:
484:
482:
477:
475:
470:
469:
467:
466:
463:
453:
452:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
410:
407:
406:
401:
396:
395:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
352:Ottoman Egypt
350:
349:
343:
338:
337:
327:
325:
322:
321:
317:
315:
312:
311:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
275:
272:
271:
267:
265:
262:
261:
257:
255:
252:
251:
246:
241:
240:
230:
228:
225:
224:
220:
218:
215:
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210:
208:
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186:
185:
175:
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163:
160:
159:
155:
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150:
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145:
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139:
135:
133:
130:
129:
125:
123:
120:
119:
115:
113:
110:
109:
105:
103:
100:
99:
94:
93:Ancient Egypt
89:
88:
78:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5747:Coat of arms
5717:Architecture
5606:Christianity
5586:Prostitution
5532:Human rights
5491:Abaza family
5479:Universities
5444:Demographics
5397:Billionaires
5041:Constitution
5036:Conscription
5019:Governorates
4900:Halfaya Pass
4770:1954–present
4730:Constitution
4685:2010s Crisis
4597:World War II
4559:Urabi revolt
4476:Islamization
4460:
4410:31st Dynasty
4405:27th Dynasty
4300:
4280:
4257:
4230:
4210:
4186:
4166:
4140:
4114:
4076:
4068:
4048:
4039:
4034:
4025:
4019:
3992:
3986:
3959:
3926:
3923:
3915:
3903:
3896:Kennedy 2004
3891:
3879:
3872:Kennedy 2004
3867:
3855:
3848:Kennedy 2004
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3725:Kennedy 2004
3720:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3638:Kennedy 2004
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3530:Kennedy 2004
3525:
3518:Kennedy 1998
3513:
3506:Kennedy 1998
3501:
3494:Kennedy 1998
3489:
3482:Kennedy 1998
3477:
3470:Kennedy 1998
3465:
3458:Kennedy 1998
3453:
3441:
3434:Kennedy 1998
3429:
3407:Kennedy 1998
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3359:Kennedy 1998
3310:
3304:
3263:
3211:
3204:
3193:
3176:Berekeh and
3171:
3153:
3134:
3107:
3083:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3036:Mamluk Egypt
3018:Khwarezmians
3008:
2977:
2962:
2935:
2924:
2894:
2879:
2855:
2840:
2808:In 1049 the
2807:
2800:
2776:
2735:
2727:North Africa
2715:
2703:
2672:
2639:
2630:
2619:Please help
2614:verification
2611:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2557:
2512:Diyar Rabi'a
2499:
2479:
2461:
2449:
2435:
2426:al-Madhara'i
2413:
2408:
2396:
2381:
2375:
2351:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2261:
2239:
2230:
2202:
2198:
2175:Second Fitna
2152:
2136:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2110:Second Fitna
2105:
2101:
2094:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2039:asfal al-ard
2038:
2026:
2004:
1968:
1891:
1869:
1839:in 641-642,
1834:
1794:1921–present
1779:1900–present
1764:1868–present
1749:1833–present
1734:1810–present
1719:1783–present
1704:1775–present
1689:1761–present
1674:1752–present
1659:1749–present
1644:1744–present
1639:Saudi Arabia
1629:1727–present
1614:1727–present
1599:1631–present
609:300s–500s AD
443:1953–present
342:Early modern
244:
221:30 BC–641 AD
156:1550–1069 BC
146:1650–1550 BC
136:2055–1650 BC
126:2181–2055 BC
116:2686–2181 BC
106:3150–2686 BC
79:6000–3000 BC
5911:WikiProject
5672:Scientology
5542:LGBT rights
5464:Law schools
5248:Lighthouses
5191:Agriculture
4920:Mount Sinai
4880:Earthquakes
4680:Mubarak era
4651:Six-Day War
4641:Suez Crisis
4636:Land reform
4383:Prehistoric
4081:. pp.
3174:Circassians
3160:Black Death
3135:Due to the
3110:Hulagu Khan
3010:Najm al-Din
3002:during the
2869:as he lost
2841:During the
2836:Hashshashin
2825:Tughrul Beg
2686:Carmathians
2577:became the
2540:al-Mu'tadid
2516:Diyar Mudar
2508:al-Mu'tadid
2476:Khumarawayh
2454:al-Muwaffaq
2446:al-Mu'tamid
2431:Nile floods
2393:non-Muslims
2310:Upper Egypt
2280:al-Mu'tasim
2195:Abd al-Aziz
2155:First Fitna
2153:During the
2031:Lower Egypt
2023:Upper Egypt
1995:Constans II
1908:recaptured
1906:Najm al-Din
1881:, ruled by
1865:Lower Egypt
1841:Lower Egypt
1499:Pate Island
1472:East Africa
1265:Sulaymanids
1205:Ukhaidhirds
990:Sulaymanids
960:Muhallabids
865:Munqidhites
765:Shirvanshah
619:300s–602 AD
589:196–1100 AD
579:100s–241 AD
172:Late Period
166:1069–664 BC
152:New Kingdom
112:Old Kingdom
45:History of
5936:Categories
5823:Newspapers
5813:Mass media
5665:Synagogues
5633:Irreligion
5581:Literature
5576:Liberalism
5515:Healthcare
5417:Corruption
5100:Parliament
5031:Corruption
5026:Civil Code
4969:Suez Canal
4927:Nile Delta
4812:Alexandria
4782:Population
4777:Parliament
4745:Healthcare
4626:Nasser era
4400:Achaemenid
4375:Chronology
4062:5484005604
3740:Brett 2010
3686:Brett 2010
3650:Brett 2010
3602:Brett 2001
3578:Brett 2010
3554:Brett 2010
3542:Brett 2010
3320:0582405254
3273:9004100326
3248:References
3196:Timur Lenk
2832:Malik Shah
2736:Under the
2729:as far as
2583:al-Ikhshid
2536:Qarmatians
2389: 861
2367:Ikhshidids
2354:al-Mu'tazz
2183:Kharijites
2091:Mu'awiya I
2035:Nile Delta
1987:Alexandria
1983:Heliopolis
1920:under the
1785:Hashemites
1740:Al Maktoum
1710:Al Khalifa
1395:Upper Yafa
1385:Ya'arubids
1225:Qarmatians
1110:Sumadihids
599:220–638 AD
595:Ghassanids
201:332–310 BC
176:664–332 BC
5818:Magazines
5808:Egyptians
5643:Ahmadiyya
5554:Languages
5520:Hospitals
5454:Education
5321:Transport
5280:Aswan Dam
5208:Companies
5149:Terrorism
5115:President
5078:Massacres
5068:Judiciary
5046:Elections
4915:Mountains
4844:Geography
4822:Port Said
4765:1939–1954
4760:1928–1938
4715:Anarchism
4658:Sadat era
4602:Sultanate
4549:Khedivate
4449:Christian
4417:Ptolemaic
4011:144525826
3978:144525826
3337:cite book
3290:cite book
3124:captured
3030:Turanshah
2984:Al-Adil I
2920:Amalric I
2875:Venetians
2788:Jerusalem
2698:Palestine
2438:Saffarids
2401:al-Qata'i
2157:, Caliph
2033:with the
1979:Byzantine
1770:Al Sharqi
1725:Al Nuaimi
1695:Al Mualla
1684:Abu Dhabi
1680:Al Nahyan
1620:Al Qasimi
1605:Al Qasimi
1569:1860–1887
1559:1858–1895
1544:1856–1964
1534:1746–1828
1519:1277–1495
1504:1203–1894
1459:1926–1970
1449:1906–1934
1439:1903–1967
1429:1858–1967
1425:Qu'aitids
1419:1836–1921
1415:Rashidids
1409:1820–1970
1399:1800–1967
1389:1624–1742
1379:1597–1872
1369:1463–1521
1359:1454–1526
1349:1395–1967
1345:Kathirids
1339:1305–1487
1335:Jarwanids
1329:1253–1320
1319:1229–1454
1309:1159–1174
1299:1154–1624
1295:Nabhanids
1289:1083–1174
1279:1076–1253
1269:1063–1174
1259:1047–1138
1255:Sulayhids
1154:1837–1969
1150:Senussids
1144:1554–1659
1134:1230–1492
1124:1049–1078
1114:1041–1091
1104:1039–1110
1094:1031–1091
1090:Jawharids
1084:1027–1063
1080:Muzaynids
1074:1026–1057
1070:Hammudids
1064:1023–1062
1060:Yahsubids
1054:1023–1091
1044:1020–1086
1034:1013–1039
1024:1012–1051
1014:1004–1412
980:Aghlabids
909:1697–1842
899:1517–1865
889:1480–1677
879:1517–1697
869:1025–1157
859:1024–1080
855:Mirdasids
845:Numayrids
825:Jarrahids
815:Mazyadids
795:Hamdanids
785:Hashimids
745:Habbarids
735:Dulafids
585:Tanukhids
433:1922–1953
423:1914–1922
413:1882–1922
386:1867–1914
376:1805–1953
366:1798–1801
356:1517–1867
328:1250–1517
318:1171–1250
211:310–30 BC
5891:Category
5855:Olympics
5791:Football
5623:Hinduism
5591:Religion
5498:Feminism
5486:Families
5449:Diaspora
5412:Censuses
5402:Cannabis
5387:Abortion
5331:Airports
5326:Airlines
5302:Internet
5105:Passport
5083:Military
5056:Missions
5003:Politics
4984:Wildlife
4708:By topic
4621:Republic
4456:Sassanid
4278:(2004).
4252:(1998).
4135:(1998).
3329:55792252
3282:34515063
3236:See also
3226:Istanbul
3214:Ottomans
3014:Mameluks
2996:Al-Kamil
2988:Damietta
2901:Nureddin
2880:In 1153
2847:Ortokids
2843:Crusades
2792:Crusades
2749:Buwayhid
2706:al-Muizz
2690:Damascus
2579:de facto
2452:regent,
2450:de facto
2397:de facto
2327:Fatimids
2226:Abdallah
2218:Ifriqiya
2203:de facto
2191:Marwan I
2167:Umayyads
2143:Egyptian
2114:en masse
2073:(army).
2027:al-sa'id
1894:Ayyubids
1887:Fatimids
1879:Tulunids
1845:Rashidun
1774:Fujairah
1755:Al Thani
1665:Al Sabah
1554:Wituland
1489:896–1279
1445:Idrisids
1375:Qasimids
1355:Tahirids
1325:Usfurids
1315:Rasulids
1285:Zurayids
1249:968–1925
1235:Wajihids
1229:899–1077
1219:897–1962
1209:865–1066
1195:Yufirids
1189:819–1138
1185:Ziyadids
1179:751–1970
1120:Tahirids
1050:Abbadids
1030:Tujibids
1004:831–1091
970:Idrisids
954:756–1031
934:710–1019
930:Salihids
895:Harfushs
885:Turabays
849:990–1081
839:990–1096
835:Uqaylids
829:970–1107
819:961–1150
809:955–1071
805:Rawadids
799:890–1004
789:869–1075
769:861–1538
755:Kaysites
749:854–1011
719:736–1122
684:909–1171
680:Fatimids
674:750–1258
670:Abbasids
660:Umayyads
650:Rashidun
615:Lakhmids
605:Salihids
439:Republic
308:969–1171
36:a series
34:Part of
5921:Commons
5840:Museums
5784:regions
5752:Cuisine
5737:Castles
5709:Culture
5679:Smoking
5660:Judaism
5648:Mosques
5527:Housing
5474:Schools
5380:General
5369:Society
5309:Tourism
5238:Fishing
5196:Banking
5180:Economy
4905:Islands
4895:Geology
4890:Fossils
4875:Deserts
4870:Climate
4860:Borders
4806:By city
4792:Saladin
4740:Genetic
4720:Capital
4607:Kingdom
4522:Ottoman
4388:Ancient
4363:History
4209:(ed.).
4165:(ed.).
4103:Sources
3932:159–161
3218:Selim I
3149:mosques
3141:Baghdad
3137:sacking
3118:Baybars
3112:at the
3103:Mongols
2990:in the
2973:Karaksh
2931:Saladin
2927:Shirkuh
2909:Shirkuh
2803:library
2741:al-Aziz
2731:Tangier
2701:Syria.
2568:919–921
2564:914–915
2560:Fatimid
2544:Shayban
2532:Rabi'ah
2486:sermons
2463:Thughūr
2458:Cilicia
2414:ghilmān
2369:to the
2273:Baghdad
2264:Abbasid
2244:Bilbeis
2206:viceroy
2098:al-jund
2007:Babylon
1914:Mamluks
1875:Abbasid
1849:Umayyad
1714:Bahrain
1650:Al Said
1635:Al Saud
1624:Sharjah
1594:Morocco
1590:'Alawis
1529:Mombasa
1365:Jabrids
1305:Mahdids
1275:Uyunids
1239:926–965
1215:Rassids
1199:847–997
1140:Saadids
1130:Nasrids
1040:Amirids
1020:Bakrids
1010:Kanzids
994:814–922
984:800–909
974:788–974
964:771–793
944:745-757
905:Shihabs
875:Ma'nids
779:864–928
775:Alavids
759:860–964
739:840–897
729:824–961
709:654–884
664:661–750
654:632–661
298:935–969
288:868–905
278:750–935
268:661–750
258:641–661
231:619–629
5901:Portal
5742:Cinema
5596:Baháʼí
5510:Health
5258:Mining
5228:Energy
4952:Rivers
4865:Cities
4787:Postal
4568:Modern
4513:Mamluk
4471:Fustat
4461:Muslim
4393:topics
4351:topics
4307:
4288:
4264:
4238:
4217:
4194:
4173:
4147:
4121:
4089:
4060:
4009:
3999:
3976:
3966:
3938:
3327:
3317:
3280:
3270:
3206:Plague
3200:Cyprus
3178:Barkuk
2980:Othman
2965:sultan
2897:Shawar
2886:Usamah
2862:Tinnis
2829:Seljuk
2822:Seljuk
2753:Aleppo
2738:vizier
2723:Medina
2711:Shiism
2692:under
2682:mosque
2468:Tarsus
2409:ghulām
2358:Bakbak
2043:Uthman
2029:) and
2015:Helwan
2011:Fustat
1962:
1956:
1950:
1789:Jordan
1669:Kuwait
1100:Hudids
38:on the
5845:Music
5828:Radio
5769:Films
5699:Women
5653:Niqāb
5638:Islam
5422:Crime
5263:Mines
4979:Wadis
4937:Oases
4910:Lakes
4855:Biota
4817:Cairo
4735:Copts
4544:Nahda
4434:Roman
4349:Egypt
3222:power
3130:Cairo
3099:Qutuz
3087:Aybak
3024:(the
2905:Kurds
2818:Yemen
2814:Sunni
2810:Zirid
2772:Cairo
2719:Mecca
2678:Cairo
2524:Jaysh
2481:jihād
2472:Abbas
2460:(the
2382:ʿāmil
2347:Cairo
2306:Aswan
2296:ʿaṭāʾ
2292:diwān
2288:ʿaṭāʾ
2138:nomoi
2133:Islam
2129:Copts
2121:Jizya
2102:ʿaṭāʾ
2096:diwān
2054:ribat
2019:Askar
1898:Cairo
1871:Egypt
1861:Upper
1857:Askar
1759:Qatar
1744:Dubai
1729:Ajman
1514:Kilwa
1484:Shewa
344:Egypt
47:Egypt
5779:list
5774:Flag
5762:Wine
5757:Beer
5437:Rape
5132:list
5120:list
4957:Nile
4750:Jews
4305:ISBN
4286:ISBN
4262:ISBN
4236:ISBN
4215:ISBN
4192:ISBN
4171:ISBN
4145:ISBN
4119:ISBN
4087:ISBN
4085:–3.
4058:ISBN
4007:OCLC
3997:ISBN
3974:OCLC
3964:ISBN
3936:ISBN
3343:link
3325:OCLC
3315:ISBN
3296:link
3278:OCLC
3268:ISBN
3126:Acre
2955:The
2871:Tyre
2796:Jews
2766:The
2757:Iraq
2721:and
2566:and
2514:and
2322:Alid
2284:jund
2262:The
2240:jund
2199:jund
2106:jund
2086:Qays
2078:jund
2070:jund
2059:wāli
2048:wāli
1971:Umar
1863:and
1654:Oman
4083:511
4052:by
4042:by
3224:to
3139:of
2786:in
2688:of
2623:by
2373:.
2345:in
2159:Ali
2131:to
5938::
5833:TV
4005:.
3972:.
3950:^
3934:.
3732:^
3705:^
3414:^
3351:^
3339:}}
3335:{{
3323:.
3292:}}
3288:{{
3276:.
3255:^
3232:.
3202:.
3105:.
2975:.
2877:.
2733:.
2570:.
2386:c.
2177:,
1924:.
4341:e
4334:t
4327:v
4313:.
4294:.
4270:.
4244:.
4223:.
4200:.
4179:.
4153:.
4127:.
4095:.
4013:.
3980:.
3944:.
3345:)
3331:.
3298:)
3284:.
2709:(
2646:)
2640:(
2635:)
2631:(
2617:.
2037:(
2025:(
1824:e
1817:t
1810:v
1791:)
1787:(
1776:)
1772:(
1761:)
1757:(
1746:)
1742:(
1731:)
1727:(
1716:)
1712:(
1701:)
1697:(
1686:)
1682:(
1671:)
1667:(
1656:)
1652:(
1641:)
1637:(
1626:)
1622:(
1611:)
1607:(
1596:)
1592:(
1556:)
1552:(
1531:)
1527:(
1516:)
1512:(
1501:)
1497:(
1486:)
1482:(
487:e
480:t
473:v
20:)
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