836:. The officially Marxist SPD had long promised to call a general strike to shut down the German economy if the German government should go to war, but in August 1914 the majority of the SPD leaders had instead supported the government, accepting the claim of the government that Russia was about to invade Germany, and hence it was the patriotic duty of the SPD to support the government. This decision split the SPD into the Majority Social Democrats who supported the war and the Independent Social Democrats who were opposed. The German Communist Party had its origins in the latter faction, and the official line in German Communist historiography had always been was that the Majority Social Democrats had "betrayed" the working class by supporting the war. Kuczynski by arguing that the majority of the German working class had supported the Majority Social Democrats and that the Independent Social Democrats were a marginal movement in August 1914 was challenging the founding legend of German Communism, hence the vehement reaction his book generated in East Germany. Even more infuriating to the East German regime, Kuczynski argued that the SPD in August 1914 was not a Leninist party, and could not had called the promised general strike to stop the war even if they had wanted to. A key counter-factual assumption to the founding legend of German Communism was that if only the SPD had called the promised general strike in August 1914, then World War One would have been stopped and millions of would have been lives saved, so Kuczynski's claim that the SPD could not have stopped World War I was especially distasteful to the SED regime.
336:
he wrote he felt very keenly of "being Jewish in racial terms", going on to write: "I think I'm the only 'stranger', meaning Jew in town. People turn their heads when they see me walking in the streets". Kuczynski often noted that, though he refused to identify with
Judaism as a religion, his "Jewish appearance" as he called it - as he had facial features commonly associated with people of Middle Eastern descent - led others to automatically assume that he was Jewish. In a letter to his parents in 1925, he wrote, "it is virtually impossible to go into a café here without being verbally abused by anti-Semites." In common with many other Jewish intellectuals at the time, Kuczynski grew interested in Marxism with its promise of an utopian society where there would be no more nationalism or religion, and hence the entire "Jewish Question" would be rendered moot. From 1925 onward, he started to read various Marxist tracts. In April 1925, during a visit to Paris, he took part in a demonstration organised by the French Communist Party against the Rif war, which was fired upon by the Paris police, an incident that increased his sympathy with Communism. Despite the incident, Kuczynski wrote that no other city in the world "has the magic, the vitality of Paris". In Paris, Kuczynski met the satirist
916:, Kuczynski addressed the question of Stalinism, writing: "If you would ask me if I was happy as a comrade and a scholar in the 'time of Stalin', I can only answer: Yes! Yes! For I was convinced of the greatness and intelligence of Stalin, and did not feel oppressed in my scholarly work, let alone repressed. But don't forgot that the effects of Stalinism were slighter in our Party than in the Soviet Union. Our conditions-think of the multi-party system-made the worse crimes impossible, as did the influence of several Party comrades". The scholar John Connolly wrote that there was an element of truth to Kuczynski's account as Stalin did not regard East Germany as permanent and in 1952 offered to allow German reunification provided Germany was neutral, which made establishing "full socialism" undesirable. Connolly wrote that Kuczynski was correct that the East Germany did not have the same "monster show trials" that the other "people's democracies" in Eastern Europe did in the late 1940s-early 1950s, but he ignored that about 2% of the East German population were the victims of government repression, of whom one-tenth died as a result. In
825:". Despite his express rejection of Weber's approach, Kuczynski's view of social sciences was very similar with the main difference being that Weber anchored his views in the logic and rationality of science itself while Kuczynski anchored his view in the progressive development of society based on Marxism as he contended that everyone would take a view based on how far advanced a given society was at any moment. Much of the controversy caused by Kuczynski's article in East Germany centered around his implicit claim that historians should be guided by Marxism, but in a manner that was "realistic objective", which very strongly implied intellectual freedom to write in a manner that was "realistic objective" instead of being dictated to by the regime. Kuczynski was calling for freedom of expression at least for those scholars writing from a Marxist perspective. Kuczynski's article led him to be subjected to a lengthy series of disciplinary hearings in 1956–58, in which he was criticized for advancing a thesis that was not "partisan" enough for the SED regime.
497:, a comparative study of the working classes in the three nations written from a Marxist perspective. The book was divided into sections, the first of which compared Britain to the Germany as he called both "finance capital countries" with Britain "is ruled by finance capitalism as a whole and by democratic methods" while Germany "is ruled by the most reactionary section of finance capitalism, the heavy industries, the armament industries and by dictorial methods". Kuczynski argued based upon a detailed economic study that productivity for the average worker in Britain rose by 20% between 1932-1937 and in Germany worker productivity rose by 11% in the same period, which he attributed to the fact that many British workers belonged to unions that fought for better treatment while German workers had only the Nazi pseudo-union, the German Labour Front, that represented the interests of management.
501:
power, it was only a small minority of the whole population had shoes-today, the vast majority of Soviet workers have shoes, but the demand for shoes is increasing so rapidly that up to now, Soviet industry has not been able to meet it fully". Kuczynski admitted that life for most people in the Soviet Union was more backward than in the west, but claimed "the Soviet Union has been heavily burdened with the crimes of
Czarism and in many respect it is just reaching the Western capitalist standard. But it does not alter the fact that the Soviet Union is not only rapidly reaching, but will soon pass the Western capitalist standard". Reflecting his
896:, the SED's secretary for science and culture, wanted to see him punished. On 2 March 1958 in a speech before the Third University Teachers' Conference with Hager being present, Kuczynski partially retracted what he had written, saying he had made mistakes, through he also expressly rejected the charge of "revisionism". Kuczynski was also saved by the fact that his book had submitted in advance to the censors before he had published it, and it was felt to be embarrassing for the regime to punish an author for publishing a book that had gone through its very strict censorship process.
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reality-that is the literal meaning of the word objectivity...That trait consists of the fact, that in the process of social motion is a process of development, not an anarchic or circular motion...but a progressive movement, from the lower to higher stages of society. It is a law-governed and elemental process." In this way, Kuczynski argued that reality itself was "partisan" and that whatever intellectuals wrote was always grounded upon the particular stage of "progress" a society was at in any given moment of time.
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Marxist historiography in the German
Democratic Republic. Likewise, despite his criticism of Weber, Kuczynski largely accepted Weber's notion of history as a science which is verifiable and universal as Weber famously argued that what is truth for a German social scientist should also be truth for a Chinese social scientist provided that they can both verify the same phenomena via the scientific methods. Kuczynski wrote: "Our demand for partisanship in historiography is a
832:, in which he claimed that not only the majority of the Social Democrats had supported the German government in August 1914, but also the majority of the working class, an interpretation of history that was entirely against the official line in East Germany. Even more controversially Kuczynski defended the decision of Karl Liebknecht, the leader of the left-wing of the Social Democrats, to initially support the war and to vote for war credits in the
852:, accusing him of "revisionist" beliefs and of promoting "a false view of the relationship between leftists and centrists in the workers' movement" in August 1914. In the (East) German Academy of Sciences, Kuczynski was subjected to sustained campaign by senior and junior faculty to retract his book and publicly apologize for writing it, causing him to be ostracized when he refused. On 27 February 1958,
547:. Kuczynski was interned in January 1940 and released in March 1940. As internees were permitted to talk to one another, he continued his "anti-Fascist" work among his fellow internees. He was released sooner than most of the Germans caught up in this exercise, following high-level USA intervention with the British authorities. At some stage during his time in England, Kuczynski was recruited by the
531:. Noting the fact that theater and cinema tickets were sold cheaply in the Soviet Union, Kuczynski argued that "men do not live by bread alone. In no country in the whole world and, more specifically, in neither Great Britain nor in Germany is there so much spiritual food put at the disposal of the masses of the people of the USSR." Schulze-Fair noted that Kuzynski's
640:, to help recruit German exiles willing to parachute into Germany for surveillance and resistance work. Kuczynski referred Gould to the London branch of the German Communist Party, and German Communist exiles were chosen for the task. (He shared these details with his sister Ursula and therefore with the Soviet Union, as described in Joseph E. Persico's
633:
Communist
Central Organisation in Berlin. In 1932, he was one of the supporters of the World Anti-War Congress Movement, which was organised by Willi Münzenberg on behalf of the Third International". MI5 in a report described him: "Kuzcynski does not usually overestimate possibilities and indulge in wishful thinking like most Communists are prone to".
585:, who had sifted through the MI5 security evaluations of people involved in the Tube Alloys project (the British atomic bomb program), as someone very likely to work for Soviet intelligence if approached. As Kuczynski knew Fuchs well, he was the man chosen to approach Fuchs with the offer to spy for the Soviet Union, an offer Fuchs accepted.
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As noted, Kuczynski was Jewish. During 1933 many German communists were arrested and imprisoned, while many others left the country to avoid the same fate. Sources indicate that as early as
February/March 1933 Kuczynski and his wife discussed following his parents and four of Jürgen's five sisters in
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for hiding their bias behind the façade of objectivity and concluding "...in reality, scientists cannot, did not, and must not avoid taking a stand". Kuczynski argued that all scholarly writing is "partisan" as everyone has a bias in some way, but that: "The development of historical science demands
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values led him to characteristically assume that as long as works of high culture were available to the masses that must mean the lives of ordinary people were improving, making his book very naïve and dated as he completely ignored the suffering and violence of the First Five Year Plan of 1928-1933
335:
movement, and though
Kuczynski was a secular Jew, he discovered during his time at Erlangen University that he was not welcome as most of the faculty and the students made it very clear that to them he was just a Jew. Kuczynski was advised not to eat in the student cafeteria and in his diary in 1924
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values that he always believed that as long as works of high culture were made available to the masses that he assumed this must mean that their characters were being improved, and for
Kuyzynski the really important thing was the East German state were publishing the classics of world literature in
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working with Fuchs to pass his atomic secrets to the Soviet Union until 1946, when Moscow broke off contact with her. Although interviewed by
British intelligence, she was never put under surveillance. She was allowed to leave England for East Germany in 1950, shortly before Fuchs was tried for his
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wrote in his diary on 14 February 1958 that he believed there was "a second Bloch case in the offering", even through he had agreed with what
Kuczynski had written. The fact that Kuczynski came from an upper middle-class Jewish family and had spent the Nazi years in exile in Britain instead of the
514:
had been published in the Soviet Union than in Great
Britain by a factor of about 1 million books, which he used to argue that life for the Soviet working class was improving. Reflecting his interest in culture, Kuczynski made much of the publications of the classics of Russian literature, quoting
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movement until it was completely suppressed in 1935. The risk to Kuczynski of being arrested and having his home ransacked by government agencies was pressing and constant. During this period he also traveled to Moscow in 1935. Finally, in January 1936, emigration could be put off no longer and he
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Despite his Communist sympathies, in October 1925 Kuczynski went to work at the Bett, Simon & Company bank as an intern, where he did well and was rapidly promoted up the corporate ranks. Kuczynski was soon donating some of his pay earned at the bank to the German Communist Party, the irony of
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The second section of the book was concerned with life in the Soviet Union. Kuczynski took a defensive tone when writing about the Soviet working class, arguing that the legacy of Imperial Russia had left the country backward and underdeveloped, but he still argued: "...until the Soviets came to
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His public lectures were very popular. As a senior member of the country's "revolutionary aristocracy", he was permitted greater freedom to criticize the regime than was allowed to others. Kuczynski always wrote from a Marxist perspective, but many of his writings differed significantly from the
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that Duncker's son had been executed, and was expected to convince the father that Soviet justice never made mistakes. Forty years later, Kucynski said he remembered this conversation as one that had caused him much heartache because of the way he had had to assert the infallibility of Stalin's
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Jürgen Kuczynski produced approximately 4,000 published pieces of writing, mostly articles but also numerous books; some sources give higher estimates. Some of these works were written jointly with others, and the figure appears to include his contributions to academic and other journals. He
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however that help us to understand reality better... are of importance to social progress". This thesis that objective "scientific" methods of research can be useful for understanding reality provided that they are directed towards the proper (Marxist) ends put him outside of the mainstream of
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Kuczynski thought that Stalin had enjoyed the trust of the Soviet people. He said that the personality cult and the speeches provided the people and the soldiers with moral strength. He did note that Stalin had abused this trust through his purges and brutal dictatorship. He believed that the
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type of partisanship. It demands partisanship for progress; at the beginning of the 19th century, for capitalism and the bourgeoise; today, partisanship for the socialism and the working class. It demands partisanship for the new and progressive, to which society advances. To be partisan for
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directed him to cultural and academic activities. He was one of East Germany's most prominent and productive academics. During his lifetime he published approximately 4,000 pieces of writing. (Sources differ over the estimated total.) In 1955 he was founder and chief of the Economic History
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During his time in Britain, Kuczynski was constantly watched by MI5 and the Special Branch of Scotland Yard. The Special Branch described him in May 1944 as the "economic expert of the German Communist Party who has been known to us as a Communist since June 1931, when he was employed by the
201:, to recruit German communists to be sent to Germany to make contact with resistance groups. He also served in the US Army as a colonel in its Air Force, on a team conducting the Strategic Bombing Survey. At the same time he passed their results "to Soviet intelligence." In 1942 he recruited
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As Kuczynski reached and passed retirement age, he continued to occupy a range of important advisory posts and memberships. Above all he continued to write prodigiously. He claimed to be a dissenter of the party line. He was discovered by a new generation of readers with his book entitled
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project of modernity...Thus their Marxism was by nature far more inclusive and open-ended than what evolved as official Marxism-Leninism within the Soviet dominion...Intellectuals like Kuczynski were culturally tied to the mental world of first and second generation Marxism".
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in its information department and as its Economics Editor, joining the editorial board in 1931. Kuczynski wrote extensively, and he shared the economic analyses that he produced for the newspaper with the Soviet ambassador. The German scholar Axel Fair-Schulze argued that
651:; he was given the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the US Army Air Force. As an intelligence analysis, his task was to evaluate the impact of American bombing upon the German economy, and to suggest how the Americans might better bomb Germany to damage the economy of the
416:
values he grew up with "...inoculated Kuczynski against becoming a die-hard Stalinist, despite being politically in tune with the Stalinist line...While he was a faithful Stalinist on the surface, Kuczynski almost instinctively refused to become a mere party soldier".
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But Kuczynski believed that "Stalinism" embraced the entire body of developments over a period of three decades, and included both positive and negative results. In the 1950s and 60s, Kuczynski rejected the new denunciation of Stalin as a "continuation of Stalinism"
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background which emphasized the value of culture as a way of improving one's character, Kuczynski looked at cultural and intellectual life of the working classes. In this regard, Kuczynski made much of the fact that between 1917 and 1936 more copies of the novels of
225:(SED)", which directed him to work in academic and cultural affairs. He became one of East Germany's leading intellectuals after the war, maintaining his Marxist faith and communist affiliations. He wrote prolifically and is credited with nearly 4,000 titles.
821:. It is impossible to develop an adequate attitude to the reality of social development, without taking sides with the new and progressive produced by that reality. The demand for partisanship that we make today, is therefore nothing else but the demand for
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of the German Democratic Republic. Viewing the world through his prism of Economic History, Kuczynski noted two major achievements under Stalin: rapid industrialization with the creation of a large heavy industrial sector across rural Russia, and the
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until 1929, gaining practical experience. In 1927, his father visited the Soviet Union and was astonished to be asked if he was in any way related to the J. Kuczynski who had written the "excellent" articles on the problems of modern capitalism in the
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However, he qualified his thesis that to be "partisan" for the "new and progressive" must be "scientific" and grounded in reality. Despite his criticism of Ranke, Kuczynski paid him a back-handed tribute as he wrote: "No doubt, Ranke uses the
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moved to Britain, joining his father. Recent scholarship confirms that the timing of his move to London was triggered by instructions received from Moscow. In 1936, Kuczynski started to work as a spy for Soviet military intelligence, the GRU.
748:, which was the country's national legislature. In 1950, he moved to East Berlin, leaving his family home in West Berlin, after Fuchs was arrested in Britain in December 1949, which led to his fears that he might soon be arrested as well.
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leadership which, during the second half of the 1930s, was based in Paris; he met with them there to exchange ideas. Kuczynski who was fluent in English handled relations between the KPD exiles in Britain and the British Communist Party.
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called him. In East Germany, Kuczynski's book had challenged the orthodox view of what had happened in August 1914 provoked immense controversy and led to vigorous attempts by other East German historians to defend the Leninist line. In
340:. Tucholsky, like Kuczynski, longed for a world without the "Jewish Question", and believed that Marxism, which promised to dissolve all forms of national identify in favor of class struggle, offered the opportunity for that world.
485:, considered a political maverick, who became prime minister during the war. Kuczynski became a natural leader for the German Communists who had sought refuge in the UK from Nazism. He maintained regular contacts with the exiled
993:
By the time Jürgen Kuczynski died, he had inherited these books and added to the collection, accumulating a valuable private library of approximately 70,000 books and journals. Kuczynski's library was taken over in 2003 by the
973:
As an eldest son of a bookish family, Jürgen Kuczynski inherited many books. The collection included works from the eighteenth century, and he greatly added to it. His "great grandfather's grandfather" had been an admirer of
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Fuchs and Sonya had met regularly in Oxfordshire, where she had moved in order to be closer to her (and Jürgen's) parents. They had relocated to the countryside from London at the start of the war. Fuchs was working nearby on
216:
After the war, Kuczynski initially returned to Germany on assignment with the US Army, first serving in the American zone of what became West Germany. Appointed to an academic position by the Soviet authorities, he settled in
927:, for whom he frequently worked as a speech writer. And he never lost his Marxist faith: unlike some members of the East German establishment, he continued to celebrate the German Democratic Republic. He also supported the
2006:"Das Vermächtnis des US-Offiziers Gould: Angehörige der Bewegung "Freies Deutschland" als Kundschafter des US-Geheimdienstes OSS im Einsatz: Ein unbekanntes Kapitel aus der Geschichte des antifaschistischen Widerstandes"
740:). He reportedly said to its members, "He who hates and despises human progress as it is manifested in the Soviet Union is himself odious and contemptible." Between 1949 and 1958, Kuczynski also sat as a member of the
1343:
Stibbe, Mathew (2010). "Fighting the First World War in the Cold War: East and West German Historiography on the Origins of World War One, 1949-1959". In Hochscherf, Tobias; Laucht, Christoph; Plowman, Andrew (eds.).
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Soviet Union were additional factors against him. Kuczynski was threatened with being fired from the Academy of Sciences and with being expelled from the SED if he did not retract his book as he was warned that
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In June 1943 Kuczynski founded in London the Initiative Committee for the Unification of German Emigration. Three months later, on 25 September 1943, a British section was founded of the Soviet-sponsored
1047:
dictator's talents as a propagandist made him successful in imposing dogmas and killing off dialectically objective controversy. He seemed to ignore the role in state terror in suppressing opposition.
778:, saying he had made mistakes, which was normally taboo in East Germany. In 1956, Kuczynski triggered a major intellectual controversy with an article about historical objectivity in the journal
609:. The information he passed to the Soviet military via "Sonya"/Ursula/Ruth is thought to have accelerated by several years the Soviets' development of atomic weaponry in their military arsenal.
291:, an untranslatable German term for the values of the German upper middle class that emphasized cultivating a cultured, humanist outlook on life together with a love of nature and aestheticism.
392:. In the same letter, the older Kuczynski advised his son to start learning Russian because what he had seen in the Soviet Union had left him convinced that "Soviet Russia is the future".
1285:
Feldner, Heiko (2002). "History in the Academy: objectivity and partisanship in the Marxist Historiography of the German Democratic Republic". In Major, Patrick; Osmond, Jonathan (eds.).
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quarter in the south-west of Berlin. Growing up in a family of left-wing academics, as an adolescent Jürgen Kuczynski met numerous scholars and activists, including communist leaders
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and then in Canada; he was allowed to return to Britain and was released in 1941. Kuczynski and Fuchs got to know one another, and the economist persuaded the physicist to work for
209:(aka Ruth Werner), who had become a "star agent" of the Soviet Union. She acted as Fuchs's courier for four years, but as far as is known she was never placed under surveillance by
348:
where his left-wing views were readily apparent. Through his parents, he became active in the League for Human Rights, a front organisation for the German Communist Party run by
431:. Membership of political parties (other than of the Nazi Party) became illegal, and the ban on political parties was enforced with particular effect in respect of (former)
1627:"Feigheit? Nein! Viel schlimmer! Mit eleganter Selbstkritik kam der DDR-Wissenschaftler und Honecker-Berater Jürgen Kuczynski über die Wende. Nun erlebt er eine Renaissance"
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who soon became a major intellectual influence on the younger Kuczynski. Besides Münzenberg, Kuczynski met other prominent people who were members of the League such as
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887:, had been fired from his faculty position for differing from the party line and he himself believed that there was a serious chance of him likewise being fired.
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573:, was another of the German Communist exiles who had sought refuge in Britain. Arrested as an enemy alien at the start of the war, Fuchs was interned on the
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782:. Kuczynski began his argument by saying that Marxist historians must reject the "bourgeois pseudo-concept of 'objectivity'", criticizing scholars such as
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to acquire important documentation on German armaments production. As a senior US officer, he arrested Schmitz in ____ As the chief executive officer of
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activities. She considered her activities as part of fighting against fascism, not spying against the United Kingdom. She became an author, using the name
1594:"Werner, Ruth (eigtl.: Ursula Maria Beurton) geb. Kuczynski *15.05.1907, † 07.07.2000 Schriftstellerin, Agentin des sowjetischen Nachrichtendienstes GRU"
1363:
Stibbe, Mathew (February 2011). "Jürgen Kuczynski and the Search for a (Non-Existent) Western Spy Ring in the East German Communist Party in 1953".
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990:, had fled to England in 1934, he had to leave much of the collection behind, where it was lost in the war. He shipped 20,000 books to England.
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cheap paperback copies. Fair-Schulze wrote: "Kuczynski's Marxism was deeply intertwined with German cultural history and a specifically German
361:
2008:. Verband Deutscher in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung "Freies Deutschland" (DRAFD) e.V., Berlin
880:. For a time in 1958, Kuczynski's career was in serious danger of being ended as his book had very much displeasured the East German regime.
588:
In 1942 Kuczynski introduced Fuchs to his sister, Ursula/Ruth, who was a "star agent for the Soviet Union." She operated under the code name
1202:(republished in an uncensored edition in 1997, with black margin markings highlighting the sections that were excluded in previous editions)
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Fair-Schulze, Axel (2011). "Jürgen Kuczynski: A German-Jewish Marxist scholar in exile". In Fair-Schulz, Axel; Kessler, Mario (eds.).
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760:, in addition to the Institute of Economic History. Both were communist fronts. Kuczynski's sister Renate noted that because of his
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Connolly, John (2009). "The Paradox of East German Communism: From Non-Stalinism to Neo-Stalinism". In Tismaneanu, Vladimar (ed.).
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quarter, as "Jürgen-Kuczynski-Platz". Numerous local residents oppose this idea, but in 2014, proponents were still pushing it.
1022:, denouncing the abusive excesses of the regime. After this became public, Stalinists were pressured to change their positions.
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481:. His international academic reputation gained him access to British establishment figures including, according to one source,
443:. During the next three years, their work became increasingly illegal as the government's anti-democratic agenda was enacted.
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986:(a pirate edition printed in 1851), which a more recent ancestor had picked up on a trip to Paris. When Kuczynski's father,
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while traveling back to London. In 1945 he settled in his parents' home which was located in the American sector of Berlin.
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For Britain September 1939 marked the outbreak of the Second World War: Kuczynski was one of many German exiles interned as
2747:
757:
2099:
998:. It is held in the library's historical collection. It is believed to take up "approximately 100 meters of shelf space".
721:, Kuczynski renounced his British citizenship (gained during the war). He intended to make his permanent home in Germany.
189:
By 1936, Kuczynski had followed his father and other family into exile in England. After being temporarily interned as an
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On 30 June 1947 he was elected as the first Chairman of the Society for the Study of Soviet Culture (forerunner of the
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Kuczynski continued to provide analytical work on economic and social developments in Germany for the benefit of
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was in effect banned as it was announced that bookstores would no longer be allowed to sell it. In March 1958,
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which did not escape him. In 1926, he published his first book and began to contribute articles to the journal
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In West Germany, Kuczynski's book was ignored as the general view of him was that he was a "red terrorist" as
690:
As a senior US officer, Kuczynski was first based in the American sector of what later became widely known as
2523:"About Us .... "The Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin (ZLB) is the largest public library in Germany....""
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Die dritte Wiedergeburt. Die Publikationen des J. K. Eine vornehmlich quantitative Analyse. Zweiter Nachtrag
1529:"Ruth Werner: Communist spy who passed the west's atomic secrets to Moscow in the cause of fighting fascism"
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Based on his recent publications on the German economy, in September 1944 Kuczynski was invited to join the
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A Short History of Labour Conditions Under Industrial Capitalism in the United States of America: 1789-1946
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which accused Kuczynski of "a strange predilection" for the enemies of Marxism such as the "revisionist"
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In 1926 he traveled to the United States as a research student, undertaking post-graduate studies at the
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951:, an economist and translator. The couple had three recorded children, Thomas, Peter and Madeleine.
675:, Kuczynski returned to Germany as a Lieutenant Colonel in the US army. He had been directed by the
2080:
Das war unser Leben, Erinnerungen und Dokumente zur Geschichte der FDJ in Großbritannien 1939–1946.
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250:, Jürgen Kuczynski was the eldest of the six recorded children born into a Jewish family headed by
170:
987:
642:
Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II
272:, also known as Ruth Werner, became a spy who worked for the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s.
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152:
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908:). It was widely read in East Germany during the 1980s, and Kuczynski was criticised for it by
32:
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Fortgesetzter Dialog mit meinem Urenkel: Fünfzig Fragen an einen unverbesserlichen Urgroßvater.
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institutions, used in Soviet newspapers, and employed in propaganda. He was also active in the
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members. During the next few years, the government increasingly adopted anti-Semitic policies.
2150:
1287:
The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945-71
1187:
2742:
2544:
1524:
1416:
957:, like his father, became an economic historian and university lecturer. Peter, an expert on
380:
316:
265:
described his father as a banker.) The children were gifted, and the family was prosperous.
2652:
2647:
948:
127:
1180:
8:
1116:
1036:
848:, the official newspaper of the SED, a harsh review of Kuczynski's book was published by
741:
369:
304:
300:
213:, and was not prevented from leaving England in 1950 shortly before Fuchs went on trial.
349:
2522:
1589:
1380:
1069:
920:, Kuczynski did admit to shame over some of his actions in the Stalinist period.
702:
appointed him as President of the Finance Administration in what later became known as
613:
1793:
1135:
495:
The Condition of the Workers in Great Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union, 1932-1938
2502:
2083:
2062:
1894:
1653:
1626:
1384:
1349:
1328:
1309:
1290:
1271:
1252:
1163:
1015:
783:
730:
711:
602:
520:
482:
383:
in Washington, DC. He followed this with work leading the economic department of the
328:
1224:
471:
Within Britain his contribution to left wing politics included work on the magazine
2610:"Sieben Jahre Diskussionen Fläche am Kreuzpfuhl soll nach Kuczynski benannt werden"
2586:
2558:. Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Gesellschaftsanalyse und politische Bildung e. V., Berlin
1372:
958:
954:
888:
849:
672:
594:
589:
552:
400:
Kuczynski returned to Germany in 1929 and settled in Berlin. In 1930 he joined the
269:
206:
138:
99:
1249:
Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe
1233:
625:. He remained a member of the organisation's leadership until he was succeeded by
1622:
1559:
1488:
1063:
1031:
936:
507:
447:
424:
353:
280:
2489:. Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013
877:
1567:
924:
873:
840:
775:
473:
406:
337:
284:
1376:
439:
emigrating to Britain, but they decided to stay in Germany and participate in
2641:
2005:
1596:. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken
1423:. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken
1108:
1011:
975:
804:
in the interests of the ruling classes...But how much closer we have come in
707:
582:
528:
373:
357:
276:
61:
979:
729:
In 1946 he had been appointed to the teaching chair for Economic History at
1533:
1107:
Since 2007 some supporters have proposed renaming the southern part of the
1040:
869:
733:. He was in charge there of the Institute for Economic History until 1956.
703:
451:
428:
218:
183:
179:
1861:"Im Dienst des Antifaschismus: Zum 110ten Geburtstag von Jürgen Kuczynski"
1231:
Kuczynski frequently contributed to the weekly arts and politics magazine
2033:
1658:
1631:
884:
691:
574:
562:
544:
524:
516:
511:
255:
202:
190:
819:
indispensable condition of any scientific research on society whatsoever
307:
in the city. He completed his schooling in 1922 and went on to study at
2631:
A Political Family: The Kuczynskis, Fascism, Espionage and The Cold War
1890:
A Political Family: The Kuczynskis, Fascism, Espionage and The Cold War
1188:
A Short History of Labour Conditions in France: 1700 to the Present Day
931:(which inherited the mantle of the SED) in his writing, long after the
893:
636:
In mid-1944 Kuczynski was approached by Joe Gould, a colonel in the US
626:
324:
320:
1007:
932:
860:, the official journal of the SED, published a very negative view of
787:
684:
680:
606:
566:
515:
statistics showing that since 1917 32 million copies of the works of
251:
243:
239:
193:
at the start of World War II, during the war he was recruited by the
175:
95:
57:
53:
2484:"Der Kuczynski-Nachlass in der Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin"
1222:
A number of Kuczyn's writings were translated into English, such as
808:
terms to an adequate understanding of the past through Ranke!...Any
862:
Der Ausbuch des ersten Weltkriegs und die deutsche Sozialdemokratie
854:
Der Ausbuch des ersten Weltkriegs und die deutsche Sozialdemokratie
830:
Der Ausbuch des ersten Weltkriegs und die deutsche Sozialdemokratie
205:
to Soviet intelligence and introduced the physicist to his sister
178:, journalist, and communist. He also provided intelligence to the
2059:
Dialog mit meinem Urenkel – Neunzehn Briefe und ein Tagebuch
1346:
Divided, But Not Disconnected: German Experiences of the Cold War
570:
247:
1421:"Kuczynski, Jürgen *17.9.1904, † 6.8.1997 Wirtschaftshistoriker"
1128:
estimated that roughly 100 were books or substantial pamphlets (
2153:. Wollheim-Kommission der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main
718:
710:
was a busy man. Kuczynski learned of his appointment from the
404:. Between 1930 and 1933 he contributed to the party newspaper,
2132:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1709:
1707:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1679:
1677:
1289:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 262–279.
1268:
German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History
421:
299:
Between 1910 and 1916 Kuczynski attended a private school in
2582:"Ein Platz für Jürgen Kuczynski Pankow ehrt Wissenschaftler"
1588:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
2416:
2125:
2108:
1980:
1957:
1940:
1928:
1704:
2356:
2354:
2341:
2339:
2337:
1907:
1674:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2263:
2261:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2229:
1582:
1398:
210:
198:
2778:
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
2738:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
2634:(Routledge Studies in Radical History and Politics) 2017
2440:
2428:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2351:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2216:
2214:
1251:. BudapestL: Central European Press. pp. 161–191.
1148:
Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter unter dem Kapitalismus
2305:
2290:
2273:
2258:
2241:
2226:
2061:. Aufbau, Berlin / Weimar 1983, 8. Auflage 1987,
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1325:
Writing Without Taboos: The New East German Literature
1195:
Dialog mit meinem Urenkel. 19 Briefe und ein Tagebuch.
1173:
1154:
Studien zur Geschichte der Gesellschaftswissenschaften
978:, and had purchased a number of first editions by the
774:
official line, for an example he sometimes criticized
261:
and his wife, painter Berta (Gradenwitz) Kuczynski. (
2196:
2194:
1694:
1692:
1523:
519:
had been published, 19 million copies of the work of
2393:
2366:
2317:
2211:
982:
philosopher. He also owned an early edition of the
450:
national leaderships. These were made available to
287:. Kuczynski was deeply influenced by the values of
2758:
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
2678:
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) politicians
2452:
1769:
1736:
1719:
923:He never lost the confidence of East German leader
597:, by which she is often identified in the sources.
16:
German economist and economic historian (1904–1997)
2768:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
2191:
1689:
1014:period in power. After Stalin died, his successor
935:of 1989/90 had opened up the dark side of the old
174:; 17 September 1904 – 6 August 1997) was a German
1415:
376:, who became one of Kuczynski's closest friends.
2773:Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
2639:
1858:
1798:"Jürgen Kuczynski – ein linientreuer Dissident?"
2763:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
2481:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1020:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
724:
493:In the spring of 1939, he published in London
2575:
2573:
2543:
1270:. LanhamL: Lexington Books. pp. 137–159.
1138:has listed the six most important as follows:
717:In 1947, the year in which his father died in
331:. German universities were strongholds of the
2579:
2148:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
617:policies "against his own better judgement".
368:, Kuczynski met the Soviet cultural minister
2673:Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
2607:
2601:
2464:
2136:
2119:
2029:"RED SONYA: The spy who lived in Kidlington"
2026:
1991:
1974:
1951:
1934:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1792:
1713:
1683:
1646:
1621:
1608:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1478:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1265:
1100:Kuczynski was nominated three times for the
963:Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
555:, undertaking espionage assignments for the
2570:
2165:
1922:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1303:
1160:Geschichte des Alltags des deutschen Volkes
1141:
1030:). His own argument would have appealed to
395:
2072:
1504:
1348:. Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 34–49.
1306:The Spy Book The Encyclopedia of Espionage
1130:"etwa 100 Bücher oder stärkere Broschüren"
1001:
31:
2053:
2051:
1786:
1549:
1435:
1006:Kuczynski was frequently identified with
523:, 14 million copies of the work of Count
275:The family lived in a small villa in the
2515:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2142:
2020:
1863:. Zeitschrift "antifa" (VVN-BdA), Berlin
1819:
1246:
581:. Fuchs had already been identified by
427:and quickly set up a one-party state in
2698:Cultural Association of the GDR members
2311:
2299:
2284:
2267:
2252:
2235:
2102:Für die Einheit und Reinheit der Partei
1284:
655:. Kuczynski worked under the economist
612:In 1942 Kuczynski was required to tell
527:, and 11 million copies of the work of
364:. At a showing of the 1925 Soviet film
2683:Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
2640:
2525:. Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin
2410:
2387:
2375:
2360:
2345:
2328:
2220:
2048:
1484:"Obituary: Professor Jurgen Kuczynski"
1362:
1342:
1304:Polmar, Norman; Allen, Thomas (1998).
694:. But in July 1945, the chief of the
551:as a statistician. He was also, like
458:Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition
2208:. Elefanten-Press, Berlin 1994, p. 23
2003:
1997:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1780:
1763:
1751:
1730:
1698:
1240:
1216:Ein treuer Rebell. Memoiren 1994–1997
1050:
623:National Committee for a Free Germany
221:. He joined the "Communist-dominated
169:
2458:
1322:
883:Kuczynski's friend, the philosopher
738:Society for German–Soviet Friendship
666:
1174:Works intended for a wider audience
996:Berlin Central and Regional Library
780:Zeitschrift für Geschtswissenschaft
477:, an organ of the Moscow-oriented
13:
2612:. Berliner Wochenblatt Verlag GmbH
1875:
1122:
14:
2804:
2783:Recipients of the Banner of Labor
2753:British emigrants to East Germany
2580:Stefan Strauß (4 December 2009).
2177:Interviews of associates of Fuchs
2082:Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin 1996,
1564:""Sonja" – Stalins beste Spionin"
1859:Michael Landmann (August 2014).
910:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
659:. He shared this analysis with
466:
456:Revolutionary Union Opposition (
223:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
2608:Bernd Wähner (28 August 2014).
2537:
2093:
1893:. Routledge. pp. 193–194.
1018:made a speech to party leaders
961:, worked for many years at the
902:Dialogue with my great grandson
828:In 1957, he published the book
2788:20th-century German historians
2708:20th-century German economists
2693:Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
2688:Members of the 1st Volkskammer
2663:People from the Rhine Province
2027:Debbie Waite (6 August 2010).
1076:National Prize of East Germany
1058:National Prize of East Germany
939:to wider and deeper scrutiny.
696:Soviet Military Administration
605:associated with developing an
390:Finanzpolitische Korrespondenz
346:Finanzpolitische Korrespondenz
233:
1:
2151:"Hermann Schmitz (1881–1960)"
2104:. Köln/Weimar 2002, Page 190.
1392:
1365:Contemporary European History
1225:The Rise of the Working Class
1028:"Fortsetzung des Stalinismus"
683:, Schmitz was a high-profile
553:his eldest sister Ursula/Ruth
2206:ZeitGenosse Jürgen Kuczynski
2078:Alfred Fleischhacker (Ed.):
1654:"Gestorben Jürgen Kuczynski"
725:Postwar life in East Germany
638:Office of Strategic Services
385:American Federation of Labor
294:
171:[ˈjʏʁɡn̩kuˈtʃɪnskiː]
7:
2748:German resistance to Nazism
1327:. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
1082:Star of People's Friendship
906:"Dialog mit meinem Urenkel"
303:, before progressing to an
85:Federal Republic of Germany
10:
2809:
1308:. New York: Random House.
968:
758:German Academy of Sciences
156:Berta Gradenwitz/Kuczynski
2718:German Marxist historians
2668:Jewish German politicians
2549:"J.K. und der Nobelpreis"
2507:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1805:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation
1377:10.1017/S0960777310000378
947:Jürgen Kuczynski married
942:
918:Dialog mit meinem Urenkel
914:Dialog mit meinem Urenkel
305:academic secondary school
148:
134:
123:
105:
91:
68:
42:
30:
23:
2179:. FBI Records: The Vault
1142:Principal academic works
1102:Nobel Prize in Economics
1094:Patriotic Order of Merit
1088:Patriotic Order of Merit
677:Strategic Bombing Survey
649:Strategic Bombing Survey
549:US Intelligence Services
396:Journalism and communism
319:. His subjects included
2728:Culture of East Germany
1923:Polmar & Allen 1998
1197:2nd edition Berlin 1984
1104:, but he never won it.
1002:Kuczynski and Stalinism
629:in the summer of 1944.
479:British Communist Party
441:anti-fascist resistance
228:
197:, the precursor of the
2793:Writers from Wuppertal
937:one-party dictatorship
700:Soviet occupation zone
657:John Kenneth Galbraith
487:German Communist Party
2658:People from Elberfeld
2482:Agnieszka Brockmann.
1525:Richard Norton-Taylor
1417:Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk
988:Robert René Kuczynski
959:American civilisation
876:and the "Trotskyist"
823:realistic objectivity
687:suspect at the time.
381:Brookings Institution
259:Robert René Kuczynski
167:German pronunciation:
153:Robert René Kuczynski
1887:Green, John (2017).
1323:Reid, James (1990).
949:Marguerite Steinfeld
712:Berlin Radio station
603:technical challenges
420:In January 1933 the
128:Marguerite Steinfeld
100:Historical economist
2723:East German writers
2713:Economic historians
2149:Stefanie Plappert.
984:Communist Manifesto
661:Soviet intelligence
579:Soviet Intelligence
370:Anatoly Lunacharsky
366:Battleship Potemkin
2703:Marxian economists
2425:, p. 162-163.
2173:"Jürgen Kuczynski"
2057:Jürgen Kuczynski:
1592:; Karin Hartewig.
1590:Bernd-Rainer Barth
1482:(13 August 1997).
1241:Books and articles
1214:Jürgen Kuczynski:
1207:Jürgen Kuczynski:
1193:Jürgen Kuczynski:
1070:Order of Karl Marx
1051:Awards and honours
872:, the "anarchist"
767:bildungsbürgerlich
762:bildungsbürgerlich
756:Department at the
742:People's Chamber (
671:At the end of the
533:bildungsbürgerlich
503:bildungsbürgerlich
422:NSDAP (Nazi party)
414:bildungsbürgerlich
372:and the economist
289:bildungsbürgerlich
2733:Jewish socialists
2137:Fair-Schulze 2011
2120:Fair-Schulze 2011
1992:Fair-Schulze 2011
1975:Fair-Schulze 2011
1952:Fair-Schulze 2011
1935:Fair-Schulze 2011
1714:Fair-Schulze 2011
1684:Fair-Schulze 2011
1625:(14 April 1997).
1016:Nikita Khrushchev
846:Neues Deutschland
784:Leopold von Ranke
731:Berlin University
667:Return to Germany
521:Alexander Pushkin
483:Winston Churchill
329:Political economy
301:Berlin-Zehlendorf
160:
159:
37:Kuczynski in 1997
2800:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2587:Berliner Zeitung
2577:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2547:(January 2005).
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2479:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2391:
2390:, p. 42=43.
2385:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2363:, p. 41-42.
2358:
2349:
2348:, p. 40-41.
2343:
2332:
2326:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2076:
2070:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1955:
1949:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1856:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1796:(January 2005).
1790:
1784:
1778:
1767:
1766:, p. 66-67.
1761:
1755:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1662:. 11 August 1997
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1527:(11 July 2000).
1521:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1476:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1388:
1359:
1338:
1319:
1300:
1281:
1262:
889:Victor Klemperer
850:Albert Schreiner
350:Willi Münzenberg
268:Jürgen's sister
238:Born in 1904 in
207:Ursula Kuczynski
173:
168:
163:Jürgen Kuczynski
79:
77:
47:Jürgen Kuczynski
35:
25:Jürgen Kuczynski
21:
20:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2578:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2335:
2327:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2200:Günter Kröber:
2199:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2109:
2098:
2094:
2077:
2073:
2056:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1958:
1950:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1908:
1901:
1885:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1737:
1729:
1720:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1562:(11 May 2007).
1557:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1522:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1489:The Independent
1477:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1356:
1335:
1316:
1297:
1278:
1259:
1243:
1176:
1144:
1125:
1123:Published works
1064:Banner of Labor
1053:
1004:
971:
945:
817:, which is the
727:
669:
614:Hermann Duncker
508:Charles Dickens
469:
448:Communist Party
433:Communist Party
402:Communist Party
398:
354:Albert Einstein
297:
281:Karl Liebknecht
263:The Independent
236:
231:
166:
155:
143:
141:
116:
112:
106:Political party
98:
87:
81:
75:
73:
64:
51:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2790:
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2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
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2755:
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2740:
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2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
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2680:
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2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2600:
2569:
2556:UTOPIE kreativ
2545:Günther Kröber
2536:
2514:
2463:
2461:, p. 151.
2451:
2449:, p. 178.
2439:
2437:, p. 163.
2427:
2415:
2392:
2380:
2365:
2350:
2333:
2316:
2314:, p. 268.
2304:
2302:, p. 273.
2289:
2287:, p. 272.
2272:
2270:, p. 271.
2257:
2255:, p. 266.
2240:
2238:, p. 265.
2225:
2210:
2190:
2164:
2141:
2139:, p. 146.
2124:
2122:, p. 148.
2107:
2100:Thomas Klein:
2092:
2071:
2047:
2019:
1996:
1994:, p. 145.
1979:
1977:, p. 144.
1956:
1954:, p. 143.
1939:
1937:, p. 142.
1927:
1925:, p. 320.
1906:
1899:
1874:
1818:
1785:
1768:
1756:
1735:
1718:
1716:, p. 153.
1703:
1688:
1686:, p. 137.
1673:
1645:
1607:
1581:
1568:Wiener Zeitung
1548:
1503:
1434:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1360:
1355:978-1845456467
1354:
1340:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1301:
1295:
1282:
1277:978-0739150481
1276:
1263:
1258:978-9639776630
1257:
1242:
1239:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1140:
1124:
1121:
1115:, in Berlin's
1111:"Anton Square"
1098:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1032:the leadership
1012:the dictator's
1003:
1000:
970:
967:
944:
941:
925:Erich Honecker
874:Franz Pfemfert
841:Gerhard Ritter
802:new instrument
776:Vladimir Lenin
726:
723:
708:Marshal Zhukov
668:
665:
474:Labour Monthly
468:
465:
407:Die Rote Fahne
397:
394:
338:Kurt Tucholsky
296:
293:
285:Rosa Luxemburg
235:
232:
230:
227:
158:
157:
150:
146:
145:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
120:
107:
103:
102:
93:
89:
88:
82:
80:(aged 92)
70:
66:
65:
52:
50:17 August 1904
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2805:
2794:
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2504:
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2478:
2476:
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2472:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2447:Connolly 2009
2443:
2436:
2435:Connolly 2009
2431:
2424:
2423:Connolly 2009
2419:
2413:, p. 43.
2412:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2378:, p. 42.
2377:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2331:, p. 41.
2330:
2325:
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2321:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
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2264:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2223:, p. 40.
2222:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2088:3-355-01475-3
2085:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2067:3-351-00182-7
2064:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1900:9781138232327
1896:
1892:
1891:
1883:
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1862:
1855:
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1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1783:, p. 67.
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1754:, p. 66.
1753:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1733:, p. 65.
1732:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1701:, p. 64.
1700:
1695:
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1315:0-375-70249-0
1311:
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1279:
1273:
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1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:Die Weltbühne
1229:
1227:
1226:
1218:. Berlin 1998
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
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1190:
1189:
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1168:3-89438-191-4
1165:
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1038:
1033:
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1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:Immanuel Kant
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
950:
940:
938:
934:
933:reunification
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
897:
895:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:Rudolf Lindau
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
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608:
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591:
586:
584:
583:Anthony Blunt
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
540:of 1936–38.
539:
538:Yezhovshchina
534:
530:
529:Anton Chekhov
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
504:
498:
496:
491:
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467:English exile
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423:
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393:
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377:
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374:Yevgeny Varga
371:
367:
363:
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358:Ludwig Quidde
355:
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341:
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334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
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306:
302:
292:
290:
286:
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278:
277:Schlachtensee
273:
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133:
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119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
92:Occupation(s)
90:
86:
72:6 August 1997
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2743:Soviet spies
2629:
2628:John Green.
2614:. Retrieved
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2585:
2560:. Retrieved
2555:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2517:
2491:. Retrieved
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2383:
2312:Feldner 2002
2307:
2300:Feldner 2002
2285:Feldner 2002
2268:Feldner 2002
2253:Feldner 2002
2236:Feldner 2002
2205:
2201:
2181:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2144:
2101:
2095:
2079:
2074:
2058:
2038:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
1999:
1930:
1889:
1865:. Retrieved
1809:. Retrieved
1794:Mario Keßler
1788:
1759:
1664:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1630:
1623:Barbara Supp
1598:. Retrieved
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1560:Thomas Karny
1539:. Retrieved
1534:The Guardian
1532:
1494:. Retrieved
1487:
1480:David Childs
1425:. Retrieved
1371:(1): 61–79.
1368:
1364:
1345:
1324:
1305:
1286:
1267:
1248:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1162:(5 volumes)
1159:
1156:(10 volumes)
1153:
1150:(40 volumes)
1147:
1136:Mario Keßler
1134:
1129:
1126:
1110:
1109:Antonplatz (
1106:
1099:
1045:
1041:Nazi Germany
1027:
1024:
1005:
992:
972:
953:
946:
922:
917:
913:
905:
901:
898:
882:
878:Paul Frölich
870:Karl Kautsky
861:
857:
853:
845:
838:
833:
829:
827:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
798:
792:
779:
772:
766:
761:
750:
743:
735:
728:
716:
704:East Germany
689:
670:
652:
646:
641:
635:
631:
619:
611:
599:
587:
561:
557:Soviet Union
545:enemy aliens
542:
537:
532:
502:
499:
494:
492:
472:
470:
457:
445:
437:
419:
413:
405:
399:
389:
378:
365:
362:Carl Mertens
345:
342:
332:
298:
288:
274:
267:
262:
237:
219:East Germany
215:
188:
184:World War II
180:Soviet Union
162:
161:
18:
2653:1997 deaths
2648:1904 births
2411:Stibbe 2010
2388:Stibbe 2010
2376:Stibbe 2010
2361:Stibbe 2010
2346:Stibbe 2010
2329:Stibbe 2010
2221:Stibbe 2010
2034:Oxford Mail
2004:Peter Rau.
1659:Der Spiegel
1632:Der Spiegel
1211:Berlin 2000
929:PDS (party)
885:Ernst Bloch
744:Volkskammer
692:West Berlin
595:Ruth Werner
575:Isle of Man
563:Klaus Fuchs
525:Leo Tolstoy
517:Maxim Gorky
512:Victor Hugo
256:demographer
234:Early years
203:Klaus Fuchs
191:enemy alien
130:(1904–1998)
2642:Categories
2616:17 January
2593:17 January
2562:17 January
2529:17 January
2493:17 January
2157:16 January
2090:, Page 221
2012:16 January
1867:16 January
1811:15 January
1781:Green 2017
1764:Green 2017
1752:Green 2017
1731:Green 2017
1699:Green 2017
1666:15 January
1638:16 January
1496:15 January
1427:12 January
1393:References
1334:0854960201
1296:0719062896
1096:Gold clasp
980:Königsberg
894:Kurt Hager
685:war-crimes
627:Kurt Hager
425:took power
325:Statistics
321:Philosophy
317:Heidelberg
76:1997-08-07
2459:Reid 1990
2069:, p.77–81
2040:3 January
1600:1 January
1574:3 January
1541:2 January
1385:159895569
1117:Weißensee
1008:Stalinism
834:Reichstag
815:postulate
806:technical
791:rather a
788:Max Weber
681:IG Farben
607:atom bomb
567:physicist
295:Education
252:economist
244:Wuppertal
240:Elberfeld
176:economist
149:Parent(s)
144:Madeleine
96:Economist
58:Wuppertal
54:Elberfeld
2503:cite web
1807:, Berlin
1570:(online)
1536:(online)
1492:. London
793:specific
536:and the
333:völkisch
309:Erlangen
135:Children
83:Berlin,
1010:during
969:Library
904:(1983,
858:Einheit
698:in the
590:"Sonya"
571:Leipzig
429:Germany
248:Germany
182:during
74: (
62:Germany
2204:. In:
2183:9 July
2086:
2065:
1897:
1383:
1352:
1331:
1312:
1293:
1274:
1255:
1166:
1037:defeat
955:Thomas
943:Family
719:Oxford
452:Soviet
360:, and
313:Berlin
270:Ursula
139:Thomas
124:Spouse
2552:(PDF)
2487:(PDF)
1801:(PDF)
1381:S2CID
1092:1989
1086:1984
1080:1979
1074:1974
1068:1969
1062:1964
1056:1949
912:. In
810:means
653:Reich
569:from
142:Peter
2618:2015
2595:2015
2564:2015
2531:2015
2509:link
2495:2015
2185:2015
2159:2015
2084:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2042:2014
2014:2015
1895:ISBN
1869:2015
1813:2015
1668:2015
1640:2015
1602:2015
1576:2015
1543:2015
1498:2015
1429:2015
1350:ISBN
1339:<
1329:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1164:ISBN
786:and
751:The
565:, a
510:and
327:and
315:and
283:and
254:and
229:Life
69:Died
43:Born
1373:doi
1132:).
1039:of
864:by
753:SED
706:.
673:war
644:.)
246:),
211:MI5
199:CIA
195:OSS
118:PDS
114:SED
110:KPD
60:),
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