34:
395:
did so vote themselves out on 7th
December, but on 6th December, 1922, the whole of Ireland, the 32 counties, was the Irish Free State and it was not until 7th December, the next day, the six counties having voted themselves out, that the Irish Free State became confined to the 26 counties. Therefore, the Eire law, by inserting the date 6th December, 1922, and attaching to that the domicile, meant that anybody domiciled inside the island of Ireland on 6th December, 1922, was a citizen of Eire.
293:
that the inclusion of the declaration would "forestall any such legal argument" and offer the "additional advantage of excluding, for all purposes of United
Kingdom law, any future argument that Eire ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth, not merely from the date of commencement of the Republic of Ireland Act, but from the entry into force of the new Eire Constitution of 1937."
503:
chose otherwise. Because
Northern Ireland had a unionist majority, the guarantee that Northern Ireland would remain part of the UK unless the Belfast parliament resolved otherwise copper-fastened the so-called "unionist veto" in British law. The Irish parliament called for a Protest Against Partition
300:
consented otherwise. The working party report noted around this that "it become a matter of first-class strategic importance ... that the North should continue to form part of His
Majesty's dominions". The report continued that it indeed seemed "unlikely that Great Britain would ever be able to
380:
hen
British Nationality Act was passed the United Kingdom did not know that a person who was born in Southern Ireland of a Southern Irish father and on 6th December, 1922, was domiciled in Northern Ireland was regarded as a citizen of Eire under Eire law. They therefore considered that such a person
394:
The important date to bear in mind there is 6th
December, 1922, for that was the date...the Irish Free State was constituted, and as constituted on 6th December, 1922, it consisted of the 32 counties with the six counties which now form Northern Ireland having the right to vote themselves out. They
292:
of the
British Cabinet, which noted that "as a matter of law, it arguable, on the terms of the , that some provision by the Parliament at Westminster is required in order to complete the process by which a country ceases to be a member of the Commonwealth." The report remarked that there was hope
519:
Before the final Act was published, speculation that the legislation would change the name of "Northern
Ireland" to "Ulster" was also the subject of adverse reaction from Irish nationalist politicians in Northern Ireland and from the Minister for Foreign Affairs in Ireland, as only six of the nine
431:
Under section 5 of the act, a person who was born in the territory of the future
Republic of Ireland as a British subject, but who did not receive Irish citizenship under the act's interpretation of either the 1922 Irish constitution or the 1935 Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act (because he or
399:
The amendment made to the
British Nationality Act under the Ireland Act was intended to make it clear, in summary, that regardless of the position under Irish law, the affected persons domiciled in Northern Ireland on 6 December 1922 would not be deprived of a British citizenship status they would
371:
The Ireland Act was also used by the United Kingdom to "repair an omission in the British Nationality Act, 1948". The British Nationality Act included provisions dealing specifically with the position of "a person who was a British subject and a citizen of Eire on 31st December, 1948". Because of
351:
s. 6 – Made a number of technical changes to the electoral law relating to the election of MPs to sit at Westminster for Northern Ireland. The principal change required a voter to have lived in Northern Ireland for at least three months prior to the registration date; this change was introduced
275:
An Act to recognise and declare the constitutional position as to the part of Ireland heretofore known as Eire, and to make provision as to the name by which it may be known and the manner in which the law is to apply in relation to it; to declare and affirm the constitutional position and the
51:
An Act to recognise and declare the constitutional position as to the part of Ireland heretofore known as Eire, and to make provision as to the name by which it may be known and the manner in which the law is to apply in relation to it; to declare and affirm the constitutional position and the
432:
she was no longer domiciled in the Republic on the day the constitution came into force and was not permanently resident there on the day of the 1935 law's enactment and was not otherwise registered as an Irish citizen) was deemed to be a Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies.
389:
The Secretary of State also explained the background to the mistake. He reported that under Irish law the question of who was a "citizen of Eire" was in part, dependent on whether a person was "domiciled in the Irish Free State on 6th December, 1922". In this regard he noted:
320:
s. 3(2) – Made blanket provision for how certain wording in existing British legislation should be construed; for example, references to "His Majesty's dominions" were to be construed as including a reference to the Republic of Ireland despite its actual change of
276:
territorial integrity of Northern Ireland and to amend, as respects the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the law relating to the qualifications of electors in constituencies in Northern Ireland; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.
52:
territorial integrity of Northern Ireland and to amend, as respects the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the law relating to the qualifications of electors in constituencies in Northern Ireland; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.
254:
would exercise these functions in the King's place. When the Act came into force on 18 April 1949, it effectively ended Ireland's status as a British dominion. As a consequence of this, it also had the effect of ending Ireland's membership in the
468:
In some cases, British citizenship may be available to these descendants in the Irish diaspora when Irish citizenship registration is not, as in instances of failure of past generations to register in timely manner in a local Irish consulate's
385:
The impact of this was that many people in Northern Ireland were in theory deprived of a British citizenship status they would otherwise have enjoyed but for Irish law. This was an unintended consequence of the British Nationality Act.
328:
to assent to any change in the law relating to the succession to the throne or the royal style and titles; and also ended the requirement for the Irish government to receive notifications under the provisions of the
1658:
372:
this, how the British law would apply was dependent on a question of Irish law, namely, who was a "citizen of Eire"? The UK Government seriously misunderstood the position under Irish law. The UK
1653:
216:
continued to be head of state. However, by 1936, systematic attempts to remove references to the monarch from Irish constitutional law meant that the only functions remaining to the Crown were:
284:
s. 1(1) – Declared that the country known in British law as "Éire" ceased to be "part of His Majesty's dominions" (i.e., a member of the Commonwealth) on 18 April 1949 (the date that the Irish
304:
s. 1(3) – Established that the country up to then known in British law as "Eire" will in future be referred to by subsequent British legislation by the name "Republic of Ireland".
121:
239:
remarking in 1945 that "we are a republic" in reply to the question if he planned to declare Ireland as a republic. Then somewhat unexpectedly in 1948, during a visit to Canada,
439:
of an Irish person who left Ireland before 1922 (and who was also not resident in 1935) may both be registrable for Irish citizenship and be a British citizen, through either:
307:
s. 2(1) – Declared that, even though the Republic of Ireland was no longer a British dominion, it would not be treated as a foreign country for the purposes of British law.
499:
The Act created outrage in Ireland because its provisions guaranteed that partition (i.e. the status of Northern Ireland as a part of the UK) would continue unless the
259:
and the existing basis upon which Ireland and its citizens were treated in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries as "British subjects", not foreigners.
491:
The Act made no change to Northern Ireland's name. However, earlier drafts of the Bill had included a provision changing Northern Ireland's name to "Ulster".
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1236:
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ss. 4 and 5 – Made certain technical provisions in relation to both transitional matters and to the citizenship of certain individuals born before the
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by registration, at any time in life, with Form UKM, of birth to a citizen mother between the BNA 1948 and the BNA 1981 effective dates, under the
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s. 1(2) – Declared that all of Northern Ireland would continue as part of the United Kingdom, and would remain within the Commonwealth, unless the
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1302:
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s. 3(1) – Continued in force certain existing British laws in relation to the Republic of Ireland that had previously related to the Irish state.
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registration of later generation births by the married citizen father at the local British consulate within one year of birth, prior to the
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s. 2(2) – Established that the Irish ambassador to the United Kingdom would enjoy the same legal privileges with regard to taxation as the
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1180:
405:
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The Irish authorities disputed categorisation of "Irish Free State" and subsequently "Irish" citizens as British subjects, see
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Secret Cabinet Paper (49) 4; 7 January 1949 – "Ireland: Report of Working Party" - Memorandum by the Prime Minister
38:
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In view of the above, the amendment made to the British Nationality Act under section 5 of the 1949 Act conferred
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751:"Case Comment: The Advocate General for Scotland v Romein (Scotland) [2018] UKSC 6, Part One"
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to the strength of popular feeling among nationalists on both sides of the border against the Act.
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by registration, at any time in life, with Form UKF, of birth to an unwed citizen father, or
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did not want people from the Republic coming to Northern Ireland to vote in elections there.
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announced that Ireland was to be declared a republic. The subsequent Irish legislation, the
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s. 3(3) – Excluded from the generality of the preceding subsection any requirement for the
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with the right to live and work in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the Empire. The
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came into force). The reasons for including this declaration were described in the
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in the early 1950s has been attributed by Irish journalist and popular historian
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Original Text of the Ireland Act 1949 at the United kingdom legislation database
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The Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) v Romein (Respondent) (Scotland)
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was ordinarily resident outside the Republic of Ireland from 1935 to 1948; and
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signing Letters of Credence accrediting Irish ambassadors to other states; and
1602:
810:"Dáil Éireann – Volume 115 – 10 May, 1949 – Protest Against Partition—Motion"
865:
85:
1328:
702:
Daly, Mary E. (May 2001). "Irish Nationality and Citizenship since 1922".
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as a result. This was the first and last cross-party declaration against
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Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Northern Ireland
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was born before 6 December 1922 in what became the Republic of Ireland;
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As such, many of those individuals and some of the descendants in the
240:
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409:(CUKC) on any Irish-born person meeting all the following criteria:
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was domiciled outside the Republic of Ireland on 6 December 1922;
1654:
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Ireland
837:, 6 January 1949 (report on protest of Mr Mulvey, MP; See also
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was not registered as an Irish citizen under Irish legislation.
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640:(January 1950). "British Nationality and Irish Citizenship".
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agree to even if the people of Northern Ireland desired it."
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The effects of the Acts various subsections are as follows:
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became a United Kingdom citizen on 1st January, 1949 .
790:, 6 January 1949, report on protest of Mr Mulvey, MP.
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counties of Ulster are actually in Northern Ireland.
235:
participating little in the British Commonwealth and
1537:
British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland
1237:
British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland
563:
Ireland, Colonialism, and the Unfinished Revolution
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British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland
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British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland
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signing international treaties on Ireland's behalf.
208:of the British Empire and thus its people remained
812:. Historical-debates.oireachtas.ie. Archived from
1600:
636:
1505:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983
1303:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983
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171:intended to deal with the consequences of the
1344:
881:
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204:remained (for the purposes of British law) a
1459:Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006
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361:Repairing mistake in British nationality law
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508:by the Irish parliament. The revival of an
342:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
169:Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1532:Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies
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1337:
888:
874:
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695:
480:
400:otherwise have enjoyed but for Irish law.
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565:(Kindle version). Haymarket Books. 4301.
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596:
561:McVeigh, Robbie; Rollston, Bill (2023).
477:and before births of later generations.
262:
1664:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
1619:Constitutional laws of Northern Ireland
692:
620:HC Deb 01 June 1949 vol 465 cc2235-51 (
443:birth to the first generation emigrant,
271:summarises the Act's several purposes:
175:as passed by the Irish parliament, the
1609:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1949
1601:
1583:Home Office hostile environment policy
839:Alternative names for Northern Ireland
627:
487:Alternative names for Northern Ireland
127:Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973
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1454:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
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1308:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
1232:British nationality law and Hong Kong
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593:
197:from the United Kingdom in 1922, the
149:Text of statute as originally enacted
117:Representation of the People Act 1949
1527:British Nationality Selection Scheme
1386:British Overseas Territories citizen
1242:British Overseas Territories citizen
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314:representing Commonwealth countries.
774:, A.C. 585 (8 February 2018),
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622:Secretary of State for Home Affairs
374:Secretary of State for Home Affairs
13:
448:British Nationality Act (BNA) 1981
406:Citizenship of the UK and Colonies
156:Revised text of statute as amended
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1624:Immigration to the United Kingdom
1578:History of UK immigration control
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39:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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1489:Commonwealth Immigrants Act of
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781:
749:Khan, Asad (23 February 2018).
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1475:Sophia Naturalization Act 1705
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501:Parliament of Northern Ireland
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298:Parliament of Northern Ireland
122:Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964
1:
1313:Canadian Citizenship Act 1946
585:: CS1 maint: date and year (
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182:
1480:British Nationality Act 1948
1449:British Nationality Act 1981
1298:British Nationality Act 1981
676:"Ireland Act: Section 5"
346:British Nationality Act 1948
286:Republic of Ireland Act 1948
248:Republic of Ireland Act 1948
195:secession of most of Ireland
189:Republic of Ireland Act 1948
173:Republic of Ireland Act 1948
132:British Nationality Act 1981
7:
1412:British National (Overseas)
1272:UK Ancestry Entry Clearance
1267:Permanent resident (Canada)
494:
473:before the 1986 changes to
340:ceased to form part of the
10:
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1558:Indefinite leave to remain
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712:Cambridge University Press
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344:; fixing a mistake in the
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18:United Kingdom legislation
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704:Irish Historical Studies
688:, 1949 c. 41 (s. 5)
1649:British nationality law
1360:British nationality law
905:Commonwealth of Nations
481:Northern Ireland's name
471:Foreign Births Register
551:, Tuesday, 17 Jul 1945
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63:12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6
1257:Irish nationality law
1116:Saint Kitts and Nevis
931:Antigua & Barbuda
772:[2018] UKSC 6
755:UK Supreme Court Blog
686:The National Archives
642:International Affairs
510:Irish Republican Army
475:Irish nationality law
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263:Summary of provisions
1588:EU Settlement Scheme
1500:Immigration Act 1971
1422:Commonwealth citizen
1247:Commonwealth citizen
913:Commonwealth citizen
290:Working Party Report
252:President of Ireland
1629:1949 in British law
1181:Trinidad and Tobago
549:Dáil Éireann debate
23:
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681:legislation.gov.uk
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714:: 395, 400, 406.
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100:18 April 1949
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70:Introduced by
68:
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40:
30:
25:
16:
1484:
1317:
1156:South Africa
1141:Sierra Leone
862:
859:
834:
830:
818:. Retrieved
814:the original
804:
795:
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648:(1): 77–90.
645:
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352:because the
348:(see below).
289:
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266:
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199:then created
192:
164:
162:
96:Commencement
86:Royal assent
15:
1551:Immigration
1435:Legislation
1367:Nationality
1121:Saint Lucia
1091:New Zealand
941:The Bahamas
820:20 February
90:2 June 1949
1603:Categories
1136:Seychelles
1076:Mozambique
1006:The Gambia
946:Bangladesh
524:References
464:principle.
326:Oireachtas
269:long title
267:The Act's
229:status quo
183:Background
177:Oireachtas
110:Amended by
47:Long title
1374:Principal
1161:Sri Lanka
1146:Singapore
1071:Mauritius
936:Australia
835:The Times
788:The Times
736:159806730
581:cite book
506:partition
241:Taoiseach
1468:Previous
1211:Zimbabwe
1166:Tanzania
1101:Pakistan
1061:Maldives
1056:Malaysia
1041:Kiribati
991:Eswatini
986:Dominica
971:Cameroon
961:Botswana
951:Barbados
728:30007221
495:Reaction
460:'s 2018
206:dominion
58:Citation
1519:History
1442:Current
1201:Vanuatu
1096:Nigeria
1081:Namibia
1046:Lesotho
1031:Jamaica
1016:Grenada
710:(127).
662:3016841
321:status.
233:Ireland
65:. c. 41
1206:Zambia
1191:Uganda
1186:Tuvalu
1111:Rwanda
1051:Malawi
1021:Guyana
981:Cyprus
976:Canada
966:Brunei
956:Belize
734:
726:
660:
569:
462:Romein
167:is an
1395:Other
1176:Tonga
1131:Samoa
1086:Nauru
1066:Malta
1036:Kenya
1026:India
1011:Ghana
1001:Gabon
770:
732:S2CID
724:JSTOR
658:JSTOR
227:This
80:Dates
1495:1968
1493:and
1491:1962
1171:Togo
996:Fiji
822:2010
778:(UK)
587:link
567:ISBN
163:The
716:doi
650:doi
1605::
753:.
730:.
722:.
708:32
706:.
694:^
684:,
678:,
656:.
646:26
644:.
629:^
607:^
595:^
583:}}
579:{{
179:.
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889:e
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841:)
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718::
664:.
652::
624:)
589:)
575:.
333:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.