2150:, of which the once largely rural Orange Order had been the archetypal expression, is generally understood as a strand of unionism. It has been characterised as partisan but not necessarily party-political, and in outlook as more ethnic than consciously British—the perspective of those who are Ulster Protestants first and British second. Loyalism can embrace evangelicals, but the term is consistently associated with the paramilitaries and, on that basis, frequently used as if it were synonymous with working-class unionism. The paramilitaries are "thoroughly working class". Their hold, typically, has been upon working-class Protestant neighbourhoods and housing estates where they have compensated for the loss of the confidence they enjoyed as district defenders in early years of the Troubles with racketeering and intimidation.
792:
1635:, the Stormont administration intensified its efforts to attract outside capital. Investment in new infrastructure, training schemes coordinated with trade unions, and direct grants succeeded in attracting American, British and continental firms. In its own terms, the strategy was a success. While the great Victorian industries continued to decline, the level of manufacturing employment marginally increased. Yet Protestant workers and local Unionist leadership were unsettled. Unlike the established family firms and skilled-trades apprenticeships that had been "a backbone of unionism and protestant privilege", the new companies readily employed Catholics and women. But among Catholics too there was concern over the regional distribution of the new investment.
1537:
1881:
Northern
Ireland's place in the United Kingdom. When the tensions to which it had contributed to in Northern Ireland finally exploded, unionists believe British equivocation proved disastrous. Had they regarded Northern Ireland is an integral part of the United Kingdom, the Government's response in 1969–69 would have been "fundamentally different". If they had thought there were social and political grievances which were remediable by law, it would have been the business of Westminster to legislate. But acts of rebellion would have been suppressed and punished as such with the full authority and force of the state. At no point, according to this unionist analysis, would the policy have been one of containment and negotiation.
2004:
1116:
2872:
the Union with regulatory checks . . . down the Irish Sea". It would be an "historic mistake". Privately, Johnson complained that the attention to
Northern Ireland sensitivities was a case of "the tail wagging the dog" Within three months of replacing May in July 2019, he had amended her withdrawal agreement, stripping the Irish Backstop not of its essential provisions—Northern Ireland would remain a customs point of entry for the EU—but rather dropping the suggestion that, to avoid treating Northern Ireland differently, the UK as a whole might accept an interim regulatory and customs partnership.
1663:
of the 1947 Education Act, "unwilling to put up with the deprived status their fathers and grandfathers had taken for granted"). Determined to engage the great social problems of housing, unemployment and emigration, they were willing to accept "the
Protestant tradition in the North as legitimate" and that Irish unity should be achieved only "by the will of the Northern majority". Although they appeared to meet unionists half way, Hume and those who joined him in what he proposed would be "the emergence of normal politics" presented the Unionism with a new challenge. Drawing on the
973:
2938:
2544:
1210:
2803:
1421:
2725:, in part by insisting on compensating provisions for Ulster Scots, became one of the principal, publicly acknowledged, sticking points in the three years of on and off again negotiations required to restore the power-sharing executive in 2020. Other unionists object. The "positive ethnic, religious or national special pleading" implicit in the parading, flags and language counteroffensive, they argue, risks defining unionist culture as "subaltern and therefore ripe for absorption into Irish culture as a 'cherished' minor tradition".
2117:
2639:
border poll between a quarter and a third of
Catholics might vote for the Northern Ireland to remain in the UK. While anti-partition sentiment has strengthened post-Brexit, there may be a significant number of Catholics who meet the standard of "functional unionists": voters whose "rejection of the unionist label is more to do with the brand image of unionism than with their constitutional preferences". It remains the case that only one half of one percent of DUP and UUP members identify as Catholics: a handful of individuals.
2178:
1588:, Minister of Education, acknowledged that his ambition was mixed Protestant-Catholic education. A coalition of Protestant clerics, school principals and Orangemen insisted on the imperative of bible teaching. Craig relented, amending the act in 1925. Meanwhile, the Catholic hierarchy refused to transfer any schools, and would not allow male Catholic student teachers to enrol in a common training college with Protestants or women. The school-age segregation of Protestants and Catholics was sustained.
2402:, and they nominate the First and Deputy First Ministers which, despite the distinction in title, are a joint office. "Parity of esteem" is accorded to two diametrically opposed aspirations: one to support and uphold the state, the other to renounce and subvert the state in favour of another. The UK government may have deflected the republican demand that it be a persuader for Irish unity, but at the cost, in the unionist view, of maintaining neutrality with regard to future of Northern Ireland.
2169:
message. The party leaders might condemn loyalist outrages, but inasmuch as they tried to account for them as reactive, as a response to the injury and frustration of the unionist people, they were effectively employing sectarian, frequently random, killings for a common purpose, to extract concessions from the
Government: "You know, 'if you don't talk to us, you will have to talk to these armed men". The relationship of unionists to loyalist violence, in this sense, remained "ambiguous".
560:. In both measures conservative jurists identified threats to the integrity of the union. Disestablishment reneged on the promise of "one Protestant Episcopal Church" for both Britain and Ireland under Article V of the Act of Union (the Ulster Protestant Defence Association claimed breach of contract), and weak as they were, provisions for tenant compensation and purchase created a separate agrarian regime for Ireland at odds with the prevailing English conception of property rights.
2648:
2209:, would invite the Irish government to "put forward views on proposals" for major legislation concerning Northern Ireland. Proposals, however, would only be on matters that are "not the responsibility of a devolved administration in Northern Ireland". The implication for unionists was that if they wished to limit Dublin's influence, they would have to climb down from insistence on majority rule and think again as to how nationalists might be accommodated at Stormont.
12569:
1300:
636:
845:, a new Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction broke with the traditions of Irish Boards by announcing that its aim was to "be in touch with public opinion of the classes whom its work concerns, and to rely largely for its success upon their active assistance and cooperation". It supported and encouraged dairy cooperatives, the Creameries, that were to be an important institution in the emergence of a new class of independent smallholders.
47:
383:
1370:. This provided for two subordinate parliaments. In Belfast a Northern Ireland parliament would convene for the six rather than nine Ulster counties (in three, Craig conceded, Sinn FĂ©iners would make government "absolutely impossible for us"). The island's remaining twenty-six counties, Southern Ireland, would be represented in Dublin. In a joint Council, the two parliaments would be free to enter into all-Ireland arrangements.
1247:
Unionists (Liberals who proposed federalising the relationship between all countries of the United
Kingdom) likewise argued that "the Protestant part of Ulster should receive special treatment . . . on grounds identical with those that support the general contention for Home Rule" Ulster Protestants expressed no interest in a Belfast parliament (they did not develop an express nationalism of their own), but in summarising
2144:
secure the support of critical workers and broke up in face UUP condemnation and firm police action. Nor was it to be the ballot, although both the UVF and the UDA did establish party-political wings. It was assassination: in the course of the
Troubles loyalists are credited with the murder of 1027 individuals (about half the number attributed to republican paramilitaries and 30% of the total killed).
2165:, however, are adamant that Paisley had nothing to do with them. His rhetoric may have been inspirational, but theirs was a tightly guarded conspiracy. The motivation to kill came largely from secular forces within the Loyalist community. Through the DUP, Paisley ultimately was to lead the bulk of his following into party politics, emerging in the new century as unionism's undisputed leader.
2898:, and thus to the prospect of a unionist veto. For the DUP this was a violation of the Good Friday Agreement under which, they argued, any proposal to "diminish the powers of the NI assembly" or to "treat NI differently to the rest of UK" had to be on the basis of parallel unionist-nationalist majorities. Citing " the total disregard of this principle", in February 2022 the new DUP leader,
6602:
2894:, the DUP's last line of defence was themselves to appeal to the international and constitutional status of the Good Friday Agreement. Johnson had made one apparent concession: every four years the Northern Ireland Assembly would be called upon to renew the region's new double-border trade arrangements. However, this was to be by simple majority vote. The decision could not be subject to a
1811:
of the
British government would be reckless. Jobs in the shipyards and other major industries, subsidies for farmers, people's pensions: "all these aspects of our life, and many others depend on support from Britain. Is a freedom to pursue the un-Christian path of communal strife and sectarian bitterness really more important to you than all the benefits of the British Welfare state?"
2136:, the UWC strike weakened the representative role of the unionist parties. There were to be a number of consultative assemblies and forums in the years that followed, but the only elective offices with administrative responsibilities were in downsized district councils. At Westminster unionist MPs contended with governments that remained committed to the principles of the 1972
1400:, Craig did insist that it was only as a sacrifice in the interest of peace that the North had accepted a home-rule arrangement its representatives had not asked for. No regret, however, was evident when addressing Belfast shipyard workers. Once unionists had their own parliament, Craig assured the workers, "no power on earth would ever be able to touch them".
587:—fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure. Recognising that "the land grievance had been a bond of discontent between Ulster and the rest of Ireland and in that sense a danger to the union", Irish Conservatives did not oppose the measure. Protestants in the eastern counties had admitted to the leadership of the tenant-right movement men, like the Rev.
2425:, on a turnout of 81%, 71.1% voted in favour. (A simultaneous referendum held in the Republic of Ireland on a 56% turnout produced a majority in favour of 94.4%). The best estimates indicated that all but 3 or 4% of Catholics/Nationalists voted Yes, but that almost half of Protestants/Unionists (between 47 and 49%) stood with the DUP and voted No.
1095:"an aristocratic plot". If Sir Edward Carson led in the battle for the Union it was "because we, the workers, the people, the democracy of Ulster, have chosen him". The majority of the signatories would have been organised in British-based unions, and could point to the growing political weight of British labour in reform measures such as the
860:, Dublin barrister and the leading spokesman for Irish Conservatives, "that the Government were revolutionists verging on Socialism". Having been first obliged to surrender their hold on local government (transferred at a stroke in 1898 to democratically elected councils), the old landlord class had the terms of their retirement fixed by the
265:
2818:, the larger DUP, with an equal claim to be a pro-business party with a strong farming support base, campaigned actively for Leave. At a time when Sinn FĂ©in was citing the cross-border, all-island, economic activity facilitated and supported by the EU as a further argument for Irish unity, there was a sense that, among other benefits,
2429:
as an armed and active organisation: the republicans were at the table while retaining, at readiness, the capacity for terrorist action further bolstered by the release of republican prisoners. In an agreement that called parties to use their influence with paramilitaries to achieve disarmament, there was no effective sanction.
1404:
of its majority into all-Ireland arrangements This was to become the prevailing attitude, summed up in a 1936 report of the Ulster
Unionist Council: "Northern Ireland without a Parliament of her own would be a standing temptation to certain British Politicians to make another bid for a final settlement with the Irish Republic".
2580:– of its five official cities. A majority Protestant Northern Ireland "is now restricted to the suburban area surrounding Belfast". Unionist representation has declined. The combined unionist vote, trailing below 50% in elections since 2014, fell to a new low of just over 43% in the 2019 and 2024 Westminster polls.
925:, a Catholic, had helped devise a scheme for administrative devolution involving an Irish council of both elected and nominated members. Balfour, now prime minister, was obliged to disavow the scheme and Wyndham, pressed to deny his complicity, resigned. The uproar assisted the Liberal return to office in December.
2631:
the-SDLP. The party meanwhile gained a quarter of all non-voters from two years earlier. Alliance is neutral on the constitutional issue, but a
January 2020 survey indicates that in a border poll, post-Brexit, twice as many of its voters (47%) would opt for Irish unity as for remaining in the United Kingdom (22%).
1233:. A more generous dispensation than the earlier bills, it would, for the first time, have given an Irish parliament an accountable executive. It was carried in the Commons by a majority of ten. As expected, it was defeated in the Lords, but as result of the crisis engendered by the opposition of the peers to the
2065:
minority position. In retrospect, Devlin regretted the SDLP had not "adopted a two stage approach, by allowing power sharing at Stormont to establish itself", but by the time he and his colleagues recognised the damage they had caused to Faulkner's position by prioritising the Irish Dimension it was too late.
525:. In England and Wales it produced an electorate that no longer identified instinctively with the conservative interest in Ireland and was more open to the "home-rule" compromise that nationalists now presented. Ireland would remain within the United Kingdom but with a parliament in Dublin exercising powers
1719:
4161:
2871:
told the 2018 DUP conference that the EU had made Northern Ireland "their indispensable bargaining chip": "if we wanted to do free trade deals, if we wanted to cut tariffs or vary our regulation the we would have to leave Northern Ireland behind as a semi-colony of the EU . . . damaging the fabric of
2638:
personally canvassed Catholic households, there have been calls within unionism for it to break out of its Protestant base. When he was DUP leader, Peter Robinson spoke of not being "prepared to write off over 40 per cent of our population as being out of reach". Surveys had been suggesting that in a
2428:
Chief among the DUP's objections was neither the North-South Ministerial Council, although that remained under suspicion, nor the principle of power-sharing as such. When the new Executive was formed, the DUP matched Sinn FĂ©in in taking two ministerial seats. The issue was the continuation of the IRA
1085:
In July 1912, loyalists forced some 3,000 workers out of the shipyards and engineering plants in Belfast. Unlike previous incidents, the expellees included not only Catholics but also some 600 Protestants, targeted mainly because they were seen to support labour organising across sectarian lines. The
2630:
According to exit polling in the 2019 Westminster election, the Alliance surge drew both on past unionist and on past nationalist voters. In the Westminster election, 18% of Alliance's new backers said they voted DUP at the previous contest and 3% for the UUP. 12% had voted for Sinn FĂ©in, and 5% for
2393:
Unionists were concerned that this sharing of office was based on a principle that "rendered dangerously incoherent" the UK government's position in relation to the Union. The Agreement insists on a symmetry between unionism and nationalism, the two "designations" it privileges over "others" through
2245:
In March 1991, the two unionist parties agreed with the SDLP and Alliance arrangements for political talks on the future of Northern Ireland. In their submission to the inter-party talks in 1992, the Ulster Unionists said they could envisage a range of cross-border bodies so long as these were under
2143:
The loyalists principal mode of operation was not to be the work stoppage. With Paisley's blessing, in 1977 the UDA and a number of other loyalists groups sought to replicate the UWC success. Stoppages in support of a "unionist wish-list"—essentially a return to Stormont-era majority rule—failed to
2064:
envisaged a Council of Ireland comprising, with equal delegations from Dublin and Belfast, a Council of Ministers with "executive and harmonising functions" and a Consultative Assembly with advisory and review functions. Unionists feared these created the possibility of their being manoeuvred into a
2052:
parties, the SDLP had sought to accommodate "progressive Protestants". But with PIRA continuing to draw on public outrage over internment and Bloody Sunday, the SDLP was under pressure to present Sunningdale as a means to achieving the goal of Irish unity. The new Health and Social Service Minister,
2032:
A Northern Ireland assembly or authority must be capable of involving all its members constructively in way which satisfy them and those they represent that the whole community has a part to pay in the government of the Province. ... here are strong arguments that the objective of real participation
1927:
continued to classify Northern Ireland, as it had Ireland before partition, as "something more akin to a colonial than a domestic problem". From the first street deployment of troops in 1969 the impression given was of "a peace-keeping operation in which Her Majesty's Forces are not defending their
1810:
warned O'Neill that if Stormont backtracked on reform, the British government would reconsider its financial support for Northern Ireland. In a television address, O'Neill cautioned Unionists that they could not choose to be part of the United Kingdom merely when it "suits" them, and that "defiance"
1662:
Hume, a teacher from Derry, presented himself as a spokesman for an emerging "third force": a "generation of younger Catholics in the North" who were frustrated with the nationalist policy of non-recognition and abstention. (O'Neill wrote of "a new Catholic intelligentsia", the product, he imagined,
1403:
In debating the Government of Ireland Bill, Craig had conceded that, while unionists did not want a separate parliament, having in the six counties "all the paraphernalia of Government" might make it more difficult for future Liberal and/or Labour government to push Northern Ireland against the will
394:(1829)—to admit Catholics to Parliament—and permit an erosion of the Protestant monopoly on position and influence. An opportunity to integrate Catholics through their re-emerging propertied and professional classes as a minority within the United Kingdom may have passed. In 1830, the leader of the
2563:
had held for nineteen years and which never previously returned a nationalist MP, Arlene Foster replied "The demography just wasn't there. We worked very hard to get the vote out... but the demography was against us". A Sinn FĂ©in election flyer used in the previous 2015 run against Dodds advertised
2389:
ensured that unionists would find themselves sitting at the Executive table with those they had persistently labelled IRA-Sinn FĂ©in. In 1998 Sinn FĂ©in, who had been gaining on the SDLP since the eighties, had 18 Assembly seats (to 26 for the SDLP) securing them two of the ten Executive departments.
2254:
As an alternative to devolution with an Irish Dimension, some unionists proposed that Northern Ireland reject special status within the United Kingdom, and return to what they conceived as the original unionist programme of complete legislative and political union. This had been the position of the
2168:
The relationship of other, at the time, more mainstream, unionist political figures to loyalist paramilitaries is also a subject of debate. Paramilitaries deny and resent any implication of political string pulling, They suggest, nonetheless, that they could rely on the politicians to deliver their
1880:
To the extent they acknowledge inequities in Unionist rule from Stormont—Paisley was later to allow "it wasn't . . a fair government. It wasn't justice for all"—unionists argue these were a result of insecurity which successive British governments had themselves created by their own divided view on
1701:
conceding that the "conscious, if unspoken strategy, was to provoke the police into overreaction and thus spark off mass reaction against the authorities". A later official inquiry suggests that all that had been required for police to begin "using their batons indiscriminately" was defiance of the
1603:
the authorities acknowledged that much of the housing stock had been "uninhabitable" before the war). Second, the Government accepted an offer from London—understood as a reward for the province's wartime service—to match the parity in taxation between Northern Ireland and Great Britain with parity
1579:
Proclaimed by Craig a "Protestant parliament", and with a "substantial and assured" Unionist Party majority the Stormont legislature could not, in any case, play a significant role. Real power "lay with the regional government itself and its administration": a structure "run by a very small number
1527:
There was little incentive for unionists in Northern Ireland to assume the risks of splitting ranks in order to reproduce the dynamic of Westminster politics. Despite its broad legislative powers, the Belfast Parliament did not, in any case, have the kinds of tax and spending powers that might have
1392:
Unionists in Northern Ireland thus found themselves in the unanticipated position of having to work a constitutional arrangement that was the by-product of an attempt by British statesmen to reconcile the determination of the Protestant population of the North to remain without qualification within
1094:
as tantamount to support for Home Rule. Yet loyalist workers resented the idea that they were the retainers of "big-house unionists". A manifesto signed in the spring of 1914 by two thousand labour men, rejected the suggestion of the radical and socialist press that Ulster was being manipulated by
2674:
Unionists accused nationalists taking this new "parity of esteem" as a license for a policy of "unrelenting harassment". Trimble spoke of having to reverse an "insidious erosion of the culture and ethnic national identity of the British people of Ulster" systematically pursued by "the Provisional
2469:
the breakthrough was merely the GFA "for slow learners". But while he acknowledged compromises, Paisley argued that Northern Ireland was "turning a corner". The IRA had disarmed, and from Sinn FĂ©in support had been won "for all the institutions of policing". Northern Ireland had "come to a time of
2369:
The Council of Ireland, that Mallon's party colleague, Hugh Logue, had referred to as "the vehicle that would trundle Unionists into a united Ireland" was replaced by a North-South Ministerial Council. "Not a supra-national body", and with no "pre-cooked" agenda, the Council was accountable to the
2266:
The British Labour Party, they argued, had been persuaded that Irish unity was the only left option in Northern Ireland less on its merits than on the superficial appearance of unionism as the six-county Tory Party. Had Labour tested the coalition that was unionism as it began fracture in the late
2019:
It is a fact that an element of the minority in Northern Ireland has hitherto seen itself as simply part of the wider Irish community. The problem of accommodating that minority within the political of Northern Ireland has to some extent been an aspect of a wider problem within Ireland as a whole.
1432:
Unionists have emphasised that their victory in the Home Rule struggle was partial. It was not only that twenty-six of thirty-two Irish counties were lost to the Union, but that within the six retained unionists were "unable to make the British government in London fully acknowledge their full and
1023:
tenants, the manufacturers and merchants of Belfast and neighbouring industrial districts could generally count on voting with the majority of their own workforce. But the loyalty of the Protestant worker was not unconditional. In the mind of many working-class unionists there was no contradiction
2567:
Demography, in this sense, has been a long term concern for unionists. The proportion of people across Northern Ireland identifying as Protestant, or raised Protestant, has fallen from 60% in the 1960s to 48%, while those raised Catholic has increased from 35 to 45%. Only two of the six counties,
2241:
Movement (URM) would "take direct action as and when required". Recruitment rallies were held in towns across Northern Ireland and thousands were said to have joined. Despite importing arms, some of which were passed on to the UVF and UDA, for the URM the call for action never came. By the fourth
2236:
Unionists, however, found themselves isolated, opposing a Conservative government and with a Westminster Opposition, Labour, that was sympathetic to Irish unity. With no obvious political leverage, and possibly to prevent initiative passing to the loyalist paramilitaries, in November 1986 Paisley
774:
to retain unchanged our present position as an integral portion of the United Kingdom, and protest in the most unequivocal manner against the passage of any measure that would rob us of our inheritance in the Imperial Parliament, under the protection of which our capital has been invested and our
2384:
In return, however, unionists had to accept that within new framework for power-sharing there could be no escaping the need to secure republican consent. The new Executive would be formed not, as in 1974, by voluntary coalition but by the allocation ministerial posts to the Assembly parties on a
2267:
1960s by itself canvassing for voters in Northern Ireland, the party might have proved the "bridge between Catholics and the state". Disappointed in Labour's response and contending with a unionist split (Democracy Now) led by the only Northern Irish Labour MP (sitting for a London constituency)
1989:
In March, Heath demanded that Faulkner surrender control of internal security. When, as might have been anticipated, Faulkner resigned rather than comply, Heath in an instant shattered, for unionists, "the theory that the Army was simply in Northern Ireland for the purpose of offering aid to the
1246:
reasoned that if differences in ethnicity ("race") and interests argue for Ireland's separation from Great Britain, they could as easily argue for a separation of north and south, with Belfast as the capital of its own "distinct kingdom". In response to the First Home rule Bill in 1886, Radical
1123:
At what was to be the high point of mobilisation in Ulster against Home Rule, the Covenant Campaign of September 1912, the unionist leadership decided that men alone could not speak for the determination of the unionist people to defend "their equal citizenship in the United Kingdom". Women were
663:
The upper and middle classes found in Britain and the Empire "a wide range of profitable careers--in the army, in the public services, in commerce--from which they might be shut out if the link between Ireland and Great Britain were weakened or severed". That same link was critical for all those
2417:
in which London had disclaimed any "selfish strategic or economic interest" in the matter. Unionists were nonetheless discomforted by the republican claim that the 1998 Agreement had, in the words of Gerry Adams, "dealt the union a severe blow": "there was now no absolute commitment, no raft of
939:
The road to Catholicism's identification with constitutional Irish nationalism was "far from smooth and immediate", and a Catholic tradition of support for the union, focused on the value of stability and of empire, survived the first home-rule crisis. But it did not share the majority unionist
2701:
The greater issue in inter-party talks proved to be language rights. On Good Friday, 10 April 1998, Prime Minister Tony Blair was surprised by a last minute demand for recognition of a "Scottish dialect spoken in some parts of Northern Ireland" that Unionists regarded their "equivalent to the
2599:
Surveys suggest that more people than ever in Northern Ireland, 50%, say they are neither unionist nor nationalist. The electoral impact of eschewing "tribal labels" (upwards of 17% also refuse a religious designation) is limited since those who do so are younger and less likely to turnout in
1358:
Violence against Catholics in Belfast, driven out of workplaces and attacked in their districts, and a boycott of Belfast goods, accompanied by looting and destruction, in the South, helped consolidate "real partition, spiritual and voluntary" in advance of the constitutional partition. This
659:
and a further 75 Members elected on a highly restrictive property franchise). Regardless of how it was constituted, they believed that an Irish parliament would (egged on by the "American Irish") enter into conflicts with the "imperial parliament" in London that could only be resolved through
2829:
When, by a margin of 12% Northern Ireland voted Remain (with Scotland, the only UK region to do so outside London), the DUP was left to argue that Leave had been the UK-wide decision, and could be honoured only by the UK "leaving the European Union as a whole", its "territorial and economic
2913:) would be implemented without routine checks on "internal" trade with Great Britain and would be accompanied by measures to promote East-West (i.e. British) as opposed to North-South (EU/Irish) movements of goods and services, the DUP agreed to a restoration of the Assembly. On 3 February,
2246:
the control of the Northern Assembly, did not involve an overarching all-Ireland Council, and were not designed to be developed in the direction of joint authority. While prepared to accommodate an Irish Dimension unionists, at a minimum, were looking for a settlement not an "unsettlement".
1583:
Although they had no positive political programme for a devolved parliament, the Unionist regime did attempt an early reform. Consistent with the obligation under the Government of Ireland Act to neither establish nor endow a religion, a 1923 Education Act provided that in schools religious
1990:
civil power, of defending legally established institutions against terrorist attack". In what unionists viewed as a victory for violence, the Conservative government prorogued Stormont and imposed direct rule "not merely to restore order but to reshape the Province's system of government".
718:
assured a "monster meeting" of the Anti-Repeal Union in Belfast, that English Conservatives would "cast in their lot" with loyalists in resisting Home Rule, and he later coined the phrase that was to become the watchword of northern unionism: "Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right".
251:, that advances an all-Ireland agenda. In February 2024, two years after their withdrawal collapsed the devolved institutions, on the basis of new British government assurances they returned to the Assembly to form the first Northern Ireland government in which unionists are a minority.
626:
returned an IPP, now under the leadership of Parnell, of 85 Members (including 17 from Ulster where Conservatives and Liberals split the unionist vote). Gladstone, whose Liberals lost all 15 of their Irish seats, was able to form his second ministry only with their Commons support.
424:
appeared to transcend the ecclesiastical differences between the different Protestant denominations. while launching them into "a far more conscious sense of separateness from the Church of Rome", then undergoing its own devotional revolution. The leading Presbyterian evangelist,
2852:
had ruled that the interests of the Northern Ireland peace process are "paramount". To avoid the "step backwards" that would be represented, "symbolically and psychologically", by a "hardening" of the Irish border, Northern Ireland should remain in regulatory alignment with the
775:
home and rights safeguarded; that we record our determination to have nothing to do with a Parliament certain to be controlled by men responsible for the crime and outrage of the Land League . . . many of whom have shown themselves the ready instrument of clerical domination.
1658:
suggested that "the plan" was "to develop the strongly Unionist-Belfast-Coleraine-Portadown triangle and to cause a migration from West to East Ulster, redistributing and scattering the minority to that the Unionist Party will not only maintain but strengthen its position".
204:
In 1972, the British government suspended this arrangement. Against a background of growing political violence, and citing the need to consider how Catholics in Northern Ireland could be integrated into its civic and political life, it prorogued the parliament in Belfast.
2883:, past and present unionist leaders pressed for a judicial review. When eventually rendered in June 2021, the ruling of the Belfast High Court was that while there indeed was a conflict with the Act, in approving the implicitly amending Protocol Parliament was sovereign.
1315:
but with implementation suspended for the duration of European hostilities. With the issue of Ulster's exclusion unresolved, leaders on both sides sought favour with the Government and the British public by committing themselves, and their volunteers, to the war effort.
2600:
Northern Ireland's still largely polarised elections. It is still the case that few Protestants vote for nationalists, and few Catholics for unionists. But they will vote for others, for parties that decline to make an issue of Northern Ireland's constitutional status.
8338:
2099:
and UVF paramilitaries, had an effective stranglehold on energy supplies. Concessions sought by Faulkner were blocked by the SDLP. John Hume, then Minister of Commerce, pressed for a British Army enforced fuel-oil plan and for resistance to "a fascist takeover". After
9373:
4152:
2583:
Unionism losing, however, has not necessarily meant nationalism winning: overall there has been "no comparable increase in the nationalist vote mirroring the decline in the unionist bloc". Despite symbolic triumphs over unionism—returning the larger number of
2448:
at Stormont suggested that the organisation was still active and collecting intelligence. Trimble led the UUP out of the Executive and the Assembly was suspended. (No charges were brought as a result of the raid at the centre of which was a Sinn FĂ©in staffer,
1795:-based franchise in council elections (One man, one vote); and The Londonderry Corporation (through which unionists had administered a predominately nationalist city) was replaced by an independent development commission. The broad security provisions of the
1139:, an anti-Home Rule Liberal and campaigner for girls education, was an early pioneer. Determined lobbying by her North of Ireland Women's Suffrage Society ensured the 1887 Act creating a new city-status municipal franchise for Belfast (piloted through the
654:
that was largely of his own drafting. Unionists were not persuaded by his inclusion of measures to limit the remit of a Dublin legislature and to reduce the weight of the popular vote (the 200 or so popularly elected members were to sit in session with 28
2481:
who followed him in office from January 2016, had colder relationships than had Paisley with McGuinness and with his party colleagues and these eventually broke down. Citing "DUP's arrogance" in relation to a range of issues, including management of
1124:
asked to sign, not the Covenant whose commitment to "all means which may be found necessary" implied a readiness to bear arms, but their own Associate Declaration. A total of 234,046 women signed the Ulster Women's Declaration; 237,368 men signed the
1748:(whose government was pursuing a similar modernising agenda in the South) made an unheralded visit to Stormont. After O'Neill reciprocated with a visit to Dublin, the Nationalists were persuaded, for the first time, to assume the role at Stormont of
2027:
Northern Ireland must and will remain part of the United Kingdom for as long as that is the wish of a majority of the people, but that status does not preclude the necessary taking into account of what has been described in this paper as the 'Irish
9092:
2745:
did take a step with Ulster Scots that it does not take with Irish speakers: the UK government pledged to "recognise Ulster Scots as a national minority under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". This is a second
1726:
940:
conviction that any measure of devolution within the United Kingdom must lead to separation. Nor did it supply unionism with the equivalent of the Protestants who, individually, played a prominent role in home-rule and separatist politics.
1154:
noted the failure of unionist women to formulate "any demand on their own behalf or that of their own sex". Yet in September 1913 McCracken was celebrating a "marriage of unionism and women's suffrage". Following reports that the militant
10236:
1725:
1723:
1721:
7984:
1346:
of December 1918, the first Westminster poll since 1910 and the first with all adult males, and women from age thirty, eligible to vote (the electorate tripled), the IPP was almost wholly replaced in nationalist constituencies by
1724:
463:. But as the Irish party-political successors to O'Connell's Repeal movement gained representation and influence in Westminster, Cooke's call for unity was to be heeded in the progressive emergence of a pan-Protestant unionism.
1623:, sustained after 1921, was replaced with a comprehensive system of social-security. Under the Housing Act (NI) 1945 the public subvention for new home construction was even greater, proportionately, than in England and Wales.
8330:
1258:. This bound signatories "to stand by one another in defending for ourselves and our children our position of equal citizenship in the United Kingdom, and in using all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present
9442:
1888:
was replicated in other nationalist neighbourhoods both in Derry and in Belfast. Sealed off with barricades, the areas were openly policed by the IRA. In what was reported as the biggest British military operation since the
2710:, Trimble believed he was taking this "cultural war" onto the nationalists' own ground. Unionists argued that nationalists had "weaponised" the Irish language issue as "a tool" with which to "batter the Protestant people".
2228:
and a mass resignation of unionist MPs from Westminster and suspensions of district council meetings. In the largest unionist protest since Ulster Day 1912, on 23 November 1985 upwards of a hundred thousand rallied outside
9365:
7772:
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2233:. "Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary?" Paisley asked the crowd: "To the Irish Republic and yet Mrs. Thatcher tells us the Republic may have some say in our province. We say, Never! Never! Never! Never!".
1580:
of individuals". Between 1921 and 1939 only twelve people served in cabinet, some continuously. It was in protest that the Progressive Unionists had proposed limited office in government to 8 years or two parliaments.
10150:
8854:
1170:, after being door-stepped for fours days by the WSPU, ruled women's suffrage too divisive an issue for unionists. There followed a series of arson-attacks on unionist-owned and associated property that culminated in
10120:
9489:
2023:
It is therefore clearly desirable that any new arrangements for Northern Ireland should, whilst meeting the wishes of Northern Ireland and Great Britain, be so far as possible acceptable to the Republic of Ireland.
1897:, on 31 July 1972, the British Army did eventually act to re-establish control. But this had been preceded in the weeks before by a ceasefire in the course of which Provisional IRA leaders, including Chief of Staff
1479:
The impression that Ireland as a whole was being removed from Westminster politics was reinforced by refusal of the parties of Government and Opposition to organise, or canvass for votes, in the six counties. The
433:, Cooke proposed a "Christian marriage" between the two main Protestant denominations (Anglican and Presbyterian). Setting their remaining differences aside, they would cooperate on all "matters of common safety".
10035:
8763:
7802:
9404:
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1285:. Nearly two million signatories declared themselves willing to "supporting any action that may be effective" to prevent the people of Ulster being deprived "of their rights as citizens of the United Kingdom".
1790:
and proceeded with a reform package that addressed many of NICRA's demands. There was to be a needs-based points system for public housing; an ombudsman to investigate citizen grievances; the abolition of the
9342:
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employed in the great export industries of the North—textiles, engineering, shipbuilding. For these the Irish hinterland was less important than the industrial triangle that linked Belfast and region with
10004:
8896:
2721:, argued that privileging Irish through a language act would be an exercise in "ethnic territorial marking". His decision, and that of his party colleagues, to resist Sinn FĂ©in's demand for a stand-alone
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10173:
2732:
agreement promised both the Irish language and Ulster-Scots new Commissioners to "support" and "enhance" their development but did not accord them equal legal status. While the UK government recognised
1722:
358:
The British government, which had had to deploy its own forces to suppress the rebellion in Ireland and to turn back and defeat French intervention, decided on a union with Great Britain. Provision for
2490:
followed on 2 March 2017. For the first time in the history of Northern Ireland as a political entity, with 45 of 90 seats unionists failed to secure an overall majority in a parliament of the region.
1107:. Nationalists did not seek to persuade them that collective bargaining, progressive taxation and social security were principles for which majorities could be as readily found in an Irish parliament.
9831:
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between the defence of Protestant principle and political radicalism, "indeed, these were often seen as one and the same because it was the wealthy who were most prone to conciliation and treachery".
8642:
2084:. Faulkner's pro-Assembly grouping was left with just 13% of the unionist vote. Arguing that they had deprived Faulkner of any semblance of a mandate, the victors called for new Assembly elections.
472:
5459:
5365:
1783:"both political and ecclesiastical". After the Lemass meeting, Paisley announced that "the Ecumenists . . . are selling us out", and called on Ulster Protestants to resist a "policy of treachery".
1607:
By the 1960s Unionism was administering something at odds with the general conservatism of those to whom leadership had been conceded in the resistance to Irish Home Rule. Under the impetus of the
894:
During the constructivist 1890s, and before a Liberal government revived the prospects for home rule, unionists appeared more at ease with interest in Irish culture. The first Ulster branch of the
506:
soon fell apart. In the South the Church approved the Catholic MPs breaking their pledge of independent opposition and accepting government positions. In the North, the Protestant tenant righters,
1868:", had announced their presence in 1966 with a series of sectarian killings). The IRA did go into action on the night of 20/21 April, bombing ten post offices in Belfast in an attempt to draw the
745:, whom the press noted had been a critic of Orangeism. Speakers and observers dwelt on the diversity of creed, class and party represented among the 12,300 delegates attending. As reported by the
2057:, conceded that "all other issues were governed" by a drive to "get all-Ireland institutions established" that would "produce the dynamic that would lead ultimately to an agreed united Ireland".
1150:
The WSS had not been impressed by the women's Ulster Declaration or by the Ulster Women's Unionist Council (UWUC)—with over 100,000 members the largest women's political organisation in Ireland.
7742:
5330:
10228:
1476:. All this was suggestive, not of a devolved administration within the United Kingdom, but of a state constituted under the Crown outside the direct jurisdiction of the Westminster parliament.
2941:
A flowchart illustrating all the political parties that have existed throughout the history of Northern Ireland and leading up to its formation (1889 onwards). Unionist parties are in orange.
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protested that the hazards of a no-deal Brexit would be better than this "annexation of Northern Ireland away from the rest of the United Kingdom". She was supported by prominent Brexiteers.
1159:(WPSU) would begin organising in Ulster, the secretary of Ulster Unionist Council had informed the UWUC that draft articles for an Ulster Provisional Government included votes for women. The
4080:
2037:, argued that the difficulty for most unionists was not an arrangement in which Protestants and Catholics must consent. It was that, despite a promise not to share power with parties whose
1974:
For the British Government internment proved a public relations disaster, both domestic and international. It was compounded by the interrogation of internees by methods (the so-called the
1373:
In 1921, elections for these parliaments were duly held. But in Southern Ireland this was for parliament which, by British agreement, would now constitute itself as the Dáil Éireann of the
9974:
5507:
7968:
8673:
5586:, editorial "Repeal: Petition in favour of the Union, or 'the Erection of the Kingdom of the North of Ireland", 17 October 1843, cited in British and Irish Communist Organisation (1973)
1978:) that were eventually deemed illegal by the UK Government's own commission of inquiry (and subsequently, in a case brought by the Irish government, ruled "inhuman and degrading" by the
8704:
779:
After mammoth parliamentary sessions the bill, which did allow for Irish MPs, was passed by a narrow majority in the Commons but went down to defeat in the overwhelmingly Conservative
8152:
6420:
6069:
The office of Governor as the Crown's representative, symbolising `the permanence both of the authority of the Northern Ireland Government and the union with Great Britain", 1921–1973
1860:
Tensions had been further heightened in the days before O'Neill's resignation when a number of explosions at electricity and water installations were attributed to the IRA. The later
374:
In the Presbyterian north east the Irish parliament was unlamented. Having refused calls for reform—to broaden representation and curb corruption—few saw cause to regret its passing.
243:
arrangement remained fraught. Unionists, with diminishing electoral strength, charged their nationalist partners in government with pursuing an anti-British cultural agenda and, post-
9431:
2761:
Insofar as unionists are persuaded to identity with Ulster Scots and employ it as a marker (as the reference to "the Ulster Scots / Ulster British tradition in Northern Ireland" in
2316:
declaring that "the semi-detached status of Northern Ireland politics needs to end", Empey announced that his party would be running candidates in upcoming Westminster elections as
2069:
1001:
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1967:. Beyond immediate defence of Catholics areas, the Officials had already committed to unarmed political strategy—and on that basis were to declare a ceasefire in May 1972. Leading
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candidate was marked by what his opponents considered a classic piece of bigotry. Sloan protested the exemption of Catholic convents from inspection by the Hygiene Commission (the
483:
of the 1840s, successive governments, Whig and Tory, had refused political responsibility for agrarian conditions in Ireland. The issues of a low-level tenant-landlord war came to
8832:
8586:
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engendered that kind of party competition. The principal sources of government revenue, income and corporation taxes, customs and excise, were entirely beyond Belfast's control.
2675:
IRA and its fellow travellers"; and Robinson of a "fightback" against the "unrelenting Sinn FĂ©in campaign to promote Irish culture and target British structures and symbols".
2671:, had effectively ruled that "there could no such thing as disloyalty within Northern Ireland". The conflicting ambitions of nationalism and unionism were of "equal validity".
1837:
O'Neill's position had been weakened when, focused on demands not conceded (redrawing of electoral boundaries, immediate repeal of the Special Power Act and disbandment of the
1355:, the national assembly of the Republic declared in 1916, and demanded that the "English garrison" evacuate. In the six north-east counties, unionists took 22 out of 29 seats.
7711:
6071:
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347:
sought a revolutionary union of "Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter" (i.e. of Catholics and Protestants of all persuasions). Their resolve was broken with the defeat of their
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established that the "outrages" were "the work of Protestant extremists . . . anxious to undermine confidence" in O'Neill's leadership. (The bombers, styling themselves "the
741:. It was greeted by an Ulster opposition more highly developed and better organised. A great Ulster Unionist Convention was held in Belfast organised by the Liberal Unionist
367:
pushed with difficulty through the parliament in Dublin. While a separate Irish executive in Dublin was retained, representation, still wholly Protestant, was transferred to
10112:
4296:
1273:
organised by Craig. If Home Rule were imposed "we will be governed as a conquered community and nothing else". By July 1914, the Ulster Covenant had been complemented by a
695:
and other British centres experiencing large-scale Irish immigration developed similar Orange and nativist ward and workplace politics with which unionists—organised in the
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737:
In 1892, despite bitter division over the personally compromised leadership of Parnell, the Nationalists were able to help Gladstone to a third ministry. The result was a
130:
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as chair. Seeking to "challenge . . . by more vigorous action than Parliamentary questions and newspaper controversy", NICRA decided to carry out a programme of marches.
1254:
Faced with the eventual enactment of Home Rule, Carson appeared to press this argument. On 28 September 1912, Ulster Day, he was the first to sign, in Belfast City Hall,
10354:
10027:
1720:
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For the first time, Dublin formally recognised the border as the limit of its jurisdiction. The Republic agreed to do what the SDLP had refused to consider in 1974, to
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5300:
Connolly, S. J.; McIntosh, Gillian (1 January 2012). "Chapter 7: Whose City? Belonging and Exclusion in the Nineteenth-Century Urban World". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.).
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refused his final plea for negotiation, Faulkner resigned. Conceding that there was no longer any constitutional basis for the Executive, Rees dissolved the Assembly.
1569:
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the changed ratio of Catholics to Protestants in the constituency (46.94 per cent to 45.67 per cent). It had a simple message for Catholic voters, "Make the change".
2837:
to remain in power; following the hung parliament that resulted from the snap general election in June 2017. But, to their dismay, at year's end May returned from
1615:. The Education Act (NI), 1947, "revolutionised access" to secondary and further education. Health-care provision was expanded and re-organised on the model of the
9334:
2815:
2612:
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2377:
to omit the territorial claim to the whole island of Ireland and concede that Irish unity could be achieved only by majority consent "democratically expressed, in
2335:
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12484:
11407:
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and no crown: the "Ulster national flag" variously employed by Loyalist groups to represent an independent, or distinctly Ulster-Scot, Northern-Ireland identity.
2275:, in which for a period the B&ICO also participated, to draw all three Westminster parties to Northern Ireland similarly failed to convince. Its president,
1756:) O'Neill incurred the wrath of those he understood as "self-styled 'loyalists' who see moderation as treason, and decency as weakness",among these the Reverend
1198:
9552:
2422:
1063:
should not be "a state within a state"). But it was as a trade unionist that he criticised the "fur-coat brigade" in the leadership of unionism. Together with
679:
In the north, the competition represented by the growing numbers of Catholics arriving at mill and factory gates had already given the once largely rural (and
221:
11504:
9931:"UK Withdrawal ('Brexit') and the Good Friday Agreement: Study for the Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs, European Parliament"
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2465:, paving the way for Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness to be nominated as First, and Deputy First, Ministers by a restored Assembly. For the UUP's new leader
856:
introduced for the first time the principle of compulsory sale to tenants, through its application was limited to bankrupt estates. "You would suppose", said
9823:
8727:
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2283:
1963:
were arrested without charge or warrant. Many appeared to have no connection with the IRA, and for those that did the link typically was to the left-leaning
1841:), republicans and left-wing students disregarded appeals from within NICRA and Hume's Derry Citizens Action Committee to suspend protest. On 4 January 1969
8634:
5808:
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5353:
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who campaigned successfully as an independent. The episode confirmed the UUP's eclipse by the Democratic Unionists, a party that mixed social and economic
1752:. With this and other conciliatory gestures (unprecedented visits to a Catholic hospitals and schools, flying the Union flag at half mast for the death of
10259:
2738:
2608:
2374:
2140:. The initiative in protesting what unionists often perceived as inadequate political and security responses to republican violence passed to loyalists.
2504:
The withdrawal of support within the DUP for Paisley's newly conciliatory leadership was not marked by a lasting split over the DUP decision to go into
1830:, from which he had previously been returned unopposed, the Prime Minister was humiliated by achieving only a narrow victory over Paisley standing as a
955:
seat in a 1916 by-election, he was the first Catholic to represent a unionist constituency in Ulster, and when he retained the seat in 1918, the future
668:
and the north of England. Yet the most popular summary of case against Irish self-government remained the message broadcast in a "great revival" of the
12489:
7734:
5326:
2690:
shopfronts standoff (2013-2016) in north Belfast. A decision of the once firmly unionist Belfast City Council in 2012 to reduce the number of days the
2317:
8510:
8331:"As British as Finchley? The Evolution of the Positions of the British Government and Irish Republicanism Regarding Sovereignty over Northern Ireland"
6597:
2312:, Ulster Unionists sought to restore the historic link to the Conservative Party, broken in the wake of Sunningdale. With the new Conservative leader
1948:
and elsewhere". Unionism as an expression of settler colonialism, indeed, was an analysis promoted in Britain by left-wing commentators and scholars.
11500:
6681:
1674:
had been collating and publicising evidence of discrimination in employment and housing. From April 1967 the cause was taken up by the Belfast-based
1147:) conferred the vote on persons rather than men. This was eleven years before women elsewhere Ireland gained the vote in local government elections.
8979:
837:
of the west Balfour initiated a programme not only of public works, but of subsidy for local craft industries. Headed by the former Unionist MP for
12608:
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2298:
1971:, some of whom were new to the IRA, entirely escaped the net. Unionists blamed the poor intelligence on London's decision to tolerate no-go areas.
12346:
10347:
10284:
9966:
9114:
8480:
8449:
5499:
1328:
185:, Ulster unionists accepted a home-rule dispensation for the six north-east counties remaining in the United Kingdom. For the next 50 years, the
2153:
Paisley combined his radically anti-Catholic evangelism early in his career with a foray into physical force loyalism: his formation in 1956 of
1548:
Until the crisis of the late 1960s, unionism in Northern Ireland was effectively single-party politics. In his 28 years in Stormont (1925–1953)
533:
and increased representation for the towns, reduced the electoral influence of land owners and their agents, and contributed to the triumph, in
12603:
8665:
7475:
5971:
Sir James Craig in a letter to Lloyd George, quoted in F. S. L. Lyons (1971), Ireland since the Famine. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. p. 696
5588:
Ulster As It Is: a Review of the Development of the Catholic/Protestant Political Conflict between Catholic Emancipation and the Home Rule Bill
3959:
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implicated Paisley, albeit via supposed intermediaries, in the bombings intended to "blow O'Neill out of office" early in 1969. Leaders of the
952:
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1940:". This played into the republican narrative that "the insurgence in the housing estates and borderland of Ulster" was something akin to the
1265:
In January 1913, Carson declared for the exclusion of Ulster and called for the enlistment of up to 100,000 Covenanters as drilled and armed
8393:
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1697:
announced their intention to march the same route—the NICRA executive was in favour of calling it off. But DHAC pressed ahead with activist
12518:
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attempted to join him, averaging 30% of the vote in ten otherwise safe Government seats. After positively endorsing the Union, in 1953 the
1308:
9512:
2486:, in January 2017 McGuinness resigned. Sinn FĂ©in refused to nominate a successor, without whom the devolved institutions were unworkable.
1599:) did make two reform commitments. First, it promised a programme of "slum clearance" and public housing construction (in the wake of the
711:"because", he said "the Orange society is alone capable of dealing with the condition of anarchy and rebellion which prevail in Ireland".
12598:
11685:
11109:
11021:
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6843:
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742:
699:—sought to connect. With Gladstone's conversion to home rule, politicians who had held aloof from the Order now embraced its militancy.
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should be achieved by giving minority interests a share in the exercise of executive power. Faulkner's later successor as party leader,
12532:
10340:
6078:", Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London Parliaments, Politics and People Seminar, 22 March.
4215:
3995:
Kirkpatrick, R. W. (1980), "Origins and development of the land war in mid-Ulster, 1879–85" in F. S. Lyons and R. A. J. Hawkins (eds.)
2678:
Unionists alleged a "pan-nationalist front" was manipulating public order powers to ban, re-route or otherwise regulate time-hallowed
2556:
1585:
1366:
In the hope of brokering a compromise that might yet hold Ireland within Westminster's jurisdiction, the Government proceeded with the
1048:
410:
1982:). Further national and international outrage followed the Army's lethal use of live fire against unarmed anti-internment protesters,
1381:, the twenty-six counties were to have the "same constitutional status in the Community of Nations known as the British Empire as the
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While the UUP decided that "on balance Northern Ireland is better remaining in the European Union", in the run-up to the UK's June
2363:
2256:
421:
9272:
1031:, in 1868 loyalists in Belfast had chosen their own "Conservative", rejecting a millowner and returning an evangelical Orangeman,
12523:
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8176:
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2616:
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In Ulster, resistance to O'Connell's appeal was stiffened by a religious revival. With its emphasis upon "personal witness", the
8007:
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in the United States, they spoke a language of universal rights which had a broad appeal for British and international opinion.
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in the services delivered. What Northern Ireland might loose in autonomy, it was going to gain in a closer, more equal, Union.
1140:
956:
884:
557:
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Unionist women had been involved in political campaigning from the time of the first Home Rule Bill in 1886. Some were active
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8855:"Poll: Survey says Northern Ireland voting habits dictated by tribalism – would you vote for party from different community?"
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Having become Ulster unionists and then six-county unionists, "Irish Unionists had evolved into Northern Irish Home Rulers".
1190:
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796:
759:
of the Counties ... modern Conservatives ... Orangemen ... All these various elements—Whig, Liberal, Radical, Presbyterian,
619:
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Assembly where procedural rules (the Petition of Concern) allowed for cross-community consent, and hence a "unionist veto".
12401:
11784:
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683:) Orange Order a new lease among Protestant workers. The pattern, in itself, was not unique to Belfast and its satellites.
623:
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and Ulster Scots as a regional or minority language for the "encouragement" and "facilitation" purposes of Part II of the
1363:, President of Dáil, declared in favour of "giving each county power to vote itself out of the Republic if it so wished".
11739:
11652:
11609:
10395:
10174:"NI Protocol conflicts with the Act of Union – but is not unlawful, Belfast High Court rules in blow to unionist leaders"
7680:
7195:
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1710:", Northern Ireland, for the first time in decades, was making British and international headlines, and television news.
1679:
1612:
1189:
In August 1914, suffragists in Ulster suspended their agitation for the duration of the European war. Their reward was a
1144:
1032:
1009:
903:
10229:"Boris Johnson's new EU Brexit treaty 'drives coach and horses through the professed sanctity' of Good Friday Agreement"
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6646:"Terence O'Neill on the Government's 5 Point Reform Plan – View media – Northern Ireland Screen | Digital Film Archive"
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After thirteen months in office Paisley was replaced as First Minister of Northern Ireland by his long-time DUP deputy
1764:
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determined upon a constructive course. He pursued reforms intended, as some saw it, to kill home rule with "kindness".
704:
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tradesmen, merchants, and tenant farmers protested against the unrepresentative parliament and against an executive in
2741:, for Irish it assumed the more stringent Part III obligations in respect of education, media and administration. Yet
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1968:
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wars of liberation, and that in Britain's first and last colony "decolonisation will be forced upon her as it was in
1536:
1473:
7219:
7170:
5703:
4421:
Kennedy, David (1955), "Ulster and the Antecedents of Home Rule, 1850–86", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),
3864:
Kennedy, David (1955), "Ulster and the Antecedents of Home Rule, 1850–86", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),
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Many within his own party were alarmed when in December 1968 O'Neill sacked his hard-line Minister of Home Affairs,
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3377:"'Brunswick Bloodhounds and Itinerant Demagogues': The Campaign for Catholic Emancipation in County Armagh 1824–29"
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won three seats. But for the most part Government candidates were returned by unionist voters without contest. The
1517:
1425:
10113:"Arlene Foster turns on Boris Johnson, saying she will never take him at his word again: 'Once bitten, twice shy'"
2516:
protesting an "enforced coalition" that "holds at the heart of government" those determined to subvert the state.
2418:
parliamentary acts to back up an absolute claim, only an agreement to stay until the majority decided otherwise".
12164:
11791:
11237:
10448:
7468:"Malcolm Sutton: An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland. Summary of organisations responsible for death"
5729:
4261:
Lyons, F. S. L. (1955), "Ulster and the Home Rule Struggle, 1886-1921", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.),
3068:
2982:
2954:
2381:". The firm nationalist principle that unionists are a minority within the territory of the state was set aside.
1842:
1505:
1393:
the United Kingdom with the aspirations of the Nationalist majority in Ireland for Irish unity and independence.
868:
738:
651:
622:. The near-universal admission to the suffrage of male heads of household tripled the electorate in Ireland. The
437:
317:
6645:
2242:
anniversary of the accord, unionist protests against the Anglo-Irish Agreement were drawing only token support.
2201:. For the first time this appeared to give the Republic a direct role in the government of Northern Ireland. An
1225:
In 1911 a Liberal administration was once again dependent on Irish nationalist MPs. In 1912 the Prime Minister,
339:, by English ministers. Seeing little prospect of further reform and in the hope that they might be assisted by
11796:
11692:
11366:
11346:
11301:
10999:
10945:
10802:
10498:
10417:
9254:
7922:
7298:
6764:"Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969: Report of Tribunal of Inquiry. Part 1, Chapter 1"
6028:
5656:
5622:
5020:
4995:
4762:
4644:
Patrick Cosgrove (November 2010). "T. W. Russell and the compulsory-land-purchase campaign in Ulster, 1900-3".
4544:
4246:
3419:
3180:
2331:
2272:
2133:
1979:
1964:
1845:
marchers en route from Belfast to Derry were ambushed and beaten by loyalists, including off-duty Specials, at
1772:
1690:
1453:
1441:
1367:
1251:(1912), L. S. Amery did insist that "if Irish Nationalism constitutes a nation, then Ulster is a nation too".
1056:
911:
232:
committed to permanent ceasefires, unionists accepted principles of joint office and parallel consent in a new
137:
58:
31:
17:
1496:
where, by general agreement, matters within the competence of the Belfast Parliament could not be raised. The
11774:
11483:
11397:
10649:
8284:
The Idea of the Union: Statements and Critiques in Support of the Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
6048:
The Idea of the Union: Statements and Critiques in Support of the Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3038:
2259:(B&ICO), a small contrarian left-wing grouping that had come to the attention of unionists through their
2049:
1823:
1611:
in Britain, and thanks to the generosity of British exchequer, Northern Ireland had emerged with an advanced
1561:
429:
took the occasion to preach Protestant Unity. In 1834, at a mass demonstration hosted upon his estate by the
402:, invited Protestants to join in a campaign to repeal the Union and restore the Kingdom of Ireland under the
272:
1798 by Thomas Robinson. Government Yeomanry prepare to hang United Irish insurgent Hugh McCulloch, a grocer.
6820:
Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles
2861:
frontier. That would allow necessary physical checks on goods to be removed to air and sea points of entry.
2366:(OFMDFM). Trimble believed that unionism had secured much that had been denied to Faulkner 25 years before.
1436:
Although technically constituted by the decision of the six-county Parliament elected in 1920 to opt out of
1115:
12593:
12431:
11749:
11675:
11525:
11458:
11382:
11256:
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10980:
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3026:
2534:
2260:
2158:
1849:
That night, there was renewed street fighting in the Bogside. From behind barricades, residents declared "
1469:
1008:
and supported him from 1910 as leader of the Irish Unionist parliamentary party. But marshalled by Captain
812:
313:
6670:
2909:
Two years later, on the strength of the government's assurances that the Protocol (and the ancillary 2022
2212:
The unionist reaction, Thatcher recalled in her memoirs, was "worse than anyone had predicted to me". The
1389:". It was not clear to all parties at the time—civil war ensued—but this was to be de facto independence.
11769:
11142:
10587:
9366:"Nelson McCausland: A stand-alone Irish Language Act is divisive and ignores Ulster-Scots' rich heritage"
8971:
6732:
2797:
2679:
1838:
1749:
1671:
1608:
1214:
1104:
1091:
823:
722:
Gladstone's own party was split on Home Rule and the House divided against the measure. In 1891 Ulster's
580:
194:
136:
Unionism became an overarching partisan affiliation in Ireland late in the nineteenth century. Typically
2003:
1512:. In 1907 MacDonald's party had held their first party conference in Belfast. Yet, at the height of the
1319:
The strategy was challenged on the nationalist side. As the militants saw it, contingents of republican
12613:
12474:
12113:
11779:
11473:
10743:
10615:
10485:
10143:"Sammy Wilson: The Brexit Withdrawal Agreement is the worst of all worlds, not the best of both worlds"
6671:"Television Broadcast by Captain Terence O'Neill, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, December 9, 1969"
4278:
Ch. X: The Emergence of the Unionist Party and the defeat of Home Rule p.107, Edco Press Dublin (1993)
3074:
3032:
2926:
2668:
2513:
2414:
2105:
2096:
2092:
1910:
997:
696:
572:
336:
9085:"Eilis O'Hanlon: If Northern Ireland is to remain in the UK, the UUP and DUP must appeal to Catholics"
8472:
8441:
2698:, was also interpreted as a step in a wider "cultural war" against "Britishness", triggering protest.
2453:, later exposed as a government informer, and a public inquiry was ruled not in the public interest).
121:. As of February 2024, they no longer do so as the larger faction: they serve in an executive with an
12181:
12037:
11757:
11571:
11493:
11478:
11463:
11311:
11246:
11208:
11198:
11188:
11048:
10572:
10465:
10385:
6016:
4598:
4537:
The Ireland That We Made: Arthur & Gerald Balfour's Contribution to the Origins of Modern Ireland
3974:
3062:
3020:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2876:
2807:
2769:
2543:
2217:
2190:
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248:
233:
118:
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6151:
Aaron Edwards (2015), "The British Labour Party and the tragedy of Northern Ireland Labour" in The
2947:
2891:
2624:
2620:
2494:
2297:
that the party could not continue to exclude Northern Ireland residents from party membership. The
2154:
1694:
1651:
1639:
1079:
1068:
756:
507:
452:
151:
78:
8036:
7938:
7854:"'British Rights for British Citizens': the Campaign for 'Equal Citizenship' for Northern Ireland"
6707:
2015:. It articulated what were to be the enduring principles of the British approach to a settlement.
1004:, presided over its executive. The Council also retained the services of Carson, from 1892 MP for
12494:
12443:
12159:
11911:
11660:
11520:
11326:
11271:
11261:
11228:
11061:
10973:
10886:
10789:
10310:
8764:"As the DUP's once-lofty citadels fall, it pushes for a unionist unity which would be disastrous"
8385:
6392:
Morgan, Michael (1988). "Post-War Social Change and the Catholic Community in Northern Ireland".
3714:
3044:
2967:
2290:
2068:
Within a week of taking office as First Minister, Faulkner was forced to resign as UUP leader. A
2045:
1767:, and at a time when he believed mainline presbyteries were being led down a "Roman road" by the
1616:
1481:
1096:
1064:
981:
876:
804:
727:
715:
700:
576:
549:
492:
348:
229:
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947:, were returned to the Commons before the 1884 Reform Act. A "unique place" was occupied by Sir
751:
there were "the old tenant-righters of the 'sixties' ... the sturdy reformers of Antrim ... the
12514:
12391:
12017:
11537:
11392:
11281:
11232:
10763:
10453:
2960:
2858:
2854:
2607:. In 2019, Alliance more than doubled its vote from 7.1% to 18.5% in the Northern-Ireland wide
2162:
2041:
aim is a united Ireland, Faulkner had committed them to agreement with "Republican Catholics".
1865:
1776:
1664:
1359:
otherwise uncompromising Republicans regarded as, at least for now, inevitable. In August 1920
1335:
suppressing an Irish strike for freedom. In the aftermath of the Rising and in the course of a
1270:
1259:
1005:
891:, Russell helped initiate a programme that built some 40,000 one-acre labourer-owned cottages.
849:
426:
269:
9997:"Boris Johnson's speech to DUP conference: 'we are on the verge of making a historic mistake'"
9651:
9206:
5867:
5202:
Irish republicanism and socialism : the politics of the Republican movement, 1905 to 1994
3825:
3733:
3666:
2440:
In October 2002, at a time the IRA had finally agreed but not yet complied with a process for
2320:. The move triggered defections, and in 2010 election the party lost their only remaining MP,
1327:
ensured that while Irishmen, at Redmond's urging, were sacrificing themselves for the sake of
984:
was established to bring together unionists in the north including, with 50 of 200 seats, the
12176:
12147:
11680:
10806:
10748:
10490:
10480:
9270:
A background note on the protests and violence related to the Union Flag at Belfast City Hall
8111:
6877:
6153:
British Labour Party and twentieth-century Ireland: The cause of Ireland, the cause of Labour
3050:
2975:
2707:
2410:
2406:
2355:
2351:
2221:
2213:
2088:
2061:
1485:
811:, believed his government should "leave Home Rule sleeping the sleep of the unjust". In 1887
460:
391:
368:
360:
301:
289:
198:
186:
155:
110:
86:
82:
9198:
8609:"Jim Allister: Stormont has failed and will fail '" SF is not in government to make NI work"
2929:
in which, with 3 of 8 ministerial departments, unionists are for the first time a minority.
2750:
treaty whose provisions were previously applied in Northern Ireland to non-white groups, to
867:
This reduced, but did not in itself resolve, agrarian tensions, even in the north. In 1906,
12546:
12313:
12084:
12061:
11846:
11732:
11586:
11561:
11430:
11251:
11223:
10768:
10758:
10582:
4834:
4728:
2918:
2652:
2497:) to restore Assembly, and to persuade Sinn FĂ©in to nominate their new leader in the North
2462:
2405:
In the UK's acceptance of Irish unity by consent was not new. It had been there in 1973 at
2399:
2395:
2362:, with whom Mallon, as joint head of the new power-sharing Executive, shared the Office of
1983:
1557:
1294:
1282:
1230:
475:
William Gladstone writing legislation under pressure from the Land League. Caricature 1881.
403:
395:
321:
178:
90:
10198:
9792:
9692:. Centre for International Borders Research (CIBR) Electronic Working Papers Series 2005.
9595:
9288:
8532:
8386:"Results of the Referenda in Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland, Friday 22 May 1998"
7401:
6930:
6545:
4137:
Home Rule and the Irish Question: A Collection of Speeches Delivered Between 1881 and 1887
3199:
Connolly, S. J. (2012). "Chapter 5: Improving Town, 1750–1820". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.).
996:. The UUC still accorded them a degree of precedence. Castlereagh's descendant and former
8:
12421:
12323:
12219:
12107:
11952:
11632:
11542:
11218:
11075:
11056:
11010:
10906:
10753:
10656:
10599:
10577:
10532:
10502:
10475:
10390:
10028:"Boris Johnson slammed over 'tail wagging the dog' comments on Irish border Brexit issue"
9002:
8919:
8245:
8193:
7619:
Transforming the peace process in Northern Ireland: from terrorism to democratic politics
6974:
6227:
3506:
2914:
2895:
2842:
2834:
2498:
1960:
1933:
1831:
1573:
1336:
907:
861:
853:
595:, who were at best agnostic on the union, while in the west of the province (in counties
503:
499:
488:
399:
285:
225:
217:
113:, which concluded three decades of political violence, unionists have shared office with
12248:
9577:
8920:"Border poll to be decided by those with "least commitment to the constitutional issue""
6620:
5482:
2937:
471:
12448:
12381:
12376:
12303:
12286:
12204:
11891:
11886:
11819:
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11316:
11266:
11203:
11178:
11174:
11092:
11036:
10949:
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10831:
10459:
9912:
9269:
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6740:
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5182:
5143:
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1632:
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1397:
1378:
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1100:
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364:
312:
majority. The high point of this parliamentary patriotism was the formation during the
277:
197:
with little domestic opposition and outside of the governing party-political system at
141:
114:
9720:"Northern Ireland: Is Brexit a Threat to the Peace Process and the Soft Irish Border?"
8173:
2076:, in which the bulk of his old party stood as Official Unionists with William Craig's
1360:
1240:
There had long been discussion of giving "an option to Ulster". As early as 1843, The
1016:, it was northern employers who undertook the real political and organisational work.
417:, observed that this broke the link between Catholic inclusion and democratic reform.
12479:
12409:
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11712:
11627:
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5102:
5077:
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4707:"The Gaelic Revival Movement in East Belfast – Great War Gaeilgeoirà of East Belfast"
4673:
4630:
4581:
4540:
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4442:
4396:
4376:
4317:
4279:
4242:
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4120:
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3804:
3779:
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2198:
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1500:
formed its first (minority) government in 1924 led by a man who in 1905 had been the
1497:
1352:
1266:
1183:
1175:
1160:
934:
857:
760:
723:
680:
340:
171:
145:
11985:
11722:
10332:
8825:"The politics of neither: how Northern Ireland is shunning unionism and nationalism"
7877:
7239:
7191:
6515:
2271:, the B&ICO dissolved its Campaign for Labour Representation in 1993. A broader
972:
12338:
12318:
12139:
12094:
11468:
11149:
11131:
11018:
10896:
10862:
10527:
10443:
9896:
9731:
8579:"The details of the Stormont deal that allowed the DUP and Sinn FĂ©in to climb down"
7865:
7506:
5906:
5542:
5409:
4949:
4791:
4653:
4610:
4368:
4092:
4043:
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3837:
3576:
3333:
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1937:
1913:
1861:
1513:
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1493:
1437:
1420:
1374:
1320:
1274:
1194:
1036:
1013:
604:
538:
182:
122:
98:
10057:
7869:
6369:
The Autobiography of Terence O'Neill: Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 1963–1969
4035:
2772:
continued to veto a return to devolved power-sharing, the legislation foreseen in
2116:
1584:
instruction would only be permitted after school hours and with parental consent.
1552:, a North Belfast independent, was a one-man unionist opposition. In the 1938 the
1186:
with German rifles, was not appearing on the same weapons and explosives charges.
264:
12438:
12366:
12361:
12191:
12069:
11996:
11637:
11321:
11296:
10836:
10410:
9473:
9295:
9276:
8180:
8087:
8043:
7684:
7246:
7223:
7174:
7113:
6913:
6894:
6606:
6234:
6175:
The Government of Northern Ireland: Public Finance and Public Services, 1921–1964
6116:
The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918–1924
6075:
5234:
5163:"The Irish parliamentary party, industrial relations and the 1913 Dublin Lockout"
5071:
4914:
4436:
4135:
3412:
The Dissenting Voice: Protestant Democracy in Ulster from Plantation to Partition
3127:
2887:
2450:
2194:
2147:
2077:
2034:
1975:
1753:
1702:
initial order to disperse. The day ended with street battles in Derry's Catholic
1620:
1549:
1461:
1343:
1255:
1218:
1209:
1125:
1060:
1044:
1028:
1020:
921:
was "a last straw". In February 1905, they learned that his undersecretary, Sir
842:
731:
564:
530:
522:
344:
320:
and, as that militia paraded in Dublin, the securing in 1782 of the parliament's
190:
159:
10311:"Michelle O'Neill appointed Northern Ireland's first nationalist first minister"
9861:
9537:
7765:"Ian Paisley death: He was lauded and reviled ... but a key figure of our times"
6906:
4835:"The Catholic Church and the early Home Rule movement in a Four Nations context"
4298:
Rituals and Riots: Sectarian Violence and Political Culture in Ulster, 1784–1886
1822:. The Ulster Unionist Party split. Pro-O'Neill candidates picked up Liberal and
1303:
The 1918 general election result in Ireland. Sinn FĂ©in sweeps the south and west
12573:
12469:
12308:
12296:
12074:
11137:
11121:
11071:
10661:
10367:
9764:
7371:
7106:
6763:
6023:. The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queens University Belfast. 35–36, p. 35.
5754:
4339:
Irish Unionism 2: Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland 1886–1922
3771:
2849:
2734:
2703:
2538:
1956:
1945:
1803:
1683:
1501:
1237:
the Lords now only had the power of delay. Home Rule would become law in 1914.
1087:
918:
827:
808:
780:
309:
240:
106:
62:
38:
10694:
8282:
Richard English (1995), "Unionism and nationalism: the notion of symmetry" in
7677:
7510:
6443:
5910:
4795:
4657:
4614:
4372:
4040:
Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies
3997:
Ireland under the Union: varieties of tension: Essays in honour of T. W. Moody
3337:
1814:
With members of his cabinet urging him to call Wilson's "bluff", and facing a
1745:
1351:. Acting on their mandate, Sinn FĂ©in MPs met in Dublin in January 1919 as the
12587:
12124:
11957:
11831:
11306:
11291:
10548:
10438:
9908:
9719:
9126:
8866:
8771:
7980:
7795:"Ian Paisley death: Third Force 'were a motley crew of teens and farmers...'"
6578:
6193:
Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition
5918:
5554:
5421:
5402:"'Suffrage First, Above All Else!' An Account of the Irish Suffrage Movement"
5178:
5139:
4803:
4380:
4104:
4057:
3936:
Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition
3588:
3388:
3345:
3266:
2868:
2864:
2755:
2569:
2552:
2478:
2359:
2347:
2321:
2313:
1807:
1600:
1541:
1332:
1278:
1242:
1226:
1179:
1171:
1167:
993:
895:
833:
For the express purpose of relieving poverty and reducing emigration, in the
817:
747:
608:
596:
496:
448:
332:
213:
9885:"Brexit and the Irish border issue : from May's deal to Johnson's deal"
9884:
6996:
5327:"The Ulster Crisis and the Emergence of the Ulster Women's Unionist Council"
5219:
4953:
4036:"Irish Home Rule and Constitutional Reform in the British Empire, 1885–1914"
3841:
2765:
might imply) they define themselves, "in effect", as a scheduled ethnicity.
1909:, were flown to London for what proved to be unsuccessful negotiations with
466:
386:
1899 penny print of Henry Cooke's 1841 speech in "reply to Daniel O'Connell"
170:
and its hinterlands as Ulster unionism and prepared an armed resistance—the
12278:
12214:
12209:
12119:
12102:
11927:
11866:
11356:
11341:
10841:
10285:"Government deal with the DUP to restore power sharing in Northern Ireland"
5236:
The Political Economy of the Irish Welfare State: Church, State and Capital
2785:
2686:(1995–2001), for Robinson and Arlene Foster it was the similarly drawn-out
2509:
2445:
2294:
2095:(UWC), called a general strike. Within two weeks the UWC, supported by the
2054:
1917:
1707:
1698:
1592:
1521:
1312:
1136:
1090:(who had held their first party conference in Belfast in 1907) or with the
1075:
1052:
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752:
669:
635:
600:
588:
584:
515:
480:
456:
441:
414:
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10714:
7156:
Londonderry Revisited. A Loyalist Analysis of the Civil Rights Controversy
6006:, Oxford, Institute of Contemporary British History/Basil Blackwell, p. 55
5895:"The captive dominion: imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922—49"
5124:"Taking its natural place: Labour and the third Home Rule crisis, 1912–14"
4941:
4862:
The Roman Catholic Church and the Home Rule Movement in Ireland, 1870–1874
2647:
1524:, and the policy of deferring to Irish parties was maintained after 1921.
1348:
126:
12415:
12328:
12027:
11971:
11932:
11193:
10932:
10363:
9824:"Arlene Foster says North must leave EU on same terms as rest of Britain"
7594:
The Second Coming of Paisley: Militant Fundamentalism and Ulster Politics
7216:
7192:"Ireland v. The United Kingdom – 5310/71 (1978) ECHR 1 (18 January 1978)"
7167:
4465:. Richard English, Graham Walker eds., Macmillan London. pp. 19–40. p. 20
3924:, 2nd Revised Edition London: Frank Cass, p. 3, n. 1. ISBN 978-0714614793
3878:
3580:
2573:
2560:
2434:
2305:
contesting elections. Support for the SDLP continues to be party policy.
2137:
2101:
1941:
1929:
1906:
1890:
1815:
1792:
1780:
1757:
1693:
proposed a march in Derry. When a sectarian confrontation threatened—the
1299:
1132:
1072:
989:
948:
770:
While references to Catholics were conciliatory the Convention resolved:
484:
377:
297:
281:
163:
46:
6217:
Holding the Ground: The Nationalist Party in Northern Ireland, 1945–1972
5926:
5894:
5186:
5162:
5147:
5123:
4811:
4779:
4665:
4622:
4601:(November 1987). "Irish Unionism and the Russellite Threat, 1894–1906".
4388:
4356:
3671:. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 145.
3596:
3568:
3396:
3376:
3274:
3250:
3103:
Irish Politics and Social Conflict in the Age of the American Revolution
2592:—at 40% the combined nationalist vote remained below the 42% secured in
1269:. On 23 September, the second Ulster Day, he accepted Chairmanship of a
910:, both avowed unionists, and of the Orange Order Grand Master, the Rev.
541:. Fifty-nine members were returned to Westminster where they sat as the
12509:
12032:
11942:
11906:
11896:
11702:
10784:
10470:
9553:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law"
8947:
Belfast and Derry in Revolt: a New History of the Start of the Troubles
6474:
Belfast and Derry in Revolt: a New History of the Start of the Troubles
5562:
5530:
5429:
5401:
4887:
The Cross of Saint Patrick – The Catholic Unionist Tradition in Ireland
4112:
3353:
3321:
2903:
2691:
2456:
2394:
the procedural rules of the new Assembly. Either can insist (through a
2334:
have since contested elections on their own. Their 4 candidates in the
1952:
1885:
1854:
1850:
688:
592:
445:
305:
12153:
9736:
7969:"Labour not running candidates in NI elections is disappointing: Hoey"
7735:"Troubled past: the paramilitary connection that still haunts the DUP"
7240:'Bloody Sunday', Derry 30 January 1972 – Names of the Dead and Injured
7034:
Northern Ireland and the Algerian Analogy: Suitable Case for Gaullism?
4780:"The Irish Council Bill and the Fall of Sir Antony MacDonnell, 1906-7"
4461:
Graham Walker (1996) "Thomas Sinclair: Presbyterian Liberal Unionist"
4048:
3850:
1998:
1428:(1924–1974). Escutcheon flanked by the Scottish lion and an Irish Elk.
726:, part of a larger Liberal break with Gladstone, entered Saunderson's
292:. Confined on a narrow franchise to landed members of the established
12541:
12262:
12046:
11901:
11876:
11851:
11276:
10260:"Northern Ireland first minister resigns over Brexit checks on goods"
9900:
8246:"CAIN: Events: The Sunningdale Agreement – Chronology of Main Events"
3381:
Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society
2802:
2768:
In 2022, over the objections of unionists who in protest against the
2667:
In disclaiming any "selfish or strategic" British interest, the 1994
2466:
2309:
2268:
1924:
1742:
1655:
1647:
1465:
1410:
1019:
Unlike the southern landowners who were politically opposed by their
764:
692:
673:
665:
352:
12227:
11947:
7824:
Gudgin, Graham (1995). "Peace beyond Paper". In Foster, John (ed.).
5546:
5413:
4946:
Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture
4687:
McKay, Edna (1992). "The Housing of the Working Classes 1883–1916".
4096:
2816:
2016 referendum on the future of UK membership in the European Union
2461:
In October 2006 the DUP and Sinn FĂ©in found an accommodation in the
1826:
votes but won only a plurality of seats. In his own constituency of
1771:, Paisley saw himself treading in the path of the "greatest son" of
1654:, some sensed a wider conspiracy. Speaking to Labour MPs in London,
1182:
created an uproar by demanding to know why James Craig, then arming
883:
as the champion of the Ulster Farmers and Labourers Union. With the
755:
of Down, always progressive in their politics ... the old-fashioned
12453:
12386:
12051:
11937:
11881:
11286:
10400:
10089:
The Twilight of Unionism: Ulster and the future of Northern Ireland
7001:
6935:
5857:
Hansard (Vol 127, cc 925–1036 925), House of Commons, 29 March 1920
2879:
was "the worst of all worlds". Citing free-trade provisions of the
2838:
2325:
1827:
1735:
1731:
1445:
1382:
1163:
would make no such undertaking with regard to a Dublin parliament.
568:
382:
293:
102:
70:
10689:
8635:"Northern Ireland election results: 'Pan-nationalist front again'"
8286:. John Wilson Foster ed.. Belcouver Press, Vancouver. pp, 135–139
7348:
Fourteen May Days: The Inside Story of the Loyalist Strike of 1974
7084:
Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture
5040:
2011:
In October 1972 the British government brought out a Green Paper,
105:
region within the United Kingdom and to resist the prospect of an
50:
Hazards of separation from Great Britain. Unionist postcard (1912)
30:
This article is about political unionism. For trade unionism, see
12371:
12356:
12255:
12042:
12022:
10996:
10965:
10709:
6546:"Exit Dr. Craig the Evangelical – Enter Dr. Craig the Ecumenical"
6294:"Lord Londonderry and Education Reform in 1920s Northern Ireland"
4425:, pp. 79–91. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 90–91
2687:
2577:
1703:
899:
872:
684:
521:
For unionism the more momentous challenge lay in the wake of the
409:
At the same time, the security in Ireland for emancipation was a
167:
66:
9967:"Arlene Foster accuses PM of breaking his word over Brexit deal"
7497:
J. Todd (1987). "Two Traditions in Unionist Political Culture".
7281:
6050:. John Wilson Foster ed.. Belcouver Press, Vancouver, pp. 8–19.
4940:
Burnett, David (1996), English, Richard; Walker, Graham (eds.),
2841:
with a proposal that Northern Ireland, alone, continue with the
2619:
with the full range of local parties, Alliance secured 13.5% of
714:
In February 1886, playing, in his own words, the "Orange card",
304:"), the parliament denied equal protection and public office to
12241:
12234:
12079:
12012:
11871:
9513:"Newton Emerson: Mind your language – unionists are now a race"
9486:"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148"
2823:
2819:
2576:, now have "significant Protestant majorities", and only one –
2172:
1643:
1619:
in Great Britain to ensure universal access. The Victorian-era
1449:
1386:
944:
848:
Greater reform followed when, with the support of the splinter
244:
166:
this broad opposition to Irish self-government concentrated in
7059:
Rethinking Northern Ireland: Culture, Ideology and Colonialism
6019:(1994). "Irish Unionism, 1905–1921". In Collins, Peter (ed.).
1986:
in Derry (20 January 1972) being the most notorious incident.
1951:
With London, unionist credibility on security did not survive
12291:
11861:
10927:
9854:"Conservatives agree pact with DUP to support May government"
8889:"Alliance has enjoyed an upturn... and it isn't slowing down"
8194:"Section 42, Northern Ireland Act 1998: Petitions of concern"
6733:"Civil Rights Rioting in Northern Ireland Leaves 117 Injured"
5672:
5500:"The brutes – Mrs Metge and the Lisburn Cathedral, bomb 1914"
4265:, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, pp. 92–100, p. 94
1993:
1055:, again was not the choice of employers. The campaign of the
1047:
and woman's suffrage In 1902, Johnston's successor as MP for
1035:, to Westminster. Johnston proceeded to propose and vote for
571:
intensified. From 1879 it was organised by the direct-action
411:
fivefold increase in the threshold for the property franchise
308:(non-Anglican Protestants) and to the Kingdom's dispossessed
74:
9335:"Loyalists hold Stormont protest against Irish Language Act"
9289:"Northern Ireland Orange Order leaders warn of cultural war"
4884:
4477:
The Great Convention: the Ulster Unionist Convention of 1892
3868:, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, pp. 79–91, p. 87
2263:
of partition and their critical support for the UWC Strike.
1955:, introduced at the insistence of Stormont government under
390:
It took the Union thirty years to deliver on the promise of
9578:"Language and identity laws could spell significant change"
9000:
7541:
God, Guns, and Ulster: A History of Loyalist Paramilitaries
7526:
The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision
7372:"Ulster Workers' Council Strike – Chronology of the Strike"
5784:
The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923
3803:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 28–32.
3080:
2791:
1489:
708:
8949:. New Bridge, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. p. 119.
8794:"Unionist vote continues to fall as middle ground emerges"
8697:"New light shed on prospect of Catholic majority in North"
8271:
The Hand of History? Legal Essays on the Belfast Agreement
8008:"'I want Ulster Unionists in cabinet', says David Cameron"
7647:
Under Siege: Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement
6593:
6591:
6090:
Fatal Influence: The Impact of Ireland on British Politics
5993:
Hansard, 29 March 1920, Government of Ireland Bill, p. 980
5487:. Belfast: Glenravel Local History Project. pp. 8–15.
5073:
Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class, 1905–1923
3504:
2906:
as First Minister, collapsing the Assembly and executive.
2875:
Unionists acknowledged the sense of "betrayal". Johnson's
1928:
homeland, but holding at bay two sects and factions as in
1818:
motion of no-confidence, in January 1969 O'Neill called a
1119:
Signing the Ulster Covenant Declaration, "Ulster Day" 1912
1071:, Sloan supported dock and linen-mill workers, led by the
962:
943:
A handful of Irish Conservatives, drawn from the Catholic
630:
529:
from Westminster. Meanwhile, in Ireland, a combination of
491:
helped return 48 MPs to Westminster where they sat as the
11979:
9683:"The EU and the Irish Border: Shaping Aid and Attitudes?"
7006:
6940:
6621:"Craig, William ('Bill') | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
6599:
Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations
5324:
2437:
were free to insist that the IRA took their own counsel.
467:
The Irish party challenge at Westminster and the Land War
10952:
without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup.
10809:
without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup.
9279:
Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), 8 February 2013
6583:
Long Shadows Cast Before: Nine Lives in Ulster 1625–1977
6092:. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 310.
5448:"Irish Suffragettes at the time of the Home Rule Crisis"
5354:"Irish Suffragettes at the time of the Home Rule Crisis"
5056:
Collins, Peter (1998). "Larkin, James", S. J. Connolly,
3251:"George III, Pitt, and the Irish Catholics, 1801 – 1805"
2547:
Detail from 2015 Sinn FĂ©in election flyer, North Belfast
2493:
It was not until January 2020 that a deal was brokered (
2111:
1872:
away from Derry where there was again serious violence.
988:. Until then, unionism had largely placed itself behind
917:
But for many Irish unionists the chief-secretaryship of
27:
Political ideology in favour of union with Great Britain
11408:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
9003:"Module: Political Attitudes/Constitutional Preference"
6588:
6021:
Nationalism and Unionism: Conflict in Ireland 1885–1921
992:
aristocrats valued for their high-level connections in
548:
In his first ministry (1868-1874), the Liberal premier
57:
is a political tradition that professes loyalty to the
10058:"Brexit: EU and UK reach deal but DUP refuses support"
8666:"Sinn FĂ©in accused of hypocrisy over election leaflet"
8473:"Hain rules out public inquiry into Stormont spy ring"
7287:
Interview with James Molyneaux, 18 May 1982 quoted in
6195:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 286.
5599:
R. W. Dale (1887), "The Liberal Party and Home Rule",
1415:
611:) even Orangemen had started joining the Land League.
351:, and by reports of rebel outrages against Protestant
10362:
9652:"The Nick Stadlen interview with Gerry Adams: Part 1"
9062:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 31.
7702:"Huge Rally in Belfast protests British-Irish Accord"
7402:"Strike Bulletin No. 8 Westminster Shifts its Ground"
6844:"Paisley expresses support for civil rights movement"
6573:
6571:
5809:"The 1918 election was an amazing moment for Ireland"
4885:
Biggs-Davison, John; Chowdharay-Best, George (1984).
3738:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239.
3175:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
3170:
11138:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
9205:. Basingstoke, Hamps.: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
8417:
The Democratic Unionist Party: From Protest to Power
8200:. Government of the United Kingdom. 4 October 2016.
8143:"Sad to say, end of Paisley is no reason to chuckle"
6609:, Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, p.255
6413:"A Northern Catholic writes . . . John Hume in 1964"
6155:, Lawrence Marley ed.. Manchester University Press,
5704:"The 1912 Ulster Covenant by Joseph E.A. Connell Jr"
5615:
Nineteenth-Century Ireland: the Search for Stability
3129:
Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland
2457:
Democratic Unionists enter government with Sinn FĂ©in
2124:(UVF) which, uniquely, had an Irish-language motto,
1923:
The common unionist charge was that Westminster and
1853:", briefly Northern Ireland's first security-force "
1448:
status accorded to the new state in the South. Like
1444:
had some of the formal features of the Canada-style
9538:"Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022"
8419:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–31.
6354:, 6 August 1965, cited in Kingsley (1989) pp. 98–99
6177:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41+.
6002:quoted in Arthur, Paul, and Jeffrey, Keith (1988),
5042:
Irish Women and Political Petitioning, c. 1870-1918
3569:"Presbyterianism and Politics in Ulster, 1871-1906"
2739:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
2220:(DUP) led an "Ulster says No" campaign against the
1999:
Sunningdale Agreement and the Ulster Workers strike
1638:When Derry lost out to Coleraine for siting of the
1086:unionist press depicted any connection with either
436:Presbyterian voters tended to favour reform-minded
220:, by successive British governments. Following the
10199:"Brexit: DUP votes for amendment to delay UK exit"
9883:Considère-Charon, Marie-Claire (1 December 2020).
6585:, Edinburgh, 1978, pp. 130–131. ISBN 9780702810589
6568:
5730:"The Ulster Volunteers 1913–1914: force or farce?"
4357:"The Origins of the Ulster Unionist Party, 1885-6"
3938:. Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. 156–160.
3706:
3507:"Great Ulster Scots: Henry Cooke, an Introduction"
3492:Religion and Society in Nineteenth Century Ireland
2551:Asked to account for the 2019 loss to Sinn FĂ©in's
1706:area. With this, onset of what is referred to as "
1426:Coat of Arms of the Government of Northern Ireland
1411:Unionist majority rule: Northern Ireland 1921–1972
11501:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
9940:. European Parliament. November 2017. p. 7.
9793:"EU referendum: Northern Ireland votes to Remain"
9596:"Ulster Unionists in favour of staying within EU"
9397:"Why is there no government in Northern Ireland?"
9282:
9201:Culture and Identity Politics in Northern Ireland
9115:"Book reveals number of Catholics in DUP and UUP"
9034:"Results of a future border poll on a knife edge"
7293:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 17, 26, 39.
6046:Arthur Aughey (1995), "The Idea of the Union" in
4948:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–62,
4301:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 125–173.
1741:In January 1965, at O'Neill personal invitation,
12585:
9882:
9148:"CAIN: Symbols – Flags Used in Northern Ireland"
8306:Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies
6817:
5299:
4643:
2508:. In the Assembly, Paisley's former lieutenant,
1311:. A few weeks later the Home Rule bill received
1110:
12347:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
9263:
8226:David Trimble (1998). "The Belfast Agreement".
7436:
7253:(CAIN). 23 March 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
6441:
6251:. London: Oxford University Press. pp. xx.
5015:. Belfast: Blsckstaff Press. pp. 143–144.
4216:"The Dialectic of Religion and Class in Ulster"
4013:. London: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 135.
3985:– via Glens of Antrim Historical Society.
2279:did briefly hold together five anti-devolution
1433:unequivocal membership of the United Kingdom".
1337:national campaign against military conscription
8083:"Trimble survival depends on support for deal"
7616:
7566:
7451:
7441:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. pp. 113–114.
6792:
4916:The Life of Sir Denis Henry: Catholic Unionist
4236:
3885:. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. p. 55.
3158:The Narrow Ground: Aspects of Ulster 1609–1969
2642:
2519:
2318:Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force
1678:, a broad labour and republican grouping with
1595:, the Unionist Government under Basil Brooke (
1262:to set up a Home Rule Parliament in Ireland".
216:proposals presented, in consultation with the
181:of 1921 by which the rest of Ireland attained
81:, unionism mobilised in the decades following
10981:
10944:Does not include organisations supportive of
10801:Does not include organisations supportive of
10348:
10257:
9787:
9785:
8362:A Farther Shore: Ireland's Long Road to Peace
8225:
8174:CAIN: Sunningdale – Chronology of Main Events
8055:
7086:. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–192.
6476:. New Bridge, Ireland: Irish Academic Press.
5837:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 310.
5761:. John Murray (Publishers) Ltd. p. 146.
5649:Hand is Red: Historical Development of Ulster
5646:
4919:. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 130.
4597:
4154:Mr. Gladstone's Two Irish Policies: 1868–1886
3900:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 106.
3100:
2932:
2848:Coalescing behind the Dublin government, the
2358:for slow learners". This was not the view of
2341:
2072:at the end of February was a triumph for the
1916:, acting on behalf of the UK Prime Minister,
1166:The marriage was short lived. In March 1914,
9388:
9244:
9082:
8944:
8728:"Sectarianism in Northern Ireland: A Review"
8414:
8037:MP Lady Sylvia Hermon quits Ulster Unionists
7678:Anglo-Irish Agreement – Chronology of Events
7621:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 38.
7456:. Dublin: Penguin Ireland. pp. 101–102.
7288:
6931:"IRA left Derry 'before Operation Motorman'"
6471:
6331:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 83.
6186:
6184:
5531:"The Government of Ireland (Home Rule) Bill"
5121:
4539:. Akron, OH: The University of Akron Press.
4081:"The Government of Ireland (Home Rule) Bill"
3326:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
3228:. Quercus Publishing Plc. pp. 126–127.
2782:Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act
2173:Opposition to the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement
1875:
1626:
413:. O'Connell's Protestant ally in the north,
378:Catholic emancipation and "Protestant unity"
239:Renegotiated in 2006, relations within this
85:in 1829 to oppose restoration of a separate
11110:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
9724:Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique
9176:. Edinburgh: Pearson/Longman. p. 160.
8308:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188.
7233:
6891:The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict
6366:
5806:
5617:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 207.
5304:. Liverpool University Press. p. 256.
4942:"The Modernisation of Unionism, 1892–1914?"
4341:. London: Gill & Macmillan. p. 13.
4314:Irish Migrants in Modern Britain, 1750–1922
4133:
4011:Ireland since 1800: Conflict and Conformity
3975:"The Land League in North Antrim 1880–1882"
3467:Ireland since 1800: Conflict and Conformity
3203:. Liverpool University Press. p. 192.
2822:would restore a measure of "distance" from
1193:and (six years after it was granted in the
783:. The Conservatives formed a new ministry.
730:, and at Westminster took the Conservative
646:, Ulster Unionist Convention, Belfast, 1892
335:still appointed, through the office of the
254:
12533:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
10988:
10974:
10497:Does not include organisations focused on
10355:
10341:
9782:
9626:"DUP confirms it will campaign for brexit"
9363:
9230:"DUP fights back against of Britishness".
9196:
9057:
8694:
8442:"Arms decommissioning in Northern Ireland"
7596:. Syracuse University Press. p. 149.
7267:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. p. 140.
6883:
6818:McKitrick, David; Kelters, Seamus (2001).
6516:"The Derry March – Main Events of the Day"
6298:20th Century Social Perspectives, Features
5701:
3958:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3414:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. p. 157.
3374:
3226:Castlereagh, From Enlightenment to Tyranny
2181:Campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement
1994:Negotiating the Irish Dimension: 1973–2006
1734:on the background to the Northern Ireland
1544:in front of Parliament Buildings, Stormont
1331:, Britain could be seen on the streets of
614:The final and decisive shift in favour of
212:, unionists divided in their responses to
77:. The overwhelming sentiment of Ireland's
9735:
9550:
9031:
8186:
8183:, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 April 2020.
7617:Edwards, Aaron; Bloomer, Stephen (2008).
7158:. Belfast Publications, Belfast, p. 212..
6797:. Dublin: Poolbeg. pp. 5–10, 28–30.
6705:
6618:
6181:
5868:"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921"
5786:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5612:
5076:. London: Pluto Press. pp. 127–139.
4912:
4726:
4489:
4140:. Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey. p. 228.
4047:
3849:
3798:
3735:Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789–2006
3664:
3440:"The development of Unionism before 1912"
3437:
3319:
3248:
1676:Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association
514:had their election meetings broken up by
12352:Association football in Northern Ireland
9821:
8969:
8945:Prince, Simon; Warner, Geoffrey (2019).
8415:Tonge, Jonathan; Braniff, Máire (2014).
8005:
7897:
7528:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2.
7437:McKittrick, David; McVea, David (2000).
7345:
7100:
6997:"Adams and IRA's secret Whitehall talks"
6472:Prince, Simon; Warner, Geoffrey (2019).
6326:
6190:
6172:
5832:
5160:
4985:
4336:
4311:
3933:
3770:
3489:
3409:
3198:
2936:
2801:
2792:Brexit and the Northern Ireland Protocol
2646:
2588:, and Sinn FĂ©in as the largest party to
2542:
2524:
2364:First Minister and Deputy First Minister
2257:British and Irish Communist Organisation
2203:Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference
2115:
2002:
1961:342 persons suspected of IRA involvement
1717:
1713:
1535:
1504:in North Belfast for the trade-unionist
1419:
1298:
1208:
1204:
1178:. In a subsequent trial, WPSU organiser
1114:
971:
852:, Salisbury returned to office in 1895.
790:
786:
634:
552:had attempted conciliation. In 1869, he
470:
381:
263:
259:
45:
12609:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
11548:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
10171:
9762:
9717:
9510:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9332:
9247:Drumcree: The Orange Order's Last Stand
9245:Ryder, Chris; Kearney, Vincent (2001).
8761:
8757:
8755:
8221:
8219:
8109:
7851:
7847:
7845:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7640:
7638:
7562:
7560:
7496:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7129:
7031:
6495:
6493:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6362:
6360:
6291:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6112:
6087:
6042:
6040:
6015:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5528:
5279:. Belfast: Blackstaff. pp. 60–63.
5038:
4939:
4832:
4777:
4294:
4268:
4241:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 26.
4160:. London: Marcus Ward. pp. 33–34.
4078:
3624:
3155:
3125:
2886:With the Prime Minister secure in his "
2603:The principal other party has been the
2423:referendum on the Good Friday Agreement
1959:. In the early hours of 10 August 1971
1339:, the IPP's credibility was exhausted.
631:Reaction to Gladstone's Home Rule Bills
324:from the British government in London.
14:
12586:
10025:
9889:Observatoire de la société britannique
9032:Ingoldsby, Sinéad (20 February 2020).
8791:
8725:
8663:
8576:
8303:
8140:
7823:
7732:
7699:
7663:(London: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 403.
7644:
7591:
7320:
7056:
6499:
6391:
6246:
5781:
5727:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5441:
5439:
5302:Belfast 400: People, Place and History
5259:
5232:
5069:
5010:
4981:
4979:
4859:
4752:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4534:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4494:. Belfast: Blackstaff. pp. 18–19.
4479:. Belfast: Ulster Society. p. 17.
4434:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4237:Arthur, Paul; Jefferey, Keith (1988).
4213:
4184:
4182:
4008:
3999:, Oxford University Press, pp. 201–35.
3972:
3877:
3668:The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America
3627:The Making of Modern Ireland 1603–1923
3566:
3464:
3294:
3201:Belfast 400: People, Place and History
2627:, close to a fifth of Assembly seats.
2132:In inaugurating a prolonged period of
2087:When in May the Assembly affirmed the
2007:Anti-Faulkner Unionist election poster
1834:. On 28 April 1969, O'Neill resigned.
1531:
1309:United Kingdom declared war on Germany
1012:, a millionaire director of Belfast's
957:Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland
875:, broke with the Conservatives in the
288:The focus of their patriotism was the
284:in public life advanced themselves as
247:, with supporting a trade regime, the
12604:Political history of Northern Ireland
11817:
11607:
11428:
11034:
10969:
10336:
9680:
9606:from the original on 13 December 2019
9407:from the original on 12 November 2019
9394:
9312:. London: Random House. p. 174.
9307:
9174:Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change
9171:
9013:from the original on 10 February 2020
8917:
8886:
8822:
8562:"Robinson is new NI first minister".
8470:
8439:
8359:
8328:
8155:from the original on 17 November 2011
7917:. Belfast: Athol Books. p. 109.
7912:
7828:. Belcouver Press. pp. 104–115.
7805:from the original on 24 December 2019
7567:Cusack, Jim; McDonald, Henry (1997).
7523:
7452:McDonald, Henry; Cusack, Jim (2004).
7262:
7198:from the original on 28 December 2012
7134:. Dublin: Torc. pp. 17, 26, 39.
6854:from the original on 12 November 2020
6793:Cusack, Jim; McDonald, Henry (1997).
6445:HUME – BBC Documentary on John Hume 1
6423:from the original on 15 February 2021
5956:
5892:
5874:from the original on 18 February 2020
5753:
5665:
5535:The American Political Science Review
5462:from the original on 18 February 2020
5445:
5368:from the original on 18 February 2020
5351:
5277:Women in Ireland, a Century of Change
5199:
5058:The Oxford Companion to Irish History
5045:(Doctoral thesis). Durham University.
5034:
5032:
4908:
4906:
4686:
4438:The Liberal Unionist Party: A History
4403:from the original on 3 September 2021
4188:
3895:
3704:
3649:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3446:from the original on 12 November 2020
3433:
3431:
2835:Theresa May's Conservative Government
2715:Minister of Culture, Arts and Leisure
2682:. For Trimble the flashpoint was the
2237:announced his own "third force": The
2222:Anglo-Irish or Hillsborough Agreement
2112:Unionism and loyalist para-militarism
1806:summit on 4 November, Prime Minister
928:
797:Congested Districts Board for Ireland
650:In June 1886, Gladstone tabled a The
10209:from the original on 30 January 2020
10086:
9834:from the original on 9 November 2020
9822:Ferguson, Amanda (4 December 2017).
9448:from the original on 10 January 2020
9419:
9364:McCausland, Nelson (13 April 2017).
8970:Moriarty, Gerry (24 November 2012).
8752:
8676:from the original on 3 December 2020
8513:from the original on 4 December 2020
8216:
8122:from the original on 25 January 2020
7987:from the original on 7 November 2019
7842:
7690:(CAIN). Retrieved 12 September 2014.
7666:
7635:
7557:
7538:
7307:
7265:John Hume: Statesman of the Troubles
7081:
6822:. London: Random House. p. 25.
6490:
6458:
6357:
6255:
6037:
5941:
5603:, Vol. LI, June, pp. 773–788, p.784.
5497:
5491:
5480:
5399:
5274:
5096:
4512:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes
4492:/The Ulster Unionist Party 1882–1973
4474:
4150:
4033:
3823:
3541:
3523:from the original on 1 December 2020
3494:. Dundalk, Ireland: Dundaglan Press.
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3194:
3192:
3151:
3149:
3105:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2636:last Stormont parliamentary election
2328:with their uncompromising unionism.
2249:
1779:. Like Cooke, Paisley was alert to
1568:did not take their seats during the
951:(1864-1925). When he won his native
815:was given standing power to suspend
618:concessions came in the wake of the
554:disestablished the Church of Ireland
65:and to the union it represents with
10258:O'Carroll, Lisa (3 February 2022).
9551:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022).
9511:Emerson, Newton (30 January 2020).
9345:from the original on 5 January 2020
9083:O'Hanlon, Eilis (10 January 2019).
8707:from the original on 5 October 2020
8645:from the original on 6 January 2020
8577:Fenton, Siobhán (10 January 2020).
8006:McDonald, Henry (7 December 2008).
7902:. Belfast: Athol Books. p. 41.
7454:Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror
7107:Internment – Summary of Main Events
6708:"Route '68: to Burntollet and back"
5835:Revolutionary Government in Ireland
5807:O'Toole, Fintan (8 December 2018).
5683:from the original on 29 August 2012
5631:
5474:
5436:
5004:
4976:
4746:
4570:
4498:
4345:
4179:
3927:
3883:The Life of William Ewart Gladstone
3731:
3368:
3223:
3009:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
1631:In the 1960s, under premiership of
1570:first Stormont parliament (1921–25)
1416:Exclusion from Westminster Politics
1256:Ulster's Solemn League and Covenant
879:to be returned to Westminster from
327:In the north-east, combinations of
24:
11577:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
11352:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
11150:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
10995:
10720:Social Democratic and Labour Party
10068:from the original on 30 March 2020
10007:from the original on 9 August 2020
9699:from the original on 9 August 2020
8835:from the original on 9 August 2020
8740:from the original on 9 August 2020
8543:from the original on 21 April 2008
8533:"Robinson confirmed as DUP leader"
8273:. The Belfast Press Limited, p.. 7
8204:from the original on 3 August 2012
8056:Malone, Ed; Pollack, Andy (1989).
8018:from the original on 14 April 2020
7775:from the original on 15 April 2020
7745:from the original on 25 April 2020
7714:from the original on 17 April 2020
7013:from the original on 25 March 2006
6947:from the original on 17 March 2016
6371:. Rupert Hart Davis. p. 137.
6133:from the original on 9 August 2021
5510:from the original on 14 April 2020
5452:20th Century, Contemporary History
5358:20th Century, Contemporary History
5345:
5333:from the original on 9 August 2020
5233:Powell, Fred (13 September 2017).
5029:
4988:Belfast: From Loyalty to Rebellion
4903:
4167:from the original on 9 August 2020
4002:
3709:The Independent Irish Party 1850-9
3611:
3428:
3045:Ulster (Loyalist) Democratic Party
3015:Unionist Party of Northern Ireland
2923:First, and Deputy First, Ministers
2845:under a common EU's trade regime.
2605:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
2350:quipped that the 1998 Belfast, or
2301:, however, maintains a ban on the
2176:
1652:a new urban-industrial development
1217:showing Carson the signing of the
1157:Women's Social and Political Union
967:
208:Over the ensuing three decades of
25:
12630:
11362:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
10091:. London: Verso. pp. 79–81.
9744:from the original on 26 July 2020
9333:Preston, Allan (3 January 2020).
9001:Northern Ireland Life and Times.
8972:"DUP can 'gain Catholic support'"
8926:from the original on 30 July 2020
8899:from the original on 7 March 2020
8733:. Belfast: University of Ulster.
8695:McClements, Freya (14 May 2019).
8589:from the original on 8 April 2020
8483:from the original on 7 April 2020
8471:Brown, Derek (20 December 2005).
8452:from the original on 7 April 2020
8228:Fordham International Law Journal
7949:from the original on 7 March 2013
7915:Irish Republicanism and Socialism
7852:Coulter, Colin (September 2015).
7543:. Caxton Editions. pp. 1–2.
7418:from the original on 10 July 2020
6687:from the original on 11 July 2020
6556:from the original on 24 June 2016
5677:"The Ulster Covenant: Ulster Day"
5671:
5060:. Oxford University Press. p. 302
4085:American Political Science Review
3752:from the original on 2 April 2021
3685:from the original on 2 April 2021
3281:
3217:
3189:
3146:
1572:, and did not accept the role of
1554:Ulster Progressive Unionist Party
871:, the son of an evicted Scottish
575:, led by the southern Protestant
558:Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act
12567:
11531:Tallest buildings and structures
10700:Irish Republican Socialist Party
10303:
10277:
10251:
10239:from the original on 19 May 2020
10221:
10191:
10165:
10153:from the original on 19 May 2020
10135:
10105:
10080:
10050:
10038:from the original on 14 May 2020
10019:
9989:
9977:from the original on 27 May 2020
9959:
9947:from the original on 2 June 2020
9923:
9876:
9846:
9815:
9756:
9711:
9674:
9662:from the original on 20 May 2020
9644:
9618:
9588:
9570:
9544:
9530:
9504:
9492:from the original on 9 July 2011
9478:
9460:
9441:. January 2020. pp. 15–16.
9439:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
9376:from the original on 31 May 2020
9357:
9326:
9301:
9238:
9223:
9190:
9165:
9140:
9107:
9095:from the original on 31 May 2020
9076:
9051:
9025:
8994:
8982:from the original on 15 May 2020
8963:
8938:
8918:Nolan, Paul (25 February 2020).
8911:
8880:
8847:
8816:
8804:from the original on 21 May 2020
8785:
8719:
8688:
8657:
8627:
8601:
8570:
8555:
8525:
8495:
8464:
8433:
8408:
8396:from the original on 6 July 2020
8378:
8353:
8341:from the original on 19 May 2020
8322:
8297:
8276:
8263:
8238:
8167:
8134:
8103:
8075:
8060:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
8049:
8030:
7999:
7961:
7931:
7906:
7891:
7817:
7787:
7757:
7726:
7693:
7688:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7653:
7610:
7585:
7532:
7517:
7490:
7478:from the original on 21 May 2020
7460:
7445:
7430:
7394:
7382:from the original on 7 July 2020
7364:
7350:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
7339:
7256:
7251:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7228:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7210:
7184:
7179:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7161:
7148:
7123:
7118:Conflict Archive on the Internet
7075:
7050:
7025:
6989:
6959:
6923:
6918:Conflict Archive on the Internet
6907:Chronology of the Conflict: 1972
6900:
6866:
6836:
6811:
6786:
6774:from the original on 6 July 2020
6756:
6725:
6699:
6663:
6638:
6612:
6538:
6526:from the original on 7 July 2020
6508:
6435:
6410:
6404:
6385:
6345:
6320:
6308:from the original on 9 July 2021
6285:
6240:
6209:
6166:
6145:
6106:
6081:
6061:
6009:
5996:
5987:
5974:
5965:
5961:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.
5886:
5860:
5851:
5702:Connell Jr, Joseph E.A. (2012).
5590:, Athol Books, Belfast. p. 21-22
5239:. Policy Press. pp. 69–82.
4990:. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
4514:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
3505:Ulster-Scots Community Network.
3171:O'Beirne Ranelagh, John (1994).
2778:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2531:Demographics of Northern Ireland
2379:both jurisdictions in the island
2303:Labour Party in Northern Ireland
2074:United Ulster Unionist Coalition
902:under the patronage of the Rev.
10123:from the original on 5 May 2020
10026:Blaney, Ferghal (8 June 2018).
9803:from the original on 2 May 2020
8329:Murua, Imanol (12 March 2019).
8141:Downey, James (22 March 2008).
8110:Holland, Mary (12 April 1998).
7700:Thomas, Jo (24 November 1985).
7323:Straight Left: an Autobiography
7291:The Uncivil Wars: Ireland Today
5826:
5800:
5775:
5747:
5721:
5695:
5606:
5593:
5577:
5522:
5393:
5380:
5318:
5293:
5268:
5253:
5226:
5193:
5154:
5115:
5090:
5063:
5050:
5013:Belfast, An Illustrated History
4933:
4878:
4852:
4826:
4771:
4720:
4699:
4680:
4637:
4591:
4553:
4528:
4483:
4468:
4455:
4428:
4415:
4330:
4305:
4288:
4255:
4230:
4207:
4144:
4127:
4072:
4027:
3989:
3966:
3914:
3889:
3871:
3858:
3817:
3792:
3764:
3725:
3697:
3658:
3643:
3560:
3535:
3498:
3483:
3469:. London: Longman. p. 77.
3458:
3403:
3069:Northern Ireland Unionist Party
2983:Conservative and Unionist Party
2955:Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union
1002:The 6th Marquess of Londonderry
707:as a Liberal, donned an Orange
12599:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
11367:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
9860:. 26 June 2017. Archived from
9249:. London: Methuen. p. 2.
6967:"History – Operation Motorman"
5529:Shepard, Walter James (1912).
4079:Shepard, Walter James (1912).
3922:Gladstone and the Irish Nation
3826:"The Irish Reform Act of 1868"
3320:Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2000).
3313:
3255:The Catholic Historical Review
3242:
3164:
3119:
3094:
2706:". In insisting on parity for
2611:and from 7.9% to 16.8% in the
2413:of 1985 and again in the 1993
2332:Northern Ireland Conservatives
2273:Campaign for Equal Citizenship
2013:The Future of Northern Ireland
1980:European Court of Human Rights
1691:Derry Housing Action Committee
1520:had decided not stand against
1442:Government of Northern Ireland
1368:Government of Ireland Act 1920
1057:Belfast Protestant Association
109:. Within the framework of the
32:Irish Congress of Trade Unions
13:
1:
11429:
10172:McBride, Sam (30 June 2021).
8364:. Random House. p. 353.
7870:10.1080/13619462.2014.1002774
7325:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
7217:The Parker Report, March 1972
7168:The Parker Report, March 1972
6113:Gibbons, I. (16 April 2015).
5097:Ryan, Alfred Patrick (1956).
4757:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
4733:Dictionary of Irish Biography
4565:The Shaping of Modern Ireland
3778:. London: MacGibbon and Kee.
3654:. London: Chapman & Hall.
3652:The League of North and South
3650:Duffy, Charles Gavan (1886).
3629:. London: Faber & Faber.
3546:. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
3322:"The Catholics and the Union"
3249:McDougall, Donald J. (1945).
3132:. Pan Books. pp. 79–82.
3087:
3039:Ulster Popular Unionist Party
2613:December Westminster election
2070:surprise Westminster election
1562:Northern Ireland Labour Party
1111:Unionism and women's suffrage
976:Ulster Day, 28 September 1912
963:"The Ulster Option" 1905–1920
556:, and in 1870 introduced the
487:in 1852 when the all-Ireland
144:coalesced with traditionally
12619:Politics of Northern Ireland
12432:Northern Ireland flags issue
11608:
11383:List of conflicts in Ireland
11127:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
9395:Kelly, Ben (30 April 2019).
9197:Nic Craith, Máiréad (2003).
8792:Manley, John (29 May 2019).
8762:McBride, Sam (6 July 2024).
8440:Brown, Derek (2 July 2001).
7858:Contemporary British History
7733:Cobain, Ian (27 June 2017).
7439:Making Sense of the Troubles
6316:– via History Ireland.
5647:Biggs-Davison, John (1973).
5470:– via History Ireland.
5376:– via History Ireland.
4839:Four Nations History Network
4567:Conor-Cruise O'Brien, 1960).
4535:Hudson, David R. C. (2003).
4134:Chamberlain, Joseph (1887).
4009:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1999).
3665:McCaffrey, Lawrence (1976).
3465:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1989).
3160:. London: Faber & Faber.
3027:United Ulster Unionist Party
2833:The party's ten MPs enabled
2535:Religion in Northern Ireland
2338:polled a total 5,433 votes.
2299:National Executive Committee
2159:Ulster Protestant Volunteers
2091:, a loyalist coalition, the
1452:, Belfast had a two-chamber
1288:
314:American War of Independence
234:Northern Ireland legislature
158:of 1886 and 1893. Joined by
97:its goal has been to retain
7:
11818:
11403:Gaelic clothing and fashion
11035:
8887:Tonge, Jon (7 March 2020).
8823:Lowry, Ben (25 June 2019).
8664:Manley, John (2 May 2015).
7649:. Belfast: Blacksaff Press.
6706:McCormack, Vincent (2013).
6394:Studies, an Irish Quarterly
6329:History of Northern Ireland
6269:Northern Ireland Since 1945
6004:Northern Ireland Since 1968
5325:Women's Museum of Ireland.
4727:Geoghegan, Patrick (2009).
4239:Northern Ireland since 1948
3375:MacAtasney, Gerard (2007).
3101:O'Connell, Maurice (2007).
2810:, Sandy Row, Belfast, 2021.
2798:Brexit and the Irish border
2643:Defence of unionist culture
2520:Unionism as a minority bloc
2506:an Executive with Sinn FĂ©in
2501:as McGuinness's successor.
2446:raid on Sinn FĂ©in's offices
1672:Campaign for Social Justice
1576:for a further forty years.
1199:equal voting rights in 1928
1105:National Insurance Act 1911
1092:Irish Trades Union Congress
898:was formed in 1895 in east
824:Chief Secretary for Ireland
440:or, as they later emerged,
276:In the last decades of the
195:Northern Ireland Parliament
10:
12635:
10744:Scottish national identity
10616:English Constitution Party
10486:Traditional Unionist Voice
9432:"New Decade, New Approach"
9058:Mac Póilin, Aodán (2018).
7939:"Labour NI ban overturned"
7900:Against Ulster Nationalism
7898:Clifford, Brendan (1982).
7289:O'Malley, Padraig (1983).
6889:Gillespie, Gordon. (2009)
6327:Buckland, Patrick (1981).
5264:. Belfast: Ulster society.
5101:. Macmillan. p. 189.
4986:Goldring, Maurice (1991).
4561:AE and Sir Horace Plunkett
4463:Unionism in Modern Ireland
4337:Buckland, Patrick (1973).
4193:. London: Harper Collins.
3801:Irish Home Rule, 1867-1921
3705:Whyte, John Henry (1958).
3173:A Short History of Ireland
3156:Stewart, A. T. Q. (1977).
3075:Traditional Unionist Voice
3033:Progressive Unionist Party
2933:Unionist political parties
2927:Northern Ireland executive
2795:
2669:Downing Street Declaration
2634:Since O'Neill, who in the
2528:
2514:Traditional Unionist Voice
2442:decommissioning their arms
2415:Downing Street Declaration
2342:1998 Good Friday Agreement
2106:Northern Ireland Secretary
2097:Ulster Defence Association
1911:Northern Ireland Secretary
1609:post-War Labour government
1396:Writing to Prime Minister
1292:
1249:The Case Against Home Rule
1126:Solemn League and Covenant
998:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
932:
697:Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union
652:Government of Ireland Bill
573:Irish National Land League
36:
29:
12563:
12462:
12400:
12337:
12277:
12190:
12138:
12093:
12060:
12005:
11970:
11920:
11839:
11830:
11826:
11813:
11748:
11651:
11620:
11616:
11603:
11513:
11441:
11437:
11424:
11375:
11163:
11047:
11043:
11030:
11006:
10920:
10882:
10875:
10855:
10827:
10820:
10777:
10739:
10732:
10682:
10640:
10633:
10608:
10573:English national identity
10568:
10561:
10541:
10523:
10516:
10505:in their official makeup.
10466:Democratic Unionist Party
10431:
10386:British national identity
10381:
10374:
7511:10.1080/07907188708406434
7222:22 September 2011 at the
7173:22 September 2011 at the
6744:. New York. 19 April 1969
6619:Patterson, Henry (2018).
6367:O'Neill, Terence (1972).
5911:10.1017/S0021121400007045
5833:Mitchell, Arthur (1995).
5613:D. George, Boyce (1990).
5386:Urquhart (2002), p. 280.
5011:Bardon, Jonathan (1982).
4913:McDonnell, A. D. (2000).
4796:10.1017/S0021121400111629
4790:(68): (470–498) 471–472.
4753:Bardon, Jonathan (1992).
4658:10.1017/S0021121400002236
4615:10.1017/S0021121400025062
4510:Bardon, Jonathan (2008).
4490:Harbinson, J. F. (1973).
4441:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4373:10.1017/S002112140002770X
4312:MacRaild, Donald (1999).
3383:. 21/22: (165–231), 168.
3338:10.1017/S0080440100000128
3126:English, Richard (2007).
3063:United Unionist Coalition
3021:Volunteer Political Party
3002:Democratic Unionist Party
2995:Protestant Unionist Party
2989:Commonwealth Labour Party
2877:Northern Ireland Protocol
2808:Northern Ireland Protocol
2770:Northern Ireland Protocol
2385:proportional basis. This
2336:2019 Westminster election
2224:, that included strikes,
2218:Democratic Unionist Party
2128:(Victory to the Red Hand)
2044:Having drawn on both the
1876:Imposition of direct rule
1769:Irish Council of Churches
1627:1960s: reform and protest
1377:. Under the terms of the
1191:women's franchise in 1918
701:Colonel Edward Saunderson
583:, Gladstone conceded the
543:Irish Parliamentary Party
504:League of North and South
459:candidates of the landed
431:3rd Marquess of Downshire
249:Northern Ireland Protocol
119:Northern Ireland Assembly
10449:British Democratic Party
10289:Institute for Government
9718:Berberi, Carine (2017).
9681:Tonge, Jonathan (2005).
9472:25 December 2009 at the
9172:Tonge, Jonathan (2002).
8046:BBC News, 25 March 2010.
7661:The Downing Street Years
7592:Jordan, Richard (2013).
7036:. Belfast: Athol Books.
6971:The Museum of Free Derry
6872:David McKittrick et al,
6442:Below the Radar (2011),
6267:Wichert, Sabine (1991).
6191:Courtney, Roger (2013).
6173:Lawrence, R. J. (1965).
5899:Irish Historical Studies
5782:Laffan, Michael (2012).
5728:Bowman, Timothy (2013).
5204:. Belfast: Athol Books.
5161:McConnel, James (2003).
5122:O'Connor, Emmet (2012).
4784:Irish Historical Studies
4729:"Kane, Richard Rutledge"
4646:Irish Historical Studies
4603:Irish Historical Studies
4361:Irish Historical Studies
4191:Ireland Since the Famine
4189:Lyons, F. S. L. (1971).
3934:Courtney, Roger (2013).
3776:Isaac Butt and Home Rule
3567:McMinn, Richard (1981).
3410:Campbell, Flann (1991).
3297:Modern Ireland 1600–1972
2948:Irish Conservative Party
2892:2019 UK general election
2763:New Decade, New Approach
2743:New Decade, New Approach
2659:with a six-county star,
2495:New Decade, New Approach
2155:Ulster Protestant Action
2050:Northern Ireland, Labour
1765:Free Presbyterian Church
1763:As Moderator of his own
1750:Her Majesty's Opposition
1695:Apprentice Boys of Derry
1640:New University of Ulster
1069:Independent Orange Order
767:... united as one man."
620:Third Reform Act of 1884
579:. In 1881, in a further
508:William Sharman Crawford
479:Up to, and through, the
322:legislative independence
255:Irish Unionism 1800–1904
37:Not to be confused with
12524:Prostitution (Republic)
10887:Welsh national identity
10790:Scottish National Party
10087:Bell, Geoffrey (2022).
9488:. Conventions.coe.int.
8726:Morrow, Duncan (2019).
8337:. Estudios Irlandeses.
8179:14 January 2011 at the
7683:6 December 2010 at the
7645:Aughey, Arthur (1989).
7499:Irish Political Studies
6247:Wilson, Thomas (1955).
6088:Mathews, Kevin (2004).
5601:The Contemporary Review
5484:The Ulster Suffragettes
5400:Ward, Margaret (1982).
5070:Morgan, Austen (1991).
5039:STEWART, CIARA (2021).
4954:10.1057/9780230509849_3
4833:Potocki, Piotr (2016).
4778:Hepburn, A. C. (1971).
4588:. Dublin, Talbot Press.
4151:Shaw, James J. (1888).
3920:Hammond, J. L. (1964),
3842:10.1111/1750-0206.12267
3715:Oxford University Press
3625:Beckett, J. C. (1966).
3490:Connolly, Sean (1985).
2968:Irish Unionist Alliance
2921:(DUP) were sworn in as
2774:New Decade New Approach
2730:New Decade New Approach
2586:Westminster MPs in 2019
2291:Labour Party Conference
2205:, with a locally based
2189:signed an agreement at
2185:In 1985 Prime Minister
2093:Ulster Workers' Council
1617:National Health Service
1097:Trade Disputes Act 1906
1080:Belfast Lockout of 1907
982:Ulster Unionist Council
877:Irish Unionist Alliance
728:Irish Unionist Alliance
716:Lord Randolph Churchill
660:"complete separation".
577:Charles Stewart Parnell
550:William Ewart Gladstone
493:Independent Irish Party
230:loyalist paramilitaries
11393:List of Irish kingdoms
10454:British National Party
9763:McQuade, Owen (2017).
9298:BBC News. 12 July 2013
9119:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
8859:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
8503:"Ian Paisley's speech"
8335:estudiosirlandeses.org
8304:Lerner, Hanna (2011).
8269:Austen Morgan (2011),
7973:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
7346:Anderson, Don (1994).
7321:Devlin, Paddy (1993).
7132:INLA: Deadly Divisions
7130:Holland, Jack (1994).
7082:Howe, Stephen (2000).
7057:Miller, David (1998).
7032:Roberts, Hugh (1986).
6650:digitalfilmarchive.net
6605:2 January 2016 at the
6500:McCann, Eamon (1993).
6292:Fleming, Neil (2001).
6249:Ulster under Home Rule
6067:Lowry, Donal, (2022)."
5980:"Despair in Ireland",
5446:Kelly, Vivien (1996).
5352:Kelly, Vivien (1996).
4860:Larkin, Emmet (2011).
4355:Savage, D. C. (1961).
4295:Farrell, Sean (2000).
3973:McMinn, R. B. (1983).
3898:Atlas of Irish History
3299:. London: Allen Lane.
3295:Foster, R. F. (1988).
2961:Liberal Unionist Party
2942:
2855:European Single Market
2811:
2708:Ulster Scots or Ullans
2664:
2621:first-preference votes
2617:2022 Assembly election
2609:May European elections
2548:
2375:amend its Constitution
2352:Good Friday, Agreement
2286:in the 1998 Assembly.
2182:
2129:
2030:
2008:
1866:Ulster Volunteer Force
1738:
1665:civil rights movements
1545:
1429:
1307:On 4 August 1914, the
1304:
1271:Provisional Government
1222:
1120:
1006:Trinity College Dublin
977:
850:Liberal Unionist Party
800:
777:
703:, who had represented
647:
476:
387:
273:
270:Battle of Ballynahinch
222:1998 Belfast Agreement
162:labour, on the eve of
111:1998 Belfast Agreement
51:
12500:Mass media (Republic)
12444:National coat of arms
11332:IRA Northern Campaign
10807:Scottish independence
10501:which do not mention
10491:UK Independence Party
10481:Patriotic Alternative
9799:. BBC. 24 June 2016.
9658:. 12 September 2007.
9602:. BBC. 5 March 2016.
8360:Adams, Gerry (2003).
8042:28 March 2010 at the
7826:The Idea of the Union
7771:. 12 September 2015.
7524:Bruce, Steve (1994).
7263:White, Barry (1984).
7245:6 August 2011 at the
7154:Kingsley, P. (1989).
7061:. London: Routledge.
6878:Mainstream Publishing
6502:War and an Irish Town
6233:11 March 2010 at the
6215:Brendan Lynn (1979),
6074:15 March 2022 at the
5957:Utley, T. E. (1975).
5893:Lowry, Donal (2008).
5498:Toal, Ciaran (2014).
5481:Hogg, Elaine (2017).
5275:Hill, Myrtle (2003).
5260:Gordon, Lucy (1989).
5099:Mutiny at the Curragh
4475:Lucy, Gordon (1995).
4316:. London: Macmillan.
4214:Gibbon, Paul (1969).
4034:Mohr, Thomas (2019).
3830:Parliamentary History
3542:Hall, Gerald (2011).
3051:UK Independence Party
2976:Ulster Unionist Party
2940:
2805:
2796:Further information:
2650:
2546:
2525:Unionist demographics
2411:Anglo-Irish Agreement
2214:Ulster Unionist Party
2180:
2119:
2089:Sunningdale Agreement
2062:Sunningdale Agreement
2017:
2006:
1799:were to be reviewed.
1773:Irish Presbyterianism
1729:
1714:Opposition to O'Neill
1539:
1488:MPs took their party
1486:Ulster Unionist Party
1423:
1333:Dublin in Easter 1916
1302:
1212:
1205:1912 Home Rule Crisis
1118:
1029:new workingman's vote
975:
912:Richard Rutledge Kane
904:John Baptiste Crozier
826:, Salisbury's nephew
794:
787:Constructive Unionism
772:
739:second Home Rule bill
638:
474:
392:Catholic emancipation
385:
363:was dropped from the
361:Catholic emancipation
302:Protestant Ascendancy
267:
260:The Act of Union 1800
187:Ulster Unionist Party
156:Irish Home Rule Bills
83:Catholic Emancipation
49:
12422:County coats of arms
12314:List of Irish people
11388:List of Irish tribes
11238:Cromwellian conquest
11224:Plantation of Ulster
11155:Ireland (since 1922)
10705:Republican Sinn FĂ©in
10178:www.newsletter.co.uk
10003:. 24 November 2018.
9765:"The DUP and Brexit"
9308:Blair, Tony (2007).
9294:10 July 2020 at the
9275:3 March 2016 at the
8861:. 17 February 2017.
8641:. 13 December 2019.
8392:. CAIN Web Service.
8112:"A very Good Friday"
7474:. CAIN Web Service.
7411:. CAIN Web Service.
7378:. CAIN Web Service.
6912:5 March 2011 at the
5390:, 20 September 1913.
4435:Cawood, Ian (2012).
3896:Duffy, Sean (1997).
3824:Barr, Colin (2017).
3799:O'Day, Alan (1998).
3581:10.3828/sh.1981.21.4
2919:Emma Little-Pengelly
2684:conflict at Drumcree
2655:superimposed on the
2653:cross of St. Patrick
2559:, a seat her deputy
2512:has remained a lone
2463:St Andrews Agreement
2308:In July 2008, under
2082:Democratic Unionists
1901:and his lieutenants
1839:Special Constabulary
1558:William John Stewart
1518:British Labour Party
1295:Partition of Ireland
1283:Union Defence League
1235:1910 People's Budget
1231:Third Home Rule Bill
1101:People's Budget 1910
854:The Land Act of 1896
404:Constitution of 1782
396:Catholic Association
290:Parliament in Dublin
179:partition settlement
107:all-Ireland republic
12594:Unionism in Ireland
12537:in Northern Ireland
12528:in Northern Ireland
12269:Legendary creatures
12182:Traditional singing
12018:Saint Patrick's Day
11653:Republic of Ireland
11582:Tourist attractions
11567:ROI–UK border
11552:of Northern Ireland
11505:in Northern Ireland
11337:IRA Border Campaign
11312:War of Independence
11282:Second Great Famine
11267:Act of Union (1800)
11219:Flight of the Earls
11076:Lordship of Ireland
11011:Republic of Ireland
10503:British nationalism
10235:. 17 October 2019.
10205:. 19 October 2019.
10119:. 9 December 2019.
10064:. 17 October 2019.
9973:. 9 December 2019.
9584:. 11 December 2022.
8507:www.telegraph.co.uk
7913:Walsh, Pat (1989).
7659:Margaret Thatcher,
7571:. Dublin: Poolbeg.
7112:8 June 2011 at the
6943:. 6 December 2011.
6850:. 10 January 2014.
6271:. London: Longman.
5651:. London: Johnson.
5262:The Ulster Covenant
5200:Walsh, Pat (1994).
4755:A History of Ulster
3053:(UKIP 1993–present)
2979:(1905/1921–present)
2896:Petition of Concern
2890:" mandate from the
2843:Republic of Ireland
2830:integrity" intact.
2776:was enacted by the
2615:. Competing in the
2484:a financial scandal
2396:Petition of Concern
1832:Protestant Unionist
1574:official Opposition
1540:The statue of Lord
1532:Stormont government
1215:Orange Order banner
1152:Elizabeth McCracken
1065:R. Lindsay Crawford
835:Congested Districts
807:successor in 1886,
672:— "Home Rule means
489:Tenant Right League
224:, under which both
218:Republic of Ireland
79:Protestant minority
55:Unionism in Ireland
12574:Ireland portal
11892:Skirts and kidneys
11398:List of High Kings
11317:Anglo-Irish Treaty
11257:First Great Famine
11242:Settlement of 1652
11214:Tyrone's Rebellion
11204:Desmond Rebellions
11093:Kingdom of Ireland
10950:Welsh independence
10847:Two nations theory
9938:europarl.europa.eu
9632:. 20 February 2016
9121:. 9 January 2019.
9060:Our Tangled Speech
8583:Prospect Magazine]
8198:legislation.gov.uk
7945:. 1 October 2003.
7707:The New York Times
7539:Wood, Ian (2003).
7009:. 1 January 2003.
6741:The New York Times
5408:(10): (21–36) 30.
4226:(55): (20–41), 31.
3732:Bew, Paul (2007).
3224:Bew, John (2011).
2943:
2812:
2723:Irish Language Act
2665:
2661:Red Hand of Ulster
2549:
2488:Assembly elections
2261:Two-nations Theory
2226:civil disobedience
2183:
2130:
2080:and Paisley's new
2009:
1934:Mandated Palestine
1895:Operation Motorman
1843:People's Democracy
1797:Special Powers Act
1739:
1597:Lord Brookeborough
1546:
1484:were content that
1430:
1398:David Lloyd George
1379:Anglo-Irish Treaty
1305:
1223:
1121:
978:
929:Catholic unionists
923:Anthony MacDonnell
908:John St Clair Boyd
869:Thomas Russell, MP
801:
648:
640:God Save the Queen
477:
388:
278:Kingdom of Ireland
274:
183:separate statehood
115:Irish nationalists
52:
12614:Irish irredentism
12581:
12580:
12559:
12558:
12555:
12554:
11966:
11965:
11857:Bacon and cabbage
11809:
11808:
11805:
11804:
11676:Foreign relations
11599:
11598:
11595:
11594:
11526:Notable buildings
11420:
11419:
11416:
11415:
10963:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10953:
10871:
10870:
10816:
10815:
10810:
10795:Siol nan Gaidheal
10728:
10727:
10629:
10628:
10621:English Democrats
10557:
10556:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10317:. 3 February 2024
10291:. 1 February 2024
10149:. 11 March 2020.
9737:10.4000/rfcb.1370
9630:Belfast Telegraph
9370:Belfast Telegraph
9339:Belfast Telegraph
9319:978-0-09-192555-0
9152:cain.ulster.ac.uk
9089:Belfast Telegraph
8956:978-1-78855-093-2
8893:Belfast Telegraph
8539:. 17 April 2008.
8426:978-0-19-870577-2
8390:cain.ulster.ac.uk
8250:cain.ulster.ac.uk
8148:Irish Independent
7799:Belfast Telegraph
7769:Belfast Telegraph
7472:cain.ulster.ac.uk
7409:cain.ulster.ac.uk
7376:cain.ulster.ac.uk
7274:978-0-85640-317-0
6829:978-1-84018-504-1
6768:cain.ulster.ac.uk
6678:cain.ulster.ac.uk
6483:978-1-78855-093-2
6338:978-0-7171-1069-8
6161:978-0-7190-9601-3
6126:978-1-137-44408-0
6099:978-1-904558-05-7
5959:Lessons of Ulster
5793:978-1-139-10684-9
5584:The Northern Whig
5311:978-1-84631-635-7
5246:978-1-4473-3291-6
5108:978-7-230-01130-3
5083:978-0-7453-0326-0
4963:978-0-230-50984-9
4926:978-0-901905-94-9
4582:James Winder Good
4448:978-0-85773-652-9
4423:Ulster Since 1800
4323:978-0-312-22032-7
4276:Ireland 1868–1966
4263:Ulster Since 1800
4049:10.4000/rfcb.3900
3866:Ulster Since 1800
3553:978-1-84682-202-5
3544:Ulster Liberalism
3332:: (243–258) 258.
3210:978-1-84631-635-7
3139:978-0-330-42759-3
3057:UK Unionist Party
2911:Windsor Framework
2900:Jeffrey Donaldson
2748:Council of Europe
2719:Nelson McCausland
2431:Martin McGuinness
2398:) on decision by
2281:UK Unionist Party
2250:UK-party unionism
2239:Ulster Resistance
2231:Belfast City Hall
2199:Garret FitzGerald
2187:Margaret Thatcher
2122:Red Hand Commando
1903:Martin McGuinness
1899:Seán Mac StĂofáin
1847:Burntollet Bridge
1727:
1566:Nationalist Party
1472:and advised by a
1468:represented by a
1267:Ulster Volunteers
1229:, introduced the
1184:Ulster Volunteers
1176:Lisburn Cathedral
1045:the secret ballot
1037:labour protection
953:South Londonderry
935:Catholic unionist
858:Sir Edward Carson
724:Liberal Unionists
567:of the 1870s the
531:the secret ballot
341:republican France
172:Ulster Volunteers
16:(Redirected from
12626:
12572:
12571:
12570:
12249:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
11837:
11836:
11828:
11827:
11815:
11814:
11750:Northern Ireland
11728:
11718:
11708:
11618:
11617:
11605:
11604:
11439:
11438:
11426:
11425:
11302:Home Rule crisis
11132:Northern Ireland
11045:
11044:
11032:
11031:
11019:Northern Ireland
10990:
10983:
10976:
10967:
10966:
10943:
10880:
10879:
10863:Ulster Third Way
10825:
10824:
10800:
10737:
10736:
10638:
10637:
10593:North of England
10566:
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10521:
10520:
10496:
10444:Britannica Party
10379:
10378:
10357:
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8294:. pp. 8–19, p.19
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7632:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7564:
7555:
7554:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7417:
7406:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7318:
7305:
7304:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7260:
7254:
7237:
7231:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7188:
7182:
7165:
7159:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7127:
7121:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6973:. Archived from
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6927:
6921:
6904:
6898:
6887:
6881:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6737:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6686:
6675:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6616:
6610:
6595:
6586:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6520:CAIN Web Service
6512:
6506:
6505:
6504:. London: Pluto.
6497:
6488:
6487:
6469:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6364:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6264:
6253:
6252:
6244:
6238:
6228:CAIN Web Service
6213:
6207:
6206:
6188:
6179:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6085:
6079:
6065:
6059:
6044:
6035:
6034:
6013:
6007:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5985:
5984:, 7 October 1920
5978:
5972:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5954:
5939:
5938:
5905:(142): 202–226.
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5644:
5629:
5628:
5610:
5604:
5597:
5591:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5397:
5391:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5067:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5036:
5027:
5026:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4889:. Kensal Press.
4882:
4876:
4875:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4652:(146): 221–240.
4641:
4635:
4634:
4609:(100): 376–404.
4595:
4589:
4579:
4568:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4507:
4496:
4495:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4286:
4274:Collins, M. E.:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4051:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4006:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3931:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3622:
3609:
3608:
3573:Studia Hibernica
3564:
3558:
3557:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3514:ulster-scots.com
3511:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3098:
3059:(UKUP 1995–2007)
2917:(Sinn FĂ©in) and
2915:Michelle O'Neill
2752:Irish Travellers
2713:The DUP's first
2657:Scottish Saltire
2590:Stormont in 2022
2499:Michelle O'Neill
2421:In the May 1998
2400:parallel consent
2277:Robert McCartney
1914:William Whitelaw
1862:Scarman Tribunal
1820:general election
1728:
1689:In October 1968
1670:Since 1964, the
1586:Lord Londonderry
1514:Home Rule Crisis
1510:Ramsay MacDonald
1494:House of Commons
1456:, a Cabinet and
1438:Irish Free State
1375:Irish Free State
1321:Irish Volunteers
1275:British Covenant
1195:Irish Free State
1145:William Johnston
1033:William Johnston
1014:Dunville Whiskey
862:Wyndham Land Act
763:, Unitarian and
539:Home Rule League
400:Daniel O'Connell
349:uprising in 1798
318:Irish Volunteers
140:agrarian-reform
123:Irish republican
99:Northern Ireland
87:Irish parliament
21:
12634:
12633:
12629:
12628:
12627:
12625:
12624:
12623:
12584:
12583:
12582:
12577:
12568:
12566:
12551:
12519:outside Ireland
12490:Historic houses
12458:
12439:Irish Wolfhound
12410:Brighid's Cross
12396:
12367:Gaelic handball
12362:Gaelic football
12333:
12304:Hiberno-Normans
12273:
12186:
12134:
12089:
12070:Hiberno-English
12056:
12001:
11962:
11916:
11822:
11801:
11744:
11726:
11716:
11706:
11647:
11638:Ulster loyalism
11612:
11591:
11509:
11433:
11412:
11371:
11297:Dublin lock-out
11233:Confederate War
11184:Norman invasion
11171:Battles of Tara
11159:
11115:1801–1923
11103:1691–1800
11098:1536–1691
11086:1169–1536
11039:
11026:
11002:
10994:
10964:
10955:
10916:
10867:
10851:
10812:
10773:
10724:
10678:
10625:
10604:
10553:
10537:
10508:
10427:
10370:
10361:
10331:
10330:
10320:
10318:
10309:
10308:
10304:
10294:
10292:
10283:
10282:
10278:
10268:
10266:
10256:
10252:
10242:
10240:
10227:
10226:
10222:
10212:
10210:
10197:
10196:
10192:
10182:
10180:
10170:
10166:
10156:
10154:
10141:
10140:
10136:
10126:
10124:
10117:The Independent
10111:
10110:
10106:
10099:
10085:
10081:
10071:
10069:
10056:
10055:
10051:
10041:
10039:
10024:
10020:
10010:
10008:
9995:
9994:
9990:
9980:
9978:
9965:
9964:
9960:
9950:
9948:
9944:
9933:
9929:
9928:
9924:
9895:(25): 149–166.
9881:
9877:
9867:
9865:
9864:on 26 June 2017
9852:
9851:
9847:
9837:
9835:
9820:
9816:
9806:
9804:
9791:
9790:
9783:
9773:
9771:
9761:
9757:
9747:
9745:
9716:
9712:
9702:
9700:
9696:
9685:
9679:
9675:
9665:
9663:
9650:
9649:
9645:
9635:
9633:
9624:
9623:
9619:
9609:
9607:
9594:
9593:
9589:
9576:
9575:
9571:
9561:
9559:
9549:
9545:
9536:
9535:
9531:
9521:
9519:
9509:
9505:
9495:
9493:
9484:
9483:
9479:
9474:Wayback Machine
9465:
9461:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9434:
9430:
9429:
9420:
9410:
9408:
9401:The Independent
9393:
9389:
9379:
9377:
9362:
9358:
9348:
9346:
9331:
9327:
9320:
9306:
9302:
9296:Wayback Machine
9287:
9283:
9277:Wayback Machine
9268:
9264:
9257:
9243:
9239:
9234:. 25 June 2008.
9229:
9228:
9224:
9217:
9195:
9191:
9184:
9170:
9166:
9156:
9154:
9146:
9145:
9141:
9131:
9129:
9113:
9112:
9108:
9098:
9096:
9081:
9077:
9070:
9056:
9052:
9042:
9040:
9030:
9026:
9016:
9014:
8999:
8995:
8985:
8983:
8968:
8964:
8957:
8943:
8939:
8929:
8927:
8916:
8912:
8902:
8900:
8885:
8881:
8871:
8869:
8853:
8852:
8848:
8838:
8836:
8821:
8817:
8807:
8805:
8790:
8786:
8776:
8774:
8760:
8753:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8730:
8724:
8720:
8710:
8708:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8677:
8662:
8658:
8648:
8646:
8633:
8632:
8628:
8618:
8616:
8607:
8606:
8602:
8592:
8590:
8575:
8571:
8561:
8560:
8556:
8546:
8544:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8516:
8514:
8501:
8500:
8496:
8486:
8484:
8469:
8465:
8455:
8453:
8438:
8434:
8427:
8413:
8409:
8399:
8397:
8384:
8383:
8379:
8372:
8358:
8354:
8344:
8342:
8327:
8323:
8316:
8302:
8298:
8281:
8277:
8268:
8264:
8254:
8252:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8234:(4): 1145–1170.
8224:
8217:
8207:
8205:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8181:Wayback Machine
8172:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8139:
8135:
8125:
8123:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8091:. 17 April 1998
8088:The Irish Times
8081:
8080:
8076:
8068:
8054:
8050:
8044:Wayback Machine
8035:
8031:
8021:
8019:
8004:
8000:
7990:
7988:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7952:
7950:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7911:
7907:
7896:
7892:
7882:
7880:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7806:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7778:
7776:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7746:
7731:
7727:
7717:
7715:
7698:
7694:
7685:Wayback Machine
7676:
7667:
7658:
7654:
7643:
7636:
7629:
7615:
7611:
7604:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7537:
7533:
7522:
7518:
7495:
7491:
7481:
7479:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7450:
7446:
7435:
7431:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7385:
7383:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7319:
7308:
7301:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7261:
7257:
7247:Wayback Machine
7238:
7234:
7224:Wayback Machine
7215:
7211:
7201:
7199:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7175:Wayback Machine
7166:
7162:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7128:
7124:
7114:Wayback Machine
7105:
7101:
7094:
7080:
7076:
7069:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7030:
7026:
7016:
7014:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6977:on 21 July 2010
6965:
6964:
6960:
6950:
6948:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6914:Wayback Machine
6905:
6901:
6895:Scarecrow Press
6888:
6884:
6871:
6867:
6857:
6855:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6830:
6816:
6812:
6805:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6712:History Ireland
6704:
6700:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6617:
6613:
6607:Wayback Machine
6596:
6589:
6576:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6470:
6459:
6450:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6426:
6424:
6417:The Irish Times
6409:
6405:
6400:(308): 422–433.
6390:
6386:
6379:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6325:
6321:
6311:
6309:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6265:
6256:
6245:
6241:
6235:Wayback Machine
6214:
6210:
6203:
6189:
6182:
6171:
6167:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6134:
6127:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6086:
6082:
6076:Wayback Machine
6066:
6062:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6014:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5988:
5979:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5955:
5942:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5813:The Irish Times
5805:
5801:
5794:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5755:Adams, R. J. Q.
5752:
5748:
5738:
5736:
5734:History Ireland
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5708:History Ireland
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5645:
5632:
5625:
5611:
5607:
5598:
5594:
5582:
5578:
5547:10.2307/1944652
5527:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5504:History Ireland
5496:
5492:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5444:
5437:
5414:10.2307/1394778
5406:Feminist Review
5398:
5394:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5334:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5273:
5269:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5231:
5227:
5212:
5198:
5194:
5159:
5155:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5068:
5064:
5055:
5051:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4984:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4841:
4831:
4827:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4685:
4681:
4642:
4638:
4596:
4592:
4580:
4571:
4563:, pp. 152–54: (
4558:
4554:
4547:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4508:
4499:
4488:
4484:
4473:
4469:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4367:(47): 185–208.
4353:
4346:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4310:
4306:
4293:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4235:
4231:
4220:New Left Review
4212:
4208:
4201:
4187:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4132:
4128:
4097:10.2307/1944652
4077:
4073:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3971:
3967:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3894:
3890:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3772:Thornley, David
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3746:
3730:
3726:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3623:
3612:
3575:(21): 127–146.
3565:
3561:
3554:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3438:Andrew Holmes.
3436:
3429:
3422:
3408:
3404:
3373:
3369:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3293:
3282:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3169:
3165:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3099:
3095:
3090:
2935:
2888:Get-Brexit-Done
2857:and behind the
2806:Protesting the
2800:
2794:
2788:on December 6.
2694:was flown from
2645:
2541:
2527:
2522:
2459:
2451:Denis Donaldson
2344:
2252:
2195:Irish Taoiseach
2175:
2114:
2078:Ulster Vanguard
2035:James Molyneaux
2001:
1996:
1976:five techniques
1884:The example of
1878:
1754:Pope John XXIII
1718:
1716:
1680:Communist Party
1633:Terence O'Neill
1629:
1550:Tommy Henderson
1534:
1462:Sir James Craig
1418:
1413:
1361:Éamon de Valera
1344:Coupon Election
1323:and Connolly's
1297:
1291:
1219:Ulster Covenant
1207:
1113:
1078:, in the great
1061:Catholic Church
1027:Exercising the
970:
968:Unionist labour
965:
937:
931:
889:William O'Brien
843:Horace Plunkett
789:
743:Thomas Sinclair
633:
565:Long Depression
523:Reform Act 1867
512:James MacKnight
497:Young Irelander
469:
422:New Reformation
380:
345:United Irishmen
337:Lord Lieutenant
296:communion (the
286:Irish Patriots.
262:
257:
236:and executive.
191:devolved powers
95:Ulster unionism
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12632:
12622:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12579:
12578:
12564:
12561:
12560:
12557:
12556:
12553:
12552:
12550:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12530:
12521:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12485:Heritage Sites
12482:
12477:
12472:
12466:
12464:
12460:
12459:
12457:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12424:
12419:
12412:
12406:
12404:
12398:
12397:
12395:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12343:
12341:
12335:
12334:
12332:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12309:Irish diaspora
12306:
12301:
12300:
12299:
12297:Gaelic Ireland
12289:
12283:
12281:
12275:
12274:
12272:
12271:
12266:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12238:
12231:
12224:
12223:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12196:
12194:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12168:
12167:
12157:
12150:
12144:
12142:
12136:
12135:
12133:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12110:
12105:
12099:
12097:
12091:
12090:
12088:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12066:
12064:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12054:
12049:
12040:
12038:Rose of Tralee
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12009:
12007:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11982:
11976:
11974:
11968:
11967:
11964:
11963:
11961:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11924:
11922:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11847:List of dishes
11843:
11841:
11834:
11824:
11823:
11811:
11810:
11807:
11806:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11766:
11765:
11763:D'Hondt method
11754:
11752:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11742:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11730:
11724:Seanad Éireann
11720:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11689:
11688:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11657:
11655:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11624:
11622:
11614:
11613:
11601:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11593:
11592:
11590:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11517:
11515:
11511:
11510:
11508:
11507:
11498:
11497:
11496:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11464:Extreme points
11461:
11456:
11454:Climate change
11451:
11445:
11443:
11435:
11434:
11422:
11421:
11418:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11272:1803 Rebellion
11269:
11264:
11262:1798 Rebellion
11259:
11254:
11249:
11247:Williamite War
11244:
11235:
11229:1641 Rebellion
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11209:Spanish Armada
11206:
11201:
11199:Tudor conquest
11196:
11191:
11189:Bruce campaign
11186:
11181:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11146:
11145:
11135:
11134:(1921–present)
11129:
11124:
11122:Irish Republic
11119:
11118:
11117:
11107:
11106:
11105:
11100:
11090:
11089:
11088:
11083:
11081:800–1169
11072:Gaelic Ireland
11069:
11064:
11059:
11053:
11051:
11041:
11040:
11028:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11016:
11007:
11004:
11003:
10993:
10992:
10985:
10978:
10970:
10961:
10960:
10957:
10956:
10941:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10924:
10922:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10883:
10877:
10873:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10859:
10857:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10828:
10822:
10818:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10798:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10740:
10734:
10730:
10729:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10686:
10684:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10674:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10653:
10652:
10641:
10635:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10623:
10618:
10612:
10610:
10606:
10605:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10569:
10563:
10559:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10551:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10538:
10536:
10535:
10530:
10524:
10518:
10514:
10513:
10510:
10509:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10476:National Front
10473:
10468:
10463:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10382:
10376:
10372:
10371:
10368:United Kingdom
10360:
10359:
10352:
10345:
10337:
10329:
10328:
10302:
10276:
10250:
10220:
10190:
10164:
10134:
10104:
10097:
10079:
10049:
10032:qub.ac.uk/cibr
10018:
10001:The Spectator]
9988:
9958:
9922:
9875:
9845:
9814:
9797:bbc.co.uk/news
9781:
9755:
9710:
9690:qub.ac.uk/cibr
9673:
9643:
9617:
9600:bbc.co.uk/news
9587:
9569:
9557:The Irish News
9543:
9529:
9503:
9477:
9459:
9418:
9387:
9356:
9325:
9318:
9300:
9281:
9262:
9255:
9237:
9222:
9215:
9189:
9182:
9164:
9139:
9106:
9075:
9068:
9050:
9024:
8993:
8962:
8955:
8937:
8910:
8879:
8846:
8815:
8784:
8751:
8718:
8687:
8656:
8626:
8600:
8569:
8566:. 5 June 2008.
8554:
8524:
8509:. 8 May 2007.
8494:
8463:
8432:
8425:
8407:
8377:
8370:
8352:
8321:
8315:978-1139502924
8314:
8296:
8275:
8262:
8237:
8215:
8185:
8166:
8133:
8102:
8074:
8066:
8048:
8029:
7998:
7960:
7930:
7923:
7905:
7890:
7864:(4): 486–507.
7841:
7834:
7816:
7786:
7756:
7725:
7692:
7665:
7652:
7634:
7627:
7609:
7602:
7584:
7577:
7556:
7549:
7531:
7516:
7489:
7459:
7444:
7429:
7393:
7363:
7356:
7338:
7331:
7306:
7299:
7280:
7273:
7255:
7232:
7209:
7183:
7160:
7147:
7140:
7122:
7099:
7092:
7074:
7067:
7049:
7042:
7024:
6988:
6958:
6922:
6899:
6882:
6880:, 2008) p. 176
6865:
6835:
6828:
6810:
6803:
6785:
6755:
6724:
6698:
6662:
6637:
6611:
6587:
6567:
6550:ianpaisley.org
6537:
6507:
6489:
6482:
6457:
6434:
6403:
6384:
6377:
6356:
6344:
6337:
6319:
6284:
6277:
6254:
6239:
6208:
6201:
6180:
6165:
6144:
6125:
6105:
6098:
6080:
6060:
6036:
6029:
6017:Jackson, Alvin
6008:
5995:
5986:
5973:
5964:
5940:
5885:
5859:
5850:
5843:
5825:
5799:
5792:
5774:
5767:
5746:
5720:
5694:
5664:
5657:
5630:
5623:
5605:
5592:
5576:
5541:(4): 564–573.
5521:
5490:
5473:
5435:
5392:
5379:
5344:
5317:
5310:
5292:
5285:
5267:
5252:
5245:
5225:
5210:
5192:
5153:
5114:
5107:
5089:
5082:
5062:
5049:
5028:
5021:
5003:
4996:
4975:
4962:
4932:
4925:
4902:
4895:
4877:
4870:
4851:
4825:
4770:
4763:
4745:
4719:
4698:
4679:
4636:
4590:
4586:Irish Unionism
4569:
4559:Byrne, J. J.:
4552:
4545:
4527:
4521:978-0717146499
4520:
4497:
4482:
4467:
4454:
4447:
4427:
4414:
4344:
4329:
4322:
4304:
4287:
4267:
4254:
4247:
4229:
4206:
4199:
4178:
4143:
4126:
4091:(4): 564–573.
4071:
4026:
4019:
4001:
3988:
3965:
3944:
3926:
3913:
3906:
3888:
3870:
3857:
3816:
3810:978-0719037764
3809:
3791:
3785:978-0261616561
3784:
3763:
3744:
3724:
3696:
3677:
3657:
3642:
3635:
3610:
3559:
3552:
3534:
3497:
3482:
3475:
3457:
3427:
3420:
3402:
3367:
3312:
3305:
3280:
3261:(3): 255–281.
3241:
3234:
3216:
3209:
3188:
3181:
3163:
3145:
3138:
3118:
3111:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3077:(2007–present)
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3035:(1978–present)
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3005:(1971–present)
2998:
2992:
2986:
2985:(1912–present)
2980:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2934:
2931:
2793:
2790:
2704:Irish language
2680:Orange marches
2644:
2641:
2625:vote transfers
2539:United Ireland
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2477:Robinson, and
2475:Peter Robinson
2458:
2455:
2387:d'Hondt method
2343:
2340:
2251:
2248:
2174:
2171:
2126:Lamh Dearg Abu
2120:Mural for the
2113:
2110:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1957:Brian Faulkner
1930:Imperial India
1877:
1874:
1804:Downing Street
1715:
1712:
1684:Betty Sinclair
1628:
1625:
1591:At the end of
1533:
1530:
1506:William Walker
1502:election agent
1458:Prime Minister
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1293:Main article:
1290:
1287:
1206:
1203:
1174:'s bombing of
1112:
1109:
1088:British Labour
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:was the last.
933:Main article:
930:
927:
919:George Wyndham
828:Arthur Balfour
809:Lord Salisbury
788:
785:
781:House of Lords
632:
629:
616:constitutional
468:
465:
379:
376:
355:in the South.
310:Roman Catholic
268:Detail of the
261:
258:
256:
253:
241:consociational
189:exercised the
131:First Minister
117:in a reformed
63:United Kingdom
39:United Ireland
26:
18:Irish unionism
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12631:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12576:
12575:
12562:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12542:Public houses
12540:
12538:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12467:
12465:
12461:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12433:
12430:
12429:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12417:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12405:
12403:
12399:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12340:
12336:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12284:
12282:
12280:
12276:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12264:
12260:
12258:
12257:
12253:
12251:
12250:
12246:
12244:
12243:
12239:
12237:
12236:
12232:
12230:
12229:
12225:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12202:
12201:
12198:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12189:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12166:
12163:
12162:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12155:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12145:
12143:
12141:
12137:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12115:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12096:
12092:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12059:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12010:
12008:
12004:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11987:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11977:
11975:
11973:
11969:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11925:
11923:
11919:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11816:
11812:
11798:
11797:Peace process
11795:
11793:
11790:
11786:
11783:
11782:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11759:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11751:
11747:
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11727:(upper house)
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11717:(lower house)
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11633:Republicanism
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11347:Peace process
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11328:
11327:The Emergency
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11307:Easter Rising
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11292:Fenian Rising
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11067:Early history
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10907:Republicanism
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10439:Britain First
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10421:
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10409:
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10396:Republicanism
10394:
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8615:. 7 June 2017
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6352:Derry Journal
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6163:. pp. 119–134
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5388:Irish Citizen
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4042:(XXIV-2): 2.
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3836:(1): 97–116.
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1981:
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1516:in 1913, the
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1220:
1216:
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1196:
1192:
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1177:
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980:In 1905, the
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946:
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814:
813:Dublin Castle
810:
806:
798:
793:
784:
782:
776:
771:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
748:Northern Whig
744:
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735:
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702:
698:
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644:Erin Go Bragh
641:
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628:
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624:1885 election
621:
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333:Dublin Castle
330:
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307:
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280:(1542–1800),
279:
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242:
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227:
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214:power-sharing
211:
206:
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196:
192:
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152:Conservatives
150:
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19:
12565:
12535: /
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12495:Homelessness
12414:
12382:Road bowling
12377:Martial arts
12324:Ulster Scots
12261:
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12240:
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12226:
12205:Mythological
12152:
12112:
12085:Ulster Scots
12045: /
11984:
11912:Three-in-One
11723:
11714:Dáil Éireann
11713:
11703:
11661:Constitution
11642:
11550: /
11521:Architecture
11503: /
11376:Other topics
11357:Celtic Tiger
11342:The Troubles
11240: /
11231: /
11177: /
11173: /
11074: /
11062:Protohistory
10942:
10892:Independence
10842:Partitionism
10799:
10749:Independence
10666:
10583:Independence
10495:
10458:
10319:. Retrieved
10314:
10305:
10293:. Retrieved
10288:
10279:
10267:. Retrieved
10264:the Guardian
10263:
10253:
10241:. Retrieved
10232:
10223:
10211:. Retrieved
10202:
10193:
10181:. Retrieved
10177:
10167:
10155:. Retrieved
10146:
10137:
10125:. Retrieved
10116:
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10088:
10082:
10070:. Retrieved
10061:
10052:
10040:. Retrieved
10031:
10021:
10009:. Retrieved
10000:
9991:
9979:. Retrieved
9971:The Guardian
9970:
9961:
9949:. Retrieved
9937:
9925:
9892:
9888:
9878:
9866:. Retrieved
9862:the original
9857:
9848:
9836:. Retrieved
9828:Irish Times]
9827:
9817:
9805:. Retrieved
9796:
9772:. Retrieved
9768:
9758:
9746:. Retrieved
9727:
9723:
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9701:. Retrieved
9689:
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9656:The Guardian
9655:
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9634:. Retrieved
9629:
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9608:. Retrieved
9599:
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9572:
9560:. Retrieved
9556:
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9532:
9520:. Retrieved
9516:
9506:
9494:. Retrieved
9480:
9462:
9450:. Retrieved
9438:
9411:23 September
9409:. Retrieved
9400:
9390:
9378:. Retrieved
9369:
9359:
9347:. Retrieved
9338:
9328:
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9240:
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9173:
9167:
9155:. Retrieved
9151:
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9130:. Retrieved
9118:
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9097:. Retrieved
9088:
9078:
9059:
9053:
9041:. Retrieved
9038:thedetail.tv
9037:
9027:
9015:. Retrieved
9006:
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8984:. Retrieved
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8928:. Retrieved
8913:
8901:. Retrieved
8892:
8882:
8870:. Retrieved
8858:
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8837:. Retrieved
8829:The Guardian
8828:
8818:
8806:. Retrieved
8797:
8787:
8775:. Retrieved
8742:. Retrieved
8721:
8709:. Retrieved
8700:
8690:
8678:. Retrieved
8669:
8659:
8647:. Retrieved
8638:
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8617:. Retrieved
8612:
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8591:. Retrieved
8582:
8572:
8563:
8557:
8545:. Retrieved
8536:
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8515:. Retrieved
8506:
8497:
8485:. Retrieved
8477:The Guardian
8476:
8466:
8454:. Retrieved
8446:The Guardian
8445:
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8398:. Retrieved
8389:
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8334:
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8249:
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8206:. Retrieved
8197:
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8157:. Retrieved
8146:
8136:
8124:. Retrieved
8116:The Guardian
8115:
8105:
8093:. Retrieved
8086:
8077:
8057:
8051:
8032:
8020:. Retrieved
8012:The Guardian
8011:
8001:
7989:. Retrieved
7972:
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7942:
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7881:. Retrieved
7861:
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7807:. Retrieved
7798:
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7777:. Retrieved
7768:
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7747:. Retrieved
7739:The Guardian
7738:
7728:
7716:. Retrieved
7705:
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7015:. Retrieved
7000:
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6979:. Retrieved
6975:the original
6970:
6961:
6949:. Retrieved
6934:
6925:
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6890:
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6876:(Edinburgh:
6873:
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6847:
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6788:
6776:. Retrieved
6767:
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6739:
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6715:. Retrieved
6711:
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6689:. Retrieved
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6628:. Retrieved
6624:
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6558:. Retrieved
6549:
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6528:. Retrieved
6519:
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6501:
6473:
6449:, retrieved
6444:
6437:
6425:. Retrieved
6416:
6411:Hume, John.
6406:
6397:
6393:
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6368:
6351:
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6310:. Retrieved
6301:
6297:
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6147:
6135:. Retrieved
6119:. Springer.
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5862:
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5812:
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5749:
5737:. Retrieved
5733:
5723:
5711:. Retrieved
5707:
5697:
5687:29 September
5685:. Retrieved
5667:
5648:
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5464:. Retrieved
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5361:
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4838:
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4732:
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4701:
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3879:Morley, John
3873:
3865:
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3833:
3829:
3819:
3800:
3794:
3775:
3766:
3756:27 September
3754:. Retrieved
3734:
3727:
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3689:27 September
3687:. Retrieved
3667:
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3525:. Retrieved
3513:
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3157:
3128:
3121:
3102:
3096:
3000:
2974:
2966:
2946:
2908:
2885:
2881:Act of Union
2874:
2863:
2847:
2832:
2828:
2813:
2786:royal assent
2773:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2742:
2729:
2727:
2712:
2700:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2633:
2629:
2602:
2598:
2582:
2566:
2550:
2510:Jim Allister
2503:
2492:
2472:
2460:
2439:
2427:
2420:
2404:
2392:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2346:SDLP leader
2345:
2330:
2307:
2295:legal advice
2288:
2265:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2211:
2191:Hillsborough
2184:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2086:
2067:
2059:
2055:Paddy Devlin
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2010:
1988:
1973:
1969:Provisionals
1950:
1922:
1918:Edward Heath
1883:
1879:
1859:
1836:
1813:
1801:
1785:
1762:
1740:
1708:The Troubles
1699:Eamon McCann
1688:
1669:
1661:
1637:
1630:
1606:
1593:World War II
1590:
1582:
1578:
1547:
1526:
1522:Irish Labour
1498:Labour Party
1478:
1435:
1431:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:Dáil Éireann
1341:
1325:Citizen Army
1318:
1313:Royal Assent
1306:
1281:through the
1264:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1188:
1165:
1161:nationalists
1149:
1137:Isabella Tod
1133:suffragettes
1130:
1122:
1084:
1076:James Larkin
1053:Thomas Sloan
1041:tenant right
1026:
1018:
986:Orange Order
979:
942:
938:
916:
893:
881:South Tyrone
866:
847:
839:South Dublin
832:
822:However, as
816:
803:Gladstone's
802:
795:Flag of the
778:
773:
769:
761:Episcopalian
746:
736:
721:
713:
678:
670:Orange Order
662:
649:
643:
639:
615:
613:
589:James Armour
562:
547:
526:
520:
481:Great Famine
478:
457:Orange-Order
453:Conservative
442:tenant-right
435:
419:
415:George Ensor
408:
389:
373:
365:Act of Union
357:
329:Presbyterian
326:
275:
238:
210:The Troubles
207:
203:
176:
154:against the
149:Orange Order
138:Presbyterian
135:
94:
93:in 1921, as
54:
53:
43:
12515:Place names
12392:Rugby union
12287:Anglo-Irish
12172:Instruments
12028:The Twelfth
11992:Set dancing
11792:LGBT rights
11698:LGBT rights
11628:Nationalism
11194:Black Death
10933:Plaid Cymru
10902:Nationalism
10832:Nationalism
10759:Nationalism
10662:Unification
10645:Nationalism
10578:Nationalism
10533:Nationalism
10391:Nationalism
10364:Nationalism
10183:16 November
10034:. msn.com.
9774:20 December
9517:Irish Times
9232:News Letter
8976:Irish Times
8701:Irish Times
8255:18 December
7991:18 December
7809:14 November
6848:Irish Times
6717:23 November
6137:22 November
5514:22 November
4844:25 February
4738:19 December
4407:3 September
3450:14 February
3083:(2013–2016)
3071:(1999–2008)
3065:(1998–2012)
3047:(1982–2001)
3041:(1980–1995)
3029:(1975–1984)
3023:(1974–1975)
3017:(1974–1981)
3011:(1973–1978)
2997:(1966–1971)
2991:(1942–1947)
2971:(1891–1922)
2963:(1886–1912)
2957:(1885–1891)
2951:(1835–1891)
2902:, withdrew
2754:and to the
2561:Nigel Dodds
2444:, a police
2435:Gerry Adams
2407:Sunningdale
2356:Sunningdale
2354:(GFA) was "
2207:secretariat
2138:Green Paper
2134:Direct Rule
2102:Mervyn Rees
2028:Dimension.'
1942:Third World
1907:Gerry Adams
1891:Suez Crisis
1816:Backbencher
1781:ecumenicism
1777:Henry Cooke
1758:Ian Paisley
1746:Seán Lemass
1073:syndicalist
1010:James Craig
990:Anglo-Irish
949:Denis Henry
799:, 1893–1907
657:Irish Peers
502:called the
500:Gavan Duffy
495:. What the
485:Westminster
451:, over the
427:Henry Cooke
369:Westminster
298:Anglo-Irish
282:Protestants
199:Westminster
177:Within the
164:World War I
12588:Categories
12416:Cláirseach
12319:Travellers
12177:Rock music
12160:Folk music
12095:Literature
11897:Soda bread
11780:Government
11707:parliament
11704:Oireachtas
11681:Government
11621:Ideologies
11252:Penal Laws
11143:since 1922
11057:Prehistory
10897:Devolution
10785:Alba Party
10754:Devolution
10650:Protestant
10588:Devolution
10528:Devolution
10471:Liberty GB
10423:Federalism
10321:3 February
10295:3 February
10233:Newsletter
10147:Newsletter
9562:7 December
9256:0413762602
8798:Irish News
8670:Irish News
8613:New Letter
7924:085034039X
7300:039534414X
6981:11 January
6951:11 January
6897:pp.177–178
6874:Lost Lives
6625:www.dib.ie
6030:0853894957
5739:19 January
5713:19 January
5658:0853071403
5624:0717116212
5022:0856402729
4997:0853157286
4764:0856404764
4546:1884836976
4248:0631160612
3979:The Glynns
3851:2164/11890
3717:. p.
3421:0856404578
3182:0521469449
3088:References
2904:Paul Givan
2692:Union Flag
2623:and, with
2529:See also:
2216:(UUP) and
2046:Republican
1953:internment
1886:Free Derry
1855:no-go area
1851:Free Derry
1454:Parliament
1260:conspiracy
1103:, and the
1067:and their
753:Unitarians
689:Manchester
593:Ballymoney
461:Ascendancy
446:free-trade
306:Dissenters
226:republican
12547:Squatting
12263:Fomorians
12192:Mythology
12062:Languages
12047:Halloween
12023:Bealtaine
12006:Festivals
11997:Stepdance
11902:Spice Bag
11887:Irish fry
11877:Colcannon
11852:Barmbrack
11775:Education
11733:President
11671:Education
11587:Transport
11562:Provinces
11484:Mountains
11459:Coastline
11431:Geography
11322:Civil War
11277:Tithe War
10715:Sinn FĂ©in
10406:Far-right
9917:234564336
9909:1775-4135
9310:A Journey
9127:0307-1235
9007:ark.ac.uk
8867:0307-1235
8772:0307-1235
7981:0307-1235
6655:9 January
6630:9 January
6579:CEB Brett
5982:The Times
5935:159910307
5919:0021-1214
5759:Bonar Law
5571:147674647
5555:0003-0554
5422:0141-7789
5179:0332-1169
5173:: 25–36.
5140:0332-1169
5134:: 31–39.
4858:See also
4820:191738907
4804:0021-1214
4674:165066800
4631:161352287
4397:157551170
4381:0021-1214
4121:147674647
4105:1537-5943
4066:198835229
4058:0248-9015
3954:cite book
3703:See also
3605:242303074
3589:0081-6477
3389:0488-0196
3362:153949973
3346:0080-4401
3267:0008-8080
2784:received
2728:The 2020
2696:City Hall
2467:Reg Empey
2409:, in the
2310:Reg Empey
2293:accepted
2289:The 2003
2269:Kate Hoey
2193:with the
1965:Officials
1925:Whitehall
1920:.
1743:Taoiseach
1656:John Hume
1648:Portadown
1642:, and to
1466:the Crown
1349:Sinn FĂ©in
1289:Partition
885:Cork City
864:of 1903.
765:Methodist
693:Liverpool
674:Rome Rule
666:Clydeside
605:Fermanagh
585:three F's
537:, of the
516:Orangemen
353:Loyalists
316:, of the
127:Sinn FĂ©in
91:Partition
12505:Monastic
12470:Calendar
12454:Shamrock
12449:Red Hand
12387:Rounders
12052:Wren Day
11986:Sean-nĂłs
11938:Guinness
11882:Drisheen
11758:Assembly
11740:Taxation
11643:Unionism
11610:Politics
11543:Counties
11287:Land War
11179:Clontarf
11175:Glenmama
11049:Timeline
10946:Unionism
10912:Unionism
10837:Loyalism
10803:Unionism
10769:Unionism
10733:Scottish
10672:Catholic
10667:Unionism
10600:Unionism
10499:Unionism
10418:Unionism
10401:Loyalism
10315:BBC News
10243:12 April
10237:Archived
10213:12 April
10207:Archived
10203:BBC News
10157:12 April
10151:Archived
10127:12 April
10121:Archived
10072:12 April
10066:Archived
10062:BBC News
10042:10 April
10036:Archived
10011:12 April
10005:Archived
9981:10 April
9975:Archived
9951:10 April
9942:Archived
9868:10 April
9858:BBC News
9838:12 April
9832:Archived
9807:10 April
9801:Archived
9769:agendaNi
9748:15 April
9742:Archived
9703:10 April
9694:Archived
9660:Archived
9610:10 April
9604:Archived
9582:BBC News
9522:18 April
9496:17 April
9490:Archived
9470:Archived
9452:25 April
9443:Archived
9405:Archived
9380:25 April
9374:Archived
9349:25 April
9343:Archived
9292:Archived
9273:Archived
9099:18 April
9093:Archived
9043:19 April
9017:23 April
9011:Archived
8986:18 April
8980:Archived
8924:Archived
8903:18 April
8897:Archived
8839:18 April
8833:Archived
8808:18 April
8802:Archived
8744:19 April
8735:Archived
8711:18 April
8705:Archived
8680:18 April
8674:Archived
8649:12 April
8643:Archived
8639:BBC News
8587:Archived
8564:BBC News
8541:Archived
8537:BBC News
8517:3 August
8511:Archived
8481:Archived
8450:Archived
8400:31 March
8394:Archived
8345:20 April
8339:Archived
8202:Archived
8177:Archived
8153:Archived
8120:Archived
8040:Archived
8016:Archived
7985:Archived
7947:Archived
7943:BBC News
7878:55953265
7803:Archived
7773:Archived
7749:28 April
7743:Archived
7718:25 April
7712:Archived
7681:Archived
7505:: 1–26.
7482:18 April
7476:Archived
7422:31 March
7413:Archived
7386:31 March
7380:Archived
7243:Archived
7220:Archived
7202:28 March
7196:Archived
7171:Archived
7110:Archived
7017:27 March
7011:Archived
7002:BBC News
6945:Archived
6936:BBC News
6910:Archived
6858:25 March
6852:Archived
6778:18 March
6772:Archived
6691:18 March
6682:Archived
6603:Archived
6560:18 March
6554:Archived
6530:18 March
6524:Archived
6427:20 March
6421:Archived
6306:Archived
6231:Archived
6131:Archived
6072:Archived
5927:20720274
5878:22 March
5872:Archived
5757:(1999).
5681:Archived
5508:Archived
5460:Archived
5366:Archived
5331:Archived
5220:31929903
5187:23199761
5148:24897202
4969:17 April
4812:30005305
4712:14 March
4695:: 27–38.
4666:41414787
4623:30008563
4584:(1920),
4401:Archived
4389:30006439
4162:Archived
3881:(1903).
3774:(1964).
3750:Archived
3683:Archived
3597:20496179
3518:Archived
3444:Archived
3397:29742843
3275:25014571
2839:Brussels
2470:peace".
2326:populism
2148:Loyalism
1828:Bannside
1736:Troubles
1732:newsreel
1682:veteran
1621:Poor Law
1470:Governor
1446:dominion
1383:Dominion
1021:Catholic
906:and Dr.
681:Anglican
581:Land Act
569:Land War
527:devolved
449:Liberals
343:, these
294:Anglican
160:loyalist
146:Anglican
142:Liberals
103:devolved
89:. Since
71:Scotland
12475:Castles
12402:Symbols
12372:Hurling
12357:Camogie
12256:Firbolg
12242:Immrama
12235:Echtrai
12165:session
12148:Ballads
12125:Theatre
12114:Gaeilge
12108:Fiction
12043:Samhain
11958:Whiskey
11832:Cuisine
11820:Culture
11770:Economy
11666:Economy
11474:Islands
11449:Climate
11442:Natural
11037:History
10997:Ireland
10710:Saoradh
10562:English
10517:Cornish
10460:Candour
10411:Fascism
10375:British
10366:in the
9666:9 April
9636:9 April
9132:11 June
8930:18 July
8872:11 June
8619:9 April
8593:5 April
8547:7 April
8487:6 April
8456:6 April
8208:4 April
8159:5 April
8126:5 April
8095:5 April
8072:pp. 173
8058:Paisley
8022:4 April
7883:4 April
7779:1 April
6920:(CAIN).
6748:15 June
6451:1 March
6312:30 June
5818:28 July
5563:1944652
5466:8 March
5430:1394778
5372:8 March
5337:9 April
5167:Saothar
5128:Saothar
4689:Saothar
4113:1944652
3527:3 March
3354:3679381
2688:Ardoyne
2578:Lisburn
2157:(UPA).
2039:primary
1704:Bogside
1492:in the
1464:), and
1342:In the
1329:Belgium
1141:Commons
900:Belfast
873:crofter
685:Glasgow
563:In the
545:(IPP).
193:of the
168:Belfast
67:England
61:of the
12480:Cinema
12279:People
12228:Aos SĂ
12215:Ulster
12210:Fenian
12200:Cycles
12130:Triads
12120:Poetry
12103:Annals
12080:Shelta
12033:LĂşnasa
12013:Imbolc
11948:PoitĂn
11928:Coffee
11921:Drinks
11872:Coddle
11538:Cities
11489:Rivers
11479:Loughs
11164:Events
11022:topics
11014:topics
11000:topics
10938:Propel
10821:Ulster
10695:ÉirĂgĂ
10269:15 May
10095:
9915:
9907:
9316:
9253:
9213:
9180:
9157:15 May
9125:
9066:
8953:
8865:
8777:7 July
8770:
8423:
8368:
8312:
8290:
8064:
7979:
7953:31 May
7921:
7876:
7832:
7625:
7600:
7575:
7547:
7354:
7329:
7297:
7271:
7230:(CAIN)
7181:(CAIN)
7138:
7120:(CAIN)
7090:
7065:
7040:
6826:
6801:
6480:
6375:
6335:
6275:
6222:
6199:
6159:
6123:
6096:
6054:
6027:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5841:
5790:
5765:
5655:
5621:
5569:
5561:
5553:
5428:
5420:
5308:
5283:
5243:
5218:
5208:
5185:
5177:
5146:
5138:
5105:
5080:
5019:
4994:
4960:
4923:
4893:
4868:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4761:
4672:
4664:
4629:
4621:
4543:
4518:
4445:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4320:
4282:
4245:
4197:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4064:
4056:
4017:
3942:
3904:
3807:
3782:
3742:
3675:
3633:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3550:
3473:
3418:
3395:
3387:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3303:
3273:
3265:
3232:
3207:
3179:
3136:
3109:
2824:Dublin
2820:Brexit
2780:. The
2570:Antrim
2537:, and
2104:, the
1938:Cyprus
1936:or in
1824:Labour
1775:, Dr.
1644:Lurgan
1450:Ottawa
1440:, the
1387:Canada
1168:Carson
1099:, the
945:gentry
757:Tories
609:Tyrone
597:Armagh
245:Brexit
12510:Names
12463:Other
12427:Flags
12339:Sport
12292:Gaels
12220:Kings
12154:CĂ©ilĂ
12140:Music
12075:Irish
11972:Dance
11933:Cream
11867:Champ
11862:Boxty
11785:local
11686:local
11572:Towns
11557:Ports
11514:Human
11469:Fauna
10928:Gwlad
10876:Welsh
10690:AontĂş
10634:Irish
9945:(PDF)
9934:(PDF)
9913:S2CID
9730:(2).
9697:(PDF)
9686:(PDF)
9446:(PDF)
9435:(PDF)
9209:–59.
8738:(PDF)
8731:(PDF)
7874:S2CID
7416:(PDF)
7405:(PDF)
6736:(PDF)
6685:(PDF)
6674:(PDF)
6304:(1).
5931:S2CID
5923:JSTOR
5673:PRONI
5567:S2CID
5559:JSTOR
5458:(1).
5426:JSTOR
5364:(1).
5183:JSTOR
5144:JSTOR
5047:p. 73
4816:S2CID
4808:JSTOR
4670:S2CID
4662:JSTOR
4627:S2CID
4619:JSTOR
4393:S2CID
4385:JSTOR
4171:3 May
4165:(PDF)
4158:(PDF)
4117:S2CID
4109:JSTOR
4062:S2CID
3601:S2CID
3593:JSTOR
3521:(PDF)
3510:(PDF)
3393:JSTOR
3358:S2CID
3350:JSTOR
3271:JSTOR
2925:of a
2850:EU 27
2735:Scots
1802:At a
1793:rates
1730:1971
705:Cavan
601:Cavan
438:Whigs
101:as a
75:Wales
59:crown
12329:Yola
11943:Mist
11907:Stew
11840:Food
11494:list
10323:2024
10297:2024
10271:2022
10245:2020
10215:2020
10185:2021
10159:2020
10129:2020
10093:ISBN
10074:2020
10044:2020
10013:2020
9983:2020
9953:2020
9905:ISSN
9870:2020
9840:2020
9809:2020
9776:2022
9750:2020
9728:XXII
9705:2020
9668:2020
9638:2020
9612:2020
9564:2022
9524:2020
9498:2015
9454:2020
9413:2019
9382:2020
9351:2020
9314:ISBN
9251:ISBN
9211:ISBN
9178:ISBN
9159:2022
9134:2023
9123:ISSN
9101:2020
9064:ISBN
9045:2020
9019:2020
8988:2020
8951:ISBN
8932:2020
8905:2020
8874:2023
8863:ISSN
8841:2020
8810:2020
8779:2024
8768:ISSN
8746:2020
8713:2020
8682:2020
8651:2020
8621:2020
8595:2020
8549:2020
8519:2021
8489:2020
8458:2020
8421:ISBN
8402:2020
8366:ISBN
8347:2020
8310:ISBN
8288:ISBN
8257:2023
8210:2020
8161:2020
8128:2020
8097:2020
8062:ISBN
8024:2020
7993:2019
7977:ISSN
7955:2013
7919:ISBN
7885:2020
7830:ISBN
7811:2019
7781:2020
7751:2020
7720:2020
7623:ISBN
7598:ISBN
7573:ISBN
7545:ISBN
7484:2020
7424:2020
7388:2020
7352:ISBN
7327:ISBN
7295:ISBN
7269:ISBN
7204:2020
7136:ISBN
7088:ISBN
7063:ISBN
7038:ISBN
7019:2020
6983:2015
6953:2015
6860:2020
6824:ISBN
6799:ISBN
6780:2020
6750:2015
6719:2023
6693:2020
6657:2023
6632:2023
6577:See
6562:2020
6532:2020
6478:ISBN
6453:2024
6429:2021
6373:ISBN
6333:ISBN
6314:2021
6273:ISBN
6220:ISBN
6197:ISBN
6157:ISBN
6139:2020
6121:ISBN
6094:ISBN
6052:ISBN
6025:ISBN
5915:ISSN
5880:2020
5839:ISBN
5820:2023
5788:ISBN
5763:ISBN
5741:2024
5715:2024
5689:2012
5653:ISBN
5619:ISBN
5551:ISSN
5516:2019
5468:2020
5418:ISSN
5374:2020
5339:2020
5306:ISBN
5281:ISBN
5241:ISBN
5216:OCLC
5206:ISBN
5175:ISSN
5136:ISSN
5103:ISBN
5078:ISBN
5017:ISBN
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