24:
515:, CDR) and recruited its members from the youth wing of the CDR. The CDR was a separate Hutu party which cooperated with the MRND, though it had a significantly more extreme ethnically Pro-Hutu and Anti-Tutsi agenda than the MRND. The smaller Impuzamugambi was less organized than the Interahamwe, but it was responsible for a large portion of genocidal deaths. Alongside killings, both groups employed
530:. When the genocide started in April 1994, the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi acted in close collaboration and largely merged their structures and activities, though some distinction was still evident in differences in their clothing. Some
534:
participated with both militias in the killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutu. After the main period of genocide, members of both militias as well as large parts of the Hutu population fled from Rwanda to the east into the
772:
Fallon, Breann (2018). "Violence of Mind, Body, and Spirit: Spiritual and
Religious Responses Triggered by Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide". In Blyth, Caroline; Colgan, Emily; Edwards, Katie B. (eds.).
746:
The
Prosecutor v. Ferdinand Nahimana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Hassan Ngeze (Judgement and Sentence), ICTR-99-52-T, pg. 7, Nr. 2.7, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 3 December 2003, available at:
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Ongoing crisis in
Central Africa: revolution in Congo and disorder in the Great Lakes region: conflict impact assessment and policy options
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militia, which formed earlier and had more members, the
Impuzamugambi was responsible for many of the deaths of
68:
566:. After deducting time already served, he would have stayed in prison for at least 27 years but later died.
536:
432:
378:
252:
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were greatly responsible for commanding the
Impuzamugambi. Both were found guilty in 2003 by the
425:
210:
623:
562:. The sentence against Barayagwiza was later reduced to 35 years due to a partial violation of
547:
527:
234:
130:
728:
Hildering, Antoinette (2007). "International criminal responsibility for abuse of power?".
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While the
Interahamwe was led by prominent figures in the ruling party, the
775:
Rape
Culture, Gender Violence, and Religion: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
678:. Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution. p. 328.
543:
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165:
23:
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180:
526:(RGF) and the Presidential Guard of Rwanda's president and MRND leader,
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Like the
Interahamwe, the Impuzamugambi was trained and equipped by the
88:
502:
Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement
505:, MRND), the Impuzamugambi was controlled by the leadership of the
461:
554:
of planning and leading the genocide, incitement of genocide, and
473:
186:
477:
485:
170:
847:
470:
341:
497:
National
Republican Movement for Democracy and Development
687:
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813:(2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited.
682:
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749:http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/404468bc2.html
854:
433:
319:
510:
500:
649:. Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca:
868:Paramilitary organisations based in Rwanda
848:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
552:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
512:Coalition pour la DĂ©fense de la RĂ©publique
440:
426:
326:
312:
727:
576:Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
507:Coalition for the Defense of the Republic
810:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
673:
803:
715:
703:
855:
771:
740:
691:
644:
620:"Kinyarwanda dictionaryâInpuzamugambi"
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827:from the original on 11 January 2023
730:Journal on Science and World Affairs
13:
480:formed in 1992. Together with the
14:
899:
883:Military wings of fascist parties
841:
542:Under the leadership of the CDR,
32:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
22:
674:Scherrer, Christian P. (1998).
651:McGill-Queen's University Press
160:International Criminal Tribunal
764:
721:
667:
638:
612:
588:
558:. They were both sentenced to
488:and moderate Hutus during the
69:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1:
878:Rwandan genocide perpetrators
605:
863:Far-right politics in Rwanda
645:Powell, Christopher (2011).
537:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
569:
10:
904:
517:rape as a tool of genocide
467:"those with the same goal"
253:Great Lakes refugee crisis
97:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
787:10.1007/978-3-319-72224-5
524:Rwandan Government Forces
581:
462:[imhĂ»ËzÉmuÉĄÉmbi]
754:11 October 2022 at the
556:crimes against humanity
216:International community
211:Rwandan Patriotic Front
888:Rebel groups in Rwanda
548:Jean Bosco Barayagwiza
511:
501:
221:United Nations Mission
16:Hutu militia in Rwanda
647:Barbaric Civilization
235:Opération "Turquoise"
176:Impuzamugambi militia
131:Musha Church massacre
370:Rwandan Armed Forces
29:Human skulls at the
528:Juvénal Habyarimana
227:UN Security Council
181:Interahamwe militia
148:Parties responsible
781:. pp. 71â86.
779:Palgrave Macmillan
269:Massacres of Hutus
136:Nyarubuye massacre
79:Rwandan Revolution
820:978-9970-02-089-8
796:978-3-319-72224-5
694:, pp. 73â74.
660:978-0-7735-3856-6
560:life imprisonment
450:
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336:
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84:Rwandan Civil War
74:Kingdom of Rwanda
64:History of Rwanda
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873:Rwandan genocide
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622:. Archived from
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490:Rwandan genocide
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350:Rwandan genocide
338:
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275:Second Congo War
126:Gikondo massacre
95:Assassination of
50:Rwandan genocide
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653:. p. 286.
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263:First Congo War
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155:People indicted
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831:25 September
829:. Retrieved
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716:Prunier 1999
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704:Prunier 1999
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628:. Retrieved
624:the original
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544:Hassan Ngeze
541:
532:génocidaires
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458:Kinyarwanda:
453:
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293:Bibliography
258:Gacaca court
185:
175:
166:Genocidaires
765:Cited works
736:(1): 15â28.
692:Fallon 2018
564:due process
482:Interahamwe
409:(1996â2001)
388:(1995â1996)
365:Interahamwe
298:Filmography
857:Categories
606:References
594:sometimes
193:RTLM radio
121:Chronology
89:Hutu Power
58:Background
492:of 1994.
344:militants
287:Resources
247:Aftermath
825:Archived
807:(1999).
752:Archived
570:See also
469:) was a
205:Response
42:a series
40:Part of
474:militia
187:Kangura
817:
793:
657:
486:Tutsis
478:Rwanda
352:(1994)
157:by the
110:Events
44:on the
630:3 Jan
582:Notes
171:Akazu
833:2016
815:ISBN
791:ISBN
655:ISBN
632:2016
546:and
471:Hutu
452:The
413:FDLR
407:ALiR
396:and
342:Hutu
783:doi
476:in
394:1st
386:RDR
859::
823:.
789:.
777:.
732:.
684:^
539:.
519:.
465:,
835:.
799:.
785::
734:3
663:.
634:.
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509:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
