492:
1210:'s origin corresponds to shipments of French horses, some of which came from Louis XIV's own stable and most likely were Baroque horses meant to be gentlemen's mounts. These were ill-suited to farm work and to the hardscrabble life of the New World, so like the Americans, early Canadians crossed their horses with natives escapees. In time they evolved along similar lines as the Quarter Horse to the South as both the US and Canada spread westward and needed a calm and tractable horse versatile enough to carry the farmer's son to school but still capable of running fast and running hard as a cavalry horse, a stockhorse, or a horse to pull a conestoga wagon.
1517:: the mare is brought to the stallion's residence and is covered "live" in the breeding shed. She may also be turned out in a pasture with the stallion for several days to breed naturally ('pasture bred'). The former situation is often preferred, as it provides a more controlled environment, allowing the breeder to ensure that the mare was covered, and places the handlers in a position to remove the horses from one another should one attempt to kick or bite the other. However, this causes more stress for the mare as she feels like she is being forced to undergo this procedure.
1203:
Horses, and the type is still used for ¼-mile races. The stock horse type, used in western events and as a farm and patrol animal is bred for a shorter stride, an ability to stop and turn quickly, and an unflappable attitude that remains calm and focused even in the face of an angry charging steer. The first two are still to this day bred to have a combination of explosive speed that exceeds the
Thoroughbred on short distances clocked as high as 55 mph, but they still retain the gentle, calm, and kindly temperament of their ancestors that makes them easily handled.
507:, it is desirable that they be born as close to January 1 in the northern hemisphere or August 1 in the southern hemisphere as possible, so as to be at an advantage in size and maturity when competing against other horses in the same age group. When an early foal is desired, barn managers will put the mare "under lights" by keeping the barn lights on in the winter to simulate a longer day, thus bringing the mare into estrus sooner than she would in nature. Mares signal estrus and ovulation by urination in the presence of a stallion, raising the tail and revealing the
420:: secreted by the pituitary, causes the ovarian follicle to develop. Levels of FSH rise slightly at the end of estrus, but have their highest peak about 10 days before the next ovulation. FSH is inhibited by inhibin (see below), at the same time LH and estrogen levels rise, which prevents immature follicles from continuing their growth. Mares may however have multiple FSH waves during a single estrous cycle, and diestrus follicles resulting from a diestrus FSH wave are not uncommon, particularly in the height of the natural breeding season.
1377:
Research from Nagoya
University supports the belief that the most important factor affecting a thoroughbred's race performance is the quality of its sire, whereas the effect of the age of its broodmare is negligible. However, the mare may have a greater influence on an individual foal because its physical characteristics influence the developing foal in the womb and the foal also learns habits from its dam when young. Foals may also learn the "language of intimidation and submission" from their dam, and this
1555:, whether hostile or passive, is noted. A mare that is in heat will generally tolerate a teaser (although this is not always the case), and may present herself to him, holding her tail to the side. A veterinarian may also determine if the mare is ready to be bred, by ultrasound or palpating daily to determine if ovulation has occurred. Live cover can also be done in liberty on a paddock or on pasture, although due to safety and efficacy concerns, it is not common at professional breeding farms.
720:
638:
1499:
3208:
428:: secreted by the developing follicle, it causes the pituitary gland to secrete more LH (therefore, these 2 hormones are in a positive feedback loop). Additionally, it causes behavioral changes in the mare, making her more receptive toward the stallion, and causes physical changes in the cervix, uterus, and vagina to prepare the mare for conception (see above). Estrogen peaks 1–2 days before ovulation, and decreases within 2 days following ovulation.
1474:, which may charge from two to three thousand dollars for a breeding to a new or unproven stallion, to several hundred thousand dollars for a breeding to a proven producer of stakes winners. Stallions in other disciplines often have stud fees that begin in the range of $ 1,000 to $ 3,000, with top contenders who produce champions in certain disciplines able to command as much as $ 20,000 for one breeding. The lowest stud fees to breed to a
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36:
1636:
1076:. These horses were the ancestors of the great heavy horses of today, and their size was preferred not simply because of the weight of the armor, but also because a large horse provided more power for the knight's lance. Weighing almost twice as much as a normal riding horse, the destrier was a powerful weapon in battle meant to act like a giant battering ram that could quite literally run down men on an enemy line.
272:
1627:(AV) which is heated to simulate the vagina of the mare. The AV has a filter and collection area at one end to capture the semen, which can then be processed in a lab. The semen may be chilled or frozen and shipped to the mare owner or used to breed mares "on-farm". When the mare is in heat, the person inseminating introduces the semen directly into her uterus using a syringe and pipette.
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624:
increases the mare's nutritional requirements. Energy requirements during these last few months, and during the first few months of lactation are similar to those of a horse in full training. Trace minerals such as copper are extremely important, particularly during the tenth month of pregnancy, for proper skeletal formation. Many feeds designed for pregnant and
1425:", of a stallion are often excellent indicators of his ability to pass on his characteristics, and the particular traits he actually passes on. Some stallions are fantastic performers but never produce offspring of comparable quality. Others sire fillies of great abilities but not colts. At times, a horse of mediocre ability sires foals of outstanding quality.
1013:, however, is bred less for overall form and more for power over tall fences, along with speed, scope, and agility. This favors a horse with a good galloping stride, powerful hindquarters that can change speed or direction easily, plus a good shoulder angle and length of neck. A jumper has a more powerful build than either the hunter or the racehorse.
179:. Both are genetically important, as each parent genes can be existent with a 50% probability in the foal. Contrary to popular misuse, "colt" refers to a young male horse only; "filly" is a young female. Though many horse owners may simply breed a family mare to a local stallion in order to produce a companion animal, most professional breeders use
410:: levels are highest 2 days following ovulation, then slowly decrease over 4–5 days, dipping to their lowest levels 5–16 days after ovulation. Stimulates maturation of the follicle, which then in turn secretes estrogen. Unlike most mammals, the mare does not have an increase of LH right before ovulation.
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As a stallion's career, either performance or breeding, improves, his stud fee tends to increase in proportion. If one or two offspring are especially successful, winning several stakes races or an
Olympic medal, the stud fee will generally greatly increase. Younger, unproven stallions will generally
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bloodlines are known not only for their athletic ability, but could also carry a conformational or genetic defect, poor temperament, or for a medical problem. Some bloodlines are also fashionable or otherwise marketable, which is an important consideration should the mare owner wish to sell the foal.
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Some breeders consider the quality of the sire to be more important than the quality of the dam. However, other breeders maintain that the mare is the most important parent. Because stallions can produce far more offspring than mares, a single stallion can have a greater overall impact on a breed.
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A rule of thumb is that a foal intended for sale should be worth three times the cost of the stud fee if it were sold at the moment of birth. From birth forward, the costs of care and training are added to the value of the foal, with a sale price going up accordingly. If the foal wins awards in some
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was developed early in the 18th century, mainly for quarter racing (racing ¼ of a mile). Colonists did not have racetracks or any of the trappings of Europe that the earliest
Thoroughbreds had at their disposal, so instead the owners of Quarter Horses would run their horses on roads that lead through
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Mares due to foal are usually separated from other horses, both for the benefit of the mare and the safety of the soon-to-be-delivered foal. In addition, separation allows the mare to be monitored more closely by humans for any problems that may occur while giving birth. In the northern hemisphere,
628:
mares provide the careful balance required of increased protein, increased calories through extra fat as well as vitamins and minerals. Overfeeding the pregnant mare, particularly during early gestation, should be avoided, as excess weight may contribute to difficulties foaling or fetal/foal related
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relationship is implied. "Full" (or "own") siblings have both the same dam and the same sire. The terms paternal half-sibling, and maternal half-sibling are also often used. Three-quarter siblings are horses out of the same dam, and are by sires that are either half-brothers (i.e. same dam) or who
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industry allows registered foals to be bred by live cover, or by artificial insemination (AI) with fresh or frozen (not dried) semen. No other artificial fertility treatment is allowed. In addition, foals bred via AI of frozen semen may only be registered if the stallion's sperm was collected during
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Often an owner does not want to take a valuable competition mare out of training to carry a foal. This presents a problem, as the mare will usually be quite old by the time she is retired from her competitive career, at which time it is more difficult to impregnate her. Other times, a mare may have
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The stallion should be chosen to complement the mare, with the goal of producing a foal that has the best qualities of both animals, yet avoids having the weaker qualities of either parent. Generally, the stallion should have proven himself in the discipline or sport the mare owner wishes for the
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The history of horse breeding goes back millennia. Though the precise date is in dispute, humans could have domesticated the horse as far back as approximately 4500 BCE. However, evidence of planned breeding has a more blurry history. It is well known, for example, that the Romans did breed horses
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requirements do not increase significantly since the rate of growth of the fetus is very slow. However, during this time, the mare may be provided supplemental vitamins and minerals, particularly if forage quality is questionable. During the last 3–4 months of gestation, rapid growth of the fetus
198:
conceived in
England but foaled in the United States is regarded as being bred in the US. In some cases, most notably in the Thoroughbred breeding industry, American- and Canadian-bred horses may also be described by the state or province in which they are foaled. Some breeds denote the country, or
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were developed from
Spanish-bred horses for this purpose, and also became the preferred mounts of cavalry officers, who were derived mostly from the ranks of the nobility. It was during this time that firearms were developed, and so the light cavalry horse, a faster and quicker war horse, was bred
727:
Foals develop rapidly, and within a few hours a wild foal can travel with the herd. In domestic breeding, the foal and dam are usually separated from the herd for a while, but within a few weeks are typically pastured with the other horses. A foal will begin to eat hay, grass and grain alongside
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Most mares foal at night or early in the morning, and prefer to give birth alone when possible. Labor is rapid, often no more than 30 minutes, and from the time the feet of the foal appear to full delivery is often only about 15 to 20 minutes. Once the foal is born, the mare will lick the newborn
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Frozen semen may be stored and used to breed mares even after the stallion is dead, allowing his lines to continue. However, the semen of some stallions does not freeze well. Some breed registries may not permit the registration of foals resulting from the use of frozen semen after the stallion's
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It is considered safe to breed a mare to a stallion of much larger size. Because of the mare's type of placenta and its attachment and blood supply, the foal will be limited in its growth within the uterus to the size of the mare's uterus, but will grow to its genetic potential after it is born.
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horse numbers dropped significantly, though light riding horses remained popular for recreational pursuits. Draft horses today are used on a few small farms, but today are seen mainly for pulling and plowing competitions rather than farm work. Heavy harness horses are now used as an outcross with
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However, this did not mean that the original ¼-mile races that colonists held ever went out of fashion, so today there are three types: the stock horse type, the racer, and the more recently evolving sport type. The racing type most resembles the finer-boned ancestors of the first racing
Quarter
1987:
uses August 1 as its standard cutoff date, but also uses the date of conception to determine age. A foal born on or after July 1 of a given calendar year is included in the birth cohort of that calendar year if his or her dam was covered no later than August 31 of the previous calendar year. See
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When it has been determined that the mare is ready, both the mare and intended stud will be cleaned. The mare will then be presented to the stallion, usually with one handler controlling the mare and one or more handlers in charge of the stallion. Multiple handlers are preferred, as the mare and
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The types of horse bred varied with culture and with the times. The uses to which a horse was put also determined its qualities, including smooth amblers for riding, fast horses for carrying messengers, heavy horses for plowing and pulling heavy wagons, ponies for hauling cars of ore from mines,
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of a specific type of horse, breeders aspire to improve physical performance abilities. This concept, known as matching "form to function," has led to the development of not only different breeds, but also families or bloodlines within breeds that are specialists for excelling at specific tasks.
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Mares can be used for riding or driving during most of their pregnancy. Exercise is healthy, though should be moderated when a mare is heavily in foal. Exercise in excessively high temperatures has been suggested as being detrimental to pregnancy maintenance during the embryonic period; however
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Bloodlines are often considered, as some bloodlines are known to cross well with others. If the parents have not yet proven themselves by competition or by producing quality offspring, the bloodlines of the horse are often a good indicator of quality and possible strengths and weaknesses. Some
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from a herd and prevent it from rejoining the group, the best horses are smaller, quick, alert, athletic and highly trainable. They must learn quickly, have conformation that allows quick stops and fast, low turns, and the best competitors have a certain amount of independent mental ability to
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On the other hand, during this same time, lighter horses were bred in northern Africa and the Middle East, where a faster, more agile horse was preferred. The lighter horse suited the raids and battles of desert people, allowing them to outmaneuver rather than overpower the enemy. When Middle
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and
Brittany, the centre of French horse breeding. Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two more shipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, but with at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and a stallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and light
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involved in considering whether an animal is suitable breeding stock, hotly debated by breeders. Additional personal beliefs may come into play when considering a suitable level of care for the mare and ensuing foal, the potential market or use for the foal, and other tangible and intangible
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physical problems that prevent or discourage breeding. However, there are now several options for breeding these mares. These options also allow a mare to produce multiple foals each breeding season, instead of the usual one. Therefore, mares may have an even greater value for breeding.
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If the breeding endeavor is intended to make a profit, there are additional market factors to consider, which may vary considerably from year to year, from breed to breed, and by region of the world. In many cases, the low end of the market is saturated with horses, and the law of
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a special foaling stall that is large and clutter free is frequently used, particularly by major breeding farms. Originally, this was due in part to a need for protection from the harsh winter climate present when mares foal early in the year, but even in moderate climates, such as
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town as a form of local entertainment. As the USA expanded West, the breed went with settlers as a farm and ranch animal, and "cow sense" was particularly valued: their use for herding cattle increased on rough, dry terrain that often involved sitting in the saddle for long hours.
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Similarly, the "breeder", is the person who owned or leased the mare at the time of foaling. That individual may not have had anything to do with the mating of the mare. It is important to review each breed registry's rules to determine which applies to any specific foal.
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Galli, Cesare, Roberto Duchi, Silvia
Colleoni, Irina Lagutina, Giovanna Lazzari. Ovum pick up, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and somatic cell nuclear transfer in cattle, buffalo and horses: from the research laboratory to clinical practice. Theriogenology 81 (2014);
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is removed and a single sperm cell is injected into the ooplasm of the mature oocyte. An advantage of ICSI over IVF is that lower quality sperm can be used since the sperm does not have to penetrate the zona pellucida. The success rate of ICSI is 23-44% blastocyst
581:(formation of the placenta) is not initiated until about day 40-45 and not completed until about 140 days of pregnancy. The fetus's sex can be determined by day 70 of the gestation using ultrasound. Halfway through gestation the fetus is the size of between a
466:: chorionic gonadotropins secreted if the mare conceives. First secreted by the endometrial cups around the 36th day of gestation, peaking around day 60, and decreasing after about 120 days of gestation. Also help to stimulate the growth of the fetal gonads.
300:. Anestrus – occurring in the majority of, but not all, mares – prevents the mare from conceiving in the winter months, as that would result in her foaling during the harshest part of the year, a time when it would be most difficult for the foal to survive.
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or an animal of low-quality pedigree may only be $ 100–$ 200, but there are trade-offs: the horse will probably be unproven, and likely to produce lower-quality offspring than a horse with a stud fee that is in the typical range for quality breeding stock.
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To create a bond with her foal, the mare licks and nuzzles the foal, enabling her to distinguish the foal from others. Some mares are aggressive when protecting their foals, and may attack other horses or unfamiliar humans that come near their newborns.
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for "shoot and run" tactics rather than the shock action as in the Middle Ages. Fine horses usually had a well muscled, curved neck, slender body, and sweeping mane, as the nobility liked to show off their wealth and breeding in paintings of the era.
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within the uterus, making it feel heavier, and the uterus loses its tone. This edema decreases following ovulation, and the muscular tone increases. High levels of progesterone do not cause edema within the uterus. The uterus becomes flaccid during
1428:
Mare owners also look into the question of if the stallion is fertile and has successfully "settled" (i.e. impregnated) mares. A stallion may not be able to breed naturally, or old age may decrease his performance. Mare care boarding fees and
1002:. The hunter must have a tall, smooth build that allows it to trot and canter smoothly and efficiently. Instead of speed, value is placed on appearance and upon giving the equestrian a comfortable ride, with natural jumping ability that shows
1657:: This relatively new method involves flushing out the mare's fertilized embryo a few days following insemination, and transferring to a surrogate mare, which has been synchronized to be in the same phase of the estrous cycle as the donor mare.
249:" technically is the duplication of fourth-generation or more distant ancestors. However, the term is often used more loosely, describing horses with duplication of ancestors closer than the fourth generation. It also is sometimes used as a
1663:: The mare's ovum and the stallion's sperm are deposited in the oviduct of a surrogate dam. This technique is very useful for subfertile stallions, as fewer sperm are needed, so a stallion with a low sperm count can still successfully breed.
1026:
by Homer, and hieroglyphics and paintings left behind by
Egyptians tell stories of pharaohs hunting elephants from chariots. Nearly nothing is known of what became of the horses they bred for hippodromes, for warfare, or even for farming.
674:
On the other hand, some breeders, particularly those in remote areas or with extremely large numbers of horses, may allow mares to foal out in a field amongst a herd, but may also see higher rates of foal and mare mortality in doing so.
356:: the cervix starts to relax right before estrus occurs, with maximal relaxation around the time of ovulation. The secretions of the cervix increase. High progesterone levels (during diestrus) cause the cervix to close and become toned.
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When breeding live cover, the mare is usually boarded at the stud. She may be "teased" several times with a stallion that will not breed to her, usually with the stallion being presented to the mare over a barrier. Her reaction to the
206:
In the horse breeding industry, the term "half-brother" or "half-sister" only describes horses which have the same dam, but different sires. Horses with the same sire but different dams are simply said to be "by the same sire", and no
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and valued them in their armies, but little is known regarding their breeding and husbandry practices: all that remains are statues and artwork. Mankind has plenty of equestrian statues of Roman emperors, horses are mentioned in the
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care of the mare throughout gestation, parturition, and care of both mare and foal up to the time of weaning. Veterinary expenses may be higher if specialized reproductive technologies are used or health complications occur.
444:: prevents conception and decreases sexual receptibility of the mare to the stallion. Progesterone is therefore lowest during the estrus phase, and increases during diestrus. It decreases 12–15 days after ovulation, when the
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toward a stallion, and helps to physically prepare the mare for conception. It generally occurs during the spring and summer months, although some mares may be sexually receptive into the late fall, and is controlled by the
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with a large shed for foaling, or they may remove a wall between two box stalls in a small barn to make a large stall. In the milder climates seen in much of the southern hemisphere, most mares foal outside, often in a
1343:
On the other hand, without careful thought, foals bred without a potential market for them may wind up being sold at a loss, and in a worst-case scenario, sold for "salvage" value—a euphemism for sale to slaughter as
1335:
Making a profit in horse breeding is often difficult. While some owners of only a few horses may keep a foal for purely personal enjoyment, many individuals breed horses in hopes of making some money in the process.
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Therefore, a mare owner must consider their reasons for breeding, asking hard questions of themselves as to whether their motivations are based on either emotion or profit and how realistic those motivations may be.
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helped his high-handicap team La Dolfina win the Argentine National Open, scoring nine goals in the 16-11 match. Two of those he scored atop a horse named Show Me, a clone, and the first to ride onto the Argentine
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from its digestive tract. The newborn is monitored to ensure that it stands and nurses without difficulty. While most horse births happen without complications, many owners have first aid supplies prepared and a
950:. In Canada, the Canadian Horse descended from the French stock Louis XIV sent to Canada in the late 17th century. The initial shipment, in 1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the Royal Stables
728:
the mare at about 4 weeks old; by 10–12 weeks the foal requires more nutrition than the mare's milk can supply. Foals are typically weaned at 4–8 months of age, although in the wild a foal may nurse for a year.
604:(EHV-1) virus (which can cause miscarriage) as well as vaccines for other conditions that may occur in a given region of the world. Pre-foaling vaccines are recommended 4–6 weeks prior to foaling to maximize the
955:
horses, the latter of which included both pacing and trotting horses. The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, although the shipments probably included Bretons, Normans, Arabians, Andalusians and Barbs.
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is removed from the mare's follicle and transferred into the oviduct of the recipient mare, who is then bred. This is best for mares with physical problems, such as an obstructed oviduct, that prevent breeding.
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industry in the United States, requires all registered foals to be bred through live cover. Artificial insemination, listed below, is not permitted. Similar rules apply in other countries, such as Australia.
1261:
Breeding a horse is an endeavor where the owner, particularly of the mare, will usually need to invest considerable time and money. For this reason, a horse owner needs to consider several factors, including:
1586:
Whereas the various national Thoroughbred associations typically require live cover, by 2009 most horse breeds allowed for the artificial insemination of mares with cooled, frozen or even fresh semen.
1467:
Stud fees are determined by the quality of the stallion, his performance record, the performance record of his get (offspring), as well as the sport and general market that the animal is standing for.
1381:
may affect the foal's status and rank within the herd. Many times, a mature horse will achieve status in a herd similar to that of its dam; the offspring of dominant mares become dominant themselves.
377:
The cycle is controlled by several hormones which regulate the estrous cycle, the mare's behavior, and the reproductive system of the mare. The cycle begins when the increased day length causes the
1421:
Horse breeders also consider conformation, size and temperament. All of these traits are heritable, and will determine if the foal will be a success in its chosen discipline. The offspring, or "
1390:
A purebred horse is usually worth more than a horse of mixed breeding, though this matters more in some disciplines than others. The breed of the horse is sometimes secondary when breeding for a
1738:
was born in Argentina, and was the first horse clone produced in Latin America. In the same year a cloned polo horse was sold for $ 800,000 - the highest known price ever paid for a polo horse.
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Mortensen C, Choi YH, Hinrichs K, Ing N, Kraemer D, Vogelsang S, Vogelsang M. 2006. Effects of exercise on embryo recovery rates and embryo quality in the horse. Animal Repro. Sci. 94:395-397
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horse, different bloodlines now specialize in different events. For example, larger, heavier animals with a very steady attitude are bred to give competitors an advantage in events such as
679:
foal to clean it and help blood circulation. In a very short time, the foal will attempt to stand and get milk from its mother. A foal should stand and nurse within the first hour of life.
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relationships and evolution of species. The Thoroughbred breeding hub in Lexington, Kentucky was developed in the late 18th century, and became a mainstay in American racehorse breeding.
1490:(LFG) – also known as "no foal, free return" or "NFFR" - allowing the owner to have a free breeding to their stallion the next year. However, this is not offered for every breeding.
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1080:
Eastern warriors and European knights collided in warfare, the heavy knights were frequently outmaneuvered. The Europeans, however, responded by crossing their native breeds with
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14–16 days later to see if she "took", and is pregnant. A second check is usually performed at 28 days. If the mare is not pregnant, she may be bred again during her next cycle.
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Other horses from North America retained a hint of their mustang origins by being either derived from stock that Native Americans bred that came in a rainbow of color, like the
911:
that was powerfully built, but extremely nimble and capable of the quick bursts of speed over short distances necessary for certain types of combat as well as for tasks such as
711:) and/or infection. If the placenta is not removed from the stall after it is passed, a mare will often eat it, an instinct from the wild, where blood would attract predators.
616:
ambient temperatures encountered during the research were in the region of 100 degrees F and the same results may not be encountered in regions with lower ambient temperatures.
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death, although other large registries accept such usage and provide registrations. The overall trend is toward permitting use of frozen semen after the death of the stallion.
338:
Changes in hormone levels can have great effects on the physical characteristics of the reproductive organs of the mare, thereby preparing, or preventing, her from conceiving.
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The Thoroughbred continues to dominate the horse racing world, although its lines have been more recently used to improve warmblood breeds and to develop sport horses. The
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noted the importance of selecting appropriate parentage to achieve desired outcomes of successive generations. Monboddo worked more broadly in the abstract thought of
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577:. True implantation – invasion into the endometrium of any sort – does not occur until about day 35 of pregnancy with the formation of the endometrial cups, and true
1603:
AI opens up the world to international breeding, as semen may be shipped across continents to mares that would otherwise be unable to breed to a particular stallion.
1229:
were originally plantation horses bred for their gait and comfortable ride in the saddle as a plantation master would survey his vast lands like an English lord.
330:
Depending on breed, on average, 16% of mares have double ovulations, allowing them to twin, though this does not affect the length of time of estrus or diestrus.
2228:
1606:
A mare also does not have to travel to the stallion, so the process is less stressful on her, and if she already has a foal, the foal does not have to travel.
1373:"career" of the ensuing foal. Mares should also have a competition record showing that they also have suitable traits, though this does not happen as often.
600:
Domestic mares receive specific care and nutrition to ensure that they and their foals are healthy. Mares are given vaccinations against diseases such as the
3900:
1600:
The mare and stallion never have to come in contact with each other, which therefore reduces breeding accidents, such as the mare kicking the stallion.
296:
lasts about 19–22 days, with the average being 21 days. As the days shorten, the mare returns to a period when she is not sexually receptive, known as
2077:"The effect of some factors on gestation length in nonius breed mares in Slovakia (Egyes tényezõk hatása a nóniusz fajta vemhességének idõtartamára)"
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horses. Furthermore, modern breeding management and technologies can increase the rate of conception, a healthy pregnancy, and successful foaling.
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Inoue, Sota. Influence of broodmare aging on its offspring's racing performance. PLOS ONE, 2022; 17 (7): e0271535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271535
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362:: the portion of the vagina near the cervix becomes engorged with blood right before estrus. The vagina becomes relaxed and secretions increase.
2275:
1623:
A stallion is usually trained to mount a phantom (or dummy) mare, although a live mare may be used, and he is most commonly collected using an
1119:
riding, derived from the most athletic movements required of a war horse, and popular among the elite nobility of the time. Breeds such as the
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Breeding a horse can be an expensive endeavor, whether breeding a backyard competition horse or the next Olympic medalist. Costs may include:
958:
In modern times, these breeds themselves have since been selectively bred to further specialize at certain tasks. One example of this is the
222:
are also classified through the "distaff" or direct female line, known as their "family" or "tail female" line, tracing back to their taproot
2557:
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or wagon. This animal was later adapted through selective breeding to create a strong but rideable animal suitable for the heavily armored
546:. The initial single cell combination is already dividing and by the time of entry into the uterus, the egg might have already reached the
503:
While horses in the wild mate and foal in mid to late spring, in the case of horses domestically bred for competitive purposes, especially
456:: secreted by the endrometrium 13–15 days following ovulation, causes luteolysis and prevents the corpus luteum from secreting progesterone
1731:
and his family. In September 2008, Gemini was born. Other clones followed, leading to the development of a breeding line from Gem Twist.
436:: secreted by the developed follicle right before ovulation, "turns off" FSH, which is no longer needed now that the follicle is larger.
922:. Thus, Arabians and Thoroughbreds were crossed on Spanish horses, both domesticated animals descended from those brought over by the
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Horses were needed for heavy draft and carriage work until replaced by the automobile, truck, and tractor. After this time, draft and
3614:
1615:
AI allows mares or stallions with health issues, such as sore hocks which may prevent a stallion from mounting, to continue to breed.
1168:
beginnings they easily transitioned during the 20th century into a sport horse type. Today's warmblood breeds are frequently used in
557:
period lasts for about eleven months, or about 340 days (normal average range 320–370 days). During the early days of pregnancy, the
3143:
3036:
2935:
1221:, with those East of the Mississippi River increasingly bred to impress and mimic the trends of the upper classes of Europe: The
2736:
612:
in the first milk. Mares are dewormed a few weeks prior to foaling, as the mare is the primary source of parasites for the foal.
2940:
2476:
2126:
1451:
Mare exams: to determine if she is healthy enough to breed, to determine when she ovulates, and (if AI is used) to inseminate her
699:
on call in case of a birthing emergency. People who supervise foaling should also watch the mare to be sure that she passes the
2192:
3741:
2780:
191:. Alternatively, a breeder could, using individuals of differing phenotypes, create a new breed with specific characteristics.
1312:
thus allows little or no profit to be made from breeding unregistered animals or animals of poor quality, even if registered.
491:
2337:
2059:
2032:
1968:
812:
100:
3563:
2993:
2945:
784:
72:
1526:: the mare is inseminated by a veterinarian or an equine reproduction manager, using either fresh, cooled or frozen semen.
899:, a horse taller than the Arabian and faster over the distances of a few miles required of a European race horse or light
573:
and early placentation is initiated (35–40 days of gestation) the terminology changes, and the embryo is referred to as a
3666:
257:, a practice that is generally frowned upon by horse breeders, though used by some in an attempt to fix certain traits.
2401:
856:
of the desert naturally developed speed and endurance to travel long distances and survive in a harsh environment, and
791:
230:. The female line of descent always appears at the bottom of a tabulated pedigree and is therefore often known as the
79:
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3085:
2512:
2236:
1908:
1880:
1831:
1250:
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650:, foaling stalls are still common because they allow closer monitoring of mares. Smaller breeders often use a small
119:
1486:
To help decrease the risk of financial loss should the mare die or abort the foal while pregnant, many studs have a
1295:
Does the owner of the potential foal have the expertise to properly manage and train a young animal once it is born?
671:, or assorted types of devices that alert a handler via a remote alarm when a mare lies down in a position to foal.
3513:
1269:
Is the proposed breeding animal in good physical health, fertile, and able to withstand the rigors of reproduction?
1054:
is another breed with roots in ancient times that was also bred specifically for war and racing. The nomads of the
2250:
1062:
is believed to be a very close relative of Ottoman horses from the earliest origins of the Turks in Central Asia.
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3244:
2998:
1679:: Used in horses due to lack of successful co-incubation of female and male gametes in simple IVF. A plug of the
765:
53:
798:
663:. Many stud farms worldwide employ technology to alert human managers when the mare is about to foal, including
589:. The most dramatic fetal development occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy when 60% of fetal growth occurs.
86:
3678:
1781:
1160:
The 17th and 18th centuries saw more of a need for fine carriage horses in Europe, bringing in the dawn of the
887:
wanted faster horses than could be produced from local horses through simple selective breeding, they imported
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395:
57:
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3203:
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561:
is mobile, moving about in the uterus until about day 16 when "fixation" occurs. Shortly after fixation, the
461:
275:
Stallion checking a mare in estrus. The mare welcomes the stallion by lowering her rear and lifting her tail.
17:
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3673:
3453:
3026:
2870:
1852:
1771:
1150:
780:
415:
68:
2419:
1958:
318:
Diestrus, or Luteal, phase: 14–15 days in length, the mare is not sexually receptive to the stallion. The
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3558:
3158:
3153:
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by humans added a trainable disposition to the animal's natural abilities. In the meantime, in northern
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After birth, a foal's navel is dipped in antiseptic to prevent infection. The foal is sometimes given an
3580:
3551:
2983:
2773:
2719:
1756:
1842:
AJC & VRC, "Australian Stud Book", Vol. 31, Ramsay Ware Stockland Pty. Ltd., North Melbourne, 1980
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3622:
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retook the British throne in 1660, horse racing, which had been banned by Cromwell, was revived. The
668:
307:
Estrus, or Follicular, phase: 5–7 days in length, when the mare is sexually receptive to a stallion.
2283:
1990:
1042:. While it is difficult to determine how far back the Bedouin passed on pedigree information via an
3688:
3575:
3520:
3133:
2561:
2175:
1281:
What is the anticipated economic benefit, if any, to the owner(s) of the sire and dam or the foal?
1164:. The warmblood breeds have been exceptionally good at adapting to changing times, and from their
938:
to the ecology and climate of the west. These crosses ultimately produced new breeds such as the
3641:
3636:
3609:
3592:
3537:
3525:
3508:
2962:
1984:
1589:
1521:
1378:
1222:
758:
266:
46:
1165:
864:, the locally adapted heavy horse with a thick, warm coat was domesticated and put to work as a
3798:
3651:
3646:
3367:
3046:
2978:
1766:
1609:
AI allows more mares to be bred from one stallion, as the ejaculate may be split between mares.
1275:
Is there a market for the foal if the owner does not wish to keep the foal for its entire life?
1195:
959:
939:
400:: secreted by the hypothalamus, causes the pituitary to release two gonadotrophins: LH and FSH.
2049:
1875:
Stratton, Charles, The International Horseman's Dictionary, Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, 1978,
3895:
3803:
3751:
3731:
3661:
3604:
3448:
3438:
3426:
3384:
3362:
3319:
3173:
3041:
2766:
1903:
de Bourg, Ross, "The Australian and New Zealand Thoroughbred", Nelson, West Melbourne, 1980,
1140:
1132:
569:(about day 21) and a heartbeat should be visible by about day 23. After the formation of the
368:: relaxes right before estrus begins. Becomes dry, and closes more tightly, during diestrus.
223:
1139:
was developed 40 years later, bred to be the ultimate racehorse, through the lines of three
918:
Later, the people who settled America needed a hardy horse that was capable of working with
805:
93:
3773:
3736:
3443:
3409:
3399:
3065:
2610:
1612:
AI reduces the chance of spreading sexually transmitted diseases between mare and stallion.
1395:
1218:
737:
601:
520:
235:
2021:
McKinnon, Angus O.; Squires, Edward L.; Vaala, Wendy E.; Varner, Dickson D. (2011-07-05).
1800:
1454:
Mare transport, care, and board if the mare is bred live cover at the stallion's residence
1448:
Fees for collecting, handling, and transporting semen (if AI is used and semen is shipped)
372:
8:
3726:
3490:
3394:
3389:
3237:
2820:
1487:
1328:
845:
656:
405:
1891:
Summerhayes, RS, Encyclopaedia for Horsemen, Warne & Co, London & New York, 1966
515:, approaching with a high head, will usually nicker, nip and nudge the mare, as well as
3421:
3372:
3357:
3324:
3273:
2692:"Argentina's polo star Adolfo Cambiaso - the greatest sportsman you've never heard of?"
2593:
2362:
1574:
1116:
951:
284:
180:
140:
2753:
Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy and Common Disorders of the Horse Vol. II
2501:
Katrin Hinrichs. Update on equine ICSI and cloning. Theriogenology 64 (2005); 535-541.
2473:
2123:
2105:
970:, where a horse has to start and stop quickly, but also must calmly hold a full-grown
3721:
3309:
3018:
2825:
2644:
2333:
2055:
2028:
1964:
1904:
1876:
1827:
1624:
1503:
1309:
1188:
935:
3268:
2532:
2420:"Changes in Equine Reproduction: Have They Been Good or Bad for the Horse Industry?"
1191:, the latter being an unusual combination between a Thoroughbred and a draft breed.
1184:
1030:
One of the earliest people known to document the breedings of their horses were the
292:(length of the day), the cycle first triggered when the days begin to lengthen. The
3485:
3480:
3460:
3334:
2845:
2840:
2634:
2624:
2431:
1578:
his lifetime, and used no later than the calendar year of his death or castration.
1430:
1365:
1320:
1278:
What is the anticipated economic benefit, if any, to the owner of the ensuing foal?
1169:
1124:
1097:
904:
620:
516:
512:
164:
2629:
2612:
1542:
stallions bred to small mares with no increase in the number of difficult births.
1284:
Does the owner of the mare have the expertise to properly manage the mare through
895:
to the heavier, local animals. This led to the development of breeds such as the
3808:
3746:
3544:
3349:
3211:
3185:
3180:
2920:
2850:
2480:
2395:
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2314:
2202:
2130:
2022:
1742:
1697:
1653:
1562:
1552:
1300:
1101:
1085:
1003:
975:
943:
931:
651:
570:
151:. Planned matings can be used to produce specifically desired characteristics in
703:
in a timely fashion, and that it is complete with no fragments remaining in the
3854:
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3500:
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3431:
3230:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2875:
2810:
2805:
2435:
2076:
1776:
1680:
1460:
Possible veterinary bills during pregnancy or foaling should something go wrong
1411:
1385:
1207:
1093:
1081:
1043:
605:
227:
1932:
983:
anticipate and counter the movement of a cow, popularly known as "cow sense."
333:
3884:
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3568:
3475:
3470:
3190:
3123:
3115:
2905:
2860:
1735:
1713:
1701:
1463:
Veterinary bills for the foal for its first exam a few days following foaling
1266:
Does the proposed breeding animal have valuable genetic qualities to pass on?
1143:
1059:
1039:
923:
888:
857:
853:
528:
452:
445:
319:
293:
280:
219:
152:
2142:
1368:
with a proven competition record is one criterion for being a suitable sire.
3656:
3377:
3289:
3128:
2930:
2830:
2648:
2048:
Riley, Christopher B.; Cregier, Sharon E.; Fraser, Andrew F. (2022-05-10).
1761:
1728:
1720:
1640:
1566:
1471:
1422:
1407:
1238:
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1105:
1089:
1010:
999:
991:
987:
971:
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719:
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proper (so called up to about 35 days) will become visible on trans-rectal
504:
440:
386:
378:
323:
246:
215:
195:
172:
2611:
Andrés Gambini; Javier Jarazo; Ramiro Olivera; Daniel F. Salamone (2012).
637:
239:
3813:
3778:
3414:
3314:
3095:
3090:
3075:
3070:
3056:
2890:
2124:"Expectant Mare: Assuring the Health and Well-Being of the Pregnant Mare"
1539:
1530:
After the mare is bred or artificially inseminated, she is checked using
1498:
1475:
1391:
1289:
1246:
1112:
1069:
1035:
995:
967:
524:
289:
148:
2613:"Equine Cloning: In Vitro and In Vivo Development of Aggregated Embryos"
2385:, which explicitly prohibits human manipulation of the breeding process.
3864:
3299:
3294:
3222:
3138:
3105:
2957:
2952:
2885:
2835:
2639:
1593:
1531:
1324:
1226:
1047:
903:
horse. Another cross between oriental and European horses produced the
707:. Retained fetal membranes can cause a serious inflammatory condition (
566:
547:
373:
Hormones involved in the estrous cycle, during foaling, and after birth
254:
3818:
3793:
3783:
3768:
3100:
2397:
Rules and Regulations of the United States Trotting Association 2009.
1724:
1399:
1345:
1285:
1242:
1214:
1161:
1096:
This cross-breeding led both to a nimbler war horse, such as today's
947:
877:
660:
625:
609:
558:
554:
470:
382:
312:
250:
184:
747:
35:
3859:
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3844:
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3763:
3339:
3257:
2355:
1709:
1689:
1403:
1316:
1233:
1177:
1120:
1073:
1055:
892:
700:
691:
478:
424:
308:
297:
144:
2315:
Equine Behaviour – A Guide For Veterinarians and Equine Scientists
1692:, was born in 2003. Other notable instances of horse cloning are:
1635:
1046:, there were written pedigrees of Arabian horses by CE 1330. The
3839:
3711:
3163:
3148:
1922:
Napier, Miles, "Blood Will Tell", JA Allen & Co, London, 1977
1705:
1154:
1031:
1023:
900:
647:
539:
432:
208:
2755:. Equistar Publication, Limited. Marysville, OH. Copyright 2000.
1457:
Veterinary bills to keep the pregnant mare healthy while in foal
1058:
steppes bred horses for several thousand years as well, and the
2900:
2895:
1670:
974:
at the end of a rope. On the other hand, for an event known as
919:
884:
873:
861:
704:
664:
592:
Colts are carried on average about 4 days longer than fillies.
586:
582:
562:
543:
535:
496:
2330:
Equine Behavior: a guide for Veterinarian and Equine Scientist
1559:
stallion can be easily separated should there be any trouble.
199:
state, where conception took place as the origin of the foal.
3253:
2789:
2533:"Brown, Liz. "Scamper Clone Offered for Commercial Breeding"
963:
927:
908:
687:
574:
508:
346:
188:
136:
2664:"How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo"
2081:
Proceedings of Roundtable Conference on Animal Biotechnology
542:
for approximately 5.5 more days, and then descends into the
271:
1406:
bloodlines are an absolute requirement: For example, most
1315:
The minimum cost of breeding for a mare owner includes the
1051:
869:
865:
334:
Effects on the reproductive system during the estrous cycle
2020:
1826:
Montgomery, E.S, "The Thoroughbred", Arco, New York, 1973
1360:
2758:
1510:
There are two general ways to "cover" or breed the mare:
990:. While most representatives of this breed are bred for
979:
659:
built specifically for foaling, especially on the larger
2364:
The American Stud Book Principal Rules and Requirements.
2352:
Stanford, Dr. David, Woodside Equine Clinic, Ashland, VA
2332:. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 378 pp.
2176:"Nutritional Management of Pregnant and Lactating Mares"
2737:
Six cloned horses help rider win prestigious polo match
2218:, 2nd ed., Macquarie Library, North Ryde, 1991, p. 1274
2016:
2014:
1960:
Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination
1340:
form of competition, that may also enhance the price.
1072:
Europe bred large horses specifically for war, called
2560:. horsetalk.co.nz. September 17, 2008. Archived from
1712:, Clayton, became the first cloned horse to stand at
464:– also called PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)
994:, there are also specialized bloodlines suitable as
194:
A horse is "bred" where it is foaled (born). Thus a
2510:
2011:
1630:
1483:have a lower stud fee earlier on in their careers.
934:, descended from the Spanish horse, but adapted by
772:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
345:: increased levels of estrogen during estrus cause
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2690:
2104:
2047:
619:During the first several months of pregnancy, the
27:Human-directed process of selective horse breeding
139:, and particularly the human-directed process of
3882:
2751:Riegal, Ronald J. DMV, and Susan E. Hakola DMV.
1643:industry does not allow AI or embryo transplant.
283:(also spelled oestrous) controls when a mare is
2739:- Jon Cohen, Science Magazine, 13 December 2016
2388:
2267:
2051:Fraser's The Behaviour and Welfare of the Horse
1470:The highest stud fees are generally for racing
1956:
1100:, but also created a type of horse known as a
519:to determine her readiness for mating. During
3238:
2774:
2413:
2411:
2273:
1115:, horses were bred not only for war, but for
1066:packhorses, carriage horses and many others.
2111:American Association of Equine Practitioners
1822:
1820:
1734:In 2010, the first lived equine cloned of a
1436:
1394:, but some disciplines may prefer a certain
1256:
1016:
595:
260:
3901:Horse-related professions and professionals
3330:Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)
3245:
3231:
2781:
2767:
2655:
2408:
2276:"Egyptian Arabians: The Mystique Unfolded"
2229:"Foaling video on an Australian stud farm"
1950:
1899:
1897:
1596:, and has a very similar conception rate:
1581:
1355:
315:occurs in the final 24–48 hours of estrus.
2717:
2688:
2638:
2628:
1817:
1805:The Pennsylvania Horse Racing Association
891:and other oriental horses to breed as an
832:Learn how and when to remove this message
486:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3252:
2936:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics
2682:
2327:
2251:"Which Thoroughbred Best Fits My Needs?"
2196:by Brad Dowling BVSc MVetClinStud FACVSc
1918:
1916:
1634:
1497:
1359:
718:
636:
490:
270:
267:Horse anatomy § Reproductive system
2417:
1894:
1869:
1677:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
1272:For what purpose will the foal be used?
1172:, but are more often seen competing in
14:
3883:
2689:Alexander, Harriet (8 December 2014).
2511:Shaoni Bhattacharya (August 6, 2003).
883:Then, centuries later, when people in
3226:
2762:
2661:
2525:
2075:Hura, V; et al. (October 1997).
1913:
1661:Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
1565:, the organization that oversees the
1410:in the world must be recorded with a
1108:, which was used as a message horse.
731:
226:or the beginning of their respective
2558:"Clone of top jumper Gem Twist born"
2537:, online edition, November 15, 2008"
2513:"World's First Cloned Horse is Born"
2424:Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
2074:
1741:In 2013, the world-famous polo star
1719:In 2007, a renowned show jumper and
1493:
770:adding citations to reliable sources
741:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3759:Selection methods in plant breeding
1538:Test breedings have been done with
641:A mare in the early stages of labor
482:: stimulates the uterus to contract
24:
2745:
2402:United States Trotting Association
2282:. Pyramid Arabians. Archived from
2208:
2106:"Vaccination and Passive Transfer"
1885:
1187:is an excellent example as is the
978:, where the horse must separate a
962:. Once a general-purpose working
183:to produce individuals of a given
25:
3912:
3086:Mountain and moorland pony breeds
1957:Juan C. Samper (1 January 2009).
1853:"Equine Info Exchange - Breeding"
1592:(AI) has several advantages over
1249:disciplines, particularly at the
1146:stallions and one Turkish horse.
3207:
3206:
2255:Expert how-to for English Riders
1688:The world's first cloned horse,
1631:Advanced reproductive techniques
746:
34:
2730:
2711:
2699:from the original on 2022-01-12
2604:
2586:
2568:
2550:
2504:
2495:
2485:
2467:
2442:
2375:
2346:
2321:
2306:
2297:
2243:
2221:
2186:
2168:
2159:
2135:
2117:
2097:
2068:
2041:
1977:
757:needs additional citations for
238:of a horse has a special term:
45:needs additional citations for
2718:Ryan Bell (10 December 2013).
2450:"AI (Artificial Insemination)"
1925:
1845:
1836:
1793:
1782:Thoroughbred breeding theories
723:A foal with its mother, or dam
396:Gonadotropin releasing hormone
303:This cycle contains 2 phases:
163:The male parent of a horse, a
158:
13:
1:
3204:Lists of horse-related topics
2662:Cohen, Haley (31 July 2015).
2630:10.1095/biolreprod.112.098855
1787:
1545:
462:equine chorionic gonadotropin
311:is secreted by the follicle.
2871:Glossary of equestrian terms
2405:, 2009. Accessed 2011-02-15.
2372:, 2011. Accessed 2011-02-15.
1963:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1772:Glossary of equestrian terms
1708:, was cloned. The resulting
1237:lighter breeds, such as the
1151:James Burnett, Lord Monboddo
714:
416:Follicle-stimulating hormone
7:
2361:Section V, Rule 1, Part D,
1750:
448:begins to decrease in size.
171:and the female parent, the
167:, is commonly known as the
10:
3917:
2994:Ancient and Imperial China
2788:
2598:The Chronicle of the Horse
2580:Superior Equine Sires, Inc
2539:. Thehorse.com. 2008-11-15
2436:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.184
2383:Australian Rules of Racing
1998:Australian Rules of Racing
1857:www.equineinfoexchange.com
1757:Domestication of the horse
1700:, an extremely successful
1433:fees can be a major cost.
1383:
844:Beyond the appearance and
735:
632:
264:
3827:
3717:Marker-assisted selection
3702:
3499:
3348:
3305:Marker-assisted selection
3282:
3264:
3199:
3114:
3055:
3017:
2971:
2881:List of equestrian sports
2859:
2796:
2027:. John Wiley & Sons.
1437:Costs related to breeding
1319:, and the cost of proper
1257:Deciding to breed a horse
1017:History of horse breeding
868:animal that could pull a
669:closed-circuit television
596:Care of the pregnant mare
261:Estrous cycle of the mare
143:of animals, particularly
3891:Horse breeding and studs
2216:The Macquarie Dictionary
1445:The stud and booking fee
1241:, to produce the modern
381:to reduce the levels of
2454:Equine-Reproduction.com
2328:McGreevy, Paul (2012).
2194:Preparation for Foaling
1985:Australian Racing Board
1590:Artificial insemination
1582:Artificial insemination
1522:Artificial Insemination
1506:, used to collect semen
1356:Choosing breeding stock
1304:benefits to the owner.
1223:Tennessee Walking Horse
1104:, a predecessor to the
986:Another example is the
907:, a horse developed in
523:, the stallion usually
385:, thereby allowing the
3799:Outbreeding depression
2418:Squires, E.L. (2009).
1767:Evolution of the horse
1644:
1573:By contrast, the U.S.
1507:
1369:
1196:American Quarter Horse
1082:"oriental" type horses
1038:, the breeders of the
960:American Quarter Horse
940:American Quarter Horse
724:
642:
500:
487:Breeding and gestation
474:: stimulates lactation
276:
212:are by the same sire.
3804:Inbreeding depression
3320:Preservation breeding
1638:
1501:
1402:of horse. Sometimes,
1363:
1149:In the 18th century,
722:
640:
538:(egg) remains in the
534:Once fertilized, the
494:
274:
224:foundation bloodstock
2394:Rule 26, Section 6,
1219:American Paint Horse
1123:and the now extinct
766:improve this article
738:List of horse breeds
253:for the practice of
236:maternal grandfather
234:. In addition, the
54:improve this article
3491:Designer crossbreed
3004:Indian subcontinent
2214:Delbridge, Arthur.
2024:Equine Reproduction
1488:live foal guarantee
1185:French saddle horse
1170:competitive driving
930:horses such as the
406:Luteinizing hormone
135:is reproduction in
3325:Selective breeding
3274:Lists of cultivars
3037:American Civil War
2797:Equine science and
2479:2008-04-15 at the
2274:Lewis, Barbara S.
2205:Retrieved 2011-2-7
2201:2011-02-07 at the
2143:"Horse - breeding"
2129:2008-04-15 at the
1645:
1508:
1414:in order to race.
1370:
1245:breeds popular in
732:How breeds develop
725:
690:to help clear the
643:
501:
285:sexually receptive
277:
181:selective breeding
147:horses of a given
141:selective breeding
3878:
3877:
3722:Natural selection
3703:Selection methods
3310:Mutation breeding
3220:
3219:
2695:. The Telegraph.
2474:"Embryo Transfer"
2381:See Rule AR.15C,
2339:978-0-7020-4337-6
2061:978-1-78924-210-2
2034:978-0-470-96187-2
1970:978-1-4160-5234-0
1625:artificial vagina
1504:artificial vagina
1494:Covering the mare
1310:supply and demand
1189:Irish Sport Horse
936:natural selection
852:For example, the
842:
841:
834:
816:
389:to secrete GnRH.
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3908:
3486:Captive breeding
3481:Breeding program
3461:Backyard breeder
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3210:
3209:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2720:"Game of Clones"
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2564:on July 7, 2012.
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2415:
2406:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2325:
2319:
2312:McGreevy, Paul.
2310:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2235:. Archived from
2225:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2139:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:"Basics of Life"
1929:
1923:
1920:
1911:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1801:"Breeding Terms"
1797:
1727:, was cloned by
1431:semen collection
1301:value judgements
1125:Neapolitan horse
1098:Andalusian horse
1050:of West-Central
837:
830:
826:
823:
817:
815:
781:"Horse breeding"
774:
750:
742:
602:Rhinopneumonitis
571:endometrial cups
175:, is called the
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Horse breeding"
62:
38:
30:
21:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3823:
3809:Recessive trait
3747:selective sweep
3704:
3698:
3501:Plant cultivars
3495:
3344:
3278:
3269:Lists of breeds
3260:
3251:
3221:
3216:
3195:
3110:
3051:
3032:Napoleonic Wars
3013:
2967:
2863:
2855:
2798:
2792:
2787:
2748:
2746:Further reading
2743:
2735:
2731:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2660:
2656:
2609:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2481:Wayback Machine
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2416:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2369:The Jockey Club
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2326:
2322:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2203:Wayback Machine
2191:
2187:
2180:purinamills.com
2174:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2131:Wayback Machine
2122:
2118:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2019:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1753:
1743:Adolfo Cambiaso
1654:Embryo transfer
1633:
1584:
1563:The Jockey Club
1548:
1496:
1439:
1388:
1358:
1259:
1019:
1006:and good form.
838:
827:
821:
818:
775:
773:
763:
751:
740:
734:
717:
635:
608:content of the
598:
517:sniff her urine
489:
375:
336:
269:
263:
161:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Heirloom plant
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Breed registry
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Breed standard
3463:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2926:Horse training
2923:
2918:
2916:Western riding
2913:
2911:English riding
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Horse industry
2873:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2724:Outside Online
2710:
2681:
2654:
2623:(1): 15, 1–9.
2603:
2585:
2576:"Gemini CL xx"
2567:
2549:
2524:
2503:
2494:
2484:
2466:
2441:
2430:(5): 268–273.
2407:
2387:
2374:
2354:
2345:
2338:
2320:
2305:
2296:
2266:
2242:
2239:on 2009-08-09.
2220:
2207:
2185:
2167:
2158:
2134:
2116:
2096:
2067:
2060:
2040:
2033:
2010:
1976:
1969:
1949:
1924:
1912:
1893:
1884:
1868:
1844:
1835:
1816:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1777:Pedigree chart
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1717:
1686:
1685:
1681:zona pellucida
1674:
1664:
1658:
1632:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1583:
1580:
1547:
1544:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1495:
1492:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1412:breed registry
1398:or a specific
1386:Horse behavior
1357:
1354:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1208:Canadian horse
1094:Turkoman horse
1044:oral tradition
1018:
1015:
840:
839:
754:
752:
745:
733:
730:
716:
713:
634:
631:
606:immunoglobulin
597:
594:
529:pelvic thrusts
488:
485:
484:
483:
475:
467:
457:
449:
437:
429:
421:
411:
401:
374:
371:
370:
369:
363:
357:
351:
335:
332:
328:
327:
316:
262:
259:
160:
157:
133:Horse breeding
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3913:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3871:
3870:Tree breeding
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3694:Venus flytrap
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Breeding pair
3474:
3472:
3471:Breeding back
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:Water buffalo
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3350:Animal breeds
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3213:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Gaited horses
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3009:North America
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Domestication
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:Equestrianism
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2670:. Vanity Fair
2669:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2594:"Murka's Gem"
2589:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2286:on 2006-05-08
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2015:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1909:0-17-005860-3
1906:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1881:0-7018-0590-0
1878:
1872:
1858:
1854:
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1832:0-668-02824-6
1829:
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1758:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:Criollo horse
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:barrel racing
1699:
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1477:
1473:
1472:Thoroughbreds
1468:
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1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1060:Caspian horse
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:Arabian horse
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
981:
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969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Conquistadors
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:domestication
855:
854:Arabian horse
850:
847:
836:
833:
825:
814:
811:
807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
790:
786:
783: –
782:
778:
777:Find sources:
771:
767:
761:
760:
755:This article
753:
749:
744:
743:
739:
729:
721:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
689:
684:
680:
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588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
527:after 6 to 8
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
493:
481:
480:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
463:
458:
455:
454:
453:Prostaglandin
450:
447:
446:corpus luteum
443:
442:
438:
435:
434:
430:
427:
426:
422:
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417:
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344:
341:
340:
339:
331:
325:
321:
320:corpus luteum
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:
304:
301:
299:
295:
294:estrous cycle
291:
286:
282:
281:estrous cycle
273:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
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217:
216:Thoroughbreds
213:
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88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Horse breeder
3896:Horse health
3705:and genetics
3679:Sweet potato
3630:
3623:
3615:
3598:
3586:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3290:Backcrossing
3174:Winged horse
3169:White horses
3066:Horse breeds
3057:Horse breeds
3047:World War II
2931:Horse racing
2821:Conformation
2815:
2752:
2732:
2723:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2667:
2657:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2562:the original
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2534:
2527:
2516:. Retrieved
2506:
2497:
2487:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2427:
2423:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2329:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2299:
2288:. Retrieved
2284:the original
2279:
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:
2245:
2237:the original
2233:nbntv.com.au
2232:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2119:
2110:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:
2080:
2070:
2050:
2043:
2023:
2002:. Retrieved
2000:. 2009-09-29
1997:
1991:"Rule AR.46"
1979:
1959:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1939:. 2006-12-01
1936:
1927:
1887:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1838:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1762:Endometrosis
1729:Frank Chapot
1721:Thoroughbred
1687:
1684:development.
1676:
1667:Egg transfer
1666:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1641:Thoroughbred
1622:
1588:
1585:
1575:standardbred
1572:
1567:Thoroughbred
1561:
1557:
1549:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1466:
1440:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1260:
1239:Thoroughbred
1231:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1182:
1174:show jumping
1159:
1148:
1137:Thoroughbred
1130:
1110:
1106:Thoroughbred
1084:such as the
1078:
1068:
1064:
1029:
1020:
1008:
1000:show jumpers
996:show hunters
992:horse racing
988:Thoroughbred
985:
957:
917:
913:bullfighting
897:Thoroughbred
882:
851:
846:conformation
843:
828:
819:
809:
802:
795:
788:
776:
764:Please help
759:verification
756:
726:
709:endometritis
697:veterinarian
685:
681:
677:
673:
644:
618:
614:
599:
591:
579:placentation
552:
533:
505:horse racing
502:
477:
469:
459:
451:
441:Progesterone
439:
431:
423:
413:
403:
393:
387:hypothalamus
379:pineal gland
376:
365:
359:
353:
342:
337:
329:
324:progesterone
302:
278:
247:Linebreeding
244:
231:
214:
205:
201:
193:
176:
168:
162:
153:domesticated
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3814:Sex linkage
3779:Codominance
3752:stabilizing
3732:directional
3618:(daffodils)
3532:Callistemon
3315:Outcrossing
3096:Stock horse
3091:Sport horse
3076:Feral horse
3071:Draft horse
3042:World War I
2989:Middle Ages
2703:27 December
2674:27 December
2640:11336/16296
2617:Biol Reprod
1716:in the U.S.
1540:draft horse
1476:grade horse
1392:sport horse
1290:parturition
1247:sport horse
1166:coach horse
1117:haute ecole
1113:Renaissance
1111:During the
1036:Middle East
1011:show jumper
968:team roping
952:in Normandy
822:August 2022
621:nutritional
499:with a mare
495:A stallion
290:photoperiod
232:bottom line
159:Terminology
3885:Categories
3865:Rare breed
3737:disruptive
3674:Strawberry
3405:Guinea pig
3300:Inbreeding
3295:Crossbreed
3139:Hippomancy
3106:Wild horse
2958:Equitation
2953:Horse show
2886:Horse tack
2841:Management
2826:Coat color
2799:management
2543:2012-12-11
2518:2012-05-30
2290:2006-05-10
2260:2018-10-13
2152:2019-06-11
2090:2008-04-22
2004:2010-08-03
1943:2019-06-11
1862:2019-06-11
1810:2023-02-03
1788:References
1594:live cover
1546:Live cover
1532:ultrasound
1515:Live cover
1408:racehorses
1384:See also:
1379:imprinting
1329:veterinary
1325:management
1299:There are
1227:Saddlebred
1141:foundation
1133:Charles II
1048:Akhal-Teke
905:Andalusian
792:newspapers
736:See also:
661:stud farms
629:problems.
567:ultrasound
548:blastocyst
525:ejaculates
521:copulation
265:See also:
255:inbreeding
228:stud books
80:newspapers
3819:F1 hybrid
3794:Heterosis
3784:Epistasis
3774:Dominance
3769:Phenotype
3727:balancing
3684:Sweetcorn
3667:cultivars
3631:Nepenthes
3616:Narcissus
3599:Grevillea
3559:Cherimoya
3258:cultivars
3186:Symbolism
3181:Sacrifice
3144:Mythology
3101:Warmblood
3059:and types
3027:East Asia
2979:Evolution
2941:medalists
2864:and sport
2851:Slaughter
2846:Nutrition
2535:The Horse
1937:The Horse
1725:Gem Twist
1704:horse, a
1696:In 2006,
1400:phenotype
1346:horsemeat
1321:nutrition
1286:gestation
1243:warmblood
1215:Appaloosa
1162:warmblood
1074:destriers
1056:Mongolian
948:Argentina
715:Foal care
626:lactating
610:colostrum
559:conceptus
555:gestation
471:Prolactin
383:melatonin
350:anestrus.
322:secretes
313:Ovulation
251:euphemism
185:phenotype
110:June 2013
3860:Landrace
3850:Germline
3845:Eugenics
3789:Dwarfing
3764:Genotype
3742:negative
3662:breeders
3581:Cucumber
3553:Capsicum
3546:Cannabis
3514:Japanese
3432:breeding
3415:breeding
3378:breeding
3340:Purebred
3212:Category
2816:Breeding
2811:Behavior
2697:Archived
2649:22553223
2492:138-151.
2477:Archived
2280:Arabians
2199:Archived
2127:Archived
2054:. CABI.
1751:See also
1710:stallion
1690:Prometea
1404:purebred
1366:stallion
1317:stud fee
1234:carriage
1178:dressage
1121:Lipizzan
1070:Medieval
942:and the
932:Mustangs
893:outcross
889:Arabians
701:placenta
692:meconium
513:stallion
479:Oxytocin
425:Estrogen
309:Estrogen
298:anestrus
220:Arabians
165:stallion
145:purebred
3840:Breeder
3712:Culling
3624:Nemesia
3587:Gazania
3569:hybrids
3368:Chicken
3283:Methods
3191:Worship
3164:Unicorn
3154:Chinese
3149:Centaur
3134:Fiction
3116:Culture
3019:Warfare
2999:Britain
2972:History
2963:Therapy
2921:Driving
2906:Harness
2806:Anatomy
2459:June 1,
1706:gelding
1698:Scamper
1253:level.
1251:Olympic
1155:species
1144:Arabian
1102:Courser
1086:Arabian
1034:of the
1032:Bedouin
1024:Odyssey
1004:bascule
976:cutting
944:Criollo
901:cavalry
878:warfare
806:scholar
665:webcams
657:paddock
648:Florida
633:Foaling
550:stage.
540:oviduct
433:Inhibin
240:damsire
209:sibling
94:scholar
3689:Tomato
3637:Olives
3576:Coffee
3564:Citrus
3521:Banana
3449:Turkey
3439:Rabbit
3427:Pigeon
3385:Donkey
3363:Cattle
3335:Hybrid
3254:Breeds
3159:Nordic
3129:Burial
2946:venues
2901:Saddle
2896:Bridle
2831:Genome
2790:Horses
2668:VFNews
2647:
2336:
2058:
2031:
1967:
1907:
1879:
1830:
1746:pitch.
1671:oocyte
1553:teaser
1131:After
1092:, and
926:, and
920:cattle
885:Europe
874:knight
862:Europe
808:
801:
794:
787:
779:
705:uterus
587:beagle
585:and a
583:rabbit
563:embryo
544:uterus
536:oocyte
497:mating
460:eCG –
394:GnRH (
360:Vagina
354:Cervix
343:Uterus
137:horses
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3828:Other
3642:Onion
3610:Mango
3593:Grape
3539:Canna
3526:Basil
3509:Apple
3444:Sheep
3410:Horse
3400:Goose
2147:ESDAW
1994:(PDF)
1669:: An
1396:breed
972:steer
964:ranch
928:feral
909:Spain
813:JSTOR
799:books
688:enema
575:fetus
509:vulva
414:FSH (
366:Vulva
347:edema
189:breed
187:, or
149:breed
101:JSTOR
87:books
3657:Rose
3652:Rice
3647:Pear
3395:Goat
3390:Duck
3256:and
2836:Gait
2705:2015
2676:2015
2645:PMID
2461:2024
2334:ISBN
2085:XIII
2056:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1983:The
1965:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1714:stud
1639:The
1524:(AI)
1327:and
1288:and
1225:and
1217:and
1206:The
1194:The
1090:Barb
1052:Asia
870:plow
866:farm
785:news
553:The
511:. A
404:LH (
279:The
218:and
196:colt
173:mare
169:sire
73:news
3605:Hop
3422:Pig
3373:Dog
3358:Cat
3124:Art
2891:Bit
2635:hdl
2625:doi
2432:doi
1502:An
1423:get
1176:or
998:or
980:cow
946:of
876:in
768:by
652:pen
177:dam
56:by
3887::
2722:.
2666:.
2643:.
2633:.
2621:87
2619:.
2615:.
2596:.
2578:.
2452:.
2428:29
2426:.
2422:.
2410:^
2278:.
2253:.
2231:.
2178:.
2145:.
2109:.
2083:.
2079:.
2013:^
1996:.
1935:.
1915:^
1896:^
1855:.
1819:^
1803:.
1723:,
1364:A
1348:.
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1180:.
1088:,
1009:A
915:.
880:.
667:,
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2768:v
2726:.
2707:.
2678:.
2651:.
2637::
2627::
2600:.
2582:.
2546:.
2521:.
2463:.
2438:.
2434::
2342:.
2317:.
2293:.
2263:.
2182:.
2155:.
2113:.
2093:.
2064:.
2037:.
2007:.
1973:.
1946:.
1865:.
1813:.
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820:(
810:·
803:·
796:·
789:·
762:.
418:)
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398:)
326:.
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50:.
20:)
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