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abuse that happens among elders, most is concentrated on those who are more frail and need more assistance. In a review of
Canadian assistance homes, over 70% of workers reported acting in an abusive way towards patients, frequently in the form of psychological abuse or neglect. In a study of American assistance homes, there was a rate of 20% for employees stealing from residents, with employees acknowledging that it was the residents that were more difficult or abusive that were more likely to be robbed. Further, in Sweden, assistance home employees reported witnessing abuse at 11%, while participating in elder abuse at 2% rates. This abuse was most commonly physical abuse, followed by psychological abuse and neglect. Rates of abuse differ across surveys, countries, and homes, but certain facts are consistent across studies. Victims of abuse are also susceptible to threefold greater mortality rates than their peers.
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schedules, least payment, and most undesirable working conditions. The high-stress working environments of care workers combined with low-quality hiring and screening practices of workers can create abusive situations through lack of experience or knowledge on the worker's part. Lack of proper training for workers can conflict or hurt institutional goals for patients through improper implementation of treatments, compounded by organizational structures that may only have doctors and psychologists on site for short hours. In overstressed situations, power over the patients can bring feelings of control and significance, leading to stress being a predictor of abuse in institutional and familial settings. isolation from the community can have similar effects.
128:. This can range from acts similar to home-based child abuse, such as neglect, physical and sexual abuse, and hunger, to the effects of assistance programs working below acceptable service standards, or relying on harsh or unfair ways to modify behavior. Institutional abuse occurs within emergency care facilities such as foster homes, group homes, kinship care homes, and pre-adoptive homes. Children who are placed in this type of out of home care are typically in the custody of the state. The maltreatment is usually caused by an employee of the facility.
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often widened to include harming a child's development, altering a child's identity, or devaluing them as a person. Child maltreatment is also often defined as foreseeable or probable harm or injury to a child's physical, social, emotional, or developmental well-being. Researchers found incidents ranging from 39 to 85 abuse cases per 100 children living in full-time housing, with only 85 in 1000 cases being reported to authorities. Children in mental disorder clinics were more likely to report abuse than those in mental disability clinics.
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also been run outside of political dictatorship, including a number of states in the United States, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. But it is the shift from sterilization to euthanasia of the mentally ill or other politically undesirable groups in Nazi
Germany that lead to the actions of the Holocaust. Japanese soldiers of the time also would use these groups as research subjects for infectious diseases and poisons, while Stalin's regime in Russia used the guise of mental illness to torture and punish political dissidents.
25:
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such as the stress of the working environment can be to caregivers. These factors have all been organized into a model of concentric circles, with maltreatment at the center, and each circle further out influencing those within. There are ordered from inside out: maltreatment, child factors, caretaker factors, organization and environment factors, and exogenous factors.
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of those purported to be "mentally ill", and general medical experimentation without consent or will to leave, and eugenics. The political nature of these policies lead to them being enforced by law under an ideology of purifying race of genetic deficiencies. Eugenics and sterilization campaigns have
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These issues range from personal abuses to situational maltreatment and differ greatly in their causes. Most institutional abuses are the result of difficult and stressful working environments, where those with the least training often have the most contact with the participants, and have the hardest
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A number of researchers have tried to model the factors that cause abuse and maltreatment in childcare facilities. The acting factors in this model are the caregivers, children, the care-giving environment, and any other exogenic factors. Risk factors towards abuse are associated with each of these,
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Abuse in childcare institutions falls most commonly into the categories of overt abuse, program abuse, and system abuse, which arise from the staff, program, or childcare system. As children are still in development as institutional abuse occurs, the definition of institutional abuse for children is
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Studies indicate that social inclusion can act as a cessation towards elderly abuse. This method is not only intended to encourage diversity within hospital settings. It is also intended to ensure the individual needs of elderly patients are being met. Other intervention methods that are education
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Risk factors of institutional abuse of older adults has been found to be related to the size of the housing, with larger organizations more susceptible to abuse. Staff factors such as unionization, short staffing, and work stress are also predictors of abuse. Patients with severe dementia are also
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There is not a definitive definition of institutional abuse of older adults, with psychologists differing with legal definitions, and differing depending on the measures used. Definitions often include institutionally caused physical, psychological, financial, or sexual abuse or neglect. Among the
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behavior, causing more stress for workers, and more inclination toward mistreatment. Patients can often be difficult to manage through inability or behavioral issues, and those who are more difficult for staff to work with are often the victims of abusive situations. It is proposed that most abuse
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Researchers do not have a definitive answer for the cause of elder abuse. Workers in assistance homes have suggested that program factors such as understaffing, focus on making money over human welfare, and ageism contributing to institutional abuse, aggravated by patients who may be difficult or
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Sexual abuse is one of the lower occurring and under-reported forms of institutional abuse. Women are disproportionately represented among victims, and most often abused by other residents of the home. The majority of victims also suffered from a form of dementia or cognitive impairment. However,
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to create a universal ethical code for the treatment of humans from an institutional standpoint. Though this Code is not formally adopted by any organization, its standard for human rights has been used as a guide for more specific ethical codes. However, history has still shown the abuse of the
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where residential treatment centers and schools market themselves as therapeutic to families who are then duped into colluding with the abuse. The outcomes of these types of abusive settings resemble cult like circumstances and are devastating to the survivor of abuse. More and more programs are
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Several frameworks have been developed to model the risk factors for institutional elder abuse. In one model, risk factors are divided into three categories: validated factors, possible factors, and contested factors. Factors that have been shown to be risks for abuse include lack of consistent
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The Army and CIA of the United States also have histories of testing psychiatric drugs on unwilling patients or soldiers. LSD was tested by using prostitutes to trick men into taking the drug, and various combinations of depressants, hallucinogens, and stimulants would be given to unconsenting
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A number of high-risk factors for the institutional abuse of children include lack of caretaker competence or training and adherence to only one treatment methodology, lack of supervision of caretakers, and much time for unstructured activities. The probability of a caretaker to be abusive is
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Children who are more likely to be abused often display characteristics of being difficult for workers to deal with and needing more one-on-one supervision, isolation from their family, and previous victims of abuse. Children with disabilities or chronic illnesses are especially at risk of
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Flanagan-Howard, R; Carr, A; Shevlin, M; Dooley, B; Fitzpatrick, M; Flanagan, E; Tierney, K; White, M; Daly, M (2009). "Development and initial validation of the institutional child abuse processes and coping inventory among a sample of Irish adult survivors of institutional abuse".
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Carr, Alan; Flanagan, Edel; Dooley, Barbara; Fitzpatrick, Mark; Flanagan-Howard, Roisin; Shevlin, Mark; Tierney, Kevin; White, Megan; Daly, Margaret (2009). "Profiles of Irish survivors of institutional abuse with different adult attachment styles".
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Lopez-Munoz, F.; C. Alamo; M. Dudley; G. Rubio; P. García-García; J. D. Molina; A. Okasha (2008). "Psychiatry and political–institutional abuse from the historical perspective: The ethical lessons of the
Nuremberg Trial on their 60th anniversary".
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institutional abuse due to their reliance on healthcare institutions such as hospitals. Male children are more likely to be abused, and are more often abused physically and neglectfully, while females are more likely to be sexually abused.
1963:
Hall MI The liability of public authorities for the abuse of children in institutional care: common law developments in Canada and The United
Kingdom - International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, Vol 14, pages 281-301,
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in Utah. The exposure led to a lot of changes in the industry. There is a lack of state legislation defining or prosecuting institutional abuse, leading to difficulty in investigation or dealing with abusive situations.
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Tschan W Towards a safe institution: How to prevent Sexual Abuse in the
Institutional Setting? - Presentation at the XIth ISPCAN European Regional Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Lisbon, November 18-21,
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Abuse and neglect of children in institutions, 1979: hearings before the
Subcommittee on Child and Human Development of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress
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Mathews B Queensland
Government Actions to Compensate Survivors of Institutional Abuse: a critical and comparative evaluation - Queensland University of Technology Law & Justice Journal 4(1):pages 23-45
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soldiers for observation of the effects. In response to many of these unethical experiments, specific ethical codes were developed to protect the rights of the participants and require informed consent.
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Blatt, ER; Brown, SW (1986). "Environmental influences on incidents of alleged child abuse and neglect in New York State psychiatric facilities: toward an etiology of institutional child maltreatment".
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Simkins S Out of Sight, Out of Mind: How the Lack of
Postdispositional Advocacy in Juvenile Court Increases the Risk of Recidivism and Institutional Abuse - Rutgers Law Review 207 (2007–2008)
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McDonald, Lynn; Beaulieu, M.; Harbison, J.; Hirst, S.; Lowenstein, A.; Podnieks, E.; Wahl, J. (1 April 2012). "Institutional Abuse of Older Adults: What We Know, What We Need to Know".
1184:"Institutional abuse of older people: The regularity of institutional scandal and calls for the Government to appoint a health service commissioner specifically for institutional care"
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Stallybrass L Queensland
Government Actions to Compensate Survivors of Institutional Abuse: a critical and comparative evaluation - Law & Justice Journal Vol 4 No 1, 2004
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Fitzpatrick, Mark; Carr, Alan; Dooley, Barbara; Flanagan-Howard, Roisín; Flanagan, Edel; Tierney, Kevin; White, Megan; Daly, Margaret; Shevlin, Mark; Egan, Jonathan (2009).
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rises of out frustration and lack of ability to properly control the patient, not intentional maltreatment. Institutional child abuse also happens intentionally in the
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Incidents of abuse are most often reported at the beginning and end of the school year, and there are conflicting reports as to unemployment rates' influence on abuse.
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This perspective often written into educational material seeks to excuse perpetrators with the "explanation" that the abused adults are all somehow mentally inept.
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Often complicating worker issues is lack of organizational goals or policy. In childcare situations, lack of curricular recreation for children can lead to more
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Sengstock, Mary; McFarland, Marilyn; Hwalek, Melanie (1990). "Identification of Elder Abuse in
Institutional Settings: Required Changes in Existing Protocols".
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Englert, Y; Marneffe, C; Soumenkoff, G; Hubinont, PO (1985). "Institutional abuse: tubal sterilization in a population at risk of ill-treating their children".
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Hall MI After Waterhouse: vicarious liability and the tort of institutional abuse - Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, Vol 22, No 2, pages 159-173, 2000
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Carr, Alan; Dooley, Barbara; Fitzpatrick, Mark; Flanagan, Edel; Flanagan-Howard, Roisin; Tierney, Kevin; White, Megan; Daly, Margaret; Egan, Jonathan (2010).
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Carr, Alan; Dooley, Barbara; Fitzpatrick, Mark; Flanagan, Edel; Flanagan-Howard, Roisin; Tierney, Kevin; White, Megan; Daly, Margaret; Egan, Jonathan (2010).
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Parker J Seeking effective approaches to elder abuse in institutional settings - The Journal of Adult Protection Volume 3, Number 3 / August 2001 pages 21-29
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227:– unique to an institutional situation, in which a program must operate below acceptable conditions or improperly use power to modify the behavior of person
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Marzick, Abbey M. (2007). "The Foster Care Ombudsman: Applying an International Concept to Help Prevent Institutional Abuse of America's Foster Youth".
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Jones, Jocelyn; Myers, Jenny (1997). "The Future Detection and Prevention of Institutional Abuse: Giving Children a Chance to Participate in Research".
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Typical of the institutionalized bigotry that coincides with abuse, it is said that it can be considered to mainly apply to four categories of people:
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vulnerable members of society through medical and psychiatric institutions. Under the Nazi regime of the early 1940s, this abuse took the form of
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getting shut down through a movement called "Breaking Code Silence" started by Paris Hilton in 2020 where she publicly spoke about her abuse at
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Carr-Gregg, Michael; Hobbs, Kim (1988). "The Technological Imperative and Institutional Abuse: Its Effect on the Young Person with Cancer".
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Ferguson, Harry (2006). "Abused and Looked After Children as 'Moral Dirt': Child Abuse and Institutional Care in Historical Perspective".
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Tsuzaki, Tetsuo (1997). "Socio-cultural Causes of Institutional Abuse in Japan: The Issues of Leadership, Authority and Power Relation".
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Du Mont, Janice; Kosa, S. Daisy; Kia, Hannah; Spencer, Charmaine; Yaffe, Mark; Macdonald, Sheila (2020-06-05). Vidal, Edison I.O. (ed.).
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Nunno, Michael (1997). "Institutional Abuse: The Role of Leadership, Authority and the Environment in the Social Sciences Literature".
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Redress packages for institutional child abuse: Exploring the Grandview Agreement as a case study in 'alternative' dispute resolution
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Nunno, M. A. (1997). "Institutional abuse: The role of leadership, authority, and the environment in social sciences literature".
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struggling with mental health issues. Most studies have focused on the interaction of stressed workers with difficult patients.
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The Texas boys were beaten, abused, raped. Now all they want is an apology," by Jason Wilson (The Guardian; December 20, 2017)
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Barter, Christine (1999). "Practitioners' experiences and perceptions of investigating allegations of institutional abuse".
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based have high success rates in increasing awareness but less evidence of improving the welfares of elderly populations.
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954:"Development and evaluation of a social inclusion framework for a comprehensive hospital-based elder abuse intervention"
233:– involves an entire care system that is stretched beyond capacity and causes maltreatment through inadequate resources.
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Brennan, Carol (2007). "Facing What Cannot be Changed: the Irish Experience of Confronting Institutional Child Abuse".
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Barter C Investigating institutional abuse of children An exploration of the NSPCC experience - 1998 London: NSPCC.
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Griffin, Gabriele; Aitken, Lynda (1999). "Visibility Blues: Gender Issues in Elder Abuse in Institutional Settings".
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221:– similar to familial abuse in its overt physical, sexual, or emotional abuse by a foster parent or child care worker
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Sunga S Meaning of Compensation in Institutional Abuse Programs - Journal of Law and Policy, vol 17 2002 pages 39-61
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Gallagher, Bernard (December 2000). "The extent and nature of known cases of institutional child sexual abuse".
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Coldrey, Barry M. (Winter 2000). "The Queensland Inquiry into Institutional Abuse: A Good Model for Ireland?".
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Baker, Philip RA; Francis, Daniel P; Hairi, Noran N; Othman, Sajaratulnisah; Choo, Wan Yuen (2016-08-16).
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Rabb, J; Rindfleisch, N (1985). "A study to define and assess severity of institutional abuse/neglect".
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Bergin, John (2007). "Dysfunctional Organization? Institutional Abuse of Children in Care in Ireland".
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Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth. (Child & Youth Services Series: Vol. 4, Nos. 1 & 2)
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Conradie, Gerna (1999). "Dealing with Institutional Abuse in a Multicultural South African Society".
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Jones, Jocelyn (1995). "Institutional abuse: Understanding domination from the inside looking out".
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Institutional Abuse of Children - From Research to Policy: A Review (Policy, Practice, Research S.)
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Jones, Jocelyn (1994). "Towards an Understanding of Power Relationships in Institutional Abuse".
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Powers, J. L.; A. Mooney; M. Nunno (1990). "Institutional abuse: A review of the literature".
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Barter, Christine (1997). "Who's to Blame: Conceptualising Institutional Abuse by Children".
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Institutional abuse is also present in situations outside those of child and elder care. The
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Roberts, Michael (1986). "Failure to Provide Psychosocial Services Is Institutional Abuse".
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2428:(Moreland Press, 2001) (exploring privileged sexual abuse within the healthcare system).
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Durkin, Roderick (1982). "Institutional Child Abuse from a Family Systems Perspective".
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Coates, G. (1997). "Leadership and Authority: Power, Charisma and Institutional Abuse".
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McDonald, L. (2011). "Elder abuse and neglect in Canada: the glass is still half full".
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Kelleher, ME (1987). "Investigating institutional abuse: a post-substantiation model".
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Percy, AK (1999). "Eliminating institutional child abuse: a road too well traveled".
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is the maltreatment of a person (often children or older adults) from a system of
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institution-based sexual abuse crossed all gender, race, and cultural barriers.
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1474:"Records of Arrest and Conviction: A Comparative Study of Institutional Abuse"
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Crossmaker, Maureen (1991). "Behind locked doors—Institutional sexual abuse".
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-0852(199911/12)8:6<392::AID-CAR571>3.0.CO;2-T
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Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth (Child & Youth Services)
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1895:(March 1982). "Institutional abuse of children in out-of-home care".
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1626:"The Institutional and Educational Abuse of Children in State Care"
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Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
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Battersby, Lupin; Greaves, Lorraine; Hunt, Rodney (Fall 2008).
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more susceptible to maltreatment such as being constrained.
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Abuse and neglect of older adults in institutional settings
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Institutional abuse can be divided into three categories:
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National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
1867:"Institutional Abuse of Older Adults: Council Report CR84"
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positively correlated with their job stress, age, lack of
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782:"Hidden on the ward: the abuse of children in hospitals"
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Institutional Abuse: Perspectives Across the Life Course
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Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry
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Beaulieu, Marie; Tremblay, Marie-Josée (March 1995).
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Shaughnessy, M (1984). "Institutional child abuse".
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1021:"Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly"
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1212:Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion
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16:Mistreatment of a person from a system of power
1920:(Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 07/50).
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2364:Investigating Institutional Abuse of Children
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1624:Finn, Thomas R.; Coleman, Michael D. (1985).
1189:British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation
634:. Surreycc.gov.uk. 2007-01-18. Archived from
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2013:Early Child Development and Care
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1809:Garner, Jane (December 2004).
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2275:10.1016/0190-7409(84)90050-1
2196:10.1016/0145-2134(85)90021-3
1750:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.11.003
1704:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.10.006
1609:10.1016/0145-2134(85)90089-4
1510:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.11.003
1255:10.1016/0145-2134(86)90078-5
1202:10.12968/bjtr.1999.6.9.13938
979:10.1371/journal.pone.0234195
923:10.1080/08946566.2011.646512
7:
786:Journal of Advanced Nursing
703:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.12.007
516:
10:
2845:
2362:Barter, Christine (1998).
2225:10.1207/s15326888chc1403_1
2060:Social & Legal Studies
1897:Child & Youth Services
1545:Child & Youth Services
1182:Bennett, G. C. J. (1999).
1163:Bellflower, J. W. (1999).
1151:Florida Coastal Law Review
459:Bloomingdale Insane Asylum
2688:Abusive power and control
2670:
2469:
2461:
2184:Child Abuse & Neglect
2053:McAlinden, A.-M. (2006).
1829:10.1108/14668203200400023
1738:Child Abuse & Neglect
1692:Child Abuse & Neglect
1597:Child Abuse & Neglect
1580:10.1017/S0047279406000407
1498:Child Abuse & Neglect
1341:10.1080/14616730802638741
1317:10.1080/03124078808549967
1286:10.1080/09649060701752265
1243:Child Abuse & Neglect
1225:10.1080/14766080709518679
857:10.1017/s0714980811000286
845:Canadian Journal on Aging
534:Abusive power and control
474:Stafford Hospital scandal
268:was developed during the
2763:Psychological projection
2625:Referee and umpire abuse
2317:10.1080/0300443971330107
2131:10.1080/0300443971330103
2073:10.1177/0964663906066613
2025:10.1080/0300443971330109
2004:10.1080/0300443941000104
1983:10.1080/0300443951130108
1567:Journal of Social Policy
1444:Sexuality and Disability
1390:10.1080/0300443971330102
1111:10.1080/0300443971330108
767:10.1080/0300443971330103
484:Willowbrook State School
204:Older people – see also
1472:Davis, R. Paul (1963).
395:Florida School for Boys
390:Cal Farley's Boys Ranch
2213:Children's Health Care
1304:Australian Social Work
554:Institutional betrayal
511:Judge Rotenberg Center
454:Bethlem Royal Hospital
304:Caretaker risk factors
260:Historical perspective
248:troubled teen industry
2829:Psychiatric hospitals
2733:Just-world hypothesis
2484:Anti-social behaviour
2254:10.1300/J084v02n01_03
2159:10.1212/wnl.53.8.1617
1951:10.1300/J084v10n01_03
1909:10.1300/J024v04n01_03
1799:10.1093/bjsw/30.6.795
1557:10.1300/J024v04n01_04
1434:10.1300/J084v10n01_10
632:"Institutional abuse"
419:Kids for cash scandal
400:Forgotten Australians
334:Abuse of older adults
313:and facility status.
197:learning difficulties
58:"Institutional abuse"
2768:Psychological trauma
1871:Psychiatric Bulletin
1843:Psychiatric Bulletin
1478:Creighton Law Review
1170:Tennessee Law Review
559:Institutional racism
189:Children – see also
150:Discriminatory abuse
43:improve this article
2824:Social institutions
2819:Institutional abuse
2678:Abusive supervision
2605:Psychological abuse
2580:Institutional abuse
2410:Westcott, Helen L.
2097:Family Court Review
1884:10.1192/pb.25.9.364
1865:Garner, J. (2001).
1857:10.1192/pb.26.5.164
1836:Garner, J. (2002).
970:2020PLoSO..1534195D
569:Vicarious liability
499:Provo Canyon School
253:Provo Canyon School
122:Institutional abuse
2758:Playing the victim
2650:Surveillance abuse
2600:Professional abuse
2521:Cruelty to animals
2424:Abagnalo, George.
1652:Child Abuse Review
1457:10.1007/BF01102393
1121:Child Abuse Review
564:Life course theory
479:Tiergartenstraße 4
469:Letchworth Village
405:Haut de la Garenne
317:Child risk factors
2806:
2805:
2783:Traumatic bonding
2377:978-0-902498-84-6
2354:978-0-662-23475-3
2325:Non-fiction Books
1922:Sydney Law School
286:Abuse of children
119:
118:
111:
93:
2836:
2645:Structural abuse
2620:Police brutality
2526:Disability abuse
2456:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2381:
2358:
2342:
2320:
2278:
2257:
2236:
2207:
2178:
2134:
2113:
2084:
2049:
2028:
2007:
1986:
1954:
1933:
1912:
1888:
1886:
1861:
1859:
1832:
1802:
1779:
1761:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1685:
1675:
1664:10.1002/car.1083
1649:
1639:
1620:
1591:
1560:
1539:
1521:
1495:
1485:
1468:
1437:
1428:(1–2): 153–163.
1414:
1393:
1370:
1352:
1320:
1297:
1266:
1236:
1205:
1178:
1159:
1147:
1137:
1114:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1016:
1010:
1009:
999:
981:
949:
943:
942:
906:
877:
876:
840:
825:
824:
822:
820:
777:
771:
770:
750:
723:
722:
685:
660:
653:
647:
646:
644:
643:
628:
622:
621:
609:
574:Vulnerable adult
539:Disability abuse
384:Youth Facilities
311:job satisfaction
270:Nuremberg Trials
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2778:Rationalization
2713:Destabilisation
2666:
2630:Religious abuse
2465:
2460:
2403:Hanson, R (Ed)
2378:
2355:
2340:
1733:
1647:
1493:
1405:(356): 347–53.
1145:
1089:Academic papers
1086:
1084:Further reading
1081:
1074:
1070:
1031:(8): CD010321.
1017:
1013:
964:(6): e0234195.
950:
946:
907:
880:
841:
828:
818:
816:
778:
774:
751:
726:
686:
663:
654:
650:
641:
639:
630:
629:
625:
610:
587:
583:
578:
519:
373:
336:
328:
319:
306:
297:
288:
262:
184:
155:Financial abuse
134:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Victim blaming
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Discrimination
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Dehumanization
2700:
2695:
2693:Child grooming
2690:
2685:
2683:Abuse of power
2680:
2674:
2672:
2671:Related topics
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Physical abuse
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2538:Domestic abuse
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:military draft
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2396:Beker, Jerome
2394:
2382:
2376:
2359:
2353:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2269:(4): 311–318.
2258:
2248:(1–2): 31–50.
2237:
2219:(3): 132–133.
2208:
2179:
2153:(8): 1617–21.
2140:
2135:
2114:
2104:(3): 506–523.
2091:
2085:
2067:(3): 339–362.
2050:
2029:
2008:
1987:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1945:(1–2): 29–42.
1934:
1913:
1889:
1862:
1850:(5): 164–166.
1833:
1806:
1793:(6): 795–817.
1780:
1726:
1686:
1658:(6): 387–404.
1640:
1621:
1592:
1561:
1551:(1–2): 15–22.
1540:
1486:
1469:
1451:(3): 201–219.
1438:
1415:
1394:
1371:
1335:(2): 183–201.
1321:
1298:
1280:(3): 245–263.
1267:
1237:
1219:(4): 461–485.
1206:
1179:
1160:
1138:
1128:(6): 392–404.
1115:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1011:
944:
917:(2): 138–160.
878:
826:
792:(3): 565–573.
772:
724:
697:(4): 791–806.
661:
648:
623:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
529:Abuse of power
526:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
445:
444:
433:
432:
427:
422:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
381:
380:
372:
369:
335:
332:
327:
324:
318:
315:
305:
302:
296:
295:Model of abuse
293:
287:
284:
266:Nuremberg Code
261:
258:
235:
234:
228:
222:
209:
202:
199:
193:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
165:Physical abuse
162:
157:
152:
146:
133:
130:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2841:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Victimisation
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2427:
2426:Boy on a Pony
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:0-902498-84-3
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2345:Health Canada
2339:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:(2): 285–94.
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:(4): 343–51.
2039:
2035:
2034:Child Welfare
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:(1–2): 7–13.
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:(7): 477–89.
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:(9): 586–97.
1697:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:(7): 477–89.
1503:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:(2): 171–80.
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:(3): 437–65.
850:
846:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
658:
652:
638:on 2011-06-22
637:
633:
627:
619:
615:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
585:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
449:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
431:
428:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:PA Child Care
413:
411:
410:Home Children
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
378:
375:
374:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
345:vulnerability
340:
331:
326:Other factors
323:
314:
312:
301:
292:
283:
279:
276:
275:sterilization
271:
267:
257:
254:
249:
244:
239:
232:
229:
226:
225:Program abuse
223:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
207:
203:
200:
198:
194:
192:
188:
187:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
145:
143:
139:
129:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2748:Minimisation
2743:Manipulation
2723:Exaggeration
2659:
2655:Verbal abuse
2635:Sexual abuse
2615:Social abuse
2585:Intimidation
2579:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2363:
2336:
2308:
2304:
2266:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2216:
2212:
2187:
2183:
2150:
2144:
2122:
2118:
2101:
2095:
2064:
2058:
2037:
2033:
2016:
2012:
1995:
1991:
1974:
1970:
1942:
1938:
1917:
1900:
1896:
1874:
1870:
1847:
1841:
1823:(4): 16–21.
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640:. Retrieved
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2595:Persecution
2570:Humiliation
2560:Gaslighting
2543:Elder abuse
2494:Child abuse
2019:: 115–125.
1893:Gil, Eliana
1603:(1): 31–5.
1574:: 123–139.
1105:: 101–114.
549:Institution
544:Foster care
494:Élan School
442:Orchid View
219:Overt abuse
206:elder abuse
191:child abuse
2813:Categories
2753:Narcissism
2575:Incivility
2565:Harassment
2366:. London:
1877:(9): 364.
1759:10197/5174
1519:10197/5174
1350:10197/5195
642:2010-01-24
581:References
436:Care Homes
243:acting out
138:group home
132:Background
99:March 2023
69:newspapers
2728:Isolation
2548:Financial
2311:: 87–99.
2146:Neurology
2125:: 21–40.
1998:: 69–76.
1977:: 85–92.
1638:(2): 227.
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1311:(2): 25.
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1233:144494471
1158:: 67–118.
1045:1465-1858
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2553:Marriage
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2509:military
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620:(6): 81.
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2661:more...
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1930:1001148
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1399:Studies
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966:Bibcode
873:7484119
819:13 July
347:due to
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2471:Types
2463:Abuse
2341:(PDF)
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1407:JSTOR
1363:S2CID
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