281:. While others contend that such criticisms were "so subtle that they are invisible". The debate is further complicated by the varying degrees to which different writers were under threat, and the varying strength and nature of their protests. Some writers who later claimed to be inner emigrants appear to have done quite well for themselves during the war, while others, like
50:) is a concept of an individual or social group who feels a sense of alienation from their country, its government, and its culture. This can be due to the inner emigrants' dissent from a radical political or cultural change, or due to their belief in an ideology that they see as more important than loyalty to their nation or country.
212:
still had poetry in their hearts. They do not attend the parties as court, ugh! There they would meet their lawyer or their banker; instead they prefer to go to the Musard, there they might at least meet their valet or their groom; wonderful! It is possible to dance in front of such people without compromising oneself.
211:
Young people from the best circles of society, who bear the most famous names, display feverish activity heightened still further by their inner emigration and political aversions. They dance, they gallop, they waltz, the way they would fight if we had a war, the way they would love if people today
99:
urged his friend to ignore the attacks against their poetry in the press: "Rely only on yourself. Dig more deeply with your drill without fear or favor, but inside yourself, inside yourself. If you do not find the people, the earth and the heaven there, then give up your search, for then there is
240:
Our disgrace lies before the world, in front of the foreign commissions before whom these incredible pictures are presented and who report home about this surpassing of all hideousness that men can imagine. "Our disgrace" German readers and listeners! For everything German, everyone that speaks
265:" ('blood and shame') and should be destroyed. As a result of this controversy, German literature of the period is still judged and categorized based on the authors' moral status, rather than the political content or aesthetic value of their writings.
389:
The concept may apply more broadly to include others, such as visual artists, as well as writers. It can also apply to a situation more generally or metaphorically to mean a mental dissociation from one's country or surroundings. For example,
228:. He wrote several essays on the subject, including "Deutsche Schuld und Unschuld" ("German Guilt and Innocence") and "Ăśber Schuld und Erziehung" ("On Guilt and Education"). After reading about the liberation of the
795:
Their emotional withdrawal from
Ireland led to a profound sense of social and political dislocation, which in turn encouraged a communal retreat, a loss of power, and a form of 'inner emigration' among the
31:
171:
who had outwardly appeared to conform had proven far more heroic than political refugees like Mann, who now passed judgment on them after spending the Nazi years in other, freer countries.
257:" ('inner emigrants') had shown more moral courage than those who had observed events from a safe remove. In response, Mann declared that all literary works published under
374:
358:
167:. Mann therefore had no right, according to Thiess, to pass judgment upon the compromises made by those who had. Thiess further argued that many
441:. Afterwards, the attendees announced that Pasternak had been expelled from the Union. They further sent a signed petition to the
953:
875:
Sims, Amy (2005). "The unsettling
History of German Historians in the Third Reich". In Donahue, Neil H.; Kirchner, Doris (eds.).
761:
Gray, Billy (Summer 2009). ""The
Lukewarm Conviction of Temporary Lodgers": Hubert Butler and the Anglo-Irish Sense of Exile".
308:
and took the enormous risk of illegally mass producing and circulating those same writings, in an anti-Nazi equivalent to the
530:
Oeuvres complètes de madame Émile de
Girardin, née Delphine Gay.... Tome 4 / [introduction par Théophile Gautier]
334:
216:
Living in exile in the United States in the 1940s, the German writer Thomas Mann was concerned with the issue of German
943:
919:
687:
819:
640:
613:
586:
559:
515:
484:
854:
Klieneberger, H. R. (1965). "The 'Innere
Emigration': A Disputed Issue in Twentieth-Century German Literature".
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regime than had been recognised by the next generation of German historians, many of whom were their students.
657:
445:, demanding that Pasternak be stripped of his Soviet citizenship and exiled to, "his Capitalist paradise."
963:
459:
403:
948:
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278:
217:
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229:
464:
454:
273:
The moral issues surrounding inner emigration have long been a subject of debate. Some argue that
410:
346:
136:
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writers who stayed behind in
Germany criticized the regime in ways subtle enough to get through
241:
German, writes German, has lived in
Germany, has been implicated by this dishonorable unmasking.
430:
809:
630:
603:
576:
103:
The most controversial use of this concept refers to
Germans who agreed with the writers of
434:. According to the meeting minutes, Pasternak was denounced as an internal émigré and as a
188:
54:
147:. Thiess replied that Mann had spent the Nazi years in the relative freedom and safety of
8:
274:
184:
912:
Flight of
Fantasy: New Perspectives on Inner Emigration in German Literature, 1933–1945
877:
Flight of
Fantasy: New Perspectives on Inner Emigration in German Literature, 1933–1945
863:
786:
778:
402:, have been identified as inner emigrants, and to residents of a commune linked to the
20:
350:
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in terms of inner emigration arguing that they were more complicit with the
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128:
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were involved in the debate concerning the role of German historians in
354:
285:, had all their writings banned by Nazi censorship, or were imprisoned.
297:
245:
Frank Thiess argued that only those who had experienced life under the
192:
160:
104:
65:
of literature, music, and the arts. This concept is a regular theme in
62:
442:
326:
225:
310:
301:
66:
885:
435:
164:
333:, used the outward appearance of conformity as a shield for the
718:
706:
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668:
91:
In a private letter to the vocally rebellious fellow poet
233:
887:
Aspects of Inner Emigration in Hannah Höch: 1933 – 1945
16:
Alienation from one's country, government, and culture
249:
that was Nazi Germany had any right to speak for the
628:
394:
people, whose loyalties still lie with the vanished
84:, by suggesting that they had the same opinions as
742:
730:
930:
526:
909:
601:
253:about their guilt, and that, if anything, the "
504:The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition
300:, wrote openly of their real opinions of the
853:
724:
712:
674:
413:held a trial behind closed doors as part of
61:, but who secretly violate the accompanying
635:. Cambridge University Press. p. 443.
839:A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak
632:The Cambridge History of German Literature
602:Wyman, David; Rosenzveig, Charles (1996).
763:New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua
655:
574:
814:. Oxford University Press. p. 198.
658:"Thomas Mann and the 'inner emigration'"
649:
622:
232:in 1945, Mann said in a German-language
174:
910:Donahue, Neil; Kirchner, Doris (2005).
549:
931:
807:
120:while outwardly appearing to conform.
116:, but who chose to continue living in
883:
748:
365:. The trio challenged the defense of
874:
760:
736:
595:
688:"The Fallacy of 'Inner Emigration'"
527:de Girardin, Delphine (1860–1861).
496:
127:was most famously used by novelist
13:
903:
662:The Association of Jewish Refugees
656:Grenville, Anthony (August 2012).
14:
975:
890:(Thesis). University of Cambridge
605:The World Reacts to the Holocaust
629:Watanabe-O'Kelly, Helen (2000).
485:Union of Slavic Forces of Russia
296:, and her fellow members of the
828:
811:Europe's 1968: Voices in Revolt
801:
754:
455:German literature: Nazi Germany
954:Historiography of Nazi Germany
680:
568:
550:Fleming, William (June 1986).
543:
520:
268:
1:
847:
384:
502:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994),
417:'s ongoing campaign against
155:and had not experienced the
53:The concept also applies to
7:
460:Irish republican legitimism
448:
404:counterculture of the 1960s
183:and the abdication of King
10:
980:
608:. JHU Press. p. 413.
581:. Routledge. p. 526.
475:Sovereign citizen movement
279:censorship in Nazi Germany
135:'s BBC broadcast alleging
95:, future Soviet dissident
18:
944:German literary movements
578:Encyclopedia of the Essay
575:Chevalier, Tracy (2012).
314:literature circulated by
288:Still others like Bishop
218:collective responsibility
100:nowhere else to search."
508:Indiana University Press
490:
409:On 31 October 1958, the
321:Yet other Germans, like
230:Nazi concentration camps
19:Not to be confused with
808:Gildea, Robert (2013).
411:Union of Soviet Writers
347:Deutscher Historikertag
137:German collective guilt
884:Wenke, Monika (2010).
191:, wrote in 1839 about
88:refugees in the West.
47:
39:
775:10.1353/nhr.2005.0038
465:ReichsbĂĽrger movement
398:rather than with the
375:Karl-Dietrich Erdmann
175:Origin of the concept
80:as an insult towards
48:émigration intérieure
692:Dialog International
539:– via Gallica.
189:Delphine de Girardin
159:tactics used by the
55:political dissidents
725:Klieneberger (1965)
713:Klieneberger (1965)
675:Klieneberger (1965)
554:. Harcourt School.
275:political dissident
964:Political activism
914:. Berghahn Books.
21:Internal migration
949:German literature
879:. Berghahn Books.
480:Spiral of silence
415:Nikita Khrushchev
359:Michael Fahlbusch
316:Soviet dissidents
290:Clemens von Galen
255:innere Emigranten
82:Soviet dissidents
72:The similar term
57:who live under a
40:Innere Emigration
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419:Soviet dissident
367:Theodor Schieder
263:Blut und Schande
205:Louis Philippe I
125:inner emigration
76:was used in the
34:
27:Inner emigration
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978:
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959:Human migration
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904:Further reading
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694:. 24 March 2007
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470:Shy Tory factor
451:
439:fifth columnist
428:-winning novel
422:Boris Pasternak
387:
351:Peter Schöttler
323:Oskar Schindler
271:
197:French nobility
181:July Revolution
177:
141:Nazi war crimes
131:in response to
114:German diaspora
97:Boris Pasternak
93:Titsian Tabidze
74:internal émigré
30:
24:
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12:
11:
5:
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921:978-1571810021
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835:Olga Ivinskaya
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820:
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741:
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727:, p. 178.
717:
715:, p. 172.
705:
679:
677:, p. 175.
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552:Arts and Ideas
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431:Doctor Zhivago
400:Irish Republic
396:British Empire
386:
383:
335:rescue of Jews
331:Wilm Hosenfeld
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243:
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86:anti-communist
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821:9780191651274
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642:9780521785730
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615:9780801849695
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588:9781135314101
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561:9780030056697
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516:0-253-20915-3
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339:the Holocaust
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328:
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303:
299:
295:
294:Sophie Scholl
291:
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283:Hermann Hesse
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251:German people
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201:July Monarchy
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169:German people
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158:
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153:United States
150:
146:
145:The Holocaust
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109:Exilliteratur
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28:
22:
911:
892:. Retrieved
886:
876:
859:
855:
841:pp. 251–261.
838:
830:
810:
803:
796:Anglo-Irish.
794:
769:(2): 84–97.
766:
762:
756:
749:Wenke (2010)
744:
739:, p. ?.
732:
720:
708:
696:. Retrieved
691:
682:
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661:
651:
631:
624:
604:
597:
577:
570:
551:
545:
534:. Retrieved
529:
522:
503:
498:
429:
408:
388:
371:Werner Conze
363:Nazi Germany
345:
344:At the 1998
343:
320:
309:
306:police state
287:
272:
262:
254:
247:police state
244:
222:World War II
215:
178:
157:police state
129:Frank Thiess
124:
122:
118:Nazi Germany
107:
102:
90:
78:Soviet Union
73:
71:
59:police state
52:
26:
25:
856:Monatshefte
737:Sims (2005)
426:Nobel Prize
392:Anglo-Irish
269:Controversy
236:broadcast:
199:during the
195:within the
193:Legitimists
187:of France,
149:Switzerland
133:Thomas Mann
933:Categories
862:(4): 175.
848:References
536:2015-07-14
506:, p. 272.
385:Other uses
298:White Rose
261:stank of "
179:After the
161:Nazi Party
63:censorship
791:146264513
443:Politburo
327:Wehrmacht
302:genocidal
226:Holocaust
185:Charles X
123:The term
112:from the
105:Anti-Nazi
67:dystopian
32:‹See Tfd›
868:30161451
783:20646499
449:See also
424:and his
355:Götz Aly
329:Captain
311:Samizdat
224:and the
203:of King
163:and the
151:and the
69:novels.
939:Dissent
894:8 April
698:8 April
436:Fascist
337:during
165:Gestapo
918:
866:
818:
789:
781:
639:
612:
585:
558:
514:
357:, and
259:Hitler
44:French
36:German
864:JSTOR
787:S2CID
779:JSTOR
491:Notes
304:Nazi
916:ISBN
896:2015
816:ISBN
700:2015
637:ISBN
610:ISBN
583:ISBN
556:ISBN
512:ISBN
379:Nazi
373:and
325:and
220:for
143:and
139:for
771:doi
341:.
234:BBC
935::
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837:,
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777:.
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690:.
660:.
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898:.
870:.
824:.
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702:.
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29:(
23:.
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