Judge - Knowledge

2241: 433: 1139: 1977: 1924: 771: 534: 45: 1720:" In legal writing, the post-nominal letter "J" is used to denote a Justice (male or female) of the High Court; for example, a Justice Smith is referred to as Smith J. Unlike American English, no comma is used to offset the letter J from the Justice's name. The full stop after the preceding examples terminates the sentence, not the abbreviation, and the abbreviation can be used mid-sentence in prose in formal legal writing. 1997:, the largest unified trial court in the United States, has a rule that the judge shall be addressed only as "Your Honor" while in court, and never as "Judge", "Judge (name)", "ma'am", or "sir". This is somewhat unusual as "Judge" and "Judge (name)" or similar forms of address are considered appropriate and respectful in many other courts. 313:. Thus, in many jurisdictions judges may be appointed for life, so that they cannot be removed by the executive. However, in non-democratic systems, the appointment of judges may be highly politicized and they often receive instructions on how to judge, and may be removed if their conduct does not please the political leadership. 2150:. They typically do not receive the honorific forms of address nor do they bear the symbolic trappings of a publicly appointed judge. However, it is now common for many retired judges to serve as arbitrators, and they will often write their names as if they were still judges, with the parenthetical "(Ret.)" for "Retired". 2198:

The title for most puisne judges is "Justice", which is abbreviated in law reports to a postnominal "J", in the form "Surname J". Chief Justices of the High Court and of state Supreme Courts are titled "Chief Justice", which is abbreviated in law reports to a postnomial "CJ". Judges in State Supreme

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judges are called Justices of the Supreme Court. Justices of the Supreme Court who do not hold life peerages are now given the courtesy style "Lord" or "Lady". Justices of the Supreme Court are addressed as "My Lord/Lady" in court. In the law reports, the Justices of the Supreme Court are usually

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These drawings were taken from life in 1758. From left to right, top row: 1. Interpreter, Rhowangee Sewagee. 2. Judge of the Hindoo Law, Antoba Crustnagee Pundit. 3. Hindoo Officer, Lellather Chatta Bhutt. From left to right, bottom row: 4. Officer to the Mooremen, Mahmoud Ackram of the Codjee order

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The ultimate task of a judge is to settle a legal dispute in a final and publicly lawful manner in agreement with substantial partialities. Judges exercise significant governmental power. They can order police, military or judicial officials to execute searches, arrests, imprisonments, garnishments,

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inverts this usual order. The initial trial court in this state is called the Supreme Court of New York, and its judges are called "justices". The next highest appellate court is the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, whose judges are also called "justices". However, the highest court in New York

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found significant positive effects on the performance of state Supreme Courts with mandatory retirement age for judges. The authors advocated the adoption of mandatory retirement ages for all federal and state judges, although they felt, that the individual authorities should decide on the specific

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Judges must be able to research and process extensive lengths of documents, witness testimonies, and other case material, understand complex cases and possess a thorough understanding of the law and legal procedure, which requires excellent skills in logical reasoning, analysis and decision-making.

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would warn that the cited opinion is not the majority opinion with the parenthetical notation "Scalia, J., dissenting". The plural form is JJ. Unlike British English, this abbreviation style is used only in case citations, and is not used mid-sentence in regular prose (as distinguished from case

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are now addressed as "Your Honour". In legal contexts, they are referred to as "His/Her Honour" and "the Honourable Justice Surname" (for judges of superior courts) or "his/her Honour Judge Surname" (for inferior courts). Outside legal contexts, the formal terms of address are "Judge" (for puisne

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Unlike many civil law countries which have some courts on which panels of judges with nearly equal status composed of both legally trained professional judges and lay judges who lack legal training and are not career judges, the United States legal system (like most Anglo-American legal systems)

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detainment, seizures, deportations and similar actions. However, judges also supervise that trial procedures are followed, in order to ensure consistency and impartiality and avoid arbitrariness. The powers of a judge are checked by higher courts such as appeals courts and supreme courts.

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Courts with a separate Court of Appeal division (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia) are referred to as Justices/Judges of the Appeal (abbreviated "Surname JA"), while the President of the Court of Appeal is referred to as "President" (abbreviated "Surname P").

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Excellent writing skills are also a necessity, given the finality and authority of the documents written. Judges work with people all the time; by the nature of the job, good dispute resolution and interpersonal skills are a necessity. Judges are required to have

2274:, translated as 'Your Honor') or "Meritíssimo" ('Honorable', but it is used as a pronoun also translated as 'Your Honor'). Judges that are part of a panel in a State Court, or Federal Court are called "desembargadores". Judges sitting in the higher courts ( 1886:

Generally, it is only appropriate to use the term "judge" when speaking of an anonymous or general position, such as "the trial judge", or when referring to a member of an inferior or provincial court such as the Ontario Court of Justice. The exception is

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referred to as "Lord/Lady N", although the Weekly Law Reports appends the post-nominal letters "JSC" (e.g. "Lady Smith JSC"). The President and Deputy President of the Court are afforded the post-nominal letters PSC and DPSC respectively. Only experienced

255:(civil law), as in effect in continental Europe, there is no jury and the main factfinder is the judge, who will do the presiding, judging and sentencing on his own. As such, the judge is expected to apply the law directly, as in the French expression 1992:

throughout the United States, a judge is addressed as "Your Honor" or "Judge" when presiding over the court. "Judge" may be more commonly used by attorneys and staff, while either may be commonly used by the plaintiff or defendant. Notably, the

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citations dropped into sentences as parentheticals). Thus, a prose sentence discussing the actual contents of a dissenting opinion right before a case citation to that opinion would refer to the reasoning of "Justice Scalia", not "Scalia, J."

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In general, Canadian judges may be addressed directly, depending on the province, as "My Lord", "My Lady", "Your Honour" or "Justice" and are formally referred to in the third person as "The Honourable Mr. (or Madam) Justice 'Forename

1855:" When referred to in a decision of a court, judges' titles are often abbreviated to the suffix "J.", so that Justice Smith will be referred to as Smith J. Judges in some superior courts are addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady". In 2139:" (ALJs) in US practice. Historically, such officials were previously known as hearing examiners or referees before American English settled on the ALJ title. They commonly make initial determinations regarding matters such as 2158:. Most but not all US judges have professional credentials as lawyers. Non-lawyer judges in the United States are often elected, and are typically either justices of the peace or part-time judges in rural limited jurisdiction 2016:

and Justices of other courts are addressed as "Justice (name)". The Chief Justice of the United States is formally addressed as "Mr. or Madam Chief Justice" but also may be identified and addressed as "Chief Justice (name)".

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A district judge (magistrates' court) is addressed as "Your Worship". A lay magistrate, in cases where they are present, is also addressed as "Your Worship", and may use the post-nominals "LM", e.g. "John Smith LM".

326:, i.e. there must be no history of crime. Professional judges often enjoy a high salary, in the U.S. the median salary of judges is $ 101,690 per annum, and federal judges earn $ 208,000–$ 267,000 per annum. 2958: 823:

were "relics of the colonial past". The resolution has since been circulated to all state councils and the Supreme Court for adoption but over five years now, the resolution largely remained on paper.

1573: 498:. The long wig often associated with judges is now reserved for ceremonial occasions, although it was part of the standard attire in previous centuries. A short wig resembling but not identical to a 1742:

are addressed as "Your Honour". Circuit judges are referred to as "His/Her Honour Judge N". In writing, this title is occasionally abbreviated as "HHJ" or "HH Judge N", but not in legal writing.

243:(common law), as in effect in the U.S. and England, the judge functions as an impartial referee, mainly ensuring correct procedure, while the prosecution and the defense present their case to a 1806:

is very similar to that of England and Wales, and superior court judges are addressed the same way as those in England and Wales. However, there are a few differences at the lower levels.

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In the United States, federal judges are appointed "for good behavior", which means in practice, that federal judges work until they die, voluntarily retire or are impeached. The death of

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and Recorder of Londonderry (or Derry) respectively, but are addressed the same as other county court judges. A district judge sitting in the County Court is addressed as "Your Honour".

1058:, a tradition directly attributable to England. There is some resistance to this on religious grounds but more or less continues till this day. In lower courts, judges are addressed as 2942: 2899: 2176: 2585: 1591:'Your Honour') is used for criminal cases only with the one judge presiding. For civil, commercial and criminal cases presided over by a panel of judges the right address is 266:. Unlike professional judges, lay judges are not legally trained, but unlike jurors, lay judges are usually volunteers and may be politically appointed. Judges are often assisted by 1729: 1910:

is referred to as "Master". As of December 7, 2018, Ontario Court Masters are addressed in English as "Your Honour" and in French as "Votre Honneur" and no longer as "Master".

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The court usually has three main legally trained court officials: the judge, the prosecutor and the defence attorney. The role of a judge varies between legal systems. In an

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judge, and they are addressed and titled the same way as a circuit judge is in England and Wales. The senior county court judges assigned to the county court divisions of

1896: 1705:, are referred to as "Lord Justice N" or "Lady Justice N". In legal writing, Lords Justices of Appeal are afforded the post nominal letters "LJ": for example, Smith LJ. 412:. As of 2015, 33 States and the District of Columbia had mandatory retirement ages for State court judges, which ranged from 70 to 75 for most (but is as high as 90 in 2874: 1218:

There is no special form of address; ordinary politeness is sufficient and the procedure lacks arcane rituals. Accordingly, the chairman of the panel is addressed as

454:(a ceremonial hammer) are used by judges in many countries, to the point that the gavel has become a symbol of a judge. In many parts of the world, judges wear long 262:

Judges may work alone in smaller cases, but in criminal, family and other significant cases, they work in a panel. In some civil law systems, this panel may include

247:, often selected from common citizens. The main factfinder is the jury, and the judge will then finalize sentencing. Nevertheless, in smaller cases judges can issue 2966: 2622: 2105:

case-by-case basis, particularly in cases where a great deal of detailed and tedious evidence must be reviewed, are often called "masters" or "special masters".

2162:. A non-lawyer judge typically has the same rights and responsibilities as a lawyer who is a judge holding the same office and is addressed in the same manner. 259:("The judge is the mouth of the law"). Furthermore, in some systems even investigations may be conducted by the judge, functioning as an examining magistrate. 815:

or any equivalent phrase in the regional language concerned. Explaining the rationale behind the move, the Bar Council had held that the words such as

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Individuals with judicial responsibilities who report to an executive branch official, rather than being a part of the judiciary, are often called "

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Judges who derive their authority from a contractual agreement of the parties to a dispute, rather than a governmental body, are called

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or priesthood of the cast of Moormens. 5. Judge of the Mohomedan Law, Cajee Husson. 6. Haveldar, or summoning Officer, Mahmound Ismael'.

2305: 2256:, judges are simply called "Juiz" or "Juíza" (male and female forms of "judge") and traditionally addressed to as "Vossa Excelência" ( 2692: 2552:

trends/home/monthly-trends-articles/2016/increasing-or-repealing-mandatory-judicialretirement-ages.aspx (last visited Feb. 27, 2020).

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On the other hand, women are underrepresented in the Supreme Courts in the USA and all EU countries, except for Romania (in Romanian

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Mandatory Retirement for Judges Improved Performance on U.S. State Supreme Courts. 2020. E. Ash, W.B. Macleod. doi: 10.3386/w28025.

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makes a clear distinction between professional judges and laypeople involved in deciding a case who are jurors who are part of a

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Regardless of the specific term employed (judge or justice), the formal title is reduced to the postnominal abbreviation "J." in

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Judges in certain jurisdictions, such as New York and New Jersey, who deal with guardianships, trusts and estates are known as "

1695: 2857: 502:'s wig (a Bench Wig) would be worn in court. This tradition, however, is being phased out in Britain in non-criminal courts. 2507:

Clearing the Bench: Using Mandatory Retirement to Promote Gender Parity in the U.S. and the EU Judiciaries. 2020. C.C. Goodma

2432: 2529: 2878: 1994: 1709: 420: 965: 1743: 1671: 635: 378: 2630: 2562: 2290:) are called "ministro" or "ministra" (male and female forms of "minister") and also referred to as "Vossa Excelência". 397:

in 2023 reinvigorated the discussion about mandatory retirement age for federal judges, but such change would require a

2013: 2001: 1981: 1607:); however, in formal occasions, magistrates of the Supreme Court are addressed to as "Your Most Excellent Lordship" ( 2827: 2767: 1963: 1860: 623: 573: 2084:, in US practice, is a retired judge who handles selected cases for a governmental entity while in retirement, on a 2047:

The justices of the supreme courts usually hold higher offices than any other judges in a jurisdiction, including a

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based on their interpretation of the law and their own personal judgment. A judge is expected to conduct the trial

3066: 2279: 1698:(when sitting in those courts) as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship". 2299: 2240: 2220: 2096: 2035:, the postnominal "J." is always divided from the judge's name by a comma and a space, so that a citation to a 1945: 1753: 1146: 555: 475:, like California, judges did not always wear robes and instead wore everyday clothing. Today, some members of 287: 50: 1222:("Mr./Ms. Chairman"). Finnish judges use gavels, but there are no robes or cloaks used in any Finnish courts. 207:

The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different

2212: 1619:); in those solemn occasions, magistrates of lower Courts are addressed as "Your Most Illustrious Lordship" ( 714:'Judge, your lordship') before the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China, and as 432: 404:

States have more flexibility in establishing a mandatory retirement age for judges, as was confirmed by the

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William E. Raftery, Increasing or Repealing Mandatory Judicial Retirement Ages, NAT’L CTR. FOR STATE CTS.,

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Douglas Keith, Impeachment and Removal of Judges: An Explainer, BRENNAN CTR. FOR JUST. (Mar. 23, 2018),

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In Spain, magistrates of the Supreme Court, magistrates and judges are addressed to as "Your Lordship" (

290:, is not required to have legal training and is unpaid. Whereas, a professional judge is required to be 3056: 1791: 1103: 1095: 608:). Judges of Hong Kong retain many of the English traditions such as wearing wigs and robes in trials. 2216: 1362: 3061: 2275: 2227:

are referred to as "Justice ". In social settings, it is appropriate to use "Judge" in all cases.

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are all addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship".

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and the United States) the situation is reverse: over 70% of judges of the first instance are men.

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https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/impeachment-and-removal-judges-explainer

1941: 862: 627: 551: 480: 220: 31: 2817: 1907: 2245: 517: 509:, the judge wears a long stripe (red, green white), while the attorneys wear the black gown. 472: 17: 1859:, judges are rarely referred to as "My Lord" or "My Lady", but only as "Your Honour" at the 458:(often in black or red) and sit on an elevated platform during trials (known as the bench). 2283: 2143:, eligibility for government benefits, regulatory matters, and immigration determinations. 2048: 1787: 1366: 796: 323: 252: 224: 216: 2696: 1507:("Your High Honour") for justices in the High Council of the Netherlands (Supreme Court). 471:

power as their main devices to maintain decorum in the courtroom. However, in some of the

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There are both volunteer and professional judges. A volunteer judge, such as an English

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Subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in US legal practice are sometimes called

516:, the judges used to carry a staff that was red for ordinary judges and white for the 2823: 2654:"Rules and Fees: Mode of address : Court Rules : Courts Service of Ireland" 2428: 1888: 1341:, which means "Honourable Mister Judge" and a female presiding judge is addressed as 827: 513: 467: 2549: 2302:, judges may be addressed by the titles they received in their countries of origin. 197: 2420: 2109: 2032: 1803: 1773: 1739: 1577: 248: 2693:"Criminal Procedure Code of Russia, Article 257. Regulations of the court session" 2120:", but the use of this title is in decline. Judges sitting in courts of equity in 1847:". Less formally, judges of a Superior Court are referred to as "Justice 'Surname 1030:

if the proceedings, as they generally are in the superior courts, are in English.

3051: 2946: 2813: 2388: 2373: 2267: 2072: 1691: 853: 299: 291: 227:. The presiding judge ensures that all court proceedings are lawful and orderly. 67: 2743:"Arbitral Procedure Code of Russia, Article 154. Procedure of the court session" 1345:, which means "Honourable Madam Judge". The court as a body can be addressed as 157: 2900:"Ontario Justice Education Network Handout: The Jurisdiction of Ontario Courts" 2856:. Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments Commission. April 2009. Archived from 2343: 2113: 2040: 1385:. In court, they are addressed either by their respective titles or styles, as 1374: 939: 394: 177: 165: 2774: 1038:

In Pakistan, judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are addressed as

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When trials are conducted in Chinese, judges were addressed, in Cantonese, as

3045: 2718:"Civil Procedure Code of Russia, Article 158. Procedure of the court session" 2085: 2080: 2021: 1895:" in accordance with their appointment as independent decision makers of the 1781: 461:

American judges frequently wear black robes. American judges have ceremonial

306:. However in some jurisdictions, judges are elected in a political election. 303: 201: 2215:

generally referred to as "His/Her Honour" or "Sir/Madame". Judges from the

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is called the New York Court of Appeals, whose members are called "judges".

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had adopted a resolution in April 2006 and added a new Rule 49(1)(j) in the

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In India, judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts were addressed as

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A variety of traditions have become associated with the rank or occupation.

358:) women make more that 70% of judges of the first instance. In contrast, in 2623:"Oikeustiede:oikeudenkäyntirituaalit/laajempi kuvaus – Tieteen termipankki" 2534: 2179: 2052: 1810: 1757: 952: 295: 208: 2424: 2095:, although in the federal judiciary of the United States, they are called 1879:

are officially used. Both the titles "judge" and "justice" are translated

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judges and, since 2007, magistrates, of all jurisdictions including the

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In Sweden, the presiding judge of a court is traditionally addressed as

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However, in an unprecedented move in October 2009, one of the judges of

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is used to refer to a permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal and

558: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 495: 359: 347: 144: 83: 71: 2682: 2612:– "Съдебна реторика. Избрани съдебни речи", ИК Софи-Р, С., 2000, с. 77 338:

countries in Europe the majority of judges are women: in 5 countries (

2452:"What Does It Take to Be a Judge? Job Description and Career Profile" 2393: 2368: 2358: 2328: 2187: 2009: 1760:" in much of England. Magistrates are also addressed as "Sir/Madam". 1680: 1676: 1515:

In Poland, presiding judges of either sex during trial are addressed

1325:, which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman", or as 1087: 597: 499: 267: 263: 189: 185: 181: 140: 2175: 1923: 830:, Justice K Chandru had banned lawyers from addressing his court as 770: 533: 44: 2125: 2031:

when it is necessary to identify the author of a cited opinion. In

2025: 1747: 1528: 1158: 484: 339: 193: 2987: 2099:. Subordinate judges in US legal practice who are appointed on an 1161:

before 1989 during the communist regime, judges were addressed as

2117: 1856: 1814: 1552: 1495:, presiding judges of either sex are, in writing only, addressed 1119: 921:, meaning "the judge" after the respective address. For example, 413: 367: 355: 275: 211:. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a 173: 99: 2363: 2253: 2159: 2101: 1647:, which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman". 982:

In Malaysia, judges of the subordinate courts are addressed as

971: 465:, although American judges have court deputies or bailiffs and 405: 351: 343: 2822:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 489. 1503:("Your Great Honour") for justices in the Court of Appeal and 811:. If it is a subordinate court, lawyers can use terms such as 665:

to a non-permanent judge. In the High Court, the abbreviation

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MAGNA GRATIA - Literatură creștină de calitate. Totul gratuit

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and other countries are called "justices". Justices of the

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In Northern Ireland, the equivalent to a circuit judge is a

1253:) who may sometimes even chair sessions. In appeals courts ( 3024: 3018: 2155: 1725: 1499:("Your Honour") for judges in the Court of First Instance, 1067: 949: 506: 455: 244: 212: 1413:, the Presidents of the other Courts have the postnominal 1285:

In France, the presiding judge of a court is addressed as

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Crown Court – what it does (Directgov, England and Wales)

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In Italy, the presiding judge of a court is addressed as

945: 750: 726: 702: 95: 2988:"Members of the Court | INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE" 1657:

Forms of address in the United Kingdom § Judiciary

600:, court proceedings are conducted in either English or 487:, both judges and lawyers wear particular black robes. 363: 3014:

State of California Commission of Judicial Performance

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Judges of courts of specialized jurisdiction (such as

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is used to denote a justice of appeal, and the letter

3013: 1631:); simple judges are always called "Your Lordship". 1337:

The male presiding judge of a court is addressed as

912: 895: 867: 803:. As per the rule, lawyers can address the court as 795:, a tradition directly attributable to England. The 2905:. Ontario Justice Education Network. Archived from 2768:"Courtesy titles for Justices of the Supreme Court" 2195:justices) or "Chief Justice" (for chief justices). 1871:("your lordship") were used in French; today, only 1732:judges in the High Court are addressed as "Judge". 294:; in the U.S., this generally requires a degree of 116:

University degree in law and experience as a lawyer

3021:European commission for the efficiency of justice. 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 1301:. Out of the courtroom, judges are referred to as 673:refers to a judge of the Court of First Instance. 611:In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as 2851:"A Guide to Judicial Careers in Northern Ireland" 2550:https://www.ncsc.org/sitecore/content/microsites/ 1863:. Formerly, translations of these titles such as 1712:who is not present is being referred to they are 1539:when a woman (meaning "Most Worthy Judge") or as 1531:, presiding judges during trial are addressed as 994:. Judges of the superior courts are addressed as 3043: 2124:systems (such as judges in the equity courts of 1794:are addressed and referred to as "Your Honour". 1543:("Your Excellency") when not specifying gender. 1124: 879:'judge') of all courts are addressed as 192:of the parties, and then issues a ruling in the 2791: 309:Impartiality is often considered important for 281: 2563:"When It Comes to Judges, How Old is Too Old?" 917:). Typically after every naming you will hear 523: 1371:The Honourable Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname 622:In the superior courts of record, namely the 2929:Rule 3.95, Los Angeles Superior Court Rules. 2503: 2501: 2446: 2444: 1293:, whilst associated judges are addressed as 926: 164:proceedings, either alone or as a part of a 27:Official who presides over court proceedings 2257: 1891:who are referred to only as "Judge 'Surname 1701:Judges of the Court of Appeal, also called 1381:), and informally referred to for short as 1205: 1190: 999: 757: 733: 2306:Judges of the International Criminal Court 1902:Like other members of the Commonwealth, a 1269:. In the Supreme Court, judges are titled 738:'Judge, your honour') since 1997. 251:without proceeding to a jury trial. In an 188:of the case, assesses the credibility and 43: 2672:"Ce ai voie sa faci si ce nu la tribunal" 2498: 2441: 2051:, a judge who holds police court in some 1964:Learn how and when to remove this message 1090:, judges of most courts are addressed as 762:'Judge') means the word "judge". 574:Learn how and when to remove this message 316: 3027:European consultative council of judges. 2530:"No Other Western Democracy Allows This" 2239: 2174: 1975: 1137: 1106:and the Appeal Court receives the title 769: 431: 401:and is unlikely to be implemented soon. 393:in the office in 2020 and suspension of 2412: 2293: 1555:, judges during trial are addressed as 1229:), ordinary judges work with the title 230: 14: 3044: 3031:How sentencing works: You be the Judge 2812: 2116:) were sometimes known officially as " 1906:is addressed as "Your Worship", and a 1440:. Before 2006, they were addressed as 2877:. Albertacourts.ab.ca. Archived from 1750:judges are addressed as "Sir/Madam". 657:In writing, the post-nominal letters 490:In some countries, especially in the 384: 1995:Superior Court of Los Angeles County 1946:adding citations to reliable sources 1917: 1661: 1329:, which translates as "High Court". 1317:In Germany, judges are addressed as 556:adding citations to reliable sources 527: 427: 421:National Bureau of Economic Research 302:. Judges are often appointed by the 2651: 2182:, former Chief Justice of Australia 1797: 1130:(literally the "Honorable Court"). 970:was the highest council, a kind of 927: 905: 888: 857: 679:of the High Court are addressed as 654:, following the English tradition. 379:High Court of Cassation and Justice 274:and notaries in legal cases and by 24: 2819:Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage 2014:Supreme Court of the United States 2002:Supreme Court of the United States 1349:, which means "Honourable Court". 1257:) an ordinary judge has the title 1241:). They are assisted by notaries ( 483:wear distinct dress. In Italy and 25: 3078: 3007: 1861:Ontario Superior Court of Justice 1683:are usually appointed as judges. 1650: 938: 440:judge in full gowns, by Velázquez 329: 2286:, Superior Tribunal Militar and 2230: 1922: 1913: 1832: 1756:are usually still addressed as " 1180:'comrade'). After 1989, 532: 2980: 2951: 2938:New South Wales Supreme Court, 2932: 2923: 2892: 2867: 2843: 2760: 2745:. Consultant.ru. Archived from 2735: 2720:. Consultant.ru. Archived from 2710: 2695:. Consultant.ru. Archived from 2664: 2645: 2615: 2603: 2578: 1933:needs additional citations for 1261:, the chairman of a section is 615:, and district court judges as 543:needs additional citations for 381:over 80% of judges are women). 257:Le juge est la bouche de la loi 2569: 2555: 2542: 2522: 2510: 2474: 2419:. Cambridge University Press. 2406: 2300:International Court of Justice 2202: 1730:Insolvency and Companies Court 1486: 1436:and are addressed in Court as 1383:Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname 1147:European Court of Human Rights 512:In Portugal and in the former 51:International Court of Justice 13: 1: 2416:Litigating Judicial Selection 2400: 2284:Tribunal Superior do Trabalho 2213:District Court of New Zealand 1609:Vuestra Señoría Excelentísima 1481:Signor presidente della corte 2940:Addressing Judicial Officers 2652:Ireland, Courts Service of. 2308:are referred to as "judge". 2280:Superior Tribunal de Justiça 2170: 1434:His/Her Honour Judge Surname 1379:An Breitheamh Onórach Uasal 1081: 889:אדוני‬/גבירתי‬ 751: 727: 703: 591: 282:Requirements and appointment 7: 2311: 2288:Tribunal Superior Eleitoral 1982:United States Supreme Court 1792:justice of the peace courts 1763: 1728:are addressed as "Master". 1668:Courts of England and Wales 1621:Vuestra Señoría Ilustrísima 1522: 1195:'mister judge') or 1152: 1033: 977: 913: 906:כבודו‬/כבודה‬ 896: 868: 638:), judges are addressed as 524:Titles and forms of address 223:, a judge might also be an 10: 3083: 2165: 1908:Master of a Superior Court 1851:", not as "Judge 'Surname. 1654: 1546: 1459:and addressed in Court as 1352: 1332: 1312: 1273:and the court is led by a 1265:and the court is led by a 1213: 1113: 845: 743: 719: 695: 443: 278:or similar with security. 172:, the judge hears all the 29: 2959:"New Zealand Law Society" 2413:Kritzer, Herbert (2024). 2235: 2137:administrative law judges 1837: 1716:as "Mr./Mrs./Ms. Justice 1710:Justice of the High Court 1634: 1581: 1562: 1510: 1280: 1220:herra/rouva puheenjohtaja 1200: 1185: 1170: 1133: 841: 134: 120: 110: 105: 89: 77: 62: 57: 42: 2276:Supremo Tribunal Federal 2004:, and the judges of the 1778:High Court of Justiciary 1598: 1474: 1407:Chief Justice of Ireland 1210:'madam judge'). 765: 399:constitutional amendment 2482:"Judicial Compensation" 2192:High Court of Australia 1802:The judicial system of 1703:Lords Justice of Appeal 1417:, and all other judges 948:- elected judges using 852:In Israel, the judges ( 636:Court of First Instance 630:(which consists of the 586: 518:judges from the outside 492:Commonwealth of Nations 3067:Positions of authority 2249: 2183: 1985: 1897:Citizenship Commission 1378: 1369:are officially titled 1149: 1125: 776: 742:(Hong Kong Cantonese: 718:(Hong Kong Cantonese: 481:Maryland Supreme Court 441: 317:Judge as an occupation 221:criminal investigation 200:and, typically, in an 32:Judge (disambiguation) 2963:www.lawsociety.org.nz 2875:"Albertacourts.ab.ca" 2627:tieteentermipankki.fi 2425:10.1017/9781009425476 2246:Supreme Federal Court 2243: 2178: 2141:workers' compensation 2055:and who may also try 2039:by Associate Justice 1979: 1788:Justices of the peace 1287:Monsieur le président 1249:) and referendaries ( 1225:In a district court ( 1141: 990:("Sir", "Madam"), or 773: 704:faat3 gun1 daai6 jan4 624:Court of Final Appeal 473:Western United States 435: 408:in its 1991 decision 217:inquisitorial systems 2633:on 29 September 2017 2538:. 25 September 2020. 2486:United States Courts 2462:on 30 September 2017 2294:International courts 2049:justice of the peace 1942:improve this article 1904:justice of the peace 1617:Excelentísima Señora 1409:has the postnominal 1295:Monsieur l'Assesseur 1263:hovioikeudenlaamanni 1233:and the chairman is 923:Your Honor the Judge 797:Bar Council of India 728:faat3 gun1 gok3 haa6 552:improve this article 477:state supreme courts 424:age for themselves. 419:A 2020 study by the 324:good moral character 253:inquisitorial system 231:Powers and functions 225:examining magistrate 30:For other uses, see 2349:Hebrew Bible judges 1867:("your honour") or 1823:Recorder of Belfast 1821:have the titles of 1613:Excelentísimo Señor 1291:Madame le président 1145:, president of the 1143:Róbert Ragnar Spanó 848:Hebrew Bible judges 807:and refer to it as 692:Hong Kong Cantonese 646:and referred to as 602:Hong Kong Cantonese 410:Gregory v. Ashcroft 391:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 39: 2945:2013-08-18 at the 2565:. 22 January 2021. 2354:Judicial deference 2250: 2184: 2037:dissenting opinion 2000:The judges of the 1986: 1889:Citizenship Judges 1770:Courts of Scotland 1629:Ilustrísima Señora 1299:Madame l'Assesseur 1259:hovioikeudenneuvos 1150: 928:כבוד השופט‬ 777: 442: 385:Age and retirement 241:adversarial system 170:adversarial system 112:Education required 37: 3057:Legal professions 2434:978-1-009-42547-6 2110:bankruptcy courts 2097:magistrate judges 2065:State of New York 1974: 1973: 1966: 1662:England and Wales 1625:Ilustrísimo Señor 1590: 1537:Meretíssima Juíza 1501:edelgrootachtbare 1319:Herr Vorsitzender 1209: 1194: 1179: 1122:are addressed as 911: 894: 878: 866: 761: 749: 737: 725: 713: 701: 584: 583: 576: 514:Portuguese Empire 468:contempt of court 428:Symbols of office 249:summary judgments 180:presented by the 150: 149: 16:(Redirected from 3074: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2965:. Archived from 2955: 2949: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2814:Garner, Bryan A. 2810: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2773:. Archived from 2772: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2629:. Archived from 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2588:. Archived from 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2458:. Archived from 2448: 2439: 2438: 2410: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2211:, judges of the 2033:American English 1969: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1926: 1918: 1894: 1873:Monsieur le juge 1869:Votre Seigneurie 1854: 1850: 1846: 1804:Northern Ireland 1798:Northern Ireland 1774:Court of Session 1585: 1583: 1576: 1557:Onorata Instanta 1541:Vossa Excelência 1533:Meretíssimo Juiz 1519:("High Court"). 1505:edelhoogachtbare 1347:tisztelt bíróság 1339:tisztelt bíró úr 1323:Frau Vorsitzende 1303:Monsieur le juge 1207: 1204: 1202: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1174: 1172: 1128: 1102:. Judges of the 1098:is addressed as 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 969: 930: 929: 916: 910:romanized: 909: 907: 899: 893:romanized: 892: 890: 873: 871: 861: 859: 809:Honourable Court 759: 756: 754: 748:romanized: 747: 745: 735: 732: 730: 724:romanized: 723: 721: 708: 706: 700:romanized: 699: 697: 688:Fat Goon Dai Yan 579: 572: 568: 565: 559: 536: 528: 292:legally educated 156:is a person who 91:Activity sectors 47: 40: 36: 21: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3062:Law enforcement 3042: 3041: 3010: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2992:www.icj-cij.org 2986: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2947:Wayback Machine 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2811: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2650: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2586:"Hosted.ap.org" 2584: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2543: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2389:Public defender 2374:List of jurists 2314: 2296: 2271: 2268:Your Excellency 2266: 2263: 2260: 2238: 2233: 2205: 2173: 2168: 2114:juvenile courts 2063:. However, the 1970: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1939: 1927: 1916: 1892: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1800: 1766: 1744:District judges 1692:Court of Appeal 1664: 1659: 1653: 1641:Herr Ordförande 1637: 1601: 1593:Honorable Court 1572: 1565: 1549: 1525: 1513: 1489: 1477: 1363:Court of Appeal 1355: 1343:tisztelt bírónő 1335: 1315: 1283: 1216: 1182:gospodín sŭdiya 1155: 1136: 1116: 1094:; however, the 1084: 1036: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 980: 959: 957:Council of biys 943: 850: 844: 768: 716:Fat Goon Gok Ha 632:Court of Appeal 594: 589: 580: 569: 563: 560: 549: 537: 526: 448: 430: 387: 332: 319: 284: 233: 166:panel of judges 137: 125: 123: 113: 92: 80: 79:Occupation type 53: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3080: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3008:External links 3006: 3004: 3003: 2979: 2950: 2931: 2922: 2891: 2866: 2863:on 2012-01-18. 2842: 2828: 2790: 2759: 2734: 2709: 2681: 2663: 2644: 2614: 2602: 2577: 2568: 2554: 2541: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2473: 2456:thebalance.com 2440: 2433: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344:Election judge 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2295: 2292: 2244:Judges of the 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2204: 2201: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2128:) are called " 2041:Antonin Scalia 2022:case citations 2006:supreme courts 1972: 1971: 1930: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1877:Madame la juge 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1799: 1796: 1782:sheriff courts 1772:judges in the 1765: 1762: 1736:Circuit judges 1686:Judges of the 1663: 1660: 1652: 1651:United Kingdom 1649: 1645:Fru Ordförande 1636: 1633: 1600: 1597: 1564: 1561: 1559:(Your Honor). 1548: 1545: 1535:when a man or 1524: 1521: 1512: 1509: 1488: 1485: 1476: 1473: 1453:District Court 1451:Judges of the 1428:Judges of the 1357:Judges of the 1354: 1351: 1334: 1331: 1314: 1311: 1307:Madame le juge 1282: 1279: 1245:), assessors ( 1215: 1212: 1197:gospožo sŭdiya 1186:господин съдия 1154: 1151: 1135: 1132: 1115: 1112: 1108:The Honourable 1083: 1080: 1035: 1032: 979: 976: 942: 940:Kazakh Khanate 937: 933:kevod haShofét 846:Main article: 843: 840: 767: 764: 604:(a dialect of 593: 590: 588: 585: 582: 581: 564:September 2021 540: 538: 531: 525: 522: 494:, judges wear 479:, such as the 444:Main article: 429: 426: 395:Pauline Newman 386: 383: 331: 330:Gender effects 328: 318: 315: 283: 280: 232: 229: 176:and any other 148: 147: 138: 135: 132: 131: 126: 121: 118: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 103: 102: 93: 90: 87: 86: 81: 78: 75: 74: 64: 60: 59: 55: 54: 49:Judges at the 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3079: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2969:on 2017-03-01 2968: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2912:on 2016-03-28 2908: 2901: 2895: 2881:on 2012-04-25 2880: 2876: 2870: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2831: 2829:9780195384208 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2780:on 2014-02-07 2776: 2769: 2763: 2749:on 2013-05-12 2748: 2744: 2738: 2724:on 2013-07-08 2723: 2719: 2713: 2699:on 2013-01-23 2698: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2659: 2658:www.courts.ie 2655: 2648: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2592:on 2021-04-28 2591: 2587: 2581: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2504: 2502: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2231:South America 2228: 2226: 2225:Supreme Court 2222: 2221:Appeals Court 2218: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:jurisdictions 2050: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1983: 1978: 1968: 1965: 1957: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1931:This section 1929: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1914:United States 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865:Votre Honneur 1862: 1858: 1833:North America 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1672:Supreme Court 1669: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1588: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1517:Wysoki Sądzie 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Judge Surname 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:Circuit Court 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393:), or simply 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:Supreme Court 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1327:Hohes Gericht 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:käräjätuomari 1228: 1223: 1221: 1211: 1201:госпожо съдия 1198: 1183: 1177: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:Supreme Court 1101: 1100:Your Lordship 1097: 1096:Chief Justice 1093: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Your Ladyship 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Your Lordship 1031: 1029: 1025: 1024:Your Lordship 1021: 1017: 997: 993: 989: 985: 975: 973: 967: 963: 958: 954: 951: 947: 941: 936: 934: 924: 920: 915: 914:kevodo/kevoda 903: 898: 897:adoni/geverti 886: 882: 876: 870: 864: 855: 849: 839: 837: 836:Your Lordship 833: 829: 824: 822: 821:Your Lordship 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 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