713:
was central to how he defined psychopathy, whereas neither were mentioned in Hare's list. Hare also left out mention of suicidality being rarely completed and behavior with alcohol. Moreover, while
Cleckley only listed "inadequately motivated antisocial behavior", Hare turned this into an array of specific antisocial behaviors covering a person's whole life, including juvenile delinquency, parasitic lifestyle, poor behavioural controls, and criminal versatility. Blackburn has noted that overall Hare's checklist is closer to the criminological concept of the McCords than that of Cleckley. Hare himself, while noting his promotion of Cleckley's work for four decades, would subsequently distance himself from it to some extent.
550:): antisocial, dyssocial, sexual and addiction. The antisocial reaction was said to include "individuals who are chronically in trouble and do not seem to change as a result of experience or punishment, with no loyalties to anyone", as well as being frequently callous and lacking responsibility, with an ability to 'rationalize' their behaviour. The dyssocial reaction was for "individuals who disregard societal rules, although they are capable of strong loyalties to others or groups." Although the sociopathy category was very broad by today's definitions, the DSM-I itself pointed out that it was more specific and limited than the then current notions of 'constitutional psychopathic state' or 'psychopathic personality'.
637:. This was still described in similar terms as the DSM-I's category, for individuals who are "basically unsocialized", in repeated conflicts with society, incapable of significant loyalty, selfish, irresponsible, unable to feel guilt or learn from prior experiences, and tend to blame others and rationalise. It warned that a history of legal or social offenses was not by itself enough to justify the diagnosis and that a 'group delinquent reaction' of childhood or adolescence or 'social maladjustment without manifest psychiatric disorder' should be ruled out first. The dyssocial type from the DSM-I was relegated, though would resurface as the main diagnosis in the ICD manual of the
265:
Bezak, a married policeman, though she soon recanted and changed her confession. Semenova was found not guilty following testimony from eminent
Russian psychiatrist Prof Ivan M. Balinsky, who described her as a psychopath, still then a very general term. Dictionaries to this day note this as the first use of the noun, via British or American articles which had suggested a known murderer had been released and in some cases that psychopaths should be immediately hanged.
181:. Generally Prichard referred more to eccentric behaviour than, as had Pinel, out of control passions. Prichard's diagnosis came into widespread use in Europe for several decades. None of these concepts are comparable to current specific constructs of psychopathy, or even to the broader category of personality disorders. Moreover, "moral" did not necessarily refer at that time to morality but to the psychological or emotional faculties.
35:, along with a wide variety of other conditions now otherwise classified. Through the early 20th century this and other terms such as 'constitutional (inborn) psychopaths' or 'psychopathic personalities', were used very broadly to cover anyone who violated legal or moral expectations or was considered inherently socially undesirable in some way.
580:-less man beneath a mask of normality, caught the public imagination around this time. It also became increasingly influential in psychiatric circles. It later fell out of favor for some time, however, such that when he died in 1984 he was better remembered for a vivid case study of a female patient published in 1956, turned into a movie
351:
defining it as ‘those abnormal personalities who suffer from their abnormality or from whose abnormality society suffers.’ In a similar vein, Birnbaum, a biological psychiatrist, suggested from 1909 a concept similar to sociopathy, implying the social environment could determine whether dispositions became criminal or not.
528:
to some extent. At the same time, however, in
America and other countries the concept became increasingly prominent, used to categorise allied soldiers as fit or unfit for duty or on return to society, or, conversely, in the more specific sinister sense of the term, as a way to explain the actions of
148:
described without moral judgment patients who appeared mentally unimpaired but who nonetheless engaged in impulsive and self-defeating acts. He described this as insanity without confusion/delusion (manie sans délire), or rational insanity (la folie raisonnante), and his anecdotes generally described
484:
in a locked institution. The title refers to the "mask" of normal functioning that
Cleckley thought concealed the disorganization, amorality and disorder of the psychopathic personality. This marked the start in America of the current clinical and popularist conception of psychopathy as a particular
766:
The DSM-5 published in 2013 had criteria for an overall diagnosis of
Antisocial (Dissocial) Personality Disorder similar to DSM-IV, still noting that it has also been known as psychopathy or sociopathy. In an 'alternative model' suggested at the end of the manual, there is an optional specifier for
617:
in
England, a new category of 'Psychopathic Personality' was added in 1959, renamed Psychopathic Disorder in 1983 (then in 2007 removed entirely). This was a legal subcategory in addition to 'mental illness' which did not equate to any one psychiatric diagnosis but covered anyone with "a persistent
775:
One exhaustive analysis by a
Canadian psychologist describes the various lines of work as 'a psychopathy project' attempting to establish psychopathy as an object of science. Overall this was found to have suffered from 'a number of serious logical confusions and deliberate mischaracterizations of
712:
Revised and finalising it as a first edition in 1991, updated with extra data in a 2nd edition in 2003. Hare's list differed from
Cleckley's not just in rewordings and introducing quantitative scores for each point. Cleckley had required an absence of delusions and an absence of nervousness, which
648:
wrote about 'The
Psychopathic Racial Personality', in which he suggested that negative aspects of the overall behavior of white peoples towards non-white peoples could be understood by seeing the former as displaying psychopathic traits – involving predatory behavior and senseless destruction
264:
shop in which she worked and where her body was found, a retired military man Mr
Mironovich, was eventually convicted on circumstantial evidence and imprisoned. In the meantime, however, a Ms Semenova had handed herself in saying she had killed Becker while trying to steal jewellery with her lover
350:
developed categorisation schemes under the heading 'psychopathic personality', only some subtypes of which were thought to have particular links to antisocial behaviour. Schneider in particular advanced the term and tried to formulate it in less judgemental terms than Kraepelin, though infamously
359:
spheres associated with episodic disturbances which did not fit into the established categories of psychosis: "The type of behavior disorder, the social reactions, the trends of interests, etc., which the psychopathic inferior may show give special features to many cases, e. g., criminal traits,
272:
first published on his concept of "psychopathic inferiority" (psychopathische Minderwertigkeiten), which would become influential domestically and internationally. He used it to refer to various kinds of dysfunction or strange conduct noted in patients in the absence of obvious mental illness or
437:
influentially narrowed the definition of psychopathy to antisocial personality, and from 1930 suggested that a more apt name for it would be sociopathy. He suggested that anyone, and indeed groups of people acting together, could be considered sociopathic at times, but that sociopaths – or
1325:
2011: Psychopath: 1885 Pall Mall G. 21 Jan. Psychopathy...We give M. Balinsky's explanation of the new malady. ‘The psychopath‥is a type which has only recently come under the notice of medical science.‥ Beside his own person and his own interests, nothing is sacred to the psychopath’. Article
89:, the term Kunlangeta might be applied to "a man who… repeatedly lies and cheats and steals things and does not go hunting and, when the other men are out of the village, raping many women—someone who does not pay attention to reprimands and who is always brought to the elders for punishment."
454:
published in 1939 a theory of "psychopathic states" which, although he described different types and unusually suggested that psychopaths might not all be criminals, included a violently antisocial type which ended up contributing to that being the popular meaning of the term. In the 1940s a
50:
psychiatrist and especially checklists popularized by an American psychiatrist and later a Canadian psychologist. Psychopathy became defined in these quarters as a constellation of personality traits allegedly associated with immorality, criminality, or in some cases socioeconomic success.
49:
and was originally intended as an alternative term to indicate that the defining feature was a pervasive failure to adhere to societal norms in a way that could harm others. The term psychopathy also gradually narrowed to the latter sense, based on interpretations of the work of a Scottish
564:
psychopathy where there was no obvious psychological cause, concluding that the former could not be attributed to a psychopathic personality and that the latter appeared so absent of any redeeming features that it couldn't be seen as a personality issue either but must be a constitutional
153:
wrote in 1812 about individuals with an apparent "perversion of the moral faculties", which he saw as a sign of innate defective organization. He also saw such people as objects of compassion whose mental alienation could be helped, even if that was in prison or what he referred to as the
306:, who had previously included a section on moral insanity in his psychiatric classification scheme, was by 1904 referring to specific psychopathic subtypes all involving antisocial, criminal or dissocial behaviour, including: born criminals (inborn delinquents), liars and swindlers,
480:, first published in 1941 and with revised editions for several decades, is considered a seminal work which provided a vivid series of case studies of individuals described as psychopaths. Cleckley proposed 16 characteristics of psychopathy, derived mainly from his work with male
800:
project" to use rationality and technology to deal with problems in human life and society. A Scottish sociologist of biomedical ethics has suggested that the DSM's attempt to develop different standards for Antisocial Personality Disorder have been limited and modified by
666:. Produced for initial circulation in 1980, it was based largely on the list of traits advanced by Cleckley and partly on the theories of other authors and on his own experiences with clients in prisons. Meanwhile, a DSM-III task force instead developed the diagnosis of
143:
Psychiatric concepts began to develop in the early 19th century which to some extent fed into the use of the term psychopathy from the late 19th century, when that term still had a different and far broader meaning than today. In 1801, French psychiatrist
716:
Meanwhile, following some criticism over the lack of psychological criteria in the DSM, further studies were conducted leading up the DSM-IV in 1994 and some personality criteria were included as "associated features" which were outlined in the text. The
354:
From 1917 a forerunner to later diagnostic manuals, called the Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane, included a category of 'psychoses with constitutional psychopathic inferiority'. This covered abnormalities in the emotional and
259:
The use of the term in a criminological context was popularised by a high-profile legal case in Russia between 1883 and 1885, concerning the murder of a girl who had previously lived in Britain for some time, Sarah Becker (Sarra Bekker). The owner of the
652:
There remained no international clinical agreement on the diagnosis of psychopathy. A 1977 study found little relationship with the characteristics commonly attributed to psychopaths and concluded that the concept was being used too widely and loosely.
485:
type of antisocial, emotionless and criminal character. Cleckley would produce five editions of the book over subsequent decades, including a substantial revision in 1950, expanding his case studies and theories to more non-prisoners and non-criminals.
285:
and acquired types. Habitual criminality was only a small part of his concept but the German public soon used the shortened version "inferiors" to refer to anyone supposedly suffering from an inherent ('constitutional') disposition toward crime.
657:
had published a book in 1970 summarizing research on psychopathy, and was subsequently at the forefront of psychopathy research. Frustrated by a lack of agreed definitions or rating systems for psychopathy, including at a ten-day international
605:
was also an influential figure in sociopathy research, stemming largely from her research-based 1966 book 'Deviant Children Grown Up: a sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic personality', based on operational criteria provided by
542:(DSM) in 1952 did not use the term psychopathy as a diagnosis, but "sociopathic personality disturbance". Individuals to be placed in this category were said to be "...ill primarily in terms of society and of conformity with the prevailing
369:
had its own definition, in which psychopathic personalities were considered non-psychotic and characterized by failure to adjust to environment, lacking purpose, ambition and proper feelings, while often showing tendencies towards
364:
life, sexual perversions and various temperamental peculiarities." Constitutional psychopathic inferiority without psychosis was listed separately as one term to apply to patients considered 'Not insane'. Meanwhile, the
196:
was writing about not just "moral insanity" but the "moral imbecile" and "criminal psychosis", conditions he believed were genetic in origin and impervious to punishment or correction, and which he applied to the lower
337:
German psychiatrists dropped the term inferiors/defectives (Minderwertigkeiten) and used psychopathic (psychopathisch) and its derivatives instead, at that time a more neutral term covering a wide range of conditions.
135:, the "mad") have, at least since the 18th century, often represented an image of darkness and threat to society, as later would "the psychopath" – a mixture of concepts of dangerousness, evil and illness.
697:, describing the concept as 'a reflection of the customs and prejudices of a particular social group. Most psychiatrists are from that group and therefore fail to see the incongruity.' By the 1970s and 80s the
784:
definitions and associated neuroscience findings, routinely unclarified assumptions and shifting levels of explanation about the core concept, and exaggerated statistical claims such as based on Hare's use of
429:
initiatives. From the 1930s, "sexual psychopath" laws (a term going back to Krafft-Ebing) started to be implemented in many US states, allowing for the indeterminate psychiatric commitment of sex offenders.
405:
In the first decades of the 20th century, "constitutional psychopathic inferiority" had become a commonly used term in the US, implying the issue was inherent to the genetics or makeup of the person, an
969:
Millon, Theodore; Simonsen, Erik; Birket-Smith, Morten (18 December 2002). "Historical Conceptions of Psychopathy in the United States and Europe". In Millon, Theodore; Simonsen, Erik (eds.).
410:. As a category it was used to target any and all dysfunctional or antisocial behavior, and in psychiatric categorization it labeled a broad range of alleged mental deviances, including
601:
were influential in narrowing the definition of psychopathy in some quarters to mean an antisocial lack of guilt accompanied by reactive aggression. From another direction, sociologist
759:'s monthly outreach and communication bulletin focused on psychopathy in June 2012, featuring articles introduced and co-authored by the main contemporary proponent of the construct,
789:. It was noted, however, that some of the limited research findings may prove useful in a better explanatory framework (i.e. not necessarily under the umbrella of 'psychopathy').
678:
in behavioral rather than personality terms, more specifically related to conduct. APA was most concerned to demonstrate inter-rater reliability rather than necessarily validity.
625:
of the age, others noting they could be hard to spot either because they were so good at hiding their lack of conscience, or because many people showed the traits to some degree.
591:
A sociologist reviewing the field in 1958 wrote that "Without exception, on every point regarding psychopathic personality, psychiatrists present varying or contradictory views."
77:
to describe an individual who "always goes his own way regardless of others, who is uncooperative, full of malice, and bullheaded." Similarly, the word Kunlangeta was used by the
192:" who he thought showed certain physical signs, such as proportionately long arms or a low and narrow forehead. By the beginning of the 20th century the English psychiatrist
2104:
398:
but displayed from an early age an alleged mental defect coupled with alleged vicious or criminal propensities, and on whom punishment has little or no deterrent effect.
681:
Nevertheless, one author referred to the concept of psychopathy in 1987 as an "infinitely elastic, catch-all category". In 1988, psychologist Blackburn wrote in the
621:
On the other hand, various analysts began to identify "successful" psychopaths in society, some even suggesting it was but an adaption to the social or economic
633:
In 1968 the second edition of the DSM, in place of the antisocial subtype of sociopathic personality disturbance, listed "antisocial personality" as one of ten
1984:, pp. 544–559, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01404.x Earlier versions presented at Harvard University, the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, and the NIH
538:
123:
has been described as the best example of a probable psychopath – due to inconsistent failures despite his potential and confident speaking. Figures of
414:. Some courts began to develop "psychopathic laboratories" for the classification and treatment of offenders; the term psychopathic was chosen to avoid the
184:
In the latter half of the 19th century the (pseudo) scientific study of individuals thought to lack a conscience flourished. Notably the Italian physician
1016:
805:
on the concept of psychopathy/sociopathy, due to the latter being embedded in diverse sociotechnological networks and thereby demanded by various users.
2268:"What are the differences between the psychopathy definitions designed by Hare and by Cleckley?" Editor: Ellsworth Lapham Fersch. iUniverse, 30 Oct 2006
1973:
1470:
976:
732:" in 2006. Cleckley had described psychopathic patients as "carr disaster lightly in each hand" and "not deeply vicious", but Hare presented a more
693:
2335:
92:
Historical descriptions of people or characters are sometimes noted in discussions of psychopathy, with claims of superficial resemblance or
729:
326:
spread the concept of constitutional psychopathy when he emigrated to the US, though unlike Koch he separated out cases of what was termed
752:
claimed that some races were inherently more psychopathic than others, while other psychologists criticized his data and interpretations.
438:
technically 'essential sociopaths' - were chronically and pervasively so in their motivation and behavior. In 1933, American Psychiatrist
721:'s ICD incorporated a similar diagnosis of Dissocial Personality Disorder. Both state that psychopathy (or sociopathy) may be considered
546:, and not only in terms of personal discomfort and relations with other individuals". There were four subtypes (called 'reactions' after
2706:
2088:
2403:
402:
and others pointed out that 'psychopathic personality' was used in a broader and somewhat different way in America than in the UK.
1579:
1484:
702:
560:
from the 1940s. He described psychopathy due to psychological problems (e.g. psychotic, hysterical or neurotic conditions) and
2469:
2361:
2144:
1735:
1539:
1494:
1043:
1042:
Toch, H. Chapter 9: Psychopathy or Antisocial Personality in Forensic Settings. In T. Millon & E. Simonsen (Eds.) (2002)
970:
896:
2280:
Stephen Strack, John Wiley & Sons, 21 Jan 2005. Chapter 15: Psychopathy as a Personality Construct (Ronald Blackburn).
1327:
767:"psychopathic features" - where there is a lack of anxiety/fear accompanied by a bold and efficacious interpersonal style.
2492:
2377:
Skeem, Jennifer L (2003). "Psychopathic personality and racial/ethnic differences reconsidered: a reply to Lynn (2002)".
58:
31:. By the turn of the century 'psychopathic inferiority' referred to the type of mental disorder that might now be termed
2629:
1416:
851:
659:
2696:
1455:
1424:
984:
221:). Treatments of physical conditions by psychological or spiritualist methods might be referred to as psychopathic.
1920:
1471:
From H. Cleckley to DSM-IV-TR: the evolution of the concept of psychopathy toward the medicalization of delinquency
1371:
533:
520:
patients and prisoners who could be classed as mentally ill, feebleminded, psychopathic, criminally insane or just
674:
for research and published in the DSM in 1980. This was based on some of the criteria put forward by Cleckley but
524:. In the aftermath of the war, therefore, concepts of antisocial psychopathic personalities fell out of favour in
2589:
756:
667:
217:
in 1864) and their hospitals as psychopathic institutions (compare to the etymologically similar use of the term
54:
1996:
2523:
1638:
1362:
842:
451:
294:
Some writers would still use psychopathy in the general sense of mental illness, such as Austrian psychiatrist
2548:
691:
masquerading as a clinical diagnosis, and should be scrapped. Ellard argued similarly in the same year in the
2639:
2614:
1331:
1026:
683:
585:
1752:
2497:
1861:
On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: the symptomatic and the idiopathic.
1334:
cites instead a reference to the british Daily Telegraph's coverage of the case. Retrieved August 26th 2013
618:
disorder or disability of mind which results in abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct."
456:
1820:"Evolution of personality disorder diagnosis in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders"
576:
Cleckley's concept of psychopathy as expanded on in new editions of his book, particularly the sense of a
69:
Labels for personality and behavior patterns consistent with psychopathy exist in most cultures. In rural
1958:
1860:
814:
366:
796:
has further placed the more recent resurgence in popular coverage of psychopathy in the context of "the
709:
547:
387:
323:
236:, which was translated into English, used it in this sense, as well as the roughly equivalent new term
213:
Initially physicians who specialised in mental disorders might be referred to as psychopaths (e.g. the
57:. In the meantime concepts of psychopaths/sociopaths had become notorious among the general public and
53:
Official psychiatric diagnostic manuals adopted a mixture of approaches, eventually going by the term
2553:
2462:
2332:
1819:
1322:
718:
638:
269:
1473:
by RP Henriques, 2009, Rev. latinoam. psicopatol. fundam. vol.12 no.2. (Translation option on right)
938:
781:
509:
443:
426:
2439:
1794:
The Mask of Sanity: An attempt to clarify some issues about the so-called psychopathic personality
573:). Various theories of distinctions between primary and secondary psychopathy remain to this day.
1184:
241:
93:
1981:
1576:
442:
first coined the term "Psychopathic child," which is now thought to be the first formulation of
169:, based partly on Pinel's publications, developed a broad category of mental disorder he called
2644:
2430:
Jarkko Jalava, 2007, PhD at Simon Fraser University, then Professor at Okanagan College, Canada
2162:"On moral judgements and personality disorders. The myth of psychopathic personality revisited"
2136:
2130:
1908:
1357:
581:
521:
2440:
Mediated Psychopathy--A Critical Discourse Analysis of Newspaper Representations of Aggression
2634:
2513:
1974:
Standardising antisocial personality disorder: the social shaping of a psychiatric technology
1529:
887:
663:
634:
356:
166:
104:
2310:
2291:
2116:
1932:
1628:
Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 9, No. 3, Nov., 1918
188:
rejected the view that criminality could occur in anyone and sought to identify particular "
2701:
2609:
2455:
1613:"Mentally Defectives" Not Welcome: Mental Disability In Canadian Immigration Law, 1859-1927
797:
481:
439:
32:
2085:
955:
834:
418:
of "lunacy" or "insanity", while emphasizing variance from normality rather than simply a
8:
2670:
2250:
2073:
777:
434:
282:
278:
46:
1945:
1615:
Disability Studies Quarterly Winter 2008, Volume 28, No.1 Society for Disability Studies
1561:
2665:
2558:
2232:
2189:
2039:
2014:
1775:
1300:
1275:
1251:
1226:
1126:
1079:
1003:
913:
882:
543:
477:
472:
249:
229:
2390:
1838:
2573:
2357:
2314:
2224:
2181:
2140:
2044:
1977:
1890:
1842:
1779:
1731:
1708:
1535:
1490:
1451:
1447:
1420:
1383:
1305:
1256:
1167:
1118:
1021:
980:
918:
900:
863:
698:
671:
614:
460:
311:
202:
128:
2649:
1130:
1083:
224:
Up until the 1840s, the term psychopathy was also used in a way consistent with its
2594:
2386:
2306:
2236:
2216:
2193:
2173:
2034:
2026:
1882:
1834:
1767:
1698:
1375:
1295:
1287:
1246:
1238:
1157:
1110:
1069:
951:
947:
908:
855:
557:
19:, from psych (soul or mind) and pathy (suffering or disease), was coined by German
2428:
Science of conscience: Metaphysics, morality, and rhetoric in psychopathy research
2254:
1346:
Louise McReynolds, Cornell University Press, 18 Dec 2012 (spells as Sarra Bekker).
733:
708:
Hare redrafted his checklist in 1985 (Cleckley had died in 1984), renaming it the
371:
2619:
2415:
2339:
2277:
2266:
Thinking about Psychopaths and Psychopathy: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
2265:
2092:
2061:
2000:
1805:
1672:
1651:
1583:
1515:
1441:
1410:
1406:
1343:
1200:
999:
802:
786:
645:
407:
185:
28:
24:
1793:
2675:
2568:
2333:
Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion
2207:
Ellard, J (December 1988). "The history and present status of moral insanity".
1886:
1242:
1188:
859:
793:
760:
688:
675:
654:
584:
in 1957, which had (re)popularized in America another controversial diagnosis,
419:
343:
339:
327:
303:
193:
178:
170:
145:
112:
82:
2220:
1379:
1114:
1099:"Mythos and Mental Illness: Psychopathy, Fantasy, and Contemporary Moral Life"
1098:
2690:
2563:
2533:
2528:
1771:
1212:
904:
728:
Hare wrote two bestsellers on psychopathy, "Without Conscience" in 1993 and "
554:
553:
Meanwhile, other subtypes of psychopathy were sometimes proposed, notably by
415:
411:
347:
295:
189:
162:
150:
74:
20:
2442:
Roland Paulsen, Dec 2010, Kritike Journal of Philosophy, Vol 4, Issue 2, P60
1994:
The Treatment of Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorders: A Review
1291:
705:
called them a failure based on a confusing label mixing law and psychiatry.
610:, which would shape the later diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder.
2318:
1894:
1712:
1586:
G. E. Partridge, The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1930 July; 1(87):53-99
1387:
1309:
1260:
1171:
1145:
1122:
922:
867:
749:
595:
501:
493:
489:
319:
315:
253:
198:
155:
108:
43:
2228:
2185:
2177:
2048:
1846:
1703:
1686:
1162:
883:"The Criminal Psychopath: History, Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics"
2543:
2538:
2478:
2003:
Jessica H Lee, 1999, London: Risk Assessment Management and Audit Systems
1641:
Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, December, 1922
598:
505:
379:
334:
218:
23:
in the 19th century and originally just meant what would today be called
16:
2076:
Conrad Worrill, The Black Commentator magazine, Feb 21, 2013 - Issue 505
2030:
1873:
Karpman, B. (1 March 1948). "The Myth of the Psychopathic Personality".
1612:
81:
to describe "mind knows what to do but does not do it." The psychiatric
2624:
2599:
1675:
Henderson, D. K. New York, NY, US: W W Norton & Co. (1939). 178 pp.
1625:
607:
602:
577:
561:
517:
513:
399:
375:
274:
261:
132:
120:
2161:
1344:
Murder Most Russian: True Crime and Punishment in Late Imperial Russia
1074:
1057:
173:- a "madness" of emotional or social dispositions without significant
1993:
1976:
M Pickersgill, Sociology of Health & Illness, Vol. 34 No. 4 2012
1760:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
744:
In 2002 an academic dispute arose around claims and counterclaims of
570:
566:
497:
447:
422:
issue. Nevertheless, at least one such laboratory issued a report on
391:
383:
374:, lying and various eccentricities, perversions or manias (including
307:
237:
225:
174:
149:
people carried away by instinctive fury (instincte fureur). American
1599:
1562:
Statistical manual for the use of institutions for the insane (1918)
936:
Lilienfeld, Scott O. (December 1, 2007). "What "Psychopath" Means".
736:
picture; the "mask of sanity" had acquired a more sinister meaning.
2518:
1923:
Michael Hakeem, Law and Contemporary Problems, 650-682 (Fall 1958).
1276:"The Concept of Psychosis: Historical and Phenomenological Aspects"
722:
159:
124:
1412:
Inventing the criminal: a history of German criminology, 1880-1945
835:"Psychopathy Across Cultures: North America and Scotland Compared"
2427:
1946:
Review of: The psychopath by William McCord and Joan McCord. 1964
423:
281:
theory popular in Europe at the time, though he referred to both
70:
1602:
in Psychopathy in the treatment of forensic psychiatric patients
1227:"A forgotten psychiatrist: Baron Ernst von Feuchtersleben, 1833"
1015:
Federman, Cary; Holmes, Dave; Jacob, Jean Daniel (Spring 2009).
1753:"The Confusion Over Psychopathy (I): Historical Considerations"
1017:"Deconstructing the Psychopath: A Critical Discursive Analysis"
748:
in the use of the concept of psychopathy. British psychologist
745:
525:
86:
2447:
2086:
Review of The Psychopathic Racial Personality and Other Essays
1921:
A Critique of the Psychiatric Approach to Crime and Correction
2251:
Psychiatry and sex psychopath legislation, the 30s to the 80s
2135:. Washington Square, NY: New York University Press. pp.
687:
that as commonly used in psychiatry it is little more than a
622:
395:
361:
78:
2406:
FBI Law Enforcement bulletin, July 2012, Volume 81, Number 7
1534:. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 37.
1443:
International Handbook on Psychopathic Disorders and the Law
2418:
Abraham M. Nussbaum, American Psychiatric Pub, 2013. Pg 236
2356:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 169, 443.
1961:
2004 By Arlette Ingram Willis, Hugues Herve, John C Yuille
1808:
Edited by W. John Livesley, Guilford Press, 1995, Page 139
968:
119:. On the other hand, the ancient Greek military statesman
459:
was introduced, later coming to wider notice and renamed
446:, to describe interpersonal deficiency which starts from
228:
to refer to any illness of the mind. German psychiatrist
2253:. New York: Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry. Cf
1933:
Joan McCord, Who Evaluated Anticrime Efforts, Dies at 73
1909:
Suffering Souls: The search for the roots of psychopathy
1626:
Organization of Psychopathic Work in the Criminal Courts
1518:
Nikolaus Wachsmann, Yale University Press, 2004. Page 47
644:
In 1974 (and republished in 1984) clinical psychologist
256:(1886) also notably employed the term in distinct ways.
1728:
The Psychopathic Mind: Origins, Dynamics, and Treatment
1486:
Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior
1044:
Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior
972:
Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior
1663:
Personal Psychopathology (1933/1972), Norton, New York
776:
its scientific merits' - including its early basis in
2105:
Psychopathic personality: a conceptual problem (1977)
2062:
The Psychopathic Racial Personality: And Other Essays
1687:"Callous unemotional traits and autistic psychopathy"
1058:"A Note on Moral Insanity and Psychopathic Disorders"
539:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
378:(compulsion to travel or experience new lifestyles),
2351:
2209:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
2292:"Psychopathy as a Clinical and Empirical Construct"
1014:
701:laws were falling out of favor in many states; the
662:(NATO) conference in 1975, Hare began developing a
1911:. Annals of Mental Health The New Yorker, Nov 2008
201:of chronic offenders by comparison to "the higher
2249:Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry. (1977).
1818:Coolidge, Frederick L.; Segal, Daniel L. (1998).
1146:"Neuroimaging psychopathy: lessons from Lombroso"
496:, psychiatrists and others in programmes such as
2688:
1863:Journal of Criminal Psychopathology, 3, 112-137.
1572:
1570:
694:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
2283:
2074:Damage To the African Mind and Dr. Bobby Wright
2064:by Bobby Eugene Wright, Third World Press, 1984
1730:. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc. p. 9.
1654:American Psychiatric Pub, 1 Jun 1999, Chapter 2
1577:Current Conceptions of Psychopathic Personality
1959:The Psychopath: Theory, Research, and Practice
1531:The Psychopath: Theory, Research, and Practice
1516:Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany
1401:
1399:
1397:
302:. By contrast influential German psychiatrist
2463:
2416:The Pocket Guide to the DSM-5 Diagnostic Exam
2271:
1817:
1594:
1592:
1567:
463:to avoid the stigma of the term psychopathy.
42:was popularized from 1929/30 by the American
2015:"Psychopathic disorder: a category mistake?"
1652:Dangerous sex offenders: a Task Force report
1639:Eugenical Sterilization in the United States
1439:
880:
730:Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work
55:antisocial or dissocial personality disorder
2354:Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond
2290:Hare, Robert D.; Neumann, Craig S. (2008).
2289:
2278:Handbook of Personology and Psychopathology
1564:University of Michigan via Internet Archive
1394:
881:Kiehl, Kent A.; Hoffman, Morris B. (2011).
833:Cooke, David J.; Michie, Christine (1999).
832:
2470:
2456:
2095:by Baba Adubiifa, 2003, Diaspora Book Link
1969:
1967:
1948:Journal of Analytical Psychology, 11:83-84
1684:
1589:
1521:
1476:
1143:
935:
433:From the late 1920s American psychologist
138:
2352:Millon, Theodore; Roger D. Davis (1996).
2159:
2038:
1866:
1702:
1299:
1250:
1161:
1073:
912:
85:Jane M. Murphy writes that, in northwest
1786:
1096:
1055:
215:American Journal of the Medical Sciences
2311:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452
2128:
1964:
1872:
1405:
1358:"Julius Ludwig August Koch (1841–1908)"
1355:
1332:Online Etymology Dictionary: Psychopath
703:Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry
310:persons, and driven persons (including
27:, the study of which is still known as
2689:
2379:Personality and Individual Differences
2345:
2206:
2012:
1750:
1685:Fitzgerald, M. F. (1 September 2007).
1527:
1482:
1440:Felthaus, Alan; Sass, Henning (2008).
1330:1885 NY Times from Pall Mall Gazette.
1038:
1036:
2451:
2376:
1725:
1719:
1644:
1273:
1224:
956:10.1038/scientificamericanmind1207-80
289:
208:
73:, the term Aranakan, was used by the
2299:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
2122:
1446:. Vol. 1. Hoboken, New Jersey:
1356:Gutmann, Philipp (January 1, 2007).
628:
386:(fire-setting) etc.). In the UK the
234:The Principles of Medical Psychology
1203:WF Evans. Originally published 1872
1033:
649:combined with ability to persuade.
466:
64:
13:
2630:Psychopathic Personality Inventory
1957:The Evolution of the Construct in
1417:University of North Carolina Press
897:Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law
852:American Psychological Association
660:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14:
2718:
2166:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1691:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1650:American Psychiatric Association
1489:. Guidford Press. pp. 3–18.
1370:(1). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
1150:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1046:New York, NY, US: Guildford Press
770:
246:Handbuch der Medicinischen Klinik
2707:History of science by discipline
1806:The DSM-IV Personality Disorders
1372:American Psychiatric Association
1056:Whitlock, F. A. (1 April 1982).
534:American Psychiatric Association
300:Psychopathic Characters on Stage
165:". In 1835 English psychiatrist
2590:Antisocial personality disorder
2477:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2370:
2325:
2259:
2243:
2200:
2153:
2109:
2098:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2006:
1987:
1951:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1901:
1853:
1811:
1799:
1744:
1678:
1666:
1657:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1555:
1509:
1464:
1433:
1415:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
1349:
1337:
1316:
1267:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1178:
1137:
757:Federal Bureau of Investigation
739:
668:antisocial personality disorder
390:included the category of moral
1875:American Journal of Psychiatry
1363:American Journal of Psychiatry
1090:
1049:
1025:(72). Minneapolis, Minnesota:
1008:
993:
962:
929:
874:
843:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
826:
394:, who were not intellectually
1:
2640:Sadistic personality disorder
2391:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00361-6
1839:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00002-6
1751:Arrigo, B. A. (1 June 2001).
1103:Journal of Medical Humanities
1027:University of Minnesota Press
820:
684:British Journal of Psychiatry
586:multiple personality disorder
1600:The Construct of Psychopathy
1144:Benning TB (December 2003).
594:Nevertheless, criminologist
7:
815:History of mental disorders
808:
367:American Prison Association
277:and also influenced by the
10:
2723:
1887:10.1176/appi.ajp.104.9.523
1827:Clinical Psychology Review
1328:MLLE. SEMENOVA'S ACQUITTAL
1243:10.1177/003591575404700312
860:10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.58
710:Hare Psychopathy Checklist
388:Mental Deficiency Act 1913
324:Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)
2658:
2582:
2506:
2485:
2221:10.3109/00048678809161346
2129:Cameron, Deborah (1987).
2019:Journal of Medical Ethics
1483:Millon, Theodore (2002).
1380:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.35
1323:Oxford English Dictionary
1213:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1115:10.1007/s10912-008-9066-0
719:World Health Organization
639:World Health Organization
532:The first version of the
476:by American psychiatrist
270:Julius Ludwig August Koch
2697:History of mental health
2115:Patrick, Christopher J.
2013:Holmes, Colin A (1991).
1772:10.1177/0306624X01453005
1097:Hamilton, Geoff (2008).
939:Scientific American Mind
450:. Scottish psychiatrist
444:autism spectrum disorder
273:retardation. Koch was a
59:as characters in fiction
2117:Handbook of Psychopathy
1726:Meloy, J. Reid (1988).
850:(1). Washington, D.C.:
599:William and Joan McCord
242:Karl Friedrich Canstatt
139:Early clinical concepts
94:retrospective diagnosis
2645:Sexual sadism disorder
2605:History of psychopathy
2574:Superficially charming
2160:Blackburn, R. (1988).
1528:Rutter, Steve (2007).
1274:Bürgy, Martin (2008).
946:(6). London, England:
582:The Three Faces of Eve
2635:Psychopathy Checklist
2514:Anti-social behaviour
2255:Review by Louis Freed
2178:10.1192/bjp.153.4.505
1944:Frances Smart (1966)
1704:10.1192/bjp.191.3.265
1292:10.1093/schbul/sbm136
1185:The pathology of mind
1163:10.1192/bjp.183.6.563
664:Psychopathy Checklist
635:personality disorders
240:, now traced back to
167:James Cowles Prichard
2610:Juvenile delinquency
2404:Focus on Psychopathy
1673:Psychopathic states.
1419:. pp. 56, 145.
1062:Psychiatric Bulletin
895:. Phoenix, Arizona:
792:Swedish sociologist
725:of their diagnosis.
492:, especially during
482:psychiatric patients
457:autistic psychopathy
440:Harry Stack Sullivan
117:The Unscrupulous Man
33:personality disorder
2671:George E. Partridge
2031:10.1136/jme.17.2.77
1859:Karpman, B. (1941)
1598:Hildebrand, M 2004
1407:Wetzell, Richard F.
435:George E. Partridge
322:). The influential
47:George E. Partridge
2666:Hervey M. Cleckley
2559:Pathological lying
2529:Diminished empathy
2338:2013-05-28 at the
2091:2012-09-08 at the
1999:2013-06-18 at the
1796:5th edition, 1988.
1582:2018-11-16 at the
1450:. pp. 15–18.
1225:Burns, CL (1954).
1191:, Chapter 3, p. 77
1004:The Mask of Sanity
478:Hervey M. Cleckley
473:The Mask of Sanity
360:moral deficiency,
290:Early 20th century
250:William Griesinger
230:von Feuchtersleben
209:First uses of term
2684:
2683:
2659:Notable theorists
2363:978-0-471-01186-6
2342:Psychiatric Times
2331:Hare, RD. (1996)
2146:978-0-8147-1408-9
1737:978-0-87668-311-8
1541:978-0-8058-6079-5
1496:978-1-57230-864-0
1326:archive text via
1075:10.1192/pb.6.4.57
1022:Cultural Critique
975:. New York City:
699:sexual psychopath
672:Feighner Criteria
629:Late 20th century
615:Mental Health Act
461:Asperger syndrome
2714:
2615:Machiavellianism
2595:Conduct disorder
2498:In the workplace
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2385:(6): 1439–1462.
2374:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2132:The Lust to Kill
2126:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1286:(6): 1200–1210.
1271:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1012:
1006:
997:
991:
990:
966:
960:
959:
948:Nature Portfolio
933:
927:
926:
916:
878:
872:
871:
839:
830:
670:, based on 1972
558:Benjamin Karpman
467:Mid-20th century
102:
98:
65:Early literature
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2654:
2620:Macdonald triad
2578:
2507:Characteristics
2502:
2481:
2476:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2350:
2346:
2340:Wayback Machine
2330:
2326:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2205:
2201:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2093:Wayback Machine
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2011:
2007:
2001:Wayback Machine
1992:
1988:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1590:
1584:Wayback Machine
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1404:
1395:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1321:
1317:
1272:
1268:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1201:Mental Medicine
1199:
1195:
1183:
1179:
1142:
1138:
1095:
1091:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1013:
1009:
1000:Hervey Cleckley
998:
994:
987:
977:Guildford Press
967:
963:
934:
930:
879:
875:
837:
831:
827:
823:
811:
803:path dependence
787:factor analysis
773:
742:
676:operationalized
646:Bobby E. Wright
631:
565:"anethopathy" (
504:systematically
469:
452:David Henderson
408:organic disease
292:
211:
186:Cesare Lombroso
141:
103:for example, a
100:
96:
67:
29:psychopathology
25:mental disorder
12:
11:
5:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2676:Robert D. Hare
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2583:Related topics
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2569:Shallow affect
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2369:
2362:
2344:
2324:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2242:
2199:
2152:
2145:
2121:
2108:
2097:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2005:
1986:
1963:
1950:
1937:
1935:NY Times, 2004
1925:
1913:
1900:
1881:(9): 523–534.
1865:
1852:
1833:(5): 585–599.
1810:
1798:
1785:
1766:(3): 325–344.
1743:
1736:
1718:
1677:
1665:
1656:
1643:
1637:Laughlin, HM.
1630:
1617:
1604:
1588:
1566:
1554:
1540:
1520:
1508:
1495:
1475:
1463:
1456:
1432:
1425:
1393:
1348:
1336:
1315:
1280:Schizophr Bull
1266:
1231:Proc R Soc Med
1217:
1205:
1193:
1189:Henry Maudsley
1177:
1136:
1109:(4): 231–242.
1089:
1048:
1032:
1007:
992:
985:
961:
928:
873:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
810:
807:
794:Roland Paulsen
772:
771:Overall trends
769:
761:Robert D. Hare
741:
738:
689:moral judgment
655:Robert D. Hare
630:
627:
468:
465:
420:mental hygiene
344:Kurt Schneider
340:Emil Kraepelin
328:psychoneurosis
304:Emil Kraepelin
291:
288:
210:
207:
194:Henry Maudsley
190:born criminals
179:hallucinations
171:moral insanity
146:Philippe Pinel
140:
137:
113:Ancient Greece
83:anthropologist
66:
63:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Lack of guilt
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:(4): 505–12.
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1907:Seabrook, J.
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1792:Cleckley, H.
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1457:9780470066430
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1426:9780807825358
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1001:
996:
988:
986:9781572308640
982:
979:. p. 3.
978:
974:
973:
965:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
932:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
836:
829:
825:
816:
813:
812:
806:
804:
799:
798:Enlightenment
795:
790:
788:
783:
779:
768:
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
737:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
714:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
685:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
650:
647:
642:
640:
636:
626:
624:
619:
616:
611:
609:
604:
600:
597:
592:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
563:
559:
556:
555:psychoanalyst
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
483:
479:
475:
474:
464:
462:
458:
455:diagnosis of
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
431:
428:
427:sterilization
425:
421:
417:
416:social stigma
413:
412:homosexuality
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
363:
358:
352:
349:
348:Karl Birnbaum
345:
341:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Sigmund Freud
287:
284:
280:
276:
271:
266:
263:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:jurisprudence
161:
157:
152:
151:Benjamin Rush
147:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:Yoruba people
72:
62:
60:
56:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:psychiatrists
18:
2604:
2554:Manipulative
2534:Disinhibited
2435:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2353:
2347:
2327:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2245:
2215:(4): 383–9.
2212:
2208:
2202:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2131:
2124:
2111:
2100:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2025:(2): 77–85.
2022:
2018:
2008:
1989:
1953:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1830:
1826:
1813:
1801:
1788:
1763:
1759:
1746:
1727:
1721:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1668:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1530:
1523:
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1485:
1478:
1466:
1442:
1435:
1411:
1367:
1361:
1351:
1339:
1318:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1237:(3): 190–4.
1234:
1230:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1180:
1156:(6): 563–4.
1153:
1149:
1139:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1068:(4): 57–59.
1065:
1061:
1051:
1020:
1010:
995:
971:
964:
943:
937:
931:
892:
886:
876:
847:
841:
828:
791:
782:tautological
778:degeneration
774:
765:
754:
750:Richard Lynn
743:
740:21st century
727:
715:
707:
692:
682:
680:
651:
643:
632:
620:
612:
596:sociologists
593:
590:
575:
552:
537:
531:
502:Action 14f13
494:World War II
490:Nazi Germany
487:
471:
470:
432:
404:
382:(stealing),
353:
332:
320:dipsomaniacs
316:spendthrifts
299:
293:
279:degeneration
267:
258:
254:Krafft-Ebing
245:
233:
223:
214:
212:
183:
142:
116:
109:Theophrastus
91:
68:
52:
44:psychologist
39:
37:
15:
2702:Psychopathy
2564:Remorseless
2479:Psychopathy
1624:Adler, HM.
1611:Ena Chadha
899:: 355–397.
888:Jurimetrics
548:Adolf Meyer
380:kleptomania
372:delinquency
335:World War I
252:(1868) and
219:homeopathic
115:concerning
17:Psychopathy
2691:Categories
2650:Sociopathy
2625:Narcissism
2600:Dark triad
2493:In fiction
2305:: 217–46.
1697:(3): 265.
1502:2008-01-13
1187:(1895) by
821:References
734:malevolent
608:Eli Robins
603:Lee Robins
578:conscience
562:idiopathic
518:euthanised
510:sterilised
400:Cyril Burt
376:dromomania
357:volitional
283:congenital
262:pawnbroker
232:'s (1845)
205:classes".
203:industrial
158:system of
133:libertines
121:Alcibiades
40:sociopathy
2544:Impulsive
2539:Grandiose
1982:0141-9889
1780:145400985
950:: 80–81.
905:0897-1277
854:: 58–68.
571:antipathy
567:amorality
498:Action T4
448:childhood
392:imbeciles
384:pyromania
312:vagabonds
308:querulous
275:Christian
238:psychosis
226:etymology
175:delusions
156:Christian
129:vagabonds
38:The term
2486:Contexts
2336:Archived
2319:18370617
2089:Archived
1997:Archived
1895:18911629
1713:17766776
1580:Archived
1409:(2000).
1388:17202541
1310:18174608
1261:13155507
1172:14645034
1131:27534750
1123:18668353
1084:30813944
923:24944437
868:10066993
809:See also
780:theory,
723:synonyms
514:interned
506:deported
268:In 1888
248:(1841).
160:criminal
125:insanity
105:vignette
2524:Callous
2237:7538868
2229:3071321
2194:4649009
2186:3074857
2119:Page 62
2049:1870086
2040:1376001
1847:9740979
1547:July 2,
1301:2632489
1252:1918589
914:4059069
613:In the
529:Nazis.
522:asocial
424:eugenic
101:
97:
71:Nigeria
2360:
2317:
2235:
2227:
2192:
2184:
2143:
2047:
2037:
1980:
1893:
1845:
1778:
1734:
1711:
1538:
1493:
1454:
1423:
1386:
1374:: 35.
1308:
1298:
1259:
1249:
1215:(1909)
1170:
1129:
1121:
1082:
983:
921:
911:
903:
866:
746:racism
544:milieu
526:Europe
396:idiots
333:After
318:, and
127:(e.g.
87:Alaska
2295:(PDF)
2233:S2CID
2190:S2CID
2137:87–94
1823:(PDF)
1776:S2CID
1756:(PDF)
1448:Wiley
1127:S2CID
1080:S2CID
1029:: 37.
838:(PDF)
623:mores
362:tramp
199:class
79:Inuit
2519:Bold
2358:ISBN
2315:PMID
2225:PMID
2182:PMID
2141:ISBN
2045:PMID
1978:ISSN
1891:PMID
1843:PMID
1732:ISBN
1709:PMID
1549:2013
1536:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1384:PMID
1306:PMID
1257:PMID
1168:PMID
1119:PMID
981:ISBN
919:PMID
901:ISSN
864:PMID
755:The
516:and
500:and
346:and
2387:doi
2307:doi
2217:doi
2174:doi
2170:153
2035:PMC
2027:doi
1883:doi
1879:104
1835:doi
1768:doi
1699:doi
1695:191
1376:doi
1368:164
1296:PMC
1288:doi
1247:PMC
1239:doi
1158:doi
1154:183
1111:doi
1070:doi
952:doi
909:PMC
856:doi
848:108
569:or
536:'s
488:In
298:in
244:'s
177:or
111:in
107:by
2693::
2383:35
2381:.
2313:.
2301:.
2297:.
2231:.
2223:.
2213:22
2211:.
2188:.
2180:.
2168:.
2164:.
2139:.
2043:.
2033:.
2023:17
2021:.
2017:.
1966:^
1889:.
1877:.
1841:.
1831:18
1829:.
1825:.
1774:.
1764:45
1762:.
1758:.
1707:.
1693:.
1689:.
1591:^
1569:^
1396:^
1382:.
1366:.
1360:.
1304:.
1294:.
1284:34
1282:.
1278:.
1255:.
1245:.
1235:47
1233:.
1229:.
1166:.
1152:.
1148:.
1125:.
1117:.
1107:29
1105:.
1101:.
1078:.
1064:.
1060:.
1035:^
1019:.
1002:,
944:18
942:.
917:.
907:.
893:51
891:.
885:.
862:.
846:.
840:.
763:.
641:.
588:.
512:,
508:,
342:,
330:.
314:,
131:,
61:.
2471:e
2464:t
2457:v
2393:.
2389::
2366:.
2321:.
2309::
2303:4
2239:.
2219::
2196:.
2176::
2149:.
2051:.
2029::
1897:.
1885::
1849:.
1837::
1782:.
1770::
1740:.
1715:.
1701::
1551:.
1505:.
1460:.
1429:.
1390:.
1378::
1312:.
1290::
1263:.
1241::
1174:.
1160::
1133:.
1113::
1086:.
1072::
1066:6
989:.
958:.
954::
925:.
870:.
858::
154:"
99:—
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.