112:
191:
299:
and intended as a replacement for
Christianity, and was replete with ceremonious destruction of Christian relics, conversion of churches into Temples of Reason and the personification of Reason as a goddess; it also held such festivities as the Festival of Reason (or Festival of Liberty), dated on 10
393:) Masonic organization maintains a strongly secular stance in the public eye and has been frequently accused of a strong anti-Christian position by Roman Catholic apologists and clergy.
328:
and onward. French atheists participated in the increasingly popular political movements which sought for greater economic and political parity in society, the most notable being the
1067:
198:
Prior to the
Enlightenment, those who embraced a non-theistic belief were regarded as being immoral or amoral, and profession of atheism was considered to be a punishable crime.
1082:
1034:
931:
360:
363:
was passed, establishing state secularism in the country and preventing interaction between religious communities and the government, except through religious organizations.
1039:
891:
366:
Following the wars, atheists and secular humanists became increasingly involved in defining and interpreting the existence of humanity and the individual, among them being
1044:
961:
279:
The French
Revolution marked a turning point for the ascendancy of atheism to a preeminent position as a cognitive and cultural stance against papal supremacy and the
1072:
274:
1092:
1077:
1024:
976:
971:
1062:
1001:
911:
789:
779:
774:
769:
300:
November (20 Brumaire) 1793. The Cult of Reason, which strongly advocated the destruction of
Christian and theistic cultural influences by force, was opposed to
1087:
1029:
966:
916:
854:
814:
906:
440:
421:
130:
has a long history and a large demographic constitution, with the advancement of atheism and the deprecation of theistic religion dating back as far as the
483:
Woorke concerning the
Trewnesse of the Christian Religion, written in French; Against Atheists, Epicures, Paynims, Iewes, Mahumetists, and other infidels
351:(and their respective affiliated lodges) due to the departure of the GOdF from the theistic requirement of belief in a Supreme Being for all members.
324:
Even after the
Thermidorean Reaction ended the revolutionary anti-clerical manifestations, the movement for secularization continued during the
611:
347:, allowed those who had no belief in a Supreme being to be admitted as members, resulting in an ongoing schism between the GOdF and the
134:. In 2015, according to estimates, at least 29% of the country's population identifies as atheists and 63% identifies as non-religious.
263:
741:
869:
316:
through their execution of HĂ©bert and several of his followers on 24 March 1794, having ascended just seven months earlier.
799:
1006:
819:
604:
844:
386:, has enlivened the debate over the issue of religious liberty, expression and atheistic rationalism in France.
1113:
926:
348:
210:
194:
Monument to the
Chevalier de La Barre, Paris, 18th arrondissement at Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre, circa 1906
1118:
649:
597:
246:, which sought to challenge religious, particularly Catholic, dogma: "Reason is to the estimation of the
44:
734:
313:
991:
639:
511:
329:
305:
28:
921:
901:
881:
784:
292:
896:
644:
516:
111:
60:
250:
what grace is to the
Christian", he wrote. "Grace determines the Christian's action; reason the
946:
804:
634:
390:
340:
116:
951:
864:
859:
849:
834:
829:
824:
809:
794:
764:
727:
703:
524:
344:
308:, which was considered a deistic cult which referred back to the theism of Christianity. The
996:
986:
956:
941:
936:
886:
750:
397:
8:
981:
876:
254:". Diderot was briefly imprisoned for his writing, some of which was banned and burned.
682:
677:
620:
480:
80:
190:
687:
661:
280:
131:
90:
569:
288:
505:
371:
202:
178:), in the sense of "one who denies or disbelieves the existence of God", predates
656:
405:
401:
155:
70:
242:
543:
471:
367:
325:
309:
284:
343:(GOdF), the largest Masonic body, at the instigation of the Protestant priest
1107:
475:
383:
333:
233:
296:
409:
172:
549:
301:
719:
209:
and burnt in 1546 on a charge of atheism; in 1766, the French nobleman
206:
121:
No being on Earth has any relation to a deity in the depths of infinity
589:
218:
226:
222:
283:
across Europe and throughout the world. Now known as the atheist
214:
441:"La carte de l'athéisme dans le monde : la France numéro 4"
382:
The 21st century, beginning with the advent of the
American-led
275:
Dechristianisation of France during the French
Revolution
236:(1713–1784), one of the Enlightenment's most prominent
470:
400:
is an atheist with a Catholic upbringing. President
229:
tried unsuccessfully to have the sentence reversed.
504:
503:
361:law on the Separation of the State and the Church
1105:
182:in English, being first attested in about 1571.
142:
735:
605:
257:
217:, beheaded, and his body burned for alleged
170:
153:
742:
728:
612:
598:
556:The Atheistes which say..there is no God.
487:Athisme, that is to say, vtter godlesnes.
312:was finally ended by Robespierre and the
749:
225:, a case that became celebrated because
189:
110:
542:
492:De la verite de la religion chrestienne
264:Atheism in the Age of the Enlightenment
1106:
619:
548:The Psalmes of David and others, with
459:
404:is agnostic, although he converted to
723:
593:
525:participating institution membership
268:
21:Religion in France (September 2019)
232:Among those accused of atheism was
13:
412:is an open and outspoken atheist.
14:
1130:
377:
354:
319:
185:
562:
531:
497:
433:
408:as a teenager. Mayor of Paris
1:
427:
349:United Grand Lodge of England
240:, and editor-in-chief of the
485:. London. pp. xx. 310.
151:was derived from the French
7:
650:Eastern Orthodoxy in France
415:
143:Renaissance and Reformation
53: Other Christians (2%)
10:
1135:
314:Committee of Public Safety
272:
261:
137:
1053:
1015:
757:
696:
670:
627:
512:Oxford English Dictionary
330:French Revolution of 1848
306:Cult of the Supreme Being
287:ideology, established by
258:Enlightenment-era atheism
211:François-Jean de la Barre
293:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
37: Unaffiliated (40%)
645:Protestantism in France
559:Translated from French.
554:. pp. Ep. Ded. 3.
517:Oxford University Press
389:To this day, the GOdF (
370:writer and philosopher
800:Bosnia and Herzegovina
635:Christianity in France
391:Grand Orient de France
341:Grand Orient de France
195:
171:
154:
124:
117:Pere-Lachaise Cemetery
751:Irreligion in Europe
704:Scientology in France
640:Catholicism in France
193:
114:
105: Undeclared (1%)
1114:Irreligion in France
709:Irreligion in France
128:Irreligion in France
1016:States with limited
515:(Online ed.).
1119:Religion in France
683:Buddhism in France
678:Hinduism in France
621:Religion in France
570:""The Philosophe""
196:
125:
1101:
1100:
717:
716:
688:Sikhism in France
662:Judaism in France
523:(Subscription or
398:François Hollande
396:Former president
281:Holy Roman Empire
269:French Revolution
132:French Revolution
1126:
1054:Dependencies and
758:Sovereign states
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535:
529:
528:
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508:
501:
495:
489:
463:
457:
456:
454:
452:
437:
422:Union des athées
372:Jean-Paul Sartre
345:Frédéric Desmons
297:their supporters
176:
159:
104:
99: Other (5%)
98:
88:
78:
68:
58:
52:
42:
36:
26:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
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1103:
1102:
1097:
1055:
1049:
1035:Northern Cyprus
1017:
1011:
932:North Macedonia
753:
748:
718:
713:
692:
666:
657:Islam in France
623:
618:
588:
578:
576:
574:www.pinzler.com
568:
567:
563:
552:'s commentaries
544:Golding, Arthur
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532:
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502:
498:
490:Translation of
472:Golding, Arthur
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434:
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418:
402:Emmanuel Macron
380:
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161:in about 1587.
145:
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115:Columbarium of
109:
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12:
11:
5:
1132:
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1080:
1075:
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1056:other entities
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1007:United Kingdom
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904:
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867:
862:
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847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:Czech Republic
817:
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724:
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671:Dharmic/Indian
668:
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631:
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379:
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368:existentialist
356:
353:
326:Napoleonic era
321:
318:
310:Cult of Reason
289:Jacques HĂ©bert
285:Cult of Reason
273:Main article:
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262:Main article:
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187:
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144:
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101:
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49:
39:
33:
29:Roman Catholic
23:
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18:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
1131:
1120:
1117:
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1068:Faroe Islands
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1040:South Ossetia
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892:Liechtenstein
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476:Philip Sidney
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419:
413:
411:
407:
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394:
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387:
385:
384:War on Terror
375:
373:
369:
364:
362:
359:In 1905, the
352:
350:
346:
342:
339:In 1877, the
337:
335:
334:Paris Commune
331:
327:
317:
315:
311:
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303:
298:
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286:
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276:
265:
255:
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234:Denis Diderot
230:
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203:Étienne Dolet
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119:, on right: "
118:
113:
92:
82:
72:
62:
46:
30:
22:
16:
1045:Transnistria
839:
708:
577:. Retrieved
573:
564:
555:
547:
538:
537:Rendered as
533:
510:
499:
491:
486:
479:
466:
465:Rendered as
461:
449:. Retrieved
444:
435:
410:Anne Hidalgo
395:
388:
381:
378:21st century
365:
358:
355:20th century
338:
323:
320:19th century
278:
252:philosophe's
251:
247:
243:Encyclopédie
241:
237:
231:
200:
197:
186:Persecutions
179:
169:
165:
163:
152:
148:
146:
127:
126:
120:
20:
15:
1083:Isle of Man
1018:recognition
992:Switzerland
927:Netherlands
447:(in French)
406:Catholicism
302:Robespierre
238:philosophes
1108:Categories
962:San Marino
922:Montenegro
902:Luxembourg
882:Kazakhstan
785:Azerbaijan
527:required.)
428:References
248:philosophe
168:(from Fr.
61:Protestant
1073:Gibraltar
897:Lithuania
628:Abrahamic
579:28 August
550:J. Calvin
539:Atheistes
506:"atheist"
451:28 August
336:of 1871.
219:vandalism
207:strangled
164:The term
147:The word
1093:Svalbard
1078:Guernsey
1025:Abkhazia
977:Slovenia
972:Slovakia
947:Portugal
805:Bulgaria
546:(1571).
481:Mornay's
478:(1587).
416:See also
332:and the
227:Voltaire
223:crucifix
215:tortured
201:Scholar
156:athéisme
81:Buddhist
45:Orthodox
1002:Ukraine
952:Romania
912:Moldova
870:Ireland
865:Iceland
860:Hungary
850:Germany
845:Georgia
835:Finland
830:Estonia
825:Denmark
810:Croatia
795:Belgium
790:Belarus
780:Austria
775:Armenia
770:Andorra
765:Albania
494:(1581).
467:Athisme
180:atheism
166:atheist
149:atheism
138:History
1088:Jersey
1030:Kosovo
997:Turkey
987:Sweden
967:Serbia
957:Russia
942:Poland
937:Norway
917:Monaco
887:Latvia
855:Greece
840:France
815:Cyprus
697:Others
213:, was
103:
97:
91:Jewish
89:
87:
79:
77:
71:Muslim
69:
67:
59:
57:
51:
43:
41:
35:
27:
25:
1063:Ă…land
982:Spain
907:Malta
877:Italy
521:
445:L'Obs
221:of a
173:athée
31:(41%)
581:2021
453:2021
295:and
205:was
93:(1%)
83:(1%)
73:(5%)
63:(2%)
47:(2%)
304:'s
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572:.
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443:.
374:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
