678:
1219:
1204:
1248:
2033:
2137:
consist of increasing temperature to accelerate destabilisation (below critical temperatures of phase inversion or chemical degradation). Temperature affects not only viscosity, but also interfacial tension in the case of non-ionic surfactants or more generally interactions forces inside the system. Storing a dispersion at high temperatures enables to simulate real life conditions for a product (e.g. tube of sunscreen cream in a car in the summer), but also to accelerate destabilisation processes up to 200 times. Mechanical acceleration including vibration,
1402:: This is due to interaction between two dipoles that are either permanent or induced. Even if the particles do not have a permanent dipole, fluctuations of the electron density gives rise to a temporary dipole in a particle. This temporary dipole induces a dipole in particles nearby. The temporary dipole and the induced dipoles are then attracted to each other. This is known as van der Waals force, and is always present (unless the refractive indexes of the dispersed and continuous phases are matched), is short-range, and is attractive.
1161:
1313:, personal care and industrial applications, they can provide stabilization, destabilization and separation, gelation, flow control, crystallization control and numerous other effects. Apart from uses of the soluble forms some of the hydrocolloids have additional useful functionality in a dry form if after solubilization they have the water removed - as in the formation of films for breath strips or sausage casings or indeed, wound dressing fibers, some being more compatible with
2121:, is based on measuring the fraction of light that, after being sent through the sample, it backscattered by the colloidal particles. The backscattering intensity is directly proportional to the average particle size and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Therefore, local changes in concentration caused by sedimentation or creaming, and clumping together of particles caused by aggregation, are detected and monitored. These phenomena are associated with unstable colloids.
55:
31:
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1986:. While these terms are often used interchangeably, for some definitions they have slightly different meanings. For example, coagulation can be used to describe irreversible, permanent aggregation where the forces holding the particles together are stronger than any external forces caused by stirring or mixing. Flocculation can be used to describe reversible aggregation involving weaker attractive forces, and the aggregate is usually called a
1994:
1424:
1137:
1149:
2065:(the width of the electrical double layer) of the particles. It is also accomplished by changing the pH of a suspension to effectively neutralise the surface charge of the particles in suspension. This removes the repulsive forces that keep colloidal particles separate and allows for aggregation due to van der Waals forces. Minor changes in pH can manifest in significant alteration to the
1305:. Thus becoming effectively "soluble" they change the rheology of water by raising the viscosity and/or inducing gelation. They may provide other interactive effects with other chemicals, in some cases synergistic, in others antagonistic. Using these attributes hydrocolloids are very useful chemicals since in many areas of technology from
1990:. The term precipitation is normally reserved for describing a phase change from a colloid dispersion to a solid (precipitate) when it is subjected to a perturbation. Aggregation causes sedimentation or creaming, therefore the colloid is unstable: if either of these processes occur the colloid will no longer be a suspension.
2128:
the particles. If the apparent size of the particles increases due to them clumping together via aggregation, it will result in slower
Brownian motion. This technique can confirm that aggregation has occurred if the apparent particle size is determined to be beyond the typical size range for colloidal particles.
1317:
than others. There are many different types of hydrocolloids each with differences in structure function and utility that generally are best suited to particular application areas in the control of rheology and the physical modification of form and texture. Some hydrocolloids like starch and casein
2084:
Unstable colloidal suspensions of low-volume fraction form clustered liquid suspensions, wherein individual clusters of particles sediment if they are more dense than the suspension medium, or cream if they are less dense. However, colloidal suspensions of higher-volume fraction form colloidal gels
2136:
The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long (up to several months or years for some products). Thus, it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods to reach reasonable development time for new product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used and
2127:
can be used to detect the size of a colloidal particle by measuring how fast they diffuse. This method involves directing laser light towards a colloid. The scattered light will form an interference pattern, and the fluctuation in light intensity in this pattern is caused by the
Brownian motion of
1374:
dissolves, and the Na and Cl ions are surrounded by water molecules. However, in a colloid such as milk, the colloidal particles are globules of fat, rather than individual fat molecules. Because colloid is multiple phases, it has very different properties compared to fully mixed, continuous
2040:
A method called gel network stabilization represents the principal way to produce colloids stable to both aggregation and sedimentation. The method consists in adding to the colloidal suspension a polymer able to form a gel network. Particle settling is hindered by the stiffness of the polymeric
2024:
Steric stabilization consists absorbing a layer of a polymer or surfactant on the particles to prevent them from getting close in the range of attractive forces. The polymer consists of chains that are attached to the particle surface, and the part of the chain that extends out is soluble in the
2337:
of these so-called "colloidal crystals" has emerged as a result of the relatively simple methods that have evolved in the last 20 years for preparing synthetic monodisperse colloids (both polymer and mineral) and, through various mechanisms, implementing and preserving their long-range order
2141:
and agitation are sometimes used. They subject the product to different forces that pushes the particles / droplets against one another, hence helping in the film drainage. Some emulsions would never coalesce in normal gravity, while they do under artificial gravity. Segregation of different
2106:
2072:
Addition of a charged polymer flocculant. Polymer flocculants can bridge individual colloidal particles by attractive electrostatic interactions. For example, negatively charged colloidal silica or clay particles can be flocculated by the addition of a positively charged
2162:. Many of the forces that govern the structure and behavior of matter, such as excluded volume interactions or electrostatic forces, govern the structure and behavior of colloidal suspensions. For example, the same techniques used to model ideal gases can be applied to
1218:
2009:, where the particles are charged on the surface, but then attract counterions (ions of opposite charge) which surround the particle. The electrostatic repulsion between suspended colloidal particles is most readily quantified in terms of the
854:: State of subdivision such that the molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium have at least one dimension between approximately 1 nm and 1 ÎĽm, or that in a system discontinuities are found at distances of that order.
1396:: Colloidal particles often carry an electrical charge and therefore attract or repel each other. The charge of both the continuous and the dispersed phase, as well as the mobility of the phases are factors affecting this interaction.
1203:
779:
is distinguished from colloids by larger particle size). A colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension). The dispersed phase particles have a diameter of approximately 1
3286:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (10 September 2011).
2875:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (2011).
2170:
in colloidal suspensions can be studied in real time using optical techniques, and are analogous to phase transitions in liquids. In many interesting cases optical fluidity is used to control colloid suspensions.
1333:
Hydrocolloids contain some type of gel-forming agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and gelatin. They are normally combined with some type of sealant, i.e. polyurethane to 'stick' to the skin.
2400:
Colloidal particles can also serve as transport vector of diverse contaminants in the surface water (sea water, lakes, rivers, fresh water bodies) and in underground water circulating in fissured rocks (e.g.
2097:, flow like liquids under shear, but maintain their shape when shear is removed. It is for this reason that toothpaste can be squeezed from a toothpaste tube, but stays on the toothbrush after it is applied.
1878:
There is an upper size-limit for the diameter of colloidal particles because particles larger than 1 ÎĽm tend to sediment, and thus the substance would no longer be considered a colloidal suspension.
1944:
The stability of a colloidal system is defined by particles remaining suspended in solution and depends on the interaction forces between the particles. These include electrostatic interactions and
4320:
1873:
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1695:
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Greenfield, Elad; Rotschild, Carmel; Szameit, Alexander; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; El-Ganainy, Ramy; Christodoulides, Demetrios N; Saraf, Meirav; Lifshitz, Efrat; Segev, Mordechai (2011).
2306:-like correlations with interparticle separation distances, often being considerably greater than the individual particle diameter. In all of these cases in nature, the same brilliant
1767:
1970:
If the interaction energy is greater than kT, the attractive forces will prevail, and the colloidal particles will begin to clump together. This process is referred to generally as
4036:
Liu, Xuesong; Li, Zejing; Tang, Jianguo; Yu, Bing; Cong, Hailin (9 September 2013). "Current status and future developments in preparation and application of colloidal crystals".
1811:
1507:
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Hatschek, Emil, The
Foundations of Colloid Chemistry, A selection of early papers bearing on the subject, The British Association Committee on Colloid Chemistry, London, 1925
2041:
matrix where particles are trapped, and the long polymeric chains can provide a steric or electrosteric stabilization to dispersed particles. Examples of such substances are
1414:: An attractive entropic force arising from an osmotic pressure imbalance when colloids are suspended in a medium of much smaller particles or polymers called depletants.
1543:
1571:
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Removal of the electrostatic barrier that prevents aggregation of the particles. This can be accomplished by the addition of salt to a suspension to reduce the
1721:
1627:
1599:
5183:
3544:
Lemarchand, Caroline; Couvreur, Patrick; Besnard, Madeleine; Costantini, Dominique; Gref, Ruxandra (2003). "Novel polyester-polysaccharide nanoparticles".
2463:
occurring in dense clay membrane. The question is less clear for small organic colloids often mixed in porewater with truly dissolved organic molecules.
3427:
Comba, Silvia; Sethi (August 2009). "Stabilization of highly concentrated suspensions of iron nanoparticles using shear-thinning gels of xanthan gum".
722:
4328:
1247:
2686:
Selmi, Francesco, Studio intorno alle pseudo-soluzioni degli azzurri di
Prussia ed alla influenza dei sali nel guastarle, Bologna: Tipi Sassi, 1847
2069:. When the magnitude of the zeta potential lies below a certain threshold, typically around ± 5mV, rapid coagulation or aggregation tends to occur.
2113:
The most widely used technique to monitor the dispersion state of a product, and to identify and quantify destabilization phenomena, is multiple
4153:
3689:
Snabre, Patrick; Pouligny, Bernard (2008). "Size
Segregation in a Fluid-like or Gel-like Suspension Settling under Gravity or in a Centrifuge".
4272:
2005:
Electrostatic stabilization is based on the mutual repulsion of like electrical charges. The charge of colloidal particles is structured in an
1967:. If this is the case, then the colloidal particles will repel or only weakly attract each other, and the substance will remain a suspension.
4178:
2912:
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2189:
array of particles that can be formed over a very long range (typically on the order of a few millimeters to one centimeter) and that appear
1212:
are semi-solid emulsions of oil and water. Oil-in-water creams are used for cosmetic purpose while water-in-oil creams for medicinal purpose
4885:
4098:
Alonso, U.; T. Missana; A. Patelli; V. Rigato (2007). "Bentonite colloid diffusion through the host rock of a deep geological repository".
2704:
Selmi, Francesco - Sur le soufre pseudosoluble, sa pseudosolution e le soufre mou, Journal de
Pharmacie et de Chimie, tome 21, 1852, Paris
3982:
Luck, Werner; Klier, Manfred; Wesslau, Hermann (1963). "Ăśber Bragg-Reflexe mit sichtbarem Licht an monodispersen
Kunststofflatices. II".
4368:
3725:
2597:
3042:
McBride, Samantha A.; Skye, Rachael; Varanasi, Kripa K. (2020). "Differences between
Colloidal and Crystalline Evaporative Deposits".
2455:. They have been the subject of detailed studies for many years. However, the mobility of inorganic colloids is very low in compacted
2796:
Richard G. Jones; Edward S. Wilks; W. Val
Metanomski; Jaroslav Kahovec; Michael Hess; Robert Stepto; Tatsuki Kitayama, eds. (2009).
3587:
Mengual, O (1999). "Characterisation of instability of concentrated dispersions by a new optical analyser: the TURBISCAN MA 1000".
3509:
Roland, I; Piel, G; Delattre, L; Evrard, B (2003). "Systematic characterisation of oil-in-water emulsions for formulation design".
2025:
suspension medium. This technique is used to stabilize colloidal particles in all types of solvents, including organic solvents.
2013:. The combined effect of van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion on aggregation is described quantitatively by the
2997:
715:
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designed to lock moisture in the skin and help the natural healing process of skin to reduce scarring, itching and soreness.
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1318:
are useful foods as well as rheology modifiers, others have limited nutritive value, usually providing a source of fiber.
1435:
acts upon colloidal particles. Therefore, if the colloidal particles are denser than the medium of suspension, they will
3400:
Genz, Ulrike; D'Aguanno, Bruno; Mewis, Jan; Klein, Rudolf (1 July 1994). "Structure of
Sterically Stabilized Colloids".
2001:
Electrostatic stabilization and steric stabilization are the two main mechanisms for stabilization against aggregation.
3470:
Bean, Elwood L.; Campbell, Sylvester J.; Anspach, Frederick R.; Ockershausen, Richard W.; Peterman, Charles J. (1964).
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A colloid is stable if the interaction energy due to attractive forces between the colloidal particles is less than
4878:
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Subcommittee on Polymer Terminology; Jones, Richard G. (2009).
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677:
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de Swaan Arons, J.; Diepen, G. A. M. (2010). "Immiscibility of gases. The system He-Xe: (Short communication)".
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by this difference, and much of the research related to this use of colloids is based on fraudulent research by
5020:
4705:
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4361:
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Greenfield, Elad; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; El-Ganainy, Ramy; Christodoulides, Demetri N; Segev, Mordechai (2013).
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and gravitational forces. The periodic arrays of submicrometre spherical particles provide similar arrays of
1979:
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2775:. Page 183: "As gelatine appears to be its type, it is proposed to designate substances of the class as
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3289:"Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
1443:(float to the top). Larger particles also have a greater tendency to sediment because they have smaller
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onto colloids suspended in water. Various types of colloids are recognised: inorganic colloids (e.g.
2311:
2158:. Micrometre-scale colloidal particles are large enough to be observed by optical techniques such as
1983:
1949:
1916:
1882:
530:
205:
3472:"Zeta Potential Measurements in the Control of Coagulation Chemical Doses [with Discussion]"
1408:: A repulsive steric force typically occurring due to adsorbed polymers coating a colloid's surface.
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throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a
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van Anders, Greg; Klotsa, Daphne; Ahmed, N. Khalid; Engel, Michael; Glotzer, Sharon C. (2014).
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Tweney, Ryan D. (2006). "Discovering Discovery: How Faraday Found the First Metallic Colloid".
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Wold, Susanna; Trygve Eriksen (2007). "Diffusion of humic colloids in compacted bentonite".
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is the difference in mass density between the colloidal particle and the suspension medium.
1518:
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it scatters blue light making it appear blue from the side, but orange light shines through.
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1971:
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1366:, whereas colloidal particles are bigger. For example, in a solution of salt in water, the
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3781:"Shockwave based nonlinear optical manipulation in densely scattering opaque suspensions"
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substances). When heavy metals or radionuclides form their own pure colloids, the term "
2142:
populations of particles have been highlighted when using centrifugation and vibration.
27:
Mixture of an insoluble substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance
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Compendium of polymer terminology and nomenclature : IUPAC recommendations, 2008
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The following forces play an important role in the interaction of colloid particles:
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585:
430:
320:
240:
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Hiltner, P.A.; Krieger, I.M. (1969). "Diffraction of light by ordered suspensions".
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2545:. Another difference is that crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.
2029:
A combination of the two mechanisms is also possible (electrosteric stabilization).
1928:
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if the rate of sedimentation is equal to the rate of movement from Brownian motion.
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in the blood, and therefore, they should theoretically preferentially increase the
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refers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word
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30:
4144:. Nagra Technical Report 02-14. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH ZĂĽrich: 47.
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3631:"Stability of colloidal systems - a review of the stability measurements methods"
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Measurement principle of multiple light scattering coupled with vertical scanning
2077:
2017:. A common method of stabilising a colloid (converting it from a precipitate) is
1723:
is the volume of the colloidal particle, calculated using the volume of a sphere
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2451:. Colloids have been suspected for the long-range transport of plutonium on the
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and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
2798:
Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
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Condensation of small dissolved molecules into larger colloidal particles by
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Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range may be called
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2993:"Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food: a critical review"
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Sanders, J.V.; Sanders, J. V.; Segnit, E. R. (1964). "Structure of Opal".
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is an important organising principle for compartmentalisation of both the
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1390:: This refers to the impossibility of any overlap between hard particles.
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792:
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412:
54:
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3662:
Salager, J-L (2000). Françoise Nielloud; Gilberte Marti-Mestres (eds.).
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that vary depending on the chemical conditions of the soil sample, i.e.
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4501:
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Park, Soo-Jin; Seo, Min-Kang (1 January 2011). "Intermolecular Force".
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4321:"Millions of surgery patients at risk in drug research fraud scandal"
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Frimmel, Fritz H.; Frank von der Kammer; Hans-Curt Flemming (2007).
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de Swaan Arons, J.; Diepen, G. A. M. (1966). "Gas—Gas Equilibria".
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and elsewhere, and form these highly ordered arrays after years of
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reactions. Such processes are used in the preparation of colloidal
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2537:. However, there is still controversy to the actual difference in
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Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio AA – Chemia
2494:
2410:
2364:—similar in importance to compartmentalisation via lipid bilayer
2330:
2303:
2299:
2194:
2151:
2131:
2042:
1371:
1358:
constitute only one phase. A solute in a solution are individual
1355:
1228:
1080:
1052:
910:
762:
740:
440:
388:
379:
374:
3589:
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
2673:
Selmi, Francesco "Studi sulla dimulsione di cloruro d'argento".
1450:
The sedimentation or creaming velocity is found by equating the
761:, while others extend the definition to include substances like
4401:
3469:
2430:
2221:
1602:
1427:
Brownian motion of 350 nm diameter polymer colloidal particles.
1351:
1064:
758:
393:
369:
100:
2388:
strongly enhances colloidal phase separation and formation of
2197:
examples of this ordering phenomenon can be found in precious
1900:
of large particles or droplets to the colloidal dimensions by
4965:
4410:
4396:
2479:
2426:
2323:
2310:(or play of colors) can be attributed to the diffraction and
2267:
2205:
2193:
to their atomic or molecular counterparts. One of the finest
1997:
Examples of a stable and of an unstable colloidal dispersion.
1924:
1306:
1302:
1003:
946:
932:
920:
834:
398:
95:
2826:"Dispersity in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)"
2779:, and to speak of their peculiar form of aggregation as the
2635:"Dispersity in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)"
2273:, particularly when the interstitial spacing is of the same
803:
of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be
3614:
Bru, P.; et al. (2004). T. Provder; J. Texter (eds.).
3399:
3368:
Colloid stability : the role of surface forces. Part I
3285:
2874:
2475:
2471:
2418:
2270:
2198:
2155:
2105:
1816:
By rearranging, the sedimentation or creaming velocity is:
1439:(fall to the bottom), or if they are less dense, they will
1314:
1253:
1235:
1076:
991:
965:
928:
4008:
3903:
3774:
3772:
3131:
2057:
Destabilization can be accomplished by different methods:
4406:
3134:"Understanding shape entropy through local dense packing"
2991:
Saha, Dipjyoti; Bhattacharya, Suvendu (6 November 2010).
2751:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1363:
1070:
1025:
916:
766:
105:
3984:
Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft fĂĽr Physikalische Chemie
3508:
2949:
2922:
4238:
3769:
3629:
Matusiak, Jakub; GrzÄ…dka, ElĹĽbieta (8 December 2017).
2459:
and in deep clay formations because of the process of
2117:
coupled with vertical scanning. This method, known as
4135:"Stability and mobility of colloids in Opalinus Clay"
3208:
Colloid Science: Principles, Methods and Applications
2439:" is used to designate pure phases, i.e., pure Tc(OH)
1908:, or application of shear (e.g., shaking, mixing, or
1825:
1779:
1729:
1709:
1641:
1615:
1587:
1559:
1521:
1467:
743:
in which one substance consisting of microscopically
5184:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
3420:
2955:
2928:
2675:
Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali di Bologna, 1845
2560:
2558:
2284:
Thus, it has been known for many years that, due to
2166:
the behavior of a hard sphere colloidal suspension.
4132:
3821:
3084:
3041:
2021:, a process where it is shaken with an electrolyte.
1632:The mass of the colloidal particle is found using:
818:, who called them pseudosolutions, and expanded by
4203:
3726:"Colloidal matter: Packing, geometry, and entropy"
3364:
1893:There are two principal ways to prepare colloids:
1867:
1805:
1761:
1715:
1689:
1621:
1593:
1565:
1537:
1501:
3125:
2555:
2525:, whereas other types of volume expanders called
2089:properties. Viscoelastic colloidal gels, such as
5236:
3981:
3830:"Light-induced self-synchronizing flow patterns"
3085:Lekkerkerker, Henk N.W.; Tuinier, Remco (2011).
2990:
2569:(4rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
1378:
4206:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
4133:Voegelin, A.; Kretzschmar, R. (December 2002).
4100:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
3628:
3246:
3244:
3201:
3199:
3197:
2154:, colloids are an interesting model system for
2080:that cause aggregation due to entropic effects.
1868:{\displaystyle v={\frac {m_{A}g}{6\pi \eta r}}}
1238:is a gel in which water is dispersed in silica
4241:Elements of the nature and properties of soils
4179:"Diffusion of colloids in compacted bentonite"
3688:
2329:The large number of experiments exploring the
2145:
2132:Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction
1948:, because they both contribute to the overall
4879:
4362:
4239:Weil, Ray; Brady, Nyle C. (11 October 2018).
3946:
3868:
2564:
2380:that arise via liquid-liquid or liquid-solid
716:
3947:Darragh, P.J.; et al. (1976). "Opals".
3869:Pieranski, P. (1983). "Colloidal Crystals".
3661:
3241:
3194:
3078:
1690:{\displaystyle m_{A}=V(\rho _{1}-\rho _{2})}
4376:
4035:
2749:"X. Liquid diffusion applied to analysis".
1629:is the sedimentation or creaming velocity.
4886:
4872:
4369:
4355:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4271:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3476:Journal (American Water Works Association)
3426:
2931:Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas
2489:and carry either positive and/or negative
1881:The colloidal particles are said to be in
723:
709:
53:
3853:
3804:
3744:
3723:
3646:
3304:
3177:
3167:
3149:
3018:
2819:
2817:
2791:
2789:
2650:
2604:. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
2413:). Radionuclides and heavy metals easily
2076:Addition of non-adsorbed polymers called
1762:{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}
1418:
1337:
810:Colloidal suspensions are the subject of
3665:Pharmaceutical emulsions and suspensions
3205:
2104:
2031:
1992:
1422:
29:
4279:
3613:
3586:
3327:
3250:
2800:(2nd ed.). RSC Publ. p. 464.
2633:Stepto, Robert F. T. (1 January 2009).
2100:
864:Colloids can be classified as follows:
814:. This field of study began in 1845 by
14:
5237:
4893:
4290:
3511:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
3257:. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
3088:Colloids and the Depletion Interaction
2998:Journal of Food Science and Technology
2823:
2814:
2786:
2713:
2632:
2500:
2376:has been used to refer to clusters of
1321:The term hydrocolloids also refers to
1301:) that are colloidally dispersible in
4867:
4350:
4318:
4077:(1 ed.). Springer. p. 292.
2395:
2201:, in which brilliant regions of pure
2036:Steric and gel network stabilization.
1346:and a continuous phase, whereas in a
869:
4291:Martin, Gregory S. (19 April 2005).
3616:Particle sizing and characterisation
2918:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2864:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4074:Colloidal transport in porous media
3254:Basic principles of colloid science
2314:of visible lightwaves that satisfy
2302:environment can exhibit long-range
1806:{\displaystyle \rho _{1}-\rho _{2}}
1502:{\displaystyle m_{A}g=6\pi \eta rv}
24:
3488:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1964.tb01202.x
3342:10.1016/B978-0-12-375049-5.00001-3
2513:, and can be used for intravenous
2052:
25:
5281:
4293:"An Update on Intravenous Fluids"
4243:(Fourth ed.). New York, NY.
3969:10.1038/scientificamerican0476-84
2567:Intermolecular and surface forces
901:Helium and xenon are known to be
859:
4429:
3330:Interface Science and Technology
2565:Israelachvili, Jacob N. (2011).
2185:A colloidal crystal is a highly
1939:
1281:
1269:
1246:
1217:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1159:
1147:
1135:
896:
690:
689:
676:
4312:
4232:
4197:
4171:
4126:
4091:
4064:
4029:
4002:
3975:
3940:
3897:
3862:
3724:Manoharan, Vinothan N. (2015).
3717:
3682:
3655:
3622:
3607:
3580:
3537:
3502:
3463:
3393:
3358:
3321:
3279:
3228:
3035:
2984:
2868:
2318:, in a matter analogous to the
2742:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2667:
2626:
2591:
1888:
1684:
1658:
955:atmospheric particulate matter
13:
1:
4818:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
4319:Blake, Heidi (3 March 2011).
3855:10.1088/1367-2630/13/5/053021
3601:10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00680-3
3523:10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00364-8
2824:Stepto, Robert F. T. (2009).
2781:colloidal condition of matter
2548:
2341:
2228:). These spherical particles
1974:, but is also referred to as
1447:to counteract this movement.
1379:Interaction between particles
1328:
812:interface and colloid science
5174:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
4828:Order and disorder (physics)
3449:10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.046
3056:10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01139
2470:, the colloidal fraction in
7:
3365:Tadros, Tharwat F. (2007).
2517:. Colloids preserve a high
2509:belong to a major group of
2174:
2146:As a model system for atoms
1549:of the colloidal particles,
1264:globules dispersed in water
898:No such colloids are known.
10:
5286:
5159:Acid dissociation constant
3293:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3206:Cosgrove, Terence (2010).
2888:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2834:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2639:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2505:Colloid solutions used in
2485:that are less than 1ÎĽm in
2178:
1605:of the colloidal particle,
905:under certain conditions.
266:Spin gapless semiconductor
5142:
5074:
5004:
4901:
4780:
4734:
4606:
4520:
4494:
4438:
4427:
4389:
4226:10.1016/j.pce.2006.05.002
4142:Technischer Bericht / NTB
4120:10.1016/j.pce.2006.04.021
3891:10.1080/00107518308227471
3668:. CRC press. p. 89.
3097:10.1007/978-94-007-1223-2
3011:10.1007/s13197-010-0162-6
2728:10.1162/posc.2006.14.1.97
2312:constructive interference
2259:, which act as a natural
1883:sedimentation equilibrium
1577:of the suspension medium,
1394:Electrostatic interaction
1388:Excluded volume repulsion
888:
872:
206:Electronic band structure
5260:Condensed matter physics
4853:Thermo-dielectric effect
4752:Enthalpy of vaporization
4446:Bose–Einstein condensate
4038:Chemical Society Reviews
3996:10.1002/bbpc.19630670114
3648:10.17951/aa.2017.72.1.33
3306:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03
3091:. Heidelberg: Springer.
2943:10.1002/recl.19630820810
2901:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03
2878:"Terminology of polymers
2847:10.1351/PAC-REC-08-05-02
2652:10.1351/PAC-REC-08-05-02
2519:colloid osmotic pressure
2453:Nevada Nuclear Test Site
2390:biomolecular condensates
2361:biomolecular condensates
2125:Dynamic light scattering
807:or have a slight color.
116:Bose–Einstein condensate
47:Condensed matter physics
5124:Solubility table (data)
4991:Apparent molar property
4747:Enthalpy of sublimation
3746:10.1126/science.1253751
3558:10.1023/A:1025017502379
3546:Pharmaceutical Research
3371:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3251:Everett, D. H. (1988).
3236:Preparation of colloids
3169:10.1073/pnas.1418159111
2716:Perspectives on Science
2386:Macromolecular crowding
2374:biomolecular condensate
2326:in crystalline solids.
2007:electrical double layer
1089:biomolecular condensate
1038:biomolecular condensate
1014:biomolecular condensate
5089:Total dissolved solids
5084:Solubility equilibrium
5009:and related quantities
4762:Latent internal energy
4512:Color-glass condensate
3834:New Journal of Physics
3234:Kopeliovich, Dmitri.
3138:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2763:10.1098/rstl.1861.0011
2421:particles, silicates,
2110:
2063:Debye screening length
2037:
1998:
1869:
1807:
1763:
1717:
1691:
1623:
1595:
1567:
1539:
1538:{\displaystyle m_{A}g}
1503:
1428:
1419:Sedimentation velocity
1338:Compared with solution
856:
826:, who coined the term
38:
5189:Partition coefficient
5169:Polar aprotic solvent
4572:Magnetically ordered
3212:John Wiley & Sons
2491:electrostatic charges
2425:), organic colloids (
2216:colloidal spheres of
2108:
2035:
1996:
1870:
1808:
1764:
1718:
1692:
1624:
1596:
1568:
1566:{\displaystyle \eta }
1540:
1504:
1426:
1124:colloidal dispersions
1116:colloidal suspensions
839:
261:Topological insulator
33:
5104:Enthalpy of solution
5031:Volume concentration
5026:Number concentration
4451:Fermionic condensate
4327:. UK. Archived from
3871:Contemporary Physics
3806:10.1364/OE.21.023785
2535:intracellular volume
2523:intravascular volume
2293:electrically charged
2101:Monitoring stability
1965:absolute temperature
1946:van der Waals forces
1823:
1777:
1727:
1707:
1639:
1613:
1585:
1557:
1519:
1465:
1400:van der Waals forces
1197:A dollop of hair gel
1009:biological membranes
844:: Short synonym for
771:colloidal suspension
279:Electronic phenomena
126:Fermionic condensate
5255:Colloidal chemistry
5016:Molar concentration
4986:Dilution (equation)
4666:Chemical ionization
4558:Programmable matter
4548:Quantum spin liquid
4416:Supercritical fluid
4218:2007PCE....32..477W
4112:2007PCE....32..469A
4023:10.1021/j100727a049
3961:1976SciAm.234d..84D
3949:Scientific American
3918:1964Natur.204..990J
3883:1983ConPh..24...25P
3846:2011NJPh...13e3021G
3797:2013OExpr..2123785G
3791:(20): 23785–23802.
3441:2009WatRe..43.3717C
3414:10.1021/la00019a029
3160:2014PNAS..111E4812V
3144:(45): E4812–E4821.
3050:(40): 11732–11741.
2970:1966JChPh..44.2322D
2531:interstitial volume
2507:intravenous therapy
2501:Intravenous therapy
2423:iron oxy-hydroxides
2261:diffraction grating
2160:confocal microscopy
1456:gravitational force
1433:gravitational field
1112:colloidal emulsions
286:Quantum Hall effect
37:image of a colloid.
5056:Isotopic abundance
5021:Mass concentration
4895:Chemical solutions
4813:Leidenfrost effect
4742:Enthalpy of fusion
4507:Quark–gluon plasma
4331:on 4 November 2011
4050:10.1039/C3CS60078E
2529:also increase the
2396:In the environment
2275:order of magnitude
2111:
2038:
1999:
1961:Boltzmann constant
1865:
1803:
1759:
1713:
1687:
1619:
1591:
1563:
1547:Archimedean weight
1535:
1499:
1429:
1323:a type of dressing
1108:colloidal aerosols
791:Some colloids are
683:Physics portal
39:
5250:Chemical mixtures
5232:
5231:
4861:
4860:
4843:Superheated vapor
4838:Superconductivity
4808:Equation of state
4656:Flash evaporation
4608:Phase transitions
4593:String-net liquid
4486:Photonic molecule
4456:Degenerate matter
4084:978-3-540-71338-8
4044:(19): 7774–7800.
3739:(6251): 1253751.
3703:10.1021/la802459u
3675:978-0-8247-0304-2
3435:(15): 3717–3726.
3378:978-3-527-63107-0
3299:(12): 2229–2259.
3264:978-1-84755-020-0
2978:10.1063/1.1727043
2895:(12): 2229–2259.
2807:978-0-85404-491-7
2757:: 183–224. 1861.
2611:978-1-84755-942-5
2576:978-0-08-092363-5
2515:fluid replacement
2474:consists of tiny
2181:Colloidal crystal
2168:Phase transitions
1959:, where k is the
1910:high shear mixing
1863:
1744:
1716:{\displaystyle V}
1622:{\displaystyle v}
1594:{\displaystyle r}
1452:Stokes drag force
1289:describe certain
1104:
1103:
733:
732:
431:Granular material
199:Electronic phases
16:(Redirected from
5277:
5129:Solubility chart
4956:Phase separation
4916:Aqueous solution
4888:
4881:
4874:
4865:
4864:
4798:Compressed fluid
4433:
4378:States of matter
4371:
4364:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4212:(1–7): 477–484.
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4181:. Archived from
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4152:. Archived from
4139:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4106:(1–7): 469–476.
4095:
4089:
4088:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3926:10.1038/204990a0
3901:
3895:
3894:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3748:
3730:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3697:(23): 13338–47.
3686:
3680:
3679:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3595:(1–2): 111–123.
3584:
3578:
3577:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3408:(7): 2206–2212.
3397:
3391:
3390:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3248:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3153:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3113:on 14 April 2019
3109:. Archived from
3082:
3076:
3075:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3022:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2884:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2793:
2784:
2774:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2562:
2511:volume expanders
2382:phase separation
2348:phase separation
2115:light scattering
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1737:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1650:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1477:
1476:
1412:Depletion forces
1342:A colloid has a
1273:
1250:
1221:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1011:
873:Dispersed phase
867:
866:
725:
718:
711:
698:
693:
692:
685:
681:
680:
291:Spin Hall effect
181:Phase transition
151:Luttinger liquid
88:States of matter
71:Phase transition
57:
43:
42:
21:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5138:
5099:Solvation shell
5070:
5008:
5000:
4996:Miscibility gap
4981:Serial dilution
4976:Supersaturation
4926:Buffer solution
4897:
4892:
4862:
4857:
4788:Baryonic matter
4776:
4730:
4701:Saturated fluid
4641:Crystallization
4602:
4576:Antiferromagnet
4516:
4490:
4434:
4425:
4385:
4375:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4289:
4280:
4264:
4263:
4251:
4237:
4233:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4185:on 4 March 2009
4177:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4159:on 9 March 2009
4156:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4069:
4065:
4034:
4030:
4007:
4003:
3980:
3976:
3945:
3941:
3902:
3898:
3867:
3863:
3826:
3822:
3777:
3770:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3660:
3656:
3627:
3623:
3612:
3608:
3585:
3581:
3542:
3538:
3507:
3503:
3468:
3464:
3425:
3421:
3398:
3394:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3326:
3322:
3284:
3280:
3265:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3204:
3195:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3083:
3079:
3040:
3036:
2989:
2985:
2954:
2950:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2794:
2787:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2631:
2627:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2503:
2461:ultrafiltration
2450:
2446:
2442:
2398:
2344:
2227:
2218:silicon dioxide
2183:
2177:
2148:
2134:
2103:
2055:
2053:Destabilization
1952:of the system.
1942:
1891:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1753:
1749:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1445:Brownian motion
1421:
1381:
1368:sodium chloride
1344:dispersed phase
1340:
1331:
1311:pharmaceuticals
1295:polysaccharides
1284:
1277:
1274:
1265:
1251:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1120:colloidal foams
1099:cranberry glass
1096:
1074:
1050:
1023:
1007:
989:
969:
944:
914:
900:
890:
862:
857:
838:
820:Michael Faraday
816:Francesco Selmi
799:, which is the
795:because of the
729:
688:
675:
674:
667:
666:
665:
455:
447:
446:
445:
421:Amorphous solid
415:
405:
404:
403:
382:
364:
354:
353:
352:
341:
339:Antiferromagnet
332:
330:Superparamagnet
323:
310:
309:Magnetic phases
302:
301:
300:
280:
272:
271:
270:
200:
192:
191:
190:
176:Order parameter
170:
169:Phase phenomena
162:
161:
160:
90:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5283:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5164:Protic solvent
5161:
5156:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5109:Lattice energy
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4961:Eutectic point
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4921:Solid solution
4918:
4913:
4911:Ideal solution
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4767:Trouton's rule
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4636:Critical point
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Liquid crystal
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:Strange matter
4468:
4466:Rydberg matter
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4311:
4278:
4249:
4231:
4196:
4170:
4125:
4090:
4083:
4063:
4028:
4001:
3974:
3939:
3912:(4962): 1151.
3896:
3861:
3820:
3785:Optics Express
3768:
3716:
3681:
3674:
3654:
3621:
3606:
3579:
3552:(8): 1284–92.
3536:
3517:(1–2): 85–94.
3501:
3482:(2): 214–227.
3462:
3429:Water Research
3419:
3392:
3377:
3357:
3350:
3320:
3278:
3263:
3240:
3238:. substech.com
3227:
3220:
3193:
3124:
3105:
3077:
3034:
3005:(6): 587–597.
2983:
2948:
2921:
2867:
2841:(2): 351–353.
2813:
2806:
2785:
2741:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2666:
2645:(2): 351–353.
2625:
2610:
2590:
2575:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2502:
2499:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2397:
2394:
2384:within cells.
2378:macromolecules
2370:liquid crystal
2358:of cells into
2343:
2340:
2296:macromolecules
2291:interactions,
2225:
2179:Main article:
2176:
2173:
2147:
2144:
2139:centrifugation
2133:
2130:
2102:
2099:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2067:zeta potential
2054:
2051:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2011:zeta potential
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1913:
1890:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1712:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1380:
1377:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1225:Tyndall effect
1223:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1016:
986:Liquid crystal
978:
962:
958:
957:
939:
906:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
861:
860:Classification
858:
833:
832:
797:Tyndall effect
731:
730:
728:
727:
720:
713:
705:
702:
701:
700:
699:
686:
669:
668:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
438:
436:Liquid crystal
433:
428:
423:
417:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
377:
372:
366:
365:
362:Quasiparticles
360:
359:
356:
355:
351:
350:
345:
336:
327:
321:Superdiamagnet
318:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
246:Thermoelectric
243:
241:Superconductor
238:
233:
228:
223:
221:Mott insulator
218:
213:
208:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
183:
178:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
85:
82:
81:
79:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
26:
18:Hydrocolloidal
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5282:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Mass fraction
5049:
5047:
5046:Mole fraction
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:Concentration
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Phase diagram
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Flory–Huggins
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Mpemba effect
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Cooling curve
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4726:Vitrification
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:Recombination
4689:
4687:
4686:Melting point
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Critical line
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Boiling point
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Exotic matter
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4330:
4326:
4325:The Telegraph
4322:
4315:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4250:9780133254594
4246:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4011:J. Phys. Chem
4005:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3840:(5): 053021.
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3351:9780123750495
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3295:(in German).
3294:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3223:
3221:9781444320183
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3112:
3108:
3106:9789400712225
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2958:J. Chem. Phys
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2871:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2543:Joachim Boldt
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:sedimentation
2239:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:precipitation
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1963:and T is the
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1940:Stabilization
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:precipitation
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1616:
1604:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:Steric forces
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:Hydrocolloids
1282:Hydrocolloids
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1185:Whipped cream
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:floating soap
1054:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:pigmented ink
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
987:
983:
979:
977:
976:shaving cream
973:
972:whipped cream
968:
967:
963:
960:
959:
956:
952:
948:
943:
942:Solid aerosol
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
912:
907:
904:
899:
893:
887:
883:
880:
877:
876:
870:Medium/phase
868:
865:
855:
853:
849:
847:
843:
836:
831:
829:
825:
824:Thomas Graham
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
778:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
746:
742:
738:
726:
721:
719:
714:
712:
707:
706:
704:
703:
697:
687:
684:
679:
673:
672:
671:
670:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Van der Waals
459:
458:
451:
450:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
409:
408:
400:
397:
395:
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390:
387:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
358:
357:
349:
346:
344:
340:
337:
335:
331:
328:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
306:
305:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
276:
275:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Ferroelectric
254:
252:
251:Piezoelectric
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
226:Semiconductor
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
196:
195:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
166:
165:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
146:Superfluidity
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
89:
84:
83:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
41:
36:
32:
19:
5270:Dosage forms
5114:Raoult's law
5066:Ternary plot
5061:Mixing ratio
4945:
4848:Superheating
4721:Vaporization
4716:Triple point
4711:Supercooling
4676:Lambda point
4626:Condensation
4543:Time crystal
4527:
4521:Other states
4461:Quantum Hall
4333:. Retrieved
4329:the original
4324:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4296:
4240:
4234:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:the original
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4154:the original
4141:
4128:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4073:
4066:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4014:
4010:
4004:
3990:(1): 84–85.
3987:
3983:
3977:
3955:(4): 84–95.
3952:
3948:
3942:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3788:
3784:
3736:
3732:
3719:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3664:
3657:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3615:
3609:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3367:
3360:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3296:
3292:
3281:
3253:
3230:
3207:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:the original
3087:
3080:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3002:
2996:
2986:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2892:
2886:
2870:
2838:
2832:
2797:
2780:
2776:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2600:
2593:
2566:
2527:crystalloids
2504:
2468:soil science
2465:
2436:eigencolloid
2434:
2399:
2368:, a type of
2359:
2345:
2328:
2283:
2254:interstitial
2210:close-packed
2208:result from
2184:
2149:
2135:
2123:
2119:turbidimetry
2112:
2087:viscoelastic
2083:
2056:
2039:
2028:
2000:
1987:
1976:flocculation
1969:
1954:
1943:
1921:condensation
1892:
1880:
1877:
1815:
1772:
1699:
1631:
1608:
1511:
1449:
1431:The Earth’s
1430:
1382:
1341:
1332:
1320:
1286:
1285:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1093:
1069:
1047:
1034:precipitates
1018:
980:
964:
941:
925:condensation
908:
897:
863:
851:
850:
845:
841:
840:
827:
809:
790:
774:
770:
736:
734:
591:von Klitzing
425:
296:Kondo effect
156:Time crystal
136:Fermi liquid
40:
5265:Soft matter
5219:Lyonium ion
5134:Miscibility
5119:Henry's law
4757:Latent heat
4706:Sublimation
4651:Evaporation
4586:Ferromagnet
4581:Ferrimagnet
4563:Dark matter
4495:High energy
4189:12 February
4163:22 February
4017:(7): 2306.
3117:5 September
2964:(6): 2322.
2447:, or Am(OH)
2372:. The term
2338:formation.
2316:Bragg’s law
2308:iridescence
2281:lightwave.
2250:hydrostatic
2246:compression
2230:precipitate
2212:domains of
2019:peptization
2015:DLVO theory
1980:coagulation
1972:aggregation
1950:free energy
1889:Preparation
1172:opalescence
1170:with light
1154:Jello cubes
1087:, gel-like
937:hair sprays
889:Dispersion
793:translucent
769:. The term
413:Soft matter
334:Ferromagnet
5239:Categories
5214:Amphiphile
5209:Lipophilic
5204:Hydrophile
5199:Hydrophobe
5076:Solubility
4971:Saturation
4941:Suspension
4772:Volatility
4735:Quantities
4696:Regelation
4671:Ionization
4646:Deposition
4598:Superglass
4568:Antimatter
4502:QCD matter
4481:Supersolid
4476:Superfluid
4439:Low energy
4335:4 November
4259:1035317420
2937:(8): 806.
2722:: 97–121.
2549:References
2457:bentonites
2346:Colloidal
2342:In biology
2320:scattering
2232:in highly
2095:toothpaste
2078:depletants
1898:Dispersion
1375:solution.
1329:Components
1260:of liquid
1168:silica gel
1166:Colloidal
1075:Examples:
1051:Examples:
1048:Solid foam
1024:Examples:
1000:hand cream
996:mayonnaise
990:Examples:
945:Examples:
915:Examples:
903:immiscible
837:definition
801:scattering
786:micrometre
776:suspension
556:Louis NĂ©el
546:Schrieffer
454:Scientists
348:Spin glass
343:Metamagnet
325:Paramagnet
141:Supersolid
5224:Lyate ion
5179:Solvation
5094:Solvation
5036:Normality
4267:cite book
4150:1015-2636
3877:: 25–73.
3641:(1): 33.
3387:701308697
3273:232632488
3151:1309.1187
3072:221770585
2771:186208563
2620:406528399
2585:706803091
2483:particles
2407:sandstone
2403:limestone
2366:membranes
2352:cytoplasm
2335:chemistry
2289:Coulombic
2286:repulsive
2238:Australia
2236:pools in
2234:siliceous
2214:amorphous
2191:analogous
2091:bentonite
1857:η
1854:π
1795:ρ
1791:−
1782:ρ
1747:π
1676:ρ
1672:−
1663:ρ
1575:viscosity
1561:η
1491:η
1488:π
1454:with the
1360:molecules
1291:chemicals
1262:butterfat
1128:hydrosols
1097:Example:
1094:Solid sol
1061:styrofoam
1012:, liquid
970:Example:
951:ice cloud
852:Colloidal
846:colloidal
782:nanometre
755:suspended
751:particles
748:insoluble
745:dispersed
656:Wetterich
636:Abrikosov
551:Josephson
521:Van Vleck
511:Luttinger
384:Polariton
316:Diamagnet
236:Conductor
231:Semimetal
216:Insulator
131:Fermi gas
5245:Colloids
5194:Polarity
5153:Category
5041:Molality
4903:Solution
4833:Spinodal
4781:Concepts
4661:Freezing
4298:Medscape
4058:23836297
3815:24104290
3755:26315444
3711:18986182
3691:Langmuir
3574:24157992
3566:12948027
3531:12954183
3496:41264141
3457:19577785
3402:Langmuir
3336:: 1–57.
3315:96812603
3188:25344532
3064:32937070
3044:Langmuir
3029:23572691
2913:Archived
2909:96812603
2859:Archived
2855:95122531
2777:colloids
2736:55882753
2661:95122531
2539:efficacy
2487:diameter
2279:incident
2203:spectral
2175:Crystals
2073:polymer.
2047:guar gum
1906:spraying
1437:sediment
1348:solution
1309:through
1299:proteins
1293:(mostly
1258:emulsion
1240:crystals
1036:, solid
1030:sediment
982:Emulsion
848:system.
830:in 1861.
763:aerosols
696:Category
641:Ginzburg
616:Laughlin
576:Kadanoff
531:Shockley
516:Anderson
471:von Laue
121:Bose gas
5144:Solvent
4946:Colloid
4936:Mixture
4793:Binodal
4681:Melting
4616:Boiling
4533:Crystal
4528:Colloid
4214:Bibcode
4108:Bibcode
3957:Bibcode
3934:4191566
3914:Bibcode
3879:Bibcode
3842:Bibcode
3793:Bibcode
3763:5727282
3733:Science
3437:Bibcode
3179:4234574
3156:Bibcode
3020:3551143
2966:Bibcode
2495:soil pH
2443:, U(OH)
2411:granite
2356:nucleus
2331:physics
2304:crystal
2300:aqueous
2277:as the
2265:visible
2195:natural
2187:ordered
2152:physics
2043:xanthan
1902:milling
1601:is the
1573:is the
1545:is the
1372:crystal
1370:(NaCl)
1356:solvent
1229:opalite
1142:Aerogel
1081:gelatin
1053:aerogel
961:Liquid
911:aerosol
909:Liquid
891:medium
881:Liquid
842:Colloid
828:colloid
741:mixture
737:colloid
646:Leggett
621:Störmer
606:Bednorz
566:Giaever
536:Bardeen
526:Hubbard
501:Peierls
491:Onsager
441:Polymer
426:Colloid
389:Polaron
380:Plasmon
375:Exciton
4421:Plasma
4402:Liquid
4304:6 July
4257:
4247:
4148:
4081:
4056:
3932:
3906:Nature
3813:
3761:
3753:
3709:
3672:
3572:
3564:
3529:
3494:
3455:
3385:
3375:
3348:
3313:
3271:
3261:
3218:
3186:
3176:
3103:
3070:
3062:
3027:
3017:
2907:
2853:
2804:
2769:
2734:
2659:
2618:
2608:
2583:
2573:
2431:fulvic
2324:X-rays
2298:in an
2248:under
2222:silica
1929:silica
1700:where
1603:radius
1512:where
1352:solute
1350:, the
1227:in an
1210:Creams
1065:pumice
1044:Solid
921:clouds
884:Solid
805:opaque
759:liquid
694:
661:Perdew
651:Parisi
611:MĂĽller
601:Rohrer
596:Binnig
586:Wilson
581:Fisher
541:Cooper
506:Landau
394:Magnon
370:Phonon
211:Plasma
111:Plasma
101:Liquid
66:Phases
4966:Alloy
4411:Vapor
4397:Solid
4390:State
4157:(PDF)
4138:(PDF)
3930:S2CID
3759:S2CID
3729:(PDF)
3570:S2CID
3492:JSTOR
3311:S2CID
3146:arXiv
3068:S2CID
2916:(PDF)
2905:S2CID
2883:(PDF)
2862:(PDF)
2851:S2CID
2829:(PDF)
2767:S2CID
2732:S2CID
2657:S2CID
2480:humus
2472:soils
2427:humic
2271:waves
2268:light
2257:voids
2224:, SiO
2206:color
2164:model
2156:atoms
2085:with
1925:redox
1923:, or
1441:cream
1307:foods
1303:water
1126:, or
1085:jelly
1004:latex
947:smoke
933:steam
835:IUPAC
784:to 1
739:is a
561:Esaki
486:Bloch
481:Debye
476:Bragg
466:Onnes
399:Roton
96:Solid
4382:list
4337:2011
4306:2016
4273:link
4255:OCLC
4245:ISBN
4191:2009
4165:2009
4146:ISSN
4079:ISBN
4054:PMID
3811:PMID
3751:PMID
3707:PMID
3670:ISBN
3562:PMID
3527:PMID
3453:PMID
3383:OCLC
3373:ISBN
3346:ISBN
3269:OCLC
3259:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3184:PMID
3119:2018
3101:ISBN
3060:PMID
3025:PMID
2802:ISBN
2616:OCLC
2606:ISBN
2581:OCLC
2571:ISBN
2533:and
2478:and
2476:clay
2429:and
2419:clay
2415:sorb
2354:and
2333:and
2263:for
2244:and
2220:(or
2199:opal
2093:and
2045:and
1988:floc
1933:gold
1773:and
1609:and
1364:ions
1354:and
1315:skin
1297:and
1276:Mist
1254:Milk
1236:opal
1077:agar
992:milk
966:Foam
929:mist
894:Gas
878:Gas
822:and
767:gels
765:and
631:Tsui
626:Yang
571:Kohn
496:Mott
4407:Gas
4222:doi
4116:doi
4046:doi
4019:doi
3992:doi
3965:doi
3953:234
3922:doi
3910:204
3887:doi
3850:doi
3801:doi
3741:doi
3737:349
3699:doi
3643:doi
3597:doi
3593:152
3554:doi
3519:doi
3515:263
3484:doi
3445:doi
3410:doi
3338:doi
3301:doi
3174:PMC
3164:doi
3142:111
3093:doi
3052:doi
3015:PMC
3007:doi
2974:doi
2939:doi
2897:doi
2843:doi
2759:doi
2755:151
2724:doi
2647:doi
2466:In
2322:of
2150:In
1982:or
1931:or
1362:or
1071:Gel
1020:Sol
984:or
917:fog
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