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first reading was in 1991 by the
International Law Commission and was read without the mention being specifically on South Africa. It was not until the second reading in 1996 where the racial denotations were brought to light as crimes against humanity. Article 18 stated, “is in fact the crime of apartheid under a more general denomination.”
471:
In 1980, due to the 1973 Apartheid
Convention, a special International Criminal Court was proposed in order to try persons of apartheid. However, no such court was ever established. Instead, the United States authorized a legislation that would allow them to prosecute criminals of apartheid through a
245:
Backed openly from 1967 onwards by the United
Nations, government and grassroots movements attempted to form a united front with the oppressed peoples of South Africa against its tyrannical government. The United Nations called for boycotting of public events, as well as economic embargoes, something
236:
in 1948 came a swell of prejudicial and racially charged policies. In 1967, as resistance to aggressive apartheid policies grew, and the South
African government doubled down on aims of segregated living and racially discriminatory policies, the international campaign against apartheid grew stronger,
499:
was established in 1994 by a democratic South Africa after a peaceful negotiation settlement between the apartheid regime and parties which opposed apartheid. The
Commission served the purpose of granting amnesty to those who had violated human rights regulations during the time of apartheid as well
445:
Article XIX declares that the present
Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit certified copies of the present Convention to
256:
raised awareness to the inhumane treatment of some political captives in South Africa. This attention, coupled with the accumulating negative history, caused The
Commission on Human Rights to focus increasingly on apartheid, making it a primary concern. The Apartheid Convention of 1973 is a reaction
491:
recognized apartheid as a “grave breach” of the
Protocol in 1977 regardless of geographic location. The Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind recognizes apartheid as a crime on the basis of institutionalized racial discrimination as a species of crimes against humanity. The
412:
Article IX defines that The
Chairman of the Commission on Human Rights shall appoint a group consisting of three members of the Commission on Human Rights, who are also representatives of States Parties to the present Convention, to consider reports submitted by States Parties in accordance with
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Moreover, in 1973, the
General Assembly concluded that the South African regime had no justification in representing the South African people after contemplating the report of the International Conference of Experts for the Support of Victims of Colonialism and Apartheid in Southern Africa. The
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The Apartheid Convention may not presently serve its original intended purpose in dealing with apartheid in South Africa, as the legislation supporting it was withdrawn in 1990’s; however, it has influenced the way we view crimes against humanity. It has impacted international law, and the Rome
275:
The first meeting on the suppression and punishment of the crime of apartheid took place in the 26th session of the General Assembly, 2001st plenary meeting on 6 December 1971. The General Assembly established the conviction that the apartheid is a crime against humanity, and recognized further
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or ICERD which took place four years prior. The new Convention was the first to explicitly define apartheid, and then attempt to effectively criminalize what the ICERD had previously only prohibited. It was drafted by the Commission on Human Rights, and then officially implemented in 1973. This
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Convention was the first to name apartheid a crime under international law, while also being the first to name apartheid a crime against humanity. While many countries and signatories continued to oppose this terminology, the Convention was the first to have signatures to this effect.
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The Apartheid Convention was abandoned in 1990 by the United Nations General Assembly. It was originally adopted for the purpose of being able to prosecute criminals who were not citizens of the state but still committed acts which violated the laws of that territory of jurisdiction.
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consider this draft and submit the text of the draft convention to the General Assembly at its 27th session. Thus, reaffirming that apartheid constitutes a total negation of the principles of the UN, and recognizes the continual need for efforts to suppress and punish the apartheid.
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there was a division of opinion over the scope of the Convention. Most delegates saw the Convention as an instrument to be employed only against South Africa. Others, however, warned that the Convention was wide enough to cover other States that practiced racial discrimination.
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Article VIII declares that any State Party to the present Convention may call upon any competent organ of the United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as it considers appropriate for the prevention and suppression of the crime of
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This resolution concluded with a request to the Commission on Human Rights at its 29th session to consider the draft convention a priority item and submit the results of its consideration at the 28th session of the General Assembly.
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The treaty became effective during the 28th session of the General Assembly in 1974. The apartheid Convention was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973. There were 91 votes in favor, four against
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Article XVIII: the secretary general shall inform all states parties of any signatures, ratifications, accessions, the date of entry into force, denunciations, and notifications relating to this Convention.
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Article XV declares that this Convention, and any future accessions, enters into force on the thirtieth day after the date of the deposit of the instrument of ratification with the Secretary-General of the
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The second resolution on the draft convention on the suppression and punishment of the crime of apartheid took place in the 27th session of the General Assembly, 2085th plenary meeting, 15 November 1972.
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Article XVII: any states parties can request a revision of the Convention by notifying the secretary general, and the general assembly shall decide upon the steps, if any, to be taken in respect of such
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Twenty-eighth session of the General Assembly, Summary record of the 2004th meeting of the Third Committee, held on 23 October 1973, (A/C.3/SR.2004), paragraph 4. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
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Article VI requires states parties to accept and carry out the decisions of competent organs of the united nations in effort to achieve the purpose of the Convention
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Article XII declares that the International Court of Justice shall settle differences in the interpretation, application or implementation of the present Convention
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Article XIII: The present Convention is open for signature by all States. Any State which does not sign the Convention before its entry into force may accede to it
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measures from the UN to suppress and punish the apartheid. This plenary meeting requested the secretary general to transmit the draft convention to the
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Article IV asks states parties to adopt legislative, judicial and administrative measures to suppress, prevent, and persecute the crimes of apartheid.
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Article X declares that states parties to this Convention empower the Commission on Human Rights to coordinate with other competent organs of the UN
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The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court decided to define the crime of apartheid as another form of a crime against humanity in 1998.
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Deliberate imposition on a racial group or groups of living conditions calculated to cause its or their physical destruction in whole or in part
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Article V declares that Persons charged with the acts enumerated in article II may be tried by a tribunal of any State Party to the Convention
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Article I declares apartheid a violation of the charter of the UN and a crime against humanity in its racial segregation and discrimination.
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608:"International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid," United Nations, New York, as accessed at
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339:), and 26 abstentions. It came into force on 18 July 1976, and as of August 2008, it has been ratified by 107 states.
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Dugard, J. (2008). In United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. United Nations. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
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as aim to achieve reconciliation. South Africa, post-apartheid, has not become a party of the apartheid Convention.
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Article III declares that international criminal responsibility shall apply, regardless of motive and location.
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General Assembly resolution 2922, Draft Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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General Assembly resolution 2786, Draft Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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on 30 November 1973 and came into force on 18 July 1976. It passed by 91 votes in favor, four against (
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216:) and 26 abstentions. 110 countries are currently parties to the convention, with 26 signatories.
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United Nations Department of Public Information (1994). New York: Author. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
549:"International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (ICSPCA)"
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International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
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International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
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Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (2002)
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General Assembly, 26th session: 2001st plenary meeting
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
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Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
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Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
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American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
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grew more visible, a need to address South Africa’s
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796:
538:
4791:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3551:
2591:Capital punishment for homosexuality
1886:Social determinants of mental health
1576:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
4271:Treaties entered into force in 1976
4149:American Convention on Human Rights
2711:Genital modification and mutilation
966:Discrimination based on nationality
497:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
368:Inflicting physical and mental harm
265:
254:Special Committee Against Apartheid
237:and the United Nations stepped in.
24:
4746:Treaties of the State of Palestine
4341:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
4127:European Convention on Nationality
1631:
556:United Nations Treaties Collection
294:Special Committee on the Apartheid
25:
4837:
4696:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
4117:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
4089:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3190:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
3027:Law for Protection of the Nation
2927:White genocide conspiracy theory
1585:
1575:
1566:
1565:
34:
4771:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
4286:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
3032:MSM blood donation restrictions
2780:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
1586:
777:
765:
756:
635:from the original on 2020-08-13
591:from the original on 2013-10-13
45:needs additional citations for
4416:Treaties of the Czech Republic
4189:International humanitarian law
3828:International humanitarian law
3772:Special Court for Sierra Leone
3045:(as religious or racial quota)
1471:Go back to where you came from
697:
685:
602:
246:it had never done previously.
13:
1:
4461:Treaties of Georgia (country)
4157:to Prevent and Punish Torture
3459:Second-generation gender bias
3175:Constitutional colorblindness
1876:Social determinants of health
531:
487:Additional Protocol I of the
482:Organization of African Unity
234:South Africa’s National Party
192:and racial segregation under
3792:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3777:International Criminal Court
466:
461:International Criminal Court
7:
4661:Treaties of the Philippines
4631:Treaties of North Macedonia
3833:International speech crimes
3614:Customary international law
3370:Medical model of disability
3222:Hate speech laws by country
506:
350:
241:United Nations' involvement
10:
4842:
4266:Treaties concluded in 1973
4153:Inter-American Convention
4017:Convention against Torture
3654:Convention Against Torture
3598:International criminal law
3479:Social model of disability
1931:Discrimination against men
822:
489:Geneva Conventions of 1949
278:Commission on Human Rights
219:
4196:
4181:
4097:
4084:
4007:
3992:
3899:
3886:
3823:Joint criminal enterprise
3805:
3736:
3667:
3604:
3536:
3275:
3152:
2945:
2832:Opposition to immigration
2556:
2186:
2023:
1783:
1733:Race / Ethnicity
1670:
1639:
1561:
1438:
1271:
1039:
941:
830:
453:
174:
166:
158:
150:
142:
137:
4731:Treaties of South Africa
4571:Treaties of the Maldives
4351:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3743:(in order of foundation)
2827:Occupational segregation
2596:Compulsory sterilization
472:universal jurisdiction.
196:. It was adopted by the
4436:Treaties of El Salvador
4306:Treaties of the Bahamas
4276:Treaties of Afghanistan
4261:United Nations treaties
3925:Declaration of Montreal
3681:Crimes against humanity
3355:Internalized oppression
3217:Fighting Discrimination
3207:Fat acceptance movement
3165:Anti-discrimination law
2805:Native American mascots
1501:Psychometrics of racism
951:Anti-miscegenation laws
313:About the Signed Treaty
282:Economic Social Council
4711:Treaties of Seychelles
4601:Treaties of Mozambique
4596:Treaties of Montenegro
4581:Treaties of Mauritania
4566:Treaties of Madagascar
4536:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
4456:Treaties of the Gambia
4401:Treaties of Costa Rica
4361:Treaties of Cape Verde
4316:Treaties of Bangladesh
4301:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3838:Universal jurisdiction
3813:Command responsibility
3706:Incitement to genocide
3644:United Nations Charter
3474:Social identity threat
3447:Reverse discrimination
3437:Racial color blindness
2917:Violence against women
2897:Sex-selective abortion
1466:Ethnic plastic surgery
961:Biological determinism
528:
69:"Apartheid Convention"
4806:Treaties of Venezuela
4736:Treaties of Sri Lanka
4616:Treaties of Nicaragua
4471:Treaties of Guatemala
4291:Treaties of Argentina
3974:Yogyakarta Principles
3442:Religious intolerance
3402:Political correctness
3232:Intersex human rights
3180:Cultural assimilation
2862:Religious persecution
2626:Disability hate crime
2401:Jewish / Antisemitism
1386:In Jewish communities
1364:Hispanic & Latino
526:
4826:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4796:Treaties of Tanzania
4756:Treaties of Suriname
4721:Treaties of Slovenia
4716:Treaties of Slovakia
4651:Treaties of Paraguay
4641:Treaties of Pakistan
4591:Treaties of Mongolia
4491:Treaties of Honduras
4446:Treaties of Ethiopia
4391:Treaties of Colombia
4371:Treaties of Cameroon
4366:Treaties of Cambodia
4346:Treaties of Bulgaria
4321:Treaties of Barbados
3904:Brazilian Resolution
3739:International courts
3639:Nuremberg principles
2847:Political repression
1836:Anti-left handedness
1826:Anti-intellectualism
1476:Herrenvolk democracy
659:Jackson, M. (2022).
54:improve this article
4811:Treaties of Vietnam
4801:Treaties of Uruguay
4786:Treaties of Ukraine
4776:Treaties of Tunisia
4726:Treaties of Somalia
4701:Treaties of Senegal
4681:Treaties of Romania
4676:Treaties of Moldova
4626:Treaties of Nigeria
4606:Treaties of Namibia
4556:Treaties of Liberia
4551:Treaties of Lesotho
4516:Treaties of Jamaica
4496:Treaties of Hungary
4441:Treaties of Estonia
4426:Treaties of Ecuador
4406:Treaties of Croatia
4356:Treaties of Burundi
4336:Treaties of Bolivia
4326:Treaties of Belarus
4311:Treaties of Bahrain
4296:Treaties of Armenia
4281:Treaties of Algeria
4201:Genocide Convention
3686:Crime of aggression
3649:Genocide Convention
3350:Historical eugenics
2887:Segregation academy
2867:Religious terrorism
2656:Enemy of the people
2564:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
2068:Jehovah's Witnesses
1956:Perpetual foreigner
1496:Perpetual foreigner
134:
4821:Treaties of Zambia
4781:Treaties of Uganda
4706:Treaties of Serbia
4691:Treaties of Rwanda
4686:Treaties of Russia
4666:Treaties of Poland
4646:Treaties of Panama
4586:Treaties of Mexico
4546:Treaties of Latvia
4531:Treaties of Kuwait
4521:Treaties of Jordan
4481:Treaties of Guyana
4476:Treaties of Guinea
4221:Geneva Conventions
3691:Crime of apartheid
3629:Geneva Conventions
3262:Social integration
3257:Self-determination
3247:Racial integration
3195:Diversity training
3185:Cultural pluralism
3160:Affirmative action
3060:Racial segregation
2970:Crime of apartheid
2872:Religious violence
2365:Indigenous people
1760:Sexual orientation
1526:Racial integration
1506:Race and sexuality
1311:Japanese Americans
1031:Racial segregation
1021:Racial nationalism
529:
226:crime of apartheid
190:crime of apartheid
132:
4816:Treaties of Yemen
4761:Treaties of Syria
4751:Treaties of Sudan
4671:Treaties of Qatar
4621:Treaties of Niger
4611:Treaties of Nepal
4561:Treaties of Libya
4526:Treaties of Kenya
4501:Treaties of India
4486:Treaties of Haiti
4466:Treaties of Ghana
4451:Treaties of Gabon
4431:Treaties of Egypt
4331:Treaties of Benin
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4226:Hague Conventions
4177:
4176:
4080:
4079:
4000:International law
3988:
3987:
3846:
3845:
3672:international law
3634:Nuremberg Charter
3624:Hague Conventions
3564:
3563:
3432:Racism by country
3360:Intersectionality
3345:Heteronormativity
3144:Voter suppression
2892:Sexual harassment
2691:Forced conversion
2611:Cultural genocide
2264:African Americans
2078:post–Cold War era
2063:Eastern Orthodoxy
1821:Anti-drug addicts
1816:Anti-homelessness
1743:Scientific racism
1599:
1598:
1347:African Americans
1294:Chinese Americans
991:Ethnic stereotype
513:Apartheid (crime)
290:Secretary General
194:international law
182:
181:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4833:
4766:Treaties of Togo
4656:Treaties of Peru
4636:Treaties of Oman
4576:Treaties of Mali
4541:Treaties of Laos
4511:Treaties of Iraq
4506:Treaties of Iran
4411:Treaties of Cuba
4381:Treaties of Chad
4183:
4182:
4086:
4085:
3994:
3993:
3963:Paris Principles
3888:
3887:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3806:Related concepts
3744:
3701:Genocidal intent
3591:
3584:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3484:Social privilege
3469:Social exclusion
3397:Police brutality
3318:Multiculturalism
3288:Amatonormativity
3119:Social exclusion
2955:Age of candidacy
2755:Homeless dumping
2661:Ethnic cleansing
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1423:Racial supremacy
1381:Jewish Americans
1359:Native Americans
1328:Zainichi Koreans
1316:Japanese Koreans
1299:Zainichi Chinese
1272:Racism by target
1049:Global apartheid
1041:Racism by region
1026:Racial profiling
1016:Racial hierarchy
817:
810:
803:
794:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
760:
754:
745:
722:
716:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
664:
657:
644:
643:
641:
640:
621:
612:
606:
600:
599:
597:
596:
577:
568:
567:
565:
563:
553:
545:
463:, among others.
266:Draft Convention
198:General Assembly
154:30 November 1973
135:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4235:
4192:
4173:
4093:
4076:
4003:
3984:
3895:
3882:
3877:
3847:
3842:
3818:Superior orders
3801:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3732:
3674:
3671:
3663:
3619:Peremptory norm
3600:
3595:
3565:
3560:
3532:
3407:Polyculturalism
3303:Civil liberties
3271:
3252:Reappropriation
3153:Countermeasures
3148:
3077:Racial steering
3043:Numerus clausus
2947:
2941:
2666:Ethnic conflict
2601:Corrective rape
2552:
2182:
2137:minority Muslim
2019:
1911:HIV/AIDS stigma
1779:
1728:Mental disorder
1666:
1635:
1630:
1600:
1595:
1557:
1536:Racism in sport
1434:
1428:White supremacy
1267:
1035:
971:Ethnic conflict
943:
937:
831:Types of racism
826:
821:
791:
790:
782:
778:
770:
766:
761:
757:
746:
725:
717:
710:
702:
698:
690:
686:
678:
667:
658:
647:
638:
636:
629:treaties.un.org
623:
622:
615:
607:
603:
594:
592:
579:
578:
571:
561:
559:
551:
547:
546:
539:
534:
509:
469:
459:Statute of the
456:
353:
320:
315:
302:
273:
268:
243:
222:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4137:Social Charter
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3670:Crimes against
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:Reverse racism
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:Prisoner abuse
3419:
3414:
3412:Power distance
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:Ethnic penalty
3327:
3326:
3325:
3323:Neurodiversity
3320:
3310:
3308:Dehumanization
3305:
3300:
3298:Cisnormativity
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3276:Related topics
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:State religion
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:Nuremberg Laws
3067:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Ghetto benches
3009:
3007:Gerrymandering
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Gender pay gap
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2946:Discriminatory
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Lavender scare
2772:
2770:Kill Haole Day
2767:
2765:Indian rolling
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Eliminationism
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Cancel culture
2583:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2558:
2557:Manifestations
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Middle Eastern
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2178:Zoroastrianism
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:Untouchability
2097:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Leprosy stigma
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:Discrimination
1629:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1548:Reverse racism
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Racial figleaf
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1439:Related topics
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:Middle Eastern
1395:
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1389:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1356:
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1349:
1339:
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1236:
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1214:
1209:
1204:
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1193:
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1190:United Kingdom
1187:
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1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1127:
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1125:
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1115:
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1103:
1098:
1093:
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1068:
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1037:
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1034:
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1028:
1023:
1018:
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1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
945:
942:Manifestations
939:
938:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
828:
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820:
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805:
797:
789:
788:
776:
764:
755:
723:
708:
696:
684:
665:
645:
613:
601:
569:
536:
535:
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530:
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515:
508:
505:
468:
465:
455:
452:
448:
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440:
436:
433:
429:
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389:
386:
383:
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369:
366:
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333:United Kingdom
319:
316:
314:
311:
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298:
272:
269:
267:
264:
242:
239:
221:
218:
210:United Kingdom
180:
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164:
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160:
156:
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148:
147:
144:
140:
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128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4838:
4827:
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4809:
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4779:
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4299:
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4264:
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4232:
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4224:
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4112:
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4018:
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4009:
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3995:
3991:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
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3961:
3959:
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3898:
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3889:
3885:
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3874:
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3867:
3862:
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3855:
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3831:
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3826:
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3821:
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3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
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3790:
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3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
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3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Slave trading
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
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3682:
3679:
3678:
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3673:
3666:
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3647:
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3640:
3637:
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3632:
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3627:
3625:
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3609:
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3592:
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3569:
3557:
3549:
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3538:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Social stigma
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
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3457:
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3425:
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3418:
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3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
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3390:
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3385:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:State atheism
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Jim Crow laws
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:One-drop rule
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Blood quantum
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Victimisation
2910:
2908:
2907:Trans bashing
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Religious war
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Racialization
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
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2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
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2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Glass ceiling
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Ethnic hatred
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Counter-jihad
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
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2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
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2479:
2476:
2474:
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2469:
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2419:
2416:
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2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:United States
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
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2334:
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2329:
2327:
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2319:
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2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:United States
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Protestantism
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:LDS or Mormon
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Transmisogyny
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Gerontophobia
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Anti-intersex
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Anti-albinism
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
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1704:
1701:
1699:
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1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Institutional
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1592:
1584:
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1574:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
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1546:
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1534:
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1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
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1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
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1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Wine industry
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
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1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:South America
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:United States
1232:
1230:
1227:
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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4091:Regional law
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3659:Rome Statute
3340:Gender-blind
3227:Human rights
3055:Racial quota
3042:
3022:Jewish quota
3002:Gerontocracy
2997:Gender roles
2975:Disabilities
2960:Blood purity
2932:Wife selling
2922:White flight
2902:Slut-shaming
2882:Scapegoating
2800:Murder music
2463:Palestinians
2406:Anti-Zionism
2274:South Africa
2259:Black people
2237:South Africa
2053:Christianity
2043:Baháʼí Faith
1966:Sectarianism
1906:Heterosexism
1871:Ephebiphobia
1841:Anti-Masonry
1708:Hair texture
1541:in Australia
1531:Racial quota
1175:Soviet Union
1118:Saudi Arabia
1059:South Africa
986:Ethnic slurs
981:Ethnic jokes
883:Internalized
779:
767:
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637:. Retrieved
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593:. Retrieved
585:legal.un.org
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560:. Retrieved
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329:South Africa
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206:South Africa
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3242:Nonviolence
3237:LGBT rights
3202:Empowerment
3170:Anti-racism
3092:Segregation
3037:No kid zone
2837:Persecution
2750:Hate speech
2701:Gay bashing
2676:Ethnic joke
2631:Dog whistle
2576:Blood libel
2254:Azerbaijani
2158:Neopaganism
2151:Persecution
2112:Persecution
2095:Persecution
2058:Catholicism
2038:Exclusivism
1988:Transphobia
1971:Supremacism
1926:Lesbophobia
1846:Aporophobia
1811:Anti-autism
1662:Taste-based
1657:Statistical
1456:Anti-racism
1197:Middle East
1091:South Korea
1086:North Korea
1001:Hate speech
923:Substantive
903:Neocolonial
413:article VII
167:Signatories
4250:Categories
3723:Starvation
3516:Stereotype
3511:Speciesism
3392:Oppression
3387:Oikophobia
3283:Allophilia
3267:Toleration
3124:Sodomy law
3017:Internment
2937:Witch-hunt
2815:Blackhawks
2745:Hate group
2733:Hate crime
2706:Gendercide
2696:Freak show
2686:Excellence
2646:Employment
2616:Defamation
2543:Vietnamese
2538:Venezuelan
2423:Lithuanian
2085:Falun Gong
2015:Xenophobia
2010:Vegaphobia
1993:Non-binary
1951:Pedophobia
1916:Homophobia
1738:Skin color
1698:Disability
1671:Attributes
1652:Structural
1335:Vietnamese
1108:Arab world
1006:Hate group
996:Hate crime
933:Xenophobia
913:Scientific
898:Linguistic
639:2022-01-04
595:2022-01-04
532:References
446:all States
409:apartheid.
335:, and the
80:newspapers
4256:Apartheid
4113:European
3728:War crime
3489:Christian
3417:Prejudice
3365:Masculism
3313:Diversity
3107:religious
3082:Redlining
2681:Ethnocide
2641:Education
2528:Ukrainian
2458:Pakistani
2448:Mongolian
2369:Australia
2351:Hungarian
2306:Colombian
2286:Bulgarian
2168:Rastafari
2117:Ahmadiyya
2025:Religious
2003:Trans men
1961:Pregnancy
1896:Gayphobia
1891:Fatphobia
1796:Acephobia
1791:Arophobia
1775:Viewpoint
1516:Race card
1451:Alt-right
1251:Argentina
1212:Palestine
1130:Australia
956:Apartheid
944:of racism
467:Aftermath
230:apartheid
162:Effective
159:Condition
151:Effective
3981:(UNDROP)
3949:(UNDRIP)
3696:Genocide
3546:Category
3528:The talk
3464:Snobbery
3382:Net bias
3212:Feminism
3139:Ugly law
2980:Catholic
2948:policies
2795:Mortgage
2790:Lynching
2721:examples
2716:Genocide
2636:Economic
2621:Democide
2581:Bullying
2493:Scottish
2488:Romanian
2453:Nigerian
2396:Japanese
2331:Georgian
2316:Filipino
2249:Assyrian
2222:Armenian
2212:American
2207:Albanian
2189:National
2173:Yazidism
2090:Hinduism
2048:Buddhism
1946:Nepotism
1941:Misogyny
1936:Misandry
1861:Clannism
1856:Biphobia
1801:Adultism
1718:Language
1571:Category
1486:Lynching
1461:Casteism
1306:Japanese
1165:Portugal
1096:Thailand
1064:Zimbabwe
928:Symbolic
918:Societal
908:Romantic
873:Gendered
853:Cultural
843:Colorism
838:Aversive
633:Archived
589:Archived
507:See also
450:Source:
351:Articles
325:Portugal
212:and the
202:Portugal
146:New York
143:Location
3943:(DEVAW)
3937:(DEDAW)
3606:Sources
3556:Commons
3335:Figleaf
2760:Housing
2523:Turkish
2468:Pashtun
2438:Mexican
2418:Kurdish
2391:Italian
2341:Haitian
2326:Finnish
2301:Chinese
2296:Chechen
2291:Catalan
2281:Bengali
2202:African
2187:Ethnic/
2146:Judaism
2132:Sunnism
2122:Shi'ism
2033:Atheism
1866:Elitism
1765:Species
1703:Genetic
1693:Dialect
1581:Commons
1491:Passing
1446:Ableism
1369:Mexican
1289:Chinese
1185:Ukraine
1150:Germany
1140:Denmark
1101:Vietnam
562:21 July
439:request
224:As the
220:History
175:Parties
94:scholar
3970:(VDPA)
3916:(UDHR)
3713:Piracy
3521:threat
3375:autism
3112:sexual
3102:racial
2985:Jewish
2842:Pogrom
2820:Chiefs
2810:Braves
2533:Uyghur
2508:Somali
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2483:Romani
2478:Quebec
2473:Polish
2413:Korean
2374:Canada
2361:Indian
2346:Hazara
2321:Fulani
2232:France
2197:Afghan
2127:Sufism
1851:Audism
1784:Social
1713:Height
1413:Slavic
1408:Romani
1403:Muslim
1376:Jewish
1323:Korean
1284:Asians
1256:Brazil
1239:Mexico
1229:Canada
1217:Turkey
1207:Israel
1170:Russia
1160:Poland
1145:France
1135:Europe
1054:Africa
888:Patent
868:Formal
848:Covert
824:Racism
454:Legacy
331:, the
208:, the
133:ICSPCA
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3499:white
2852:Purge
2548:Welsh
2513:Tatar
2433:Māori
2428:Malay
2386:Irish
2336:Greek
2311:Croat
2269:China
2227:Asian
2107:Islam
1976:White
1723:Looks
1688:Class
1683:Caste
1640:Forms
1591:Index
1352:Women
1342:Black
1261:Chile
1180:Spain
1155:Italy
1123:Sudan
1113:Libya
1081:Japan
1076:China
858:Cyber
552:(PDF)
101:JSTOR
87:books
3494:male
3293:Bias
2738:LGBT
2518:Thai
2498:Serb
2356:Igbo
2217:Arab
1981:Male
1770:Size
1750:Rank
1393:LGBT
1279:Arab
1202:Iran
1071:Asia
564:2020
558:. UN
495:The
184:The
73:news
3097:age
1755:Sex
1678:Age
178:110
56:by
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