524:
308:
into a shop and offer the shopman the alternative of giving them a dollar for drink or having his shop wrecked. In connection with the Oakley-street tragedy intimidation had reached an unexampled case. Witnesses had been warned that it would be as much as their life was worth to give evidence against John Darcy. On
Wednesday plain-clothes men escorted the witnesses from the court singly. He himself had been warned — not by anonymous letter but through a mysterious personal medium — that if seen in a certain neighbourhood he would be done for. A magistrate had also told him that he had been the recipient of a like indignity."
423:
Macro-sociological accounts suggest that structural strains, experiences of deprivation or a low socio-economic background can at times be instrumental to the acceptance and reproduction of norms that tolerate great levels of violence and territoriality, which is a common feature of football hooliganism. Furthermore, social cleavages within societies facilitate the development of strong in-groups bonds and intense feelings of antagonism towards outsiders which in turn can facilitate group identification and affect the likelihood of fan violence.
149:
491:. However, since the 1980s and well into the 1990s the UK government has led a widescale crackdown on football related violence. While football hooliganism has been a growing concern in some continental European countries in recent years, British football fans now tend to have a better reputation abroad. Although reports of British football hooliganism still surface, the instances now tend to occur at pre-arranged locations rather than at the matches themselves.
52:
443:
370:
422:
Sports crowd violence continues to be a worldwide concerning phenomenon exacting at times a large number of injuries, damage to property and casualties. Individual, contextual, social and environmental factors interact and influence one another through a dynamic process occurring at different levels.
307:
who "remarked that the activity of the gang he referred to was not confined to
Lambeth, but extended to numerous other districts. It was composed of young fellows who scorned to do a stroke of work, and obtained a living by blackmailing. It was a common practice for three or four of these men to walk
356:
Later, as the meaning of the word shifted slightly, none of the possible alternatives had precisely the same undertones of a person, usually young, who belongs to an informal group and commits acts of vandalism or criminal damage, starts fights, and who causes disturbances but is not a thief.
1003:
Nepomuceno, Thyago Celso C.; de Moura, Jadielson Alves; e Silva, Lúcio Câmara; Cabral Seixas Costa, Ana Paula (December 2017). "Alcohol and violent behavior among football spectators: An empirical assessment of
Brazilian's criminalization".
343:
brought this up by way of criticizing the Soviet U.N. delegate Yakov A. Malik for misusing the word. Malik had indignantly referred to anti-Soviet demonstrators in New York as "hooligans". Happy
Hooligan,
290:
In August 1898 the murder of Henry Mappin in
Lambeth committed by a member of the gang drew further attention to the word which was immediately popularised by the press. The London newspaper
1174:
700:
507:
on politics, class, race, and religion into the
American sporting culture. Although isolated drunken fights at games do occur, they rarely escalate to major brawling comparable to
1041:
Dunning, E., Murphy, P., Waddington, I., & Astrinakis, A. E. (Eds.). (2002). Fighting fans: Football hooliganism as a world phenomenon. Dublin: University
College Dublin Press
339:
in 1900; "hapless Happy appeared regularly in U.S. newspapers for more than 30 years", a "naive, skinny, baboon-faced tramp who invariably wore a tomato can for a hat."
407:. The phenomenon, however, long preceded the modern term; for example, one of the earliest known instances of crowd violence at a sporting event took place in ancient
296:
wrote in an article on 22 August 1898, "The avalanche of brutality which, under the name of 'Hooliganism' ... has cast such a dire slur on the social records of
1300:
328:, "Three energetic young men of the hooligan type, in neck-wraps and caps, were packing wooden cases with papered-up bottles, amidst much straw and confusion."
348:
reminded its readers, "became a national hero, not by making trouble, which Mr. Malik understands is the function of a hooligan, but by getting himself help."
1205:
318:", "It seemed to be one of those senseless acts of Hooliganism which occur from time to time, and it was reported to the constable on the beat as such."
854:
259:
to describe his fury and frustration at the way the tiny biting creatures made the life of his soldiers and himself a misery; this derivation may be
1182:
503:
and physical violence, club markets having their own territory of fans, venues banning weapons, stricter security during games, and a stronger
680:
1588:
1382:
452:
432:
1740:
272:
499:
Football (soccer) and other sports hooliganism overall is rare in the United States in part because of stricter legal penalties for
1100:
607:
for which three members each received a two-year sentence on 17 August 2012. Hooliganism charges were also levelled against the
419:
which lasted around a week in 532 CE; nearly half the city was burned or destroyed, in addition to tens of thousands of deaths.
1346:
1135:
335:
magazine (30 July 1951), the comic strip artist and political cartoonist
Frederick Burr Opper introduced a character called
1750:
116:
608:
523:
88:
315:
1275:"Вечно третий или бронза тоже благородный металл – Популярные статьи – Библиотека международной спортивной информации"
1633:
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73:
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102:
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69:
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84:
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31:
17:
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1428:
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in some other jurisdictions, and used as a catch-all charge for prosecuting unapproved behavior.
459:
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240:
62:
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1928:
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More recently, the same charge has been leveled against members of the feminist punk group
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was convicted of hooliganism for setting a costumed person on fire during a celebration in
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404:
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Since the fall of the Soviet Union, nowadays, hooliganism is defined generally in the
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Beginning in at least the 1960s, the United
Kingdom gained a reputation worldwide for
1902:
1709:
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228:
153:
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was convicted of hooliganism, among other things, for his 1987 Cessna landing on
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1505:
1217:
1025:
910:"REIGN OF TERROR IN SOUTH LONDON. OAKLEY STREET MURDER. WITNESSES THREATENED"
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735:
1704:
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244:
212:
1206:"Unfriendly confines: the unsung history of America's low-key hooliganism"
1836:
1809:
1775:
1765:
1454:
1403:
947:"The Open Sore of Football: Aggressive Violent Behaviour and Hooliganism"
324:
319:
292:
227:, wrote that the word came from Patrick Hoolihan (or Hooligan), an Irish
462:
for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text.
27:
Disruptive or unlawful behavior such as rioting, bullying, and vandalism
1665:
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211:
states that the word may have originated from the surname of a rowdy
172:
1360:
928:"LAMBETH TRAGEDY. THE ARREST IN THE STRAND. ONE OF "HOOLIGAN'S GANG"
373:
51:
1907:
1598:
1449:
555:
168:
1103:. Football Industry Group, University of Liverpool. Archived from
1851:
1248:
628:
276:
275:
reports in 1894 referring to the name of a gang of youths in the
187:
is a person that engages in illicit reckless behaviors and is a
1871:
1861:
1444:
508:
384:
232:
1128:
Football
Hooliganism: Policing the War on the English Disease
1125:
578:
504:
248:
180:
176:
619:
during a national news broadcast, was convicted of flouting
554:– transliteration of the English word) was used to refer to
199:
There are several theories regarding the origin of the word
37:
For hooliganism in the context of association football, see
1530:
1347:"Court slaps fine on Russian woman after on-air TV protest"
1301:"Why Are Pussy Riot's Alleged Crimes Called 'Hooliganism'?"
615:, a Russian journalist who held up a banner protesting the
164:
415:
factions, the Blues and the Greens, were involved in the
369:
859:
827:
797:
934:. 17 July 1898 – via British Newspaper Archive.
916:. 24 July 1898 – via British Newspaper Archive.
581:
in 1979 and sentenced to five years of imprisonment.
239:
noted that the English commander-in-chief during the
1053:"Analysis: Soccer violence an international problem"
1037:
1035:
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1167:
1144:
1044:
980:Sports in World History (Themes in World History)
855:The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times
518:
1920:
1032:
1175:"Another sorry outbreak of the English disease"
1006:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
951:Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research
729:
727:
725:
566:) was listed as a criminal offense, similar to
30:"Hooligan" redirects here. For other uses, see
403:, in particular from the 1970s in the UK with
322:wrote in his 1909 semi-autobiographical novel
1376:
681:List of violent spectator incidents in sports
1244:Harvey Silverglate on 'Three Felonies a Day'
1093:
881:
879:
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722:
1237:
1150:
858:. quezi.com. 13 August 1898. Archived from
693:
271:The word first appeared in print in London
247:, misheard the local Scots Gaelic word for
163:is disruptive or unlawful behavior such as
1383:
1369:
842:
826:. quezi.com. 29 April 1894. Archived from
796:. quezi.com. 24 April 1894. Archived from
782:
631:called her actions an act of hooliganism.
453:Football hooliganism in the United Kingdom
433:Football hooliganism in the United Kingdom
962:
944:
874:
451:This section should include a summary of
235:. In 2015, the BBC Scotland TV programme
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
1126:Stott, Clifford; Pearson, Geoff (2007).
812:
522:
368:
147:
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945:Osman, Gusmusgul; Acet, Mehmet (2016).
885:
14:
1921:
1181:. London. 17 June 2004. Archived from
1067:
977:
483:; the phenomenon was often dubbed the
1390:
1364:
1321:"Greenpeace piracy charges 'dropped'"
1255:from the original on 11 December 2021
1203:
1050:
494:
364:
209:The Compact Oxford English Dictionary
1153:"The return of the English disease?"
971:
761:
436:
426:
74:adding citations to reliable sources
45:
1151:Cacciottolo, Mario (6 April 2007).
24:
1267:
1101:"FIG FACT-SHEET FOUR: HOOLIGANISM"
978:McComb, David (2 September 2004).
850:"Who were the original Hooligans?"
820:"Who were the original Hooligans?"
790:"Who were the original Hooligans?"
733:
316:The Adventure of the Six Napoleons
203:which is a derivative of the word
25:
1940:
1634:Australian rules football culture
886:Quinion, Michael (27 June 1998).
705:Compact Oxford English Dictionary
152:Hooligans at a football match of
1204:Gallo, D. J. (18 October 2017).
611:in October 2013. In March 2022,
441:
50:
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1313:
1292:
1231:
1197:
1119:
996:
938:
351:
314:wrote in his 1904 short story "
303:The inquest was carried out by
61:needs additional citations for
1299:Johnson, Ben (1 August 2012).
1051:Asser, Martin (19 June 2000).
920:
902:
755:
519:In the Soviet Union and Russia
266:
13:
1:
686:
600:as an average gravity crime.
1629:Association football culture
399:began to be associated with
194:
7:
1075:"A Day Of Horror And Shame"
1018:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.05.001
764:"The Secret Life of Midges"
741:Online Etymology Dictionary
634:
617:Russian invasion of Ukraine
587:Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge
175:, often in connection with
10:
1945:
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36:
29:
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1396:
1179:The Independent on Sunday
982:. Routledge. p. 25.
709:Oxford English Dictionary
621:Russian anti-protest laws
559:
551:
237:The Secret Life of Midges
32:Hooligan (disambiguation)
1589:Collegiate sport rituals
932:Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper
914:Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper
641:Collective effervescence
627:30,000 for her actions.
558:. Hooliganism (Russian:
964:10.1515/pcssr-2016-0015
598:Criminal Code of Russia
460:Knowledge:Summary style
241:Jacobite rising of 1745
231:and thief who lived in
676:List of hooligan firms
539:
388:
157:
1898:Sports-related curses
1582:North American sports
1494:Associated activities
609:Greenpeace protesters
526:
372:
255:—and coined the word
151:
1888:Sporting man culture
1746:Association football
1107:on 13 September 2008
666:Juvenile delinquency
661:Football hooliganism
538:, on 20 January 2012
481:football hooliganism
405:football hooliganism
70:improve this article
39:Football hooliganism
1867:Torcedor organizado
1751:Australian football
1409:Philosophy of sport
1239:Silverglate, Harvey
656:Breach of the peace
613:Marina Ovsyannikova
575:Vasiliy Khmelevskiy
357:Hooliganism is now
279:area of London—the
223:, in his 1899 book
219:song of the 1890s.
1829:Types of supporter
1676:Sports memorabilia
1251:). 3 minutes in.
1079:Sports Illustrated
890:. World Wide Words
824:Reynolds Newspaper
651:Disorderly conduct
568:disorderly conduct
540:
495:In American sports
401:violence in sports
389:
365:Violence in sports
361:related to sport.
312:Arthur Conan Doyle
158:
1916:
1915:
1903:Terrace (stadium)
1857:Supporters' trust
1823:
1822:
1788:
1787:
1784:
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1741:American football
1710:Throwback uniform
1642:
1641:
1617:
1616:
1577:
1576:
1540:Cultures by sport
1391:Supporter culture
1327:. 23 October 2013
1137:978-1-906015-05-3
1130:. Pennant Books.
862:on 3 January 2010
830:on 3 January 2010
800:on 3 January 2010
734:Harper, Douglas.
573:Olympic medalist
477:
476:
427:In British sports
383:on fire during a
381:Estádio Beira-Rio
293:The Daily Graphic
146:
145:
138:
120:
16:(Redirected from
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1353:. 15 March 2022.
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1185:on 11 April 2008
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671:Violent disorder
646:Crowd psychology
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305:Mr Braxton Hicks
283:, and later—the
156:in November 2010
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21:
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1815:Supporter scarf
1800:Event programme
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1638:
1613:
1573:
1535:
1489:
1433:
1419:Spectator sport
1414:Racism in sport
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762:Scotland, BBC.
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489:English Disease
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378:Internacional's
367:
358:
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285:O'Hooligan Boys
269:
253:meanbh-chuileag
225:Hooligan Nights
197:
189:public nuisance
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131:
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77:
67:
55:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1911:
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1900:
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1893:Sports mascots
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1661:Football chant
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1609:Tailgate party
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1429:Sports rivalry
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1397:General topics
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1306:Slate Magazine
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1081:. 10 June 1985
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530:performing at
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517:
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449:
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440:
431:Main article:
428:
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413:chariot racing
409:Constantinople
366:
363:
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337:Happy Hooligan
268:
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196:
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154:Spartak Moscow
144:
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58:
56:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1847:Hooligan firm
1845:
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59:This article
57:
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1705:Third jersey
1700:Away colours
1604:Surf culture
1515:
1501:Cheerleading
1350:
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1329:. Retrieved
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1282:. Retrieved
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1210:The Guardian
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245:General Wade
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201:hooliganism,
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68:Please help
63:verification
60:
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1929:Hooliganism
1837:Barra brava
1810:Rally towel
1516:Hooliganism
1455:Crowd abuse
1404:Fan loyalty
1259:12 February
768:BBC website
629:The Kremlin
560:хулиганство
468:August 2019
393:hooliganism
387:derby, 2006
325:Tono-Bungay
320:H. G. Wells
267:Early usage
161:Hooliganism
1771:Ice hockey
1761:Basketball
1666:Fight song
1564:Beer snake
1559:Beer wench
1554:Barmy Army
1480:Trash talk
1464:Fight song
1424:Sports fan
1331:7 February
1284:7 February
1085:3 December
1059:3 November
888:"Hooligan"
794:Daily News
774:23 October
747:15 October
736:"hooligan"
714:15 October
701:"hooligan"
687:References
623:and fined
605:Pussy Riot
591:Red Square
550:(Russian:
536:Red Square
528:Pussy Riot
417:Nika riots
391:The words
261:apocryphal
217:music hall
183:events. A
96:newspapers
1725:Rally cap
1218:0261-3077
1026:1756-0616
1012:: 34–44.
556:scofflaws
546:the word
501:vandalism
195:Etymology
173:vandalism
18:Hooligans
1923:Category
1908:Bleacher
1756:Baseball
1734:By sport
1685:Clothing
1599:Kiss cam
1569:Sledging
1485:Violence
1450:Cheering
1325:BBC News
1253:Archived
1241:(2009).
1223:14 April
1189:20 March
1159:20 March
1111:20 March
866:12 March
834:12 March
804:12 March
635:See also
589:next to
548:khuligan
397:hooligan
257:hooligan
205:hooligan
185:hooligan
181:sporting
169:bullying
126:May 2007
1852:Roligan
1842:Casuals
1805:Pennant
1766:Cycling
1693:General
1547:Cricket
1438:Actions
1351:Reuters
1279:BMSI.ru
1249:YouTube
894:30 June
552:хулиган
542:In the
485:British
277:Lambeth
229:bouncer
165:rioting
110:scholar
1872:Ultras
1862:Tifosi
1720:Number
1445:Booing
1216:
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509:Europe
411:. Two
385:Grenal
374:Grêmio
233:London
177:crowds
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1881:Other
1793:Other
1776:Rugby
1648:Songs
1622:Other
1594:Jocks
1460:Music
1155:. BBC
1055:. BBC
770:. BBC
579:Minsk
505:taboo
249:midge
213:Irish
117:JSTOR
103:books
1715:Name
1531:Tifo
1511:Haka
1333:2018
1286:2018
1261:2013
1225:2020
1214:ISSN
1191:2011
1161:2011
1132:ISBN
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1087:2020
1061:2020
1022:ISSN
984:ISBN
896:2010
868:2009
836:2009
806:2009
776:2015
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716:2008
511:and
458:See
395:and
346:Life
341:Life
333:Life
171:and
89:news
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