205:-Italian immigrant, Francesco Beltrami, himself the first recorded builder in the town. Mar del Plata's initial success aside, the richest of Argentina's very rich continued to make their regular pilgrimages to Europe. It took the outbreak of war in Europe to dampen Argentine enthusiasm for the journey across the Atlantic and to establish the town as an exclusive tourist destination. Indeed, the building industry also began in this period, in order to satisfy the demands of the new resort. The different guilds were led mostly by residents originally from Northern Italy, but the next generation included people of Spaniard and Southern Italian stock.
266:
912:
670:
146:
17:
313:
536:
868:. The new situation was also felt in Mar del Plata. The local economy grew for the first time in years and the renewed touristic offer attracted investment, reviving the ailing market and consumers confidence. International events and conventions returned to the city, triggering the remodeling of public spaces. The
388:, Brazil. Like in the 1930s, the growth took place during a period of political turmoil. Peronism was proscribed by the military, but there were some constitutional intervals, all of them dominated by the Socialists at local level. It was certainly one of the most successful decades in Mar del Plata's history.
174:
852:
rate harmed the city's investments, with the subsequent social crisis. For the first time in its history, Mar del Plata saw emigration and some pockets of extreme poverty in the environs of the city. But even in such a deep crisis, the
Radicals, identified with the mid-classes, kept firmly in charge
761:
missiles threat. The Sea
Harriers ground-attack operations were conducted from high altitude from the rest of the conflict, and it was not until the arrival of the first GR3 Harriers that limited low level missions were launched, most of them in close air support role, or against high-value targets,
509:
Regime's prominent figures, but according to
Canadian historian Ronald C. Newton, this proved to be just a legend born largely before the surrender of any German unit in Argentina. Both commanders were interrogated about the landing of personnel before the surrender, with a young Argentine sailor of
436:
of all operational U-boats. Facing these conflicting reports, he decided instead to continue on a southern course, finally reaching the
Argentine coast during the early days of July. Unlike the usual procedures of the German military, the decision was taken by consensus. Before entering port to
165:
merchant, had the idea of turning the growing town into a
European-style bathing resort three years later. As the railway began to expand into the province, previously isolated settlements became accessible to visitors from the capital; the first passenger train arrived here from Buenos Aires in
774:
to Mar del Plata in
October 1981. Both forces would operate together during the conflict in the defence of Stanley airport, renamed BAM Malvinas by the Argentines and Goose Green airstrip, designated BAM Cóndor (Cóndor Military Air Base). The Air Force group was reinforced with personnel from
498:, the crew were allowed to vote on their fate. The married personnel opted for return and landed in Norway; the other seamen decided to make the long and dangerous trip to Argentina. After sailing for more than 100 days, Schaeffer had the Argentine coast on sight. On August 22,
308:
Mayors imposed by the provincial
Governor. None of the Peronist Mayors elected by vote completed his term in office in this nine-year period. On the other hand, the social changes promoted by Perón boosted Mar del Plata's economy and middle class as never before.
383:
If the 1950s were years of economic boom for Mar del Plata, the 1960s saw a skyrocketing development of the building industry, which reached the peak of its activity. The rate of construction per square feet was the highest in the world, surpassing even that of
639:) made their appearance in these decades. By contrast, these years marked the taking-off for the fishing industry and the birth of metal-mechanics factories. The Nacional University was also founded in 1975. In 1978, the town hosted some matches for the
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843:
and sold all the obsolete companies belonging to the
Federal Government. The first years of his mandate brought some prosperity to the Argentine middle-class, and there was a rebirth of mass tourism for Mar del Plata. But the
422:, the boat received a clear message ordering the surrender at the nearest Allied base. The situation looked suspicious to the confused Vermouth, who just a couple of hours before had heard on the wireless station the codename
200:
started the first fishing activities in the 1890s, although the port of Mar del Plata would only be built in 1916 by a French company. The project was designed and directed by the local engineer
Federico Beltrami, son of a
338:
remained loyal to the
Government. The naval base outskirts and some points of the city were subjected to heavy shelling from the sea, before the loyalist forces could be dispersed. The action was carried out by the
300:, even if elected by overwhelming popular vote, kept some of the Conservative hegemonic practices. This was especially noted in Mar del Plata, where the internal disputes inside the party led to a succession of
473:
was boarded and towed to the military docks. Unlike Vermouth, Schaeffer released his U-boat intact, giving up to the Naval Authorities codebooks, code machines, guns and torpedoes, as a goodwill gesture.
603:
From a wide point of view, the Second World War was an opportunity for the port of Mar del Plata to increase its commercial activities and for its incipient fishing industry to export much-needed
117:
and led by Captain Juan Antonio Hernández, with the help of friendly natives, defeated a group of Tehuelches who had been harassing and plundering a number of farms and hamlets beyond the
745:(GADA 601), its permanent headquarters located north of Mar del Plata, was responsible for the troops anti-aircraft defense. They claim the shootdown of four British aircraft (two
528:
left no extra time for the boats to have executed any suspicious activities before reaching Mar del Plata. The German sailors and the submarines were eventually turned over to the
565:
with the mission of infiltrating two fully equipped spies in Argentina and to repatriate another three. The operation was a complete success, and the Allies only learned about
547:
This episode was not the only World War II affair involving Mar del Plata. A less well-known German landing had taken place the year before: early on July 3, 1944 the
289:. Mass tourism began to arrive in this decade, helped by improved roads, but it took off in the 1940s and 1950s, when the development of union-run hotels under the
631:
and crisis that discouraged the middle-class from investing in Mar del Plata. As a result of internal immigration from depressed regions of the country, the first
215:
This social background increased the tensions between the elite and the established population. The political intervention of the central power, held by the
853:
of the local Government. The Peronism was succeeded by an Alliance between the Radicals and other moderate leftist parties in the central power in 1999.
1243:
109:, some 8 miles (13 km) west of the modern city, but it was abandoned after a series of northern Tehuelches attacks, led by native chieftain
607:
to Allied countries. During the war Mar del Plata, like all of Argentina, suffered from a severe shortage of materials such as fuel and metals.
330:, a combined military and civilian uprising, overthrew Perón on September 16, 1955. In Mar del Plata, as in other places of the country, the
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714:
1471:
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Thirteen personnel from Mar del Plata lost their lives in the conflict, among them the first Argentine casualty of the war, Captain
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Hotel- in 1888 was a great occasion for the Buenos Aires elite, many of whom travelled down for the opening on an overnight train.
1188:
965:
558:, then an area with extensive sand dunes, some 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of the port. The vessel had been chartered by the
208:
In the late 1920s wealthy Argentine families began to build chalets and mansions near Bristol Hotel, and spent their days at the
414:, Norway, on March 3, with a complement of 54 men, under the command of 24-year-old Otto Vermouth. After a failed attack on an
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814:
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125:, where 102 Tehuelches were ambushed and killed. In 1772 another Spanish expedition commanded by Captain Pedro Pablo Pabón
805:, one of the commanders of the elite troops that seized Port Stanley. A memorial was erected to commemorate them in 1986.
795:
687:) from Mar del Plata's Naval Base forced the surrender of the Naval Party 8901 and the British Governor of the Islands,
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is an example of the latter. The Summit took place on November 3 and November 6, 2005. The meeting of 34 countries in
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s 31-man complement was transported to the capital. There was speculation about the submarine carrying some of the
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90:'s expedition, lived through a ten-month ordeal before being decimated and captured by the nomadic tribe of the
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surrender to the Argentine authorities Vermouth threw overboard the codes and code machines, and discarded the
400:, a fishing boat leaving the port of Mar del Plata was surprised by coming upon a rusty German submarine. This
53:
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453:. The crew was immediately interned by presidential decree and taken by bus to Buenos Aires. On August 17 the
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87:
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167:
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Diario que el capitán, don Juan Antonio Hernández ha hecho, de la expedición contra los indios teguelches
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militant organizations' campaign and the brutal overreaction of the armed forces, resulting in 10–30,000
813:
The Socialists were replaced by the Radicals as the main political force in the 1983 election, after the
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The 1970s and 1980s showed some decline. Newer resorts became more and more attractive for so-called
581:, in neutral Spain. Another World War II related action was the interception of the German steamer
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across the country, well over 200 of them in Mar del Plata alone. After the resigning of President
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The Argentine submarines, also based at the naval docks, saw some action too; one of them, the old
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in all levels of Government, including the local one. Although unpopular and fraudulent, this old
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68:) explored the area by land, and paid tribute to the beautiful landscape by describing it as a
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tourism, and the high-profile visitors of the past shifted their attention to the beaches of
478:, launched in 1942, had been damaged on her maiden trip by collision and spent her days as a
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and Brazil. The success of each summer season hinged on the financial fluctuations of the
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The first European navigator to visit the beaches and cliffs of what one day would become
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817:, when a military dictatorship ruled the country. The city had been affected by both the
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and torpedoes. The boat had been launched in 1941, and in 1943 had sunk the freighter
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landings prevented the return to France, and the sloop delivered her passengers to
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in Argentina's history took place on September 6, 1930, restoring the conservative
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the area. The region was not populated again by Europeans until 1856, when a meat-
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September 1886. The subsequent opening of the town's first hotel - the luxurious
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brought some progress and investment to an ailing country in the climax of the
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amid a financial quagmire in 1989, the Peronists returned to power. President
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The railroad also paved the way to the arrival of European immigrants, mainly
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72:(a very elegant shore). This is today one of the city's favourite mottos.
1382:. Published by the Municipality of Gral. Pueyrredón, Mar del Plata, 1964.
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Workers of Mar del Plata during a march for the Saturday half-day holiday
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put the city within the reach of Argentina's middle and working classes.
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entrepreneur Coelho de Meirelles, and a stable population settled there.
41:
1400:. The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, 1992.
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770:(1st Group of Antiaircraft Artillery) which had been transferred from
376:) evacuated non-essential personnel from the base, the latter running
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beach. They would live in Mar del Plata from November until Easter.
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made a huge reform of the Economy, established a parity between the
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in the main article about Mar del Plata), an audacious shift in the
105:'s mission was established on the northwestern shore of what is now
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Unless otherwise indicated, all the sources are written in Spanish.
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324:, corruption and mismanagement reached the point of no return. The
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like artillery and radars. The army's group was supported by an
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influence over local affairs. The following moves brought the
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Los trabajadores de Mar del Plata en vísperas del peronismo
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Army and Navy groups based in the town participated in the
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113:. On 15 November 1770 a punitive expedition departing from
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and armed with two twin Oerlikon 35 mm cannons, also
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36 hours after sailing from Mar del Plata with a cargo of
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Party, in the Municipality's institutions prompted a 1911
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The town was founded on February 10, 1874 by governmental
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However, after the unpopular administration of President
368:), the latter inside the port itself. Two fishing boats (
180:, first Socialist Mayor of Mar del Plata, elected in 1919
140:
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met the support landing party at a point known today as
535:
1244:
Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana
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A small detachment (34 men) from GADA 601, deployed in
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on July 23, 1941. The vessel was scuttled by her crew.
1233:
The Royal New Zealand Navy: The Cruise of the Leander
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several months later. The sailboat had departed from
245:. The national Government was also taken over by the
225:
from some residents seeking to diminish the national
56:. Just four years later, the Spanish Governor of the
907:
702:, prompted the build-up of an Argentine garrison in
121:. The battle took place at the Vulcan Heights, near
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738:harassed the British task force for several days.
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1103:
673:Malvinas-Falklands war memorial at Mar del Plata
794:, May 28, inflicting several casualties to the
664:Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur
392:The last U-boats and other World War II stories
94:, who eventually handed them to the Spaniards.
1398:The Nazi menace in Argentina (1937–1947)
1426:La Neutralidad Argentina en la Segunda Guerra
1043:Historical Materials from Southern Patagonia
260:
52:in Spanish) around the cape today known as
539:An Argentine Navy boarding party inspects
1021:Historia de Mar del Plata: Descubrimiento
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486:. Schaeffer learned about the death of
862:a period of riots and Institutional mess
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554:anchored a few yards off the coast near
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44:of his time, due to the large colony of
15:
510:German ancestry acting as interpreter.
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1104:McCloskey, Erin; Burford, Tim (2006),
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650:was specially built for the occasion.
611:Crisis and recovery (1970–2000s)
449:, and torpedoed and damaged the oiler
141:Foundation and development (1874–1930)
1389:. Taller de Impressiones Oficiales,
808:
1442:Editorial Tiempo Contemporáneo, 1970
1387:Orígenes Históricos de Mar del Plata
1282:. Naval Institute Press, pp. 18-19.
1110:, Bradt Travel Guides, p. 126,
653:
1204:Appendix 18 - The "Jolle" Operation
396:On July 10, 1945, two months after
13:
1375:newspaper: 1955, 1980, 1985, 2005.
1202:Hyperwar: Battle of the Atlantic,
1189:Lobos Grises con bandera argentina
880:and a series of exchanges between
815:Proceso de Reorganización Nacional
798:before surrendering the next day.
14:
1483:
1440:Mar del Plata: el ocio represivo.
1107:Argentina: The Bradt Travel Guide
954:According to Allied sources, the
1472:Histories of cities in Argentina
1055:Avance Militar contra los Indios
910:
743:Antiaircraft Artillery Group 601
490:a few days after departing from
192:and French. Among the Italians,
161:. It is said that Pedro Luro, a
20:Paseo General Paz, February 1904
1380:Mar del Plata, Reseña Histórica
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896:Free Trade Area of the Americas
768:Grupo 1 de Artillería Antiaérea
428:(rainbow), imparted by Admiral
36:voyage. He introduced the name
1302:Naval Institute Press, p. 13.
1300:Harrier II: validating V/STOL.
1223:Newton, Ronald C., pp. 260-261
1170:Mar del Plata, balcón nacional
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993:), a resort area southwest of
710:by the Argentine Government).
432:, which ordered the immediate
269:Tourists at the beach, c. 1930
1:
1419:Biblioteca Política Argentina
1320:"www.mardelplata-ayer.com.ar"
1004:
931:Argentina during World War II
870:Fourth Summit of the Americas
334:supported the rebels and the
1449:. Manrique Zago Ed., 1997. (
646:organized by Argentina. The
524:and the fuel consumption of
7:
1421:series, Buenos Aires, 1993.
903:
848:, along with an increasing
573:, France, on April 16. The
10:
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1360:
1138:magazine, issue 438, 2004
894:centering on the proposed
876:was marked by large-scale
648:Stadium José Maria Minella
1391:Provincia de Buenos Aires
1214:Newton, Ronald C., p. 260
255:President of the Republic
97:In 1746, by order of the
1447:Mar del Plata, Argentina
1428:. Emecé Editores, 1997.
1371:Anniversary Editions of
1354:Ruiz Moreno, pp. 141-142
995:Punta Mogotes lighthouse
941:
691:, on April 2 that year (
666:) of 1982 with Britain.
261:Mass tourism (1930–1970)
1344:BBC news, 17 April 2001
585:by the British cruiser
157:, and by initiative of
1424:Ruiz Moreno, Isidoro:
698:The British reaction,
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465:and the submarine ARA
455:German submarine U-977
327:Revolución Libertadora
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233:to power in 1919 (see
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159:Patricio Peralta Ramos
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133:facility was built by
21:
1385:Gascón, Julio César:
1298:Nordeen, Lon (2007).
981:38.10667°S 57.57000°W
792:Battle of Goose Green
726:South Georgia Islands
672:
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79:, eight survivors of
19:
1438:Sebreli, Juan José:
1378:Barili, Roberto T.:
1280:The one hundred days
1176:, 24 November 2002
986:-38.10667; -57.57000
926:History of Argentina
882:Venezuelan President
123:Sierra de los Padres
107:Laguna de los Padres
75:In 1742, during the
1396:Newton, Ronald C.:
1150:Barili, pp. 324-326
977: /
960:"El Balcón del Sur"
764:Argentine Air Force
728:. Another one, the
700:Operation Corporate
644:FIFA World Cup 1978
320:But allegations of
247:Radical Civic Union
149:Bristol Hotel, 1907
77:War of Jenkins' Ear
64:(second founder of
1413:Pastoriza, Elisa:
1263:2006-10-10 at the
1027:2011-05-31 at the
858:Fernando De la Rua
809:Democratic process
796:2nd Para battalion
755:Oerlikon Contraves
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627:, amid periods of
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530:United States Navy
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1451:Bilingual Edition
1117:978-1-84162-138-8
1094:Gascón, pp. 85-86
788:played a key role
751:RAF GR.3 Harriers
693:Operation Rosario
679:Comandos Anfibios
654:The Falklands War
641:football (soccer)
561:Sicherheitsdienst
251:Hipólito Yrigoyen
241:of the Argentine
30:Sir Francis Drake
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287:Great Depression
239:summer residence
178:Teodoro Bronzini
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34:circumnavigation
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1085:Gascón, p. 32
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275:military coup
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210:Playa Bristol
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88:Admiral Anson
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63:
62:Juan de Garay
59:
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27:
26:Mar del Plata
18:
1450:
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1418:
1414:
1409:(in English)
1397:
1386:
1379:
1372:
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1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1314:
1299:
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1271:
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1247:(in Spanish)
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1228:
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1210:
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1192:(in Spanish)
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1178:(in Spanish)
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1140:(in Spanish)
1135:
1131:
1121:, retrieved
1106:
1099:
1090:
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1075:(in Spanish)
1070:
1065:
1059:(in Spanish)
1054:
1049:
1038:
1032:(in Spanish)
1020:
955:
950:
936:Wager Mutiny
900:
874:the Americas
855:
833:Carlos Menem
822:
812:
800:
781:
777:Río Gallegos
767:
747:Sea Harriers
740:
734:
720:
712:
707:
697:
681:
676:
657:
637:shanty towns
632:
616:
614:
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588:
582:
566:
560:
551:
546:
540:
525:
514:
513:Analysis of
512:
499:
495:
488:Adolf Hitler
475:
470:
466:
462:
450:
446:
442:
423:
412:Kristiansand
406:
395:
382:
373:
370:Miguel Angel
369:
364:
358:
345:
325:
319:
302:Comisionados
301:
282:
272:
242:
238:
220:
217:Conservative
214:
207:
183:
152:
119:Salado River
103:Jesuit Order
96:
82:
74:
69:
66:Buenos Aires
50:lobos de mar
49:
37:
32:in his 1577
23:
984: /
885:Hugo Chávez
784:Port Darwin
617:alternative
543:, July 1945
480:school ship
459:minesweeper
451:Chapultepec
430:Karl Dönitz
418:convoy off
243:aristocracy
58:River Plate
42:cartography
1461:Categories
1373:La Capital
1330:2012-10-14
1123:2016-08-09
1005:References
972:57°34′12″W
969:38°06′24″S
662:(Spanish:
598:molybdenum
494:. As with
425:Regenbogen
351:destroyers
294:presidency
273:The first
235:Government
231:Socialists
222:Manifiesto
198:Calabrians
135:Portuguese
92:Tehuelches
86:, part of
38:Cape Lobos
1174:La Nación
757:guns and
733:ARA
719:ARA
706:(renamed
629:inflation
589:Newcastle
587:HMS
434:scuttling
386:São Paulo
363:HMS
359:Republica
344:ARA
283:new order
253:becoming
227:oligarchy
194:Sicilians
190:Spaniards
81:HMS
46:sea lions
1278:(1997).
1261:Archived
1025:Archived
904:See also
887:and the
878:protests
839:and the
749:and two
735:San Luis
730:Type 209
721:Santa Fe
689:Rex Hunt
625:currency
594:tungsten
583:Erlangen
571:Arcachon
374:Corsario
361:(former
355:corvette
353:and the
322:populism
306:de facto
298:Peronism
279:hegemony
186:Italians
127:surveyed
111:Cangapol
1393:, 1942.
1361:Sources
850:jobless
819:leftist
790:in the
717:-class
715:'Guppy'
704:Stanley
621:Uruguay
482:in the
398:V-E day
378:aground
341:cruiser
168:Bristol
131:salting
40:in the
1432:
1404:
1306:
1286:
1114:
860:, and
841:Dollar
772:Tandil
759:Roland
484:Baltic
447:Sunoil
416:Allied
402:U-boat
365:Smilax
163:Basque
155:decree
60:, Don
942:Notes
575:D-Day
541:U-530
526:U-530
518:'
515:U-977
503:'
500:U-977
496:U-530
476:U-977
471:U-977
467:Salta
443:Milos
407:U-530
291:Perón
203:Swiss
115:Luján
83:Wager
1430:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1112:ISBN
837:Peso
741:The
596:and
579:Vigo
563:(SD)
549:yawl
507:Nazi
492:Kiel
461:ARA
372:and
357:ARA
336:Army
332:Navy
196:and
101:, a
28:was
695:).
682:and
522:log
1463::
1453:).
1417:.
1012:^
898:.
779:.
520:s
469:.
463:Py
404:,
304:;
257:.
188:,
1333:.
997:.
962:(
635:(
532:.
48:(
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