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condition, it requires diet change and exercise, which may be more difficult for people diagnosed prediabetes because facing the risk of a chronic condition is associated with negative emotions, which further hinder the self-regulation that is required in reversing a prediabetes diagnosis. Still, without taking action, 37% of individuals with prediabetes will develop diabetes in only 4 years, and lifestyle intervention may decrease the percentage of prediabetic patients in whom diabetes develops to 20%. The
National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) has a Center of Disease Control (CDC)-recognized lifestyle change program that showed prediabetic people following the structured program can cut their risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 58% (71% for people over 60 years old). Considering the possibility to recover from the prediabetic status but also this emotional struggle upon diagnosis, it is encouraged for higher risk patients to get tested early. Having an additional screening option in the dental setting may offset some of the emotional struggle because it is more regularly visited and therefore has the potential to initiate earlier recognition and intervention.
71:
597:
larger range of people get tested: anyone over the age of 45 regardless of risk; an adult of any age who is obese or overweight and has one or more risk factors, which includes hypertension, a first degree relative with diabetes, physical inactivity, high risk race/ethnicity, Asian
Americans with BMI of ≥23 kg/m, HDL < 35 mg/dL or TG > 250 mg/dL, women who have delivered child >9 lbs or with gestational diabetes, A1c ≥ 5.7%, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
365:(ADA) criteria, because the normal range of glucose is defined differently by each. Fasting plasma glucose levels 100 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L) and higher have been shown to increase complication rates significantly, however, WHO opted to keep its upper limit of normal at under 110 mg/dL for fear of causing too many people to be diagnosed as having impaired fasting glucose, whereas the ADA lowered the upper limit of normal to a fasting plasma glucose under 100 mg/dL.
699:
medications and are at a higher risk of progressing to diabetes. This subgroup of people includes those with a BMI greater than 35, age less than 60, women with a history of gestational diabetes, a fasting plasma glucose greater than 110 or an A1c greater than 6%. This may also be considered in patients for whom lifestyle therapy has failed, or is not sustainable, who are at high-risk for developing type 2 diabetes, or who prefer to take a medication.
459:
150:. Many people may be diagnosed through routine screening tests. The primary treatment approach includes lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary adjustments. Some medications can be used to reduce the risks associated with prediabetes. There is a high rate of progression to type 2 diabetes but not everyone with prediabetes develops type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes can be a reversible condition with lifestyle changes.
43:
779:
The prevalence of prediabetes worldwide is expected to increase. In 2021 720 million people worldwide had prediabetes, and this is estimated to increase to 1 billion people by 2045. Other sources estimate that the worldwide prevalence of prediabetes will increase to 11% by 2045. In the United States,
347:
Fasting blood glucose levels are in a continuum within a given population, with higher fasting glucose levels corresponding to a higher risk for complications caused by the high glucose levels. Some patients with impaired fasting glucose also may be diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance, but many
678:
Prediabetes is a curable disease state, and people can routinely return to normoglycemia (normal glucose metabolism) with interventions. Although some drugs can delay the onset of diabetes, lifestyle modifications play a greater role in the prevention of diabetes. Intensive weight loss and lifestyle
425:
Hemoglobin A1c is a measure of the percent of red blood cells that are glycated, or have a glucose molecule attached. This can be used as an indicator of blood glucose level over a longer period of time and is often used to diagnose prediabetes as well as diabetes. HbA1c may not accurately represent
205:
The increasing rates of prediabetes and diabetes suggest lifestyle and/or environmental factors that contribute to prediabetes. It remains unclear which dietary components are causative and risk is likely influenced by genetic background. Increasing physical activity and following a healthy diet can
783:
The incidence of diabetes is also growing. In 2014, 29.1 million people or 9% of the US population had diabetes. In 2011–2012, the prevalence of diabetes in the U.S. using hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose or the two-hour plasma glucose definition was 14% for total diabetes, 9% for diagnosed
805:
supported a review to provide recommendations that encourage the development of a standard for designing CGM performance studies, with a view to improve the clarity of their results. This standardisation is considered necessary as CGMs are becoming an increasingly indispensable tool for managing
633:
Over half the people who are diagnosed with prediabetes eventually develop type 2 diabetes and once diagnosed with prediabetes, people experience a range of emotions: distress and fear; denial and downplay of risks; guilt and self-criticism; and self-compassion. While prediabetes is a reversible
596:
The United States
Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends adults who are overweight/obese and aged 40–70 years old to get screened during visits to their regular physician. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends normal testing repeated every three years and recommends a
698:
For patients with severe risk factors, prescription medication may be appropriate. The
American Diabetes Association recommends that prescription medications may be considered for those with prediabetes, including those in a specific subgroup who are more likely to have a greater benefit from
731:
The progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus is not inevitable for those with prediabetes. The progression into diabetes mellitus from prediabetes is approximately 25% over three to five years. This increases to 50% risk of progressing to diabetes over 10 years. Diabetes is a leading cause of
679:
intervention, if sustained, may improve glucose tolerance substantially and prevent progression from IGT to type 2 diabetes. The
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study found a 16% reduction in diabetes risk for every kilogram of weight loss. Reducing weight by 7% through a
230:. The presence of glucose in the bloodstream triggers the production and release of insulin from the pancreas' beta islet cells. The main function of insulin is to increase the rate of transport of glucose from the bloodstream into certain cells of the body, such as
462:
Estimate of insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (%S) according to the
Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Patterns were modeled as a function of fasting plasma insulin and varying fasting plasma glucose. Calculated using HOMA Calculator. Adapted from
620:
descent the recommendation to start prevention starts at the BMI of 27,5. A study based on a large sample of people in
England suggest even lower BMIs for certain ethnic groups for the start of prevention, for example 24 in South Asian and 21 in
181:
The cause of prediabetes is multifactorial and is known to have contributions from lifestyle and genetic factors. Ultimately prediabetes occurs when control of insulin and blood glucose in the body becomes abnormal, also known as
501:
Fasting plasma glucose screening should begin at age 30–45 and be repeated at least every three years. Earlier and more frequent screening should be conducted in at-risk individuals. The risk factors for which are listed below:
2484:
Freckmann G, Eichenlaub M, Waldenmaier D, Pleus S, Wehrstedt S, Haug C, Witthauer L, Jendle J, Hinzmann R, Thomas A, Eriksson Boija E, Makris K, Diem P, Tran N, Klonoff DC, Nichols JH, Slingerland RJ (August 2023).
694:
There are many dietary approaches that can reduce the risk of progression to diabetes. Most involve the reduction of added sugars and fats but there remains a lack of conclusive evidence proving the best approach.
2680:
2665:
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synthesis. In individuals with prediabetes, a failure of pancreatic hormone release, failure of targeted tissues to respond to the insulin present or both leads to blood glucose rises to abnormally high levels.
2375:"Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab)"
802:
153:
For many people, prediabetes and diabetes are diagnosed through a routine screening at a check-up. The earlier prediabetes is diagnosed, the more likely an intervention will be successful.
328:
or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) refers to a condition in which the fasting blood glucose is elevated above what is considered normal levels but is not high enough to be classified as
1722:"Absence of Coronary Artery Calcium Identifies Asymptomatic Diabetic Individuals at Low Near-Term But Not Long-Term Risk of Mortality: A 15-Year Follow-Up Study of 9715 Patients"
135:(CVD). Prediabetes is more accurately considered an early stage of diabetes as health complications associated with type 2 diabetes often occur before the diagnosis of diabetes.
2306:"American College of Endocrinology Consensus Statement on the diagnosis and management of pre-diabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia – When do the risks of diabetes begin?"
1336:"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus"
2004:
Strachan SM, Bean C, Jung ME (November 2018). "'I'm on the train and I can't stop it': Western
Canadians' reactions to prediabetes and the role of self-compassion".
409:
level after 2 hours, but less than the level that would qualify for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The fasting glucose may be either normal or mildly elevated.
198:, an unhealthy diet, a family history of diabetes, having a genetic predisposition to prediabetes or diabetes, older age, and women who have a history of
2235:
2216:
2155:
Raina Elley C, Kenealy T (December 2008). "Lifestyle interventions reduced the long-term risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance".
643:
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297:: blood sugar level of 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mM) 2 hours after ingesting a standardized 75 gram glucose solution (WHO and ADA criteria)
2942:
2425:
1090:
Echouffo-Tcheugui, Justin B.; Perreault, Leigh; Ji, Linong; Dagogo-Jack, Sam (11 April 2023). "Diagnosis and
Management of Prediabetes: A Review".
3286:
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may occur in individuals with normal glucose levels and therefore is not diagnosed with usual tests. Hyperinsulinemia precedes prediabetes and
3055:
1921:
489:
The implications of hyperinsulinemia is the risk of comorbidities related to diabetes that may precede changes in blood glucose, including
801:
is unclear. Comparing results of CGM studies is problematic as there is a non-standardised approach towards various study parameters. The
1681:"Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the San Antonio Heart Study"
771:
Prediabetes is a risk factor for mortality and there is evidence of cardiovascular disease developing prior to a diagnosis of diabetes.
486:. The use of fasting insulin to identify patients at risk has been proposed, but is currently not commonly used in clinical practice.
17:
1773:"Is the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases?"
2487:"Clinical Performance Evaluation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for Reporting"
780:
38% of all adults have prediabetes. In the United States, the prevalence rates of prediabetes are similar across ethnicities.
657:(a diet with limited refined carbohydrates, added sugars, trans fats, as well as limited intake of sodium and total calories)
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2734:
613:
84:
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UptoDate: Prediction and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus; www.utdol.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=diabetes.
1957:"Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study"
3214:
2864:
389:
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test. According to the criteria of the
380:
ADA criteria: fasting plasma glucose level from 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL)
226:), uptake and utilization of glucose by the peripheral tissues of the body, and insulin secretion by the pancreatic
3090:
609:
604:
guidelines suggest taking action to prevent diabetes for people with a body mass index (BMI) of 30. For people of
687:
guidelines recommend modest weight loss (5–10% body weight), moderate-intensity exercise (30 minutes daily), and
1922:"Are you at risk of diabetes? Research finds prevention should start at a different BMI for each ethnic group"
551:(such as of being of African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian American or Pacific Islander heritage)
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2212:
684:
431:
394:
362:
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1560:"Consensus Development Conference on Insulin Resistance. 5-6 November 1997. American Diabetes Association".
3020:
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help prevent the development of prediabetes, and also have a good safety profile. Evidence also supports
402:
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798:
337:
325:
320:
2426:"National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and its Burden in the United States, 2014"
3067:
3015:
2912:
1603:
Keebler ME, McGuire DK (August 2003). "Subclinical diabetes mellitus: is it really "sub-clinical"?".
1331:
506:
390:
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70:
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that are characterized by hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance can be diagnosed by measures of plasma
414:
341:
170:
124:
1955:
Caleyachetty R, Barber TM, Mohammed NI, Cappuccio FP, Hardy R, Mathur R, et al. (July 2021).
964:
3142:
3107:
1720:
Valenti V, Hartaigh BÓ, Cho I, Schulman-Marcus J, Gransar H, Heo R, et al. (February 2016).
891:
Bennasar-Veny M, Fresneda S, López-González A, Busquets-Cortés C, Aguiló A, Yañez AM (May 2020).
79:
50:
White hexagons in the image represent glucose molecules, which are increased in the lower image.
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405:. A patient is said to be under the condition of IGT when he/she has an intermediately raised
99:
and is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that fall below the threshold to diagnose
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3080:
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753:
741:
2373:
Barr EL, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, Jolley D, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, et al. (July 2007).
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except the sole sign of high blood sugar. Patients should monitor for signs and symptoms of
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3204:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3010:
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Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, Zinman B (March 2007).
2332:
Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, Zinman B (March 2007).
622:
605:
589:
537:
401:
two-hour glucose levels of 140 to 199 mg per dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L) on the 75-g
199:
1840:"Screening for Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: The Present and the Future"
8:
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3132:
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1133:
Dietrich S, Jacobs S, Zheng JS, Meidtner K, Schwingshackl L, Schulze MB (November 2019).
195:
2513:
2486:
413:
From 10 to 15 percent of adults in the United States have impaired glucose tolerance or
352:. Fasting glucose is helpful in identifying prediabetes when positive but has a risk of
336:
resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology, although of lesser risk than
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1981:
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1972:
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893:"Lifestyle and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes in a Cohort of Workers with Prediabetes"
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329:
108:
100:
59:
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1589:
3000:
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2445:"Prevalence of and Trends in Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 1988-2012"
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2119:
2021:
2013:
1976:
1968:
1929:
1895:
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1743:
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1733:
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914:
904:
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660:
579:
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1461:
1444:
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890:
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blood glucose levels and should not be used in certain medical conditions such as
3199:
2869:
2770:
2757:
2700:
2236:"Minimal carbs, lots of fat, incredible dieting results – but not enough science"
745:
617:
530:
231:
219:
143:
112:
2587:"Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care"
2334:"Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care"
1339:
3159:
3032:
2082:"CDC - About the Program - National Diabetes Prevention Program - Diabetes DDT"
1899:
1005:
716:
561:
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level from 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL)
353:
300:
139:
2674:
2503:
1697:
1680:
1304:
3275:
3176:
3097:
3075:
2558:
1789:
1772:
1573:
1484:
Kraft JR (1975). "Detection of
Diabetes Mellitus In Situ (Occult Diabetes)".
1408:
1254:"Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glusose to type 2 diabetes"
64:
51:
2461:
2444:
1497:
1135:"Gene-lifestyle interaction on risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review"
669:
by as little as 5–10 percent may have a significant impact on overall health
103:. It usually does not cause symptoms but people with prediabetes often have
3181:
2922:
2917:
2612:
2522:
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2428:. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
2410:
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2176:
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1990:
1873:
1824:"Diabetes Guidelines Taskforce: AACE Guidelines for the Management of DM",
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541:
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251:
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128:
120:
116:
2576:
2423:
2266:"Treating prediabetes with metformin: systematic review and meta-analysis"
1581:
1546:
3224:
2952:
2168:
761:
757:
720:
666:
289:
100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L) – ADA criteria
286:
110 to 125 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L) – WHO criteria
280:
215:
2642:
1933:
1855:
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1089:
909:
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272:
243:
235:
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is controlled by three interrelated processes. These processes include
187:
2603:
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2333:
2026:
2017:
1528:
1269:
1229:
1208:
1151:
868:
851:
2927:
700:
569:
303:(HbA1c) between 5.7 and 6.4 percent, i.e. 38.9 and 46.4 mmol/mol
227:
2957:
2743:
2483:
1954:
820:
704:
663:(30–45 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per day, 3–5 days a week)
475:
308:
247:
239:
173:
such as increased thirst, increased urination, and feeling tired.
1719:
992:
Wilson ML (December 2017). "Prediabetes: Beyond the Borderline".
688:
526:
479:
406:
374:
370:
333:
259:
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104:
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but there are safety concerns, and data on newer agents such as
42:
2840:
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2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
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2654:
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diabetes, 5% for undiagnosed diabetes and 38% for prediabetes.
749:
683:
and performing 150 minutes of exercise a week is the goal. The
1511:
Reaven GM, Lerner RL, Stern MP, Farquhar JW (November 1967).
1362:
1206:
1032:"Comparison of screening scores for diabetes and prediabetes"
849:
737:
458:
361:(WHO) criteria for impaired fasting glucose differs from the
223:
191:
27:
Predisease state of hyperglycemia with high risk for diabetes
2313:
American College of Endocrinology Task Force on Pre-Diabetes
3209:
2712:
2627:
2584:
2443:
Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, Cowie CC (September 2015).
2331:
1132:
585:
565:
271:
Prediabetes can be diagnosed with three different types of
1678:
2442:
2211:
1679:
Hanley AJ, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM (July 2002).
1510:
1409:"Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose"
332:. It is considered a pre-diabetic state, associated with
202:
or high birth weight infants (greater than 9 lbs.).
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
650:
guidelines for preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes:
307:
Levels above these limits would justify a diagnosis for
186:. Risk factors for developing prediabetes include being
2372:
792:
1844:
Clinical Medicine Insights. Endocrinology and Diabetes
1770:
1330:
1072:
2632:
1513:"Role of insulin in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia"
642:
The American College of Endocrinology (ACE) and the
2424:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014).
1888:"Diabetes: putting people at the heart of services"
1406:
1365:"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus"
1251:
206:reduce the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes.
2154:
1252:Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Brown JB (February 2007).
1186:
1029:
644:American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
628:
3273:
2943:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
2108:"Prediabetes: a must to recognise disease state"
2105:
2003:
131:. It is also associated with increased risk for
2263:
2058:"Type 2 Diabetes - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment"
1837:
1640:"Prediabetes definitions and clinical outcomes"
1358:
1356:
1811:"ADA: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes",
1602:
1363:American Diabetes Association (January 2005).
1209:"2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes:
1207:American Diabetes Association (January 2019).
850:American Diabetes Association (January 2017).
575:Prior fasting blood glucose > 99 mg/dL
2728:
2298:
1407:Rao SS, Disraeli P, McGregor T (April 2004).
945:. American Medical Association. 12 March 2015
943:"Do you have prediabetes? Here are the signs"
852:"2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes"
384:
250:formation in the liver and skeletal muscles,
2477:
2366:
1353:
1182:
1180:
1030:Poltavskiy E, Kim DJ, Bang H (August 2016).
843:
397:, impaired glucose tolerance is defined as:
1191:(Saunders Sixth ed.). pp. 913–26.
314:
2735:
2721:
2540:
2112:International Journal of Clinical Practice
2106:Eldin WS, Emara M, Shoker A (April 2008).
1838:Abid A, Ahmad S, Waheed A (January 2016).
1211:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019
138:Prediabetes can be diagnosed by measuring
69:
41:
2602:
2566:
2512:
2502:
2460:
2400:
2390:
2349:
2281:
2248:
2123:
2025:
2006:Health & Social Care in the Community
1980:
1863:
1788:
1747:
1737:
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1655:
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1460:
1402:
1400:
1380:
1326:
1324:
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1228:
1177:
1160:
1150:
1055:
918:
908:
867:
2264:Lily M, Lilly M, Godwin M (April 2009).
1961:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
1644:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
1449:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
457:
242:. It also is necessary for transport of
1438:
1436:
1434:
1036:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
222:(glucose production that occurs in the
14:
3274:
2233:
1397:
1321:
991:
787:
515:(triglycerides > 200 mg/dL or
161:Prediabetes typically has no distinct
54:is the only major sign of prediabetes.
3287:Medical conditions related to obesity
2716:
1771:The Decode Study Group (March 2003).
1517:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1483:
1299:
1297:
1202:
1200:
1198:
156:
2985:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
2541:Davies MJ, Gray IP (February 1996).
1637:
1442:
1431:
1025:
1023:
994:The Nursing Clinics of North America
987:
985:
793:Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring
740:. Effects of the disease may affect
3261:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
2773:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
2199:"Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)"
1726:Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging
1189:Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease
340:(IGT). IFG sometimes progresses to
24:
2533:
2217:"How to Prevent or Delay Diabetes"
1294:
1195:
544:greater than 9 lb (4 kg)
453:
209:
25:
3298:
3215:International Diabetes Federation
2621:
2392:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685628
1020:
982:
752:of the cardiovascular system) or
572:blood pressure > 90 mmHg)
420:
3091:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
2125:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01705.x
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1504:
1477:
1245:
1187:Cotran; Kumar; Collins (1999).
774:
758:damage to the retina of the eye
584:Markers of insulin resistance (
1739:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003528
1382:10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.s37
1126:
957:
935:
884:
629:Early detection and management
13:
1:
3150:Diabetes-related skin disease
2234:Taubes G (27 December 2017).
2213:American Diabetes Association
1973:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00088-7
1657:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30011-6
1617:10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00236-9
1462:10.1590/0001-3765201720160394
1048:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.06.022
836:
799:continuous glucose monitoring
673:
637:
395:American Diabetes Association
363:American Diabetes Association
2948:Homeostatic model assessment
2742:
2543:"Impaired glucose tolerance"
726:
496:
266:
7:
2933:Noninvasive glucose monitor
1568:(2): 310–4. February 1998.
809:
482:, both fasting or during a
403:oral glucose tolerance test
348:have normal responses to a
10:
3303:
3165:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
2994:Ambulatory glucose profile
2801:Impaired glucose tolerance
1900:10.3310/nihrevidence_52026
1006:10.1016/j.cnur.2017.07.011
385:Impaired glucose tolerance
338:impaired glucose tolerance
321:Impaired fasting glycaemia
318:
18:Impaired glucose tolerance
3233:
3190:
3066:
2971:
2913:Postprandial glucose test
2883:
2750:
2636:
2504:10.1177/19322968231190941
2270:Canadian Family Physician
1698:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1177
1638:Lima LM (February 2017).
1413:American Family Physician
1332:World Health Organization
965:"Diabetes: 'Prediabetes'"
391:World Health Organization
359:World Health Organization
326:Impaired fasting glycemia
176:
78:
58:
49:
40:
35:
3251:Epidemiology of diabetes
2989:Blood glucose monitoring
2865:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
2796:Impaired fasting glucose
2559:10.1136/bmj.312.7026.264
1790:10.2337/diacare.26.3.688
1574:10.2337/diacare.21.2.310
415:impaired fasting glucose
342:type 2 diabetes mellitus
315:Impaired fasting glucose
254:formation from glucose,
171:type 2 diabetes mellitus
3108:Neuropathic arthropathy
2462:10.1001/jama.2015.10029
2157:Evidence-Based Medicine
713:GLP-1 receptor agonists
491:cardiovascular diseases
3056:Gastric bypass surgery
2938:Insulin tolerance test
2908:Glucose tolerance test
2813:Ketosis-prone diabetes
2784:Diabetes and pregnancy
2491:J Diabetes Sci Technol
1605:American Heart Journal
1445:"Subclinical Diabetes"
1104:10.1001/jama.2023.4063
831:Cardiovascular disease
648:lifestyle intervention
646:(AACE) have developed
484:glucose tolerance test
464:
428:iron-deficiency anemia
350:glucose tolerance test
295:Glucose tolerance test
148:glucose tolerance test
133:cardiovascular disease
85:Diabetic complications
2402:10536/DRO/DU:30020817
1815:27: Supp 1.515, 2004.
1498:10.1093/labmed/6.2.10
797:The clinical role of
754:smaller blood vessels
461:
3246:Glossary of diabetes
3205:Open Insulin Project
3041:Embryonic stem cells
2778:Gestational diabetes
2169:10.1136/ebm.13.6.173
1443:Lima LM (May 2017).
1223:(Suppl 1): S13–S28.
862:(Suppl 1): S11–S24.
766:damage to the nerves
762:damage to the kidney
742:larger blood vessels
590:acanthosis nigricans
540:or infant born with
538:gestational diabetes
283:(glucose) level of:
200:gestational diabetes
3256:History of diabetes
3241:Outline of diabetes
3170:Diabetic foot ulcer
3155:Diabetic dermopathy
3114:Organs in diabetes
3046:Artificial pancreas
3006:Diabetes medication
2903:Glycated hemoglobin
1934:10.3310/alert_48878
1856:10.4137/CMED.S38247
1486:Laboratory Medicine
1375:(Suppl 1): S37-42.
788:Research directions
533:> 25 kg/m2)
519:< 35 mg/dL)
509:(parent or sibling)
301:Glycated hemoglobin
196:physical inactivity
3220:World Diabetes Day
2808:Insulin resistance
2581:– Editorial review
910:10.3390/nu12051538
826:Insulin resistance
816:Metabolic syndrome
709:thiazolidinediones
472:insulin resistance
465:
444:an enlarged spleen
184:insulin resistance
157:Signs and symptoms
97:metabolic syndrome
95:is a component of
3269:
3268:
2963:Disposition index
2893:Blood sugar level
2763:Type 1 diabetes (
2710:
2709:
2604:10.2337/dc07-9920
2351:10.2337/dc07-9920
2201:. 31 August 2021.
2018:10.1111/hsc.12628
1529:10.1172/JCI105666
1305:"Diagnosis | ADA"
1270:10.2337/dc06-1392
1230:10.2337/dc19-S002
1152:10.1111/obr.12921
1145:(11): 1557–1571.
1098:(14): 1206–1216.
869:10.2337/dc17-S005
610:African-Caribbean
436:folate deficiency
330:diabetes mellitus
101:diabetes mellitus
90:
89:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3294:
3001:Diet in diabetes
2737:
2730:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2634:
2633:
2616:
2606:
2580:
2570:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2497:(6): 1506–1526.
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2219:. Archived from
2209:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2062:www.diabetes.org
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:on June 30, 2004
1338:. Archived from
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1204:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1087:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1027:
1018:
1017:
989:
980:
979:
977:
975:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
939:
933:
932:
922:
912:
888:
882:
881:
871:
847:
661:Physical fitness
580:vascular disease
468:Hyperinsulinemia
446:, and end-stage
440:hemolytic anemia
354:false negatives.
232:striated muscles
228:beta islet cells
113:visceral obesity
74:
73:
45:
33:
32:
21:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3229:
3200:T1International
3192:
3191:Advocacy &
3186:
3062:
3011:Insulin therapy
2967:
2879:
2746:
2741:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2645:
2624:
2619:
2553:(7026): 264–5.
2536:
2534:Further reading
2531:
2530:
2482:
2478:
2441:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2371:
2367:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2153:
2149:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2002:
1998:
1953:
1949:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1769:
1765:
1718:
1714:
1677:
1673:
1636:
1632:
1601:
1597:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1523:(11): 1756–67.
1509:
1505:
1482:
1478:
1441:
1432:
1405:
1398:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1250:
1246:
1205:
1196:
1185:
1178:
1139:Obesity Reviews
1131:
1127:
1088:
1073:
1028:
1021:
990:
983:
973:
971:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
941:
940:
936:
889:
885:
848:
844:
839:
812:
795:
790:
777:
756:, as seen with
750:larger arteries
746:atherosclerosis
729:
717:DPP4 inhibitors
676:
640:
631:
531:body mass index
499:
456:
454:Fasting Insulin
423:
387:
323:
317:
269:
258:synthesis, and
220:gluconeogenesis
214:Normal glucose
212:
210:Pathophysiology
179:
159:
144:fasting glucose
125:HDL cholesterol
68:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Diabetic bulla
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3076:Diabetic comas
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3033:Diabetic shoes
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2760:(SAID cluster)
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:Classification
2631:
2630:
2623:
2622:External links
2620:
2618:
2617:
2582:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2476:
2455:(10): 1021–9.
2435:
2432:on 2016-12-02.
2416:
2365:
2324:
2297:
2256:
2247:
2226:
2223:on 2009-08-22.
2204:
2190:
2147:
2098:
2073:
2049:
2012:(6): 979–987.
1996:
1967:(7): 419–426.
1947:
1928:. 2022-03-10.
1913:
1894:. 2022-07-26.
1879:
1830:
1826:Endocrin Pract
1817:
1804:
1763:
1732:(2): e003528.
1712:
1691:(7): 1177–84.
1671:
1630:
1595:
1552:
1503:
1476:
1455:(1): 591–614.
1430:
1396:
1352:
1320:
1293:
1244:
1194:
1176:
1125:
1071:
1019:
1000:(4): 665–677.
981:
956:
934:
883:
841:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
811:
808:
794:
791:
789:
786:
776:
773:
728:
725:
675:
672:
671:
670:
664:
658:
639:
636:
630:
627:
594:
593:
582:
576:
573:
562:blood pressure
552:
545:
534:
520:
510:
507:Family history
498:
495:
455:
452:
448:kidney failure
422:
421:Hemoglobin A1c
419:
411:
410:
386:
383:
382:
381:
378:
369:WHO criteria:
319:Main article:
316:
313:
305:
304:
298:
292:
291:
290:
287:
268:
265:
211:
208:
178:
175:
158:
155:
140:hemoglobin A1c
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
62:
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3299:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:Organizations
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Hyperglycemia
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Blood vessels
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:Diabetic foot
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3068:Complications
3065:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:Diabetes Care
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:Diabetes Care
2335:
2328:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:NIHR Evidence
1923:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:NIHR Evidence
1889:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1813:Diabetes Care
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1783:(3): 688–96.
1782:
1778:
1777:Diabetes Care
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:Diabetes Care
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:Diabetes Care
1556:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1419:(8): 1961–8.
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Diabetes Care
1366:
1359:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:(2): 228–33.
1263:
1259:
1258:Diabetes Care
1255:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Diabetes Care
1214:
1212:
1203:
1201:
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2628:Diabetes.org
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2953:SPINA-GBeta
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2791:Prediabetes
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1828:1995, 1.149
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969:Mayo Clinic
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623:Bangladeshi
614:South Asian
600:In the UK,
536:History of
432:Vitamin B12
281:blood sugar
273:blood tests
244:amino acids
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216:homeostasis
123:and/or low
93:Prediabetes
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3276:Categories
2981:Prevention
2973:Management
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2241:2018-03-24
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