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449:. Those classified as fit to work remained at Janowska for forced labor. The majority, rejected as unfit for work, were deported to Belzec and murdered, or else were shot at the Piaski ravine, located just north of the camp. In the summer and fall of 1942, thousands of Jews (mainly from the Lwów ghetto) were deported to Janowska and murdered in the Piaski ravine.
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inmates staged a revolt against the
Germans and attempted a mass escape. A few succeeded, but most were recaptured and murdered. At the time of the camp's liquidation, the SS and their local auxiliaries murdered at least 6,000 Jews who had survived the uprising killings at Janowska, as well as Jews
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On the eve of Lwów's liberation, the
Germans ordered 40 orchestra musicians to form a circle. The security guards stood around the musicians tightly and ordered them to play. First, the orchestra conductor, Jakub Mund, was executed. Then the German commandant ordered the musicians to come to the
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told the
Commission that between 6 June and 20 November 1943 his "team burned more than 310,000 bodies", including 170,000 in the immediate vicinity of the camp and another 140,000 or more in the Lysynychi area of eastern Lwów. Weliczker repeated the claim of "a few hundred thousand" at
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In the
Janowska concentration camp, the Germans conducted torture and executions to music. The orchestra members, inmates of the camp, were required to always play the same tune, "Tango of Death". Pre-war Polish Lwów Municipal Theater's noted Jewish musicians were among the members.
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At the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, about 160,000 Jews lived in the city; the number had swelled by tens of thousands due to the arrival of Jewish refugees from German-occupied western Poland in
September 1939. Lviv was occupied by the
330:. During the forced relocation of Jewish families to the newly created ghetto, German police shot and murdered thousands of elderly and sick Jews as they crossed under the rail bridge on Pełtewna Street (which came to be known as the
262:) was a multicultural city just before World War II, with a population of 312,231. The city's 157,490 ethnic Poles constituted over 50 per cent, with Jews at 32 per cent (99,595) and Ukrainians at 16 per cent (49,747). After the
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that had been hidden in Lwów's Jewish cemetery. They cut the Torahs into pieces which they hid under their clothes and smuggled back into the camp. After the war survivors assembled the various pieces into a single scroll, the
244:. Estimates put the total number of prisoners who passed through the Janowska camp at between 100,000 and 120,000, mostly Polish and Soviet Jews. The number of victims murdered at the camp is estimated at 35,000–40,000.
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In
October 1941, the Germans established a concentration camp next to the factory, which housed the forced laborers along with other prisoners. Thousands of Jews from the Lwów ghetto were forced to work as
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laborers in this complex. When the
Germans liquidated the Lwów ghetto, the ghetto's inhabitants who were fit for work were sent to the Janowska camp; the rest were deported to the German Nazi death camp
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determined that over 200,000 people were murdered in
Janowska in the course of the camp operation. The ashes mixed with crushed bones were buried to a depth of six feet (2 m) in various places.
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on 28 September 1939, which assigned about 200,000 km (77,000 sq mi) of Polish territory inhabited by 13.5 million people of all nationalities to the Soviet Union. Lwów was then
377:) on 134 Janowska Street (Grodecka 10a address), in northwestern suburbs of Lwów. This factory became a part of a network of factories owned and operated by the SS. The commandant of the camp was
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in 1942 from across German-occupied southeastern Poland (now western
Ukraine). Jews underwent a selection process in Janowska camp similar to that used at
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The
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center of the circle one by one, put their instruments onto the ground and strip naked, after which they were murdered by a shot to the head.
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Survivors of the camp's Sonderkommando 1005 unit stand next to a bone crushing machine (taken following the liberation of the camp in 1944)
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The Germans liquidated the camp in November 1943, with the evidence of mass murder being largely destroyed in the Nazi program of
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In addition to the Lwów ghetto, in September 1941 the occupation authorities set up a German Armament Works D.A.W. factory (
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1014:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Knowledge;
638:. Some evenings the orchestra musicians were made to play under the camp commander's windows for hours on end.
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1413:, who was imprisoned in Janowska in 1942; photo page has images of boulder memorial at site of mass executions
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Lemberg, District of Galicia, General Government (formerly Lwów, Second Polish Republic; today Lviv, Ukraine)
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Remaining facilities at Janowska were used by the Soviets as a prison camp after its liberation in 1944.
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Fritz Gebauer. The Germans used Jews who worked at this factory as forced laborers, mainly working in
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531:'s trial in 1961. Weliczker also described his work as part of the Sonderaktion 1005 in his memoir
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In early November 1941, the Germans closed-off northern portions of the city, thus forming the
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Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia
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on 30 June 1941. Jews were press-ganged by the Germans to remove bodies of the victims of the
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5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Lwów ghetto and burn the bodies. On 19 November 1943 the
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1232:. A True Story of Holocaust Survivors — Mr. Mintz Publishing, Mikhail Baranovskiy, 2020. -
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1306:"The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd"
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and murdered. In early June 1943, the Germans destroyed and liquidated the ghetto.
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935:"SS Man Katzmann's "Solution of the Jewish Question in the District of Galicia""
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Friedrich Warzok was put in charge of the evacuation of the Janowska inmates to
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In addition to being a forced-labor camp for Jews, Janowska was a transit camp (
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A photo of the orchestra players was one of the incriminating documents at the
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Eichmann Trial transcript: Testimony of Dr. Leon Weliczker-Wells (part 1 of 5)
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Businesses, Partnerships and Addresses: Steinhaus Milling Machines-Merchants
355:. By August 1942, more than 65,000 Jews from Lwów had been sent away aboard
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for the Jews). Several months later, in March 1942, German police under the
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murders, Ukrainian nationalists and Germans murdered thousands of Jews.
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The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution
1154:
582: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
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Ahead of the Soviet advance, in November 1943 the new camp commandant
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Nazi concentration camp on the outskirts of present-day Lviv, Ukraine
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489:. The Germans attempted to destroy the traces of mass murder during
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Anti-semitism: A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred
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1380:(Hebrew edition), vol. 3, pp. 572–575. Map, illustration
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Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
1074:(Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson.
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During hangings, the Germans ordered the orchestra to play
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for extermination. The concentration camp was guarded by a
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and Ukrainian nationalists blamed the Jews. In the ensuing
267:
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224:
351:, began to deport Jews from the ghetto to the German Nazi
1391:
US Holocaust Memorial Museum Website (Search: "Janowska")
812:(2018a). "Last Stop in Lwów: Janowska as a Hybrid Camp".
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International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
1396:
Concentration camps of Nazi Germany: illustrated history
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1451:
1362:, part A. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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claimed lyrics of the "Tango of Death" were written by
435:
mass deportations of Polish Jews to the killing centers
227:, Ukraine). The camp was named after the nearby street
1207:"Tango of Death: A True Story of a Holocaust Survivor"
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944:. University of Vermont: 2, 11, 16–18. Archived from
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at the site of mass graves adjoining the camp, 1944.
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652:Jakub Mund's story is described in the book called
495:. Prisoners were forced to open the mass graves in
58:
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373:) in prewar Steinhaus Milling Machines Merchants (
173:encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/janowska
1135:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
845:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–70, 539.
680:(later Altman), Polish-Israeli chemist and writer
634:, and during tortures, the musicians had to play
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2942:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
1407:– navigate consecutive web pages within website
3893:Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot
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3427:
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2008:
1568:
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932:
3613:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
1354:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
1028:Text from USHMM has been released under the
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1583:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
1356:. Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe
66:Location of Janowska camp in modern Ukraine
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842:Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1942–1943
362:
266:of Poland on 1 and 17 September 1939, the
215:combining elements of labor, transit, and
1105:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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598:Learn how and when to remove this message
1122:
1120:
609:
468:
3538:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1270:online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian
4014:
3521:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
2881:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1268:(Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) –
1127:Carmelo Lisciotto, H.E.A.R.T. (2007).
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1347:Kulke, Christine (2012). "Lwów". In
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973:(Extermination of the Jews of Lwów)
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580:adding citations to reliable sources
551:
4047:Nazi concentration camps in Ukraine
3442:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
1453:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
13:
3756:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
3603:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
933:Claudia Koonz (November 2, 2005).
697:, Polish screenwriter and lyricist
659:
14:
4073:
4032:1943 disestablishments in Ukraine
3285:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
1384:
1094:
541:
533:Death Brigade (The Janowska road)
461:. It is currently in California.
3959:February Ecuadorian prison riots
3462:Population transfers (1944–1946)
2511:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1205:O'Hare, Vinny (March 25, 2020).
1072:Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File
782:
770:
758:
738:List of Nazi concentration camps
556:
57:
50:
34:
3965:September Guayaquil prison riot
3816:F-type prisons strike and riots
3565:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
3477:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
1198:
1179:
1147:
1129:"The Soviet Special Commission"
1088:
1037:
984:
567:needs additional citations for
504:in other forced labor camps in
4022:1941 establishments in Ukraine
3971:November Guayaquil prison riot
2893:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
2869:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1417:The HolocaustResesearchProject
1378:Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust
1324:10.1080/00085006.2011.11092673
1286:: Princeton University Press.
814:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
802:
513:Extraordinary State Commission
475:Extraordinary State Commission
464:
315:
1:
3679:Castle Hill convict rebellion
3560:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
3390:Human medical experimentation
1186:"The Trial of Adolf Eichmann"
795:
712:, Polish philosopher and poet
705:National Envelope Corporation
276:German–Soviet Frontier Treaty
247:
264:joint Soviet-German invasion
7:
3595:Righteous Among the Nations
3482:Ministry of Public Security
2861:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
1471:Related articles by country
1018:ticket no. 2007071910012533
725:
426:", drawn from Soviet POWs.
375:Maszyny młyńskie - Sprzedaż
280:annexed to the Soviet Union
180:Janowska concentration camp
10:
4078:
3664:Prison riots and uprisings
3507:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2889:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
990:Jewishgen.org (May 2005),
545:
319:
251:
133:September 1941 – July 1944
3824:
3792:Leopoldov prison uprising
3768:Peruvian prison massacres
3738:Pulau Senang prison riots
3699:
3670:
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3280:Sobibor perpetrator album
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2865:Estonian Auxiliary Police
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1975:Human medical experiments
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1250:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1191:November 9, 2019, at the
997:January 29, 2018, at the
687:, Grand Rabbi of Bluzev (
370:Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke
353:Belzec extermination camp
208:
200:
169:
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157:35,000–40,000 (estimated)
153:
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45:
33:
28:
23:
4001:Makala jailbreak attempt
3528:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
2873:Latvian Auxiliary Police
2606:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2108:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1311:Canadian Slavonic Papers
1043:Erwin and Agnes Herman,
1010:Holocaust Encyclopedia.
942:The Raul Hilberg Lecture
743:Nazi concentration camps
431:Durchgangslager Janowska
231:in Lwów of the interwar
3798:Strangeways Prison riot
3750:Huntsville Prison siege
3618:Garden of the Righteous
3370:Identification in camps
3363:Technical and logistics
2809:Order Police battalions
1342:. Taylor & Francis.
1266:Zagłada Żydów Lwowskich
971:Zagłada Żydów lwowskich
363:Labour and transit camp
296:NKVD prisoner massacres
213:Nazi concentration camp
3887:Topo Chico prison riot
3833:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi
3031:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2496:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
1195:Session #23 2 May 1961
1102:Holocaust Encyclopedia
615:
478:
233:Second Polish Republic
187:
3941:Cameroon prison riots
3929:Amazonas prison riots
3881:Kaohsiung Prison riot
3875:Palmasola prison riot
3845:Altamira prison brawl
3780:Fremantle Prison riot
3570:Majdanek State Museum
2703:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
1607:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1411:Story of Nina Morecki
839:Emil Kerenji (2014).
674:, Polish physiologist
613:
472:
98:49.85417°N 23.99000°E
4062:Lwów in World War II
3983:Battle of al-Hasakah
3935:Altamira prison riot
3923:Acarigua prison riot
3899:Kidapawan jail siege
3863:Welikada prison riot
3774:Atlanta prison riots
3691:Cooking Pot Uprising
3047:Mordechai Anielewicz
2758:Elisabeth Volkenrath
2643:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
2279:Arthur Liebehenschel
2204:Hermine Braunsteiner
2148:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1349:Geoffrey P. Megargee
576:improve this article
517:Leon Weliczker Wells
336:SS and Police Leader
149:100,000+ (estimated)
3947:Guanare prison riot
3905:Brazil prison riots
3869:Uribana prison riot
3851:Apodaca prison riot
3810:Khujand prison riot
3786:Polish prison riots
3585:March of the Living
3457:Holocaust survivors
3321:Vrba–Wetzler report
3097:Alexander Pechersky
3057:Mordechai Tenenbaum
2506:Alexander Palfinger
2329:Johann Schwarzhuber
1889:Międzyrzec Podlaski
1868:Lviv pogroms (1941)
1769:Sonderaktion Krakau
1244:Beorn, Waitman Wade
951:on February 5, 2015
810:Beorn, Waitman Wade
483:SS-Hauptsturmführer
447:extermination camps
340:District of Galicia
306:and the concurrent
298:, for which German
254:Lviv pogroms (1941)
217:extermination camps
94: /
4057:General Government
3995:Támara prison riot
3953:Mahara prison riot
3839:Mexico prison riot
3804:Carandiru massacre
3744:Attica Prison riot
3714:Battle of Alcatraz
3685:Bathurst Rebellion
3500:West German trials
3295:Wannsee Conference
3082:Itzhak Katzenelson
2834:General Government
2319:Franz Reichleitner
2249:Fritz Hartjenstein
2239:Maximilian Grabner
2158:Bruno Streckenbach
1970:Grossaktion Warsaw
1623:Operation Reinhard
1048:Kar-Ben Publishing
826:10.1093/hgs/dcy041
616:
479:
439:Auschwitz–Birkenau
380:SS-Haupsturmführer
221:General Government
103:49.85417; 23.99000
29:Concentration camp
4009:
4008:
3989:Tuluá prison riot
3977:Tula prison break
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3546:
3545:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3358:
3357:
3350:Sonderaktion 1005
3224:
3223:
2907:
2906:
2885:Ypatingasis būrys
2787:
2786:
2728:Johanna Langefeld
2723:Hildegard Lächert
2619:
2618:
2455:Alfred Trzebinski
2420:Franz von Bodmann
2372:Lorenz Hackenholt
2214:Theodor van Eupen
2153:Jakob Sporrenberg
1988:
1987:
1712:
1711:
1369:978-0-253-00202-0
1276:Gross, Jan Tomasz
1081:978-1-84119-607-7
703:, founder of the
695:Emanuel Szlechter
666:Maurycy Allerhand
625:Emanuel Szlechter
608:
607:
600:
492:Sonderaktion 1005
422:guards known as "
410:battalion of the
241:Sonderaktion 1005
177:
176:
146:Number of inmates
4069:
4052:Prison uprisings
3911:Makala jailbreak
3857:Yare prison riot
3762:Badaber Uprising
3726:Vorkuta uprising
3720:Norilsk uprising
3657:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3512:Treblinka trials
3497:
3496:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3311:Graebe affidavit
3304:Witness accounts
3250:Frank memorandum
3235:
3234:
3130:
3129:
3117:Szmul Zygielbojm
3107:Frumka Płotnicka
3067:Leon Feldhendler
3052:Icchak Cukierman
3006:Ghetto uprisings
2936:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2857:Schutzmannschaft
2678:Feodor Fedorenko
2628:
2627:
2536:Wolfgang Birkner
2324:Heinrich Schwarz
2314:Josef Oberhauser
2289:Heinrich Matthes
2173:Dieter Wisliceny
2163:Richard Thomalla
2138:Heinz Reinefarth
2088:Heinrich Himmler
2033:
2032:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1958:Other atrocities
1595:
1594:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1373:
1343:
1318:(2–4): 209–243.
1302:Himka, John-Paul
1297:
1264:Filip Friedman,
1261:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1064:
1058:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1007:
1001:
988:
982:
969:Filip Friedman,
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
950:
939:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
897:
891:
885:
875:
869:
863:
857:
856:
836:
830:
829:
806:
787:
786:
785:
775:
774:
773:
763:
762:
754:
716:Simon Wiesenthal
678:Janina Hescheles
647:Nuremberg trials
621:Simon Wiesenthal
603:
596:
592:
589:
583:
560:
552:
525:
497:Lysynychi forest
416:
381:
357:Holocaust trains
210:
202:
195:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
61:
60:
54:
38:
21:
20:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4037:1943 in Ukraine
4027:1942 in Ukraine
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3820:
3732:Kengir uprising
3695:
3666:
3661:
3631:
3622:
3589:
3542:
3533:Stutthof trials
3516:
3486:
3443:
3440:
3399:
3385:Holocaust train
3354:
3338:
3326:Witold's Report
3316:Gerstein Report
3299:
3265:Katzmann Report
3245:Auschwitz Album
3220:
3159:
3121:
3087:Michał Klepfisz
3035:
2994:
2943:
2940:
2903:
2843:
2813:Ordnungspolizei
2783:
2762:
2743:Erich Muhsfeldt
2673:Margot Dreschel
2658:Alexander Bülow
2615:
2611:Udo von Woyrsch
2601:Hermann Schaper
2596:Emanuel Schäfer
2581:Josef Meisinger
2541:Helmut Bischoff
2520:
2476:Heinz Auerswald
2464:
2406:
2354:
2348:
2344:Christian Wirth
2254:Gottlieb Hering
2177:
2143:Julian Scherner
2128:Georg Michalsen
2113:Franz Kutschera
2073:Odilo Globocnik
2024:
2021:
1984:
1953:
1815:
1773:
1754:Kielce cemetery
1708:
1645:
1584:
1581:
1544:
1455:
1450:
1387:
1370:
1294:
1258:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1211:awesomegang.com
1203:
1199:
1193:Wayback Machine
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:. p. 191.
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1133:Janowska – Lvov
1125:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1065:
1061:
1045:The Yanov Torah
1042:
1038:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1004:
999:Wayback Machine
989:
985:
968:
964:
954:
952:
948:
937:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
900:
892:
888:
876:
872:
864:
860:
853:
837:
833:
807:
803:
798:
793:
783:
781:
771:
769:
757:
749:
747:
728:
668:, Polish lawyer
662:
660:Notable inmates
604:
593:
587:
584:
573:
561:
550:
544:
519:
467:
411:
379:
365:
332:bridge of death
324:
318:
300:Nazi propaganda
282:as part of the
256:
250:
211:) was a German
209:Янівський табір
201:Янов or "Yanov"
191:
102:
100:
96:
93:
88:
85:
83:
81:
80:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4075:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3708:Cowra breakout
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3575:Sobibór Museum
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:Sonderkommando
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Posen speeches
3272:
3270:Korherr Report
3267:
3262:
3260:Höfle telegram
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Witold Pilecki
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3077:Henryk Iwański
3074:
3072:Paweł Frenkiel
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2877:Arajs Kommando
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2799:Einsatzgruppen
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2753:Alice Orlowski
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:John Demjanjuk
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Gerhard Flesch
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2527:Einsatzgruppen
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2469:Ghetto command
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Horst Schumann
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Johann Niemann
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Hermann Michel
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Karl-Otto Koch
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Irmfried Eberl
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Fritz Katzmann
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Arthur Greiser
2080:
2078:Richard Glücks
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Ludwig Fischer
2060:
2055:
2053:Adolf Eichmann
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1856:
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1808:
1803:
1798:
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1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
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1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1717:Mass shootings
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1704:Danzig-Matzkau
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Kraków-Płaszów
1666:
1661:
1655:
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1420:
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1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1386:
1385:External links
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:Aharon Weiss,
1374:
1368:
1344:
1298:
1292:
1272:
1262:
1257:978-1474232227
1256:
1240:
1238:979-8620147014
1230:Tango of Death
1224:
1223:
1197:
1178:
1171:
1146:
1116:
1087:
1080:
1059:
1055:978-0930494452
1036:
1002:
983:
962:
925:
923:, p. 211.
913:
911:, p. 802.
898:
896:, p. 136.
886:
870:
868:, p. 210.
858:
852:978-1442236271
851:
831:
820:(3): 445–471.
800:
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669:
661:
658:
654:Tango of Death
614:Tango of Death
606:
605:
564:
562:
555:
548:Tango of Death
543:
542:Tango of Death
540:
529:Adolf Eichmann
501:Sonderkommando
466:
463:
364:
361:
349:Fritz Katzmann
320:Main article:
317:
314:
309:Einsatzgruppen
252:Main article:
249:
246:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
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155:
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150:
147:
143:
142:
141:Primarily Jews
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3918:
3917:Valencia fire
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3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Kielce pogrom
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3432:
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3396:
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3319:
3317:
3314:
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3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:Stroop Report
3288:
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3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
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3261:
3258:
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3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Documentation
3227:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
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3156:
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3141:
3138:
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3131:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
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3100:
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3095:
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3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Marek Edelman
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
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3019:
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3014:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
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3001:
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2988:
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2961:
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2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:Organizations
2946:
2937:
2932:
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2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2897:
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2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2849:Collaboration
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:Organizations
2790:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Eduard Lorenz
2736:
2734:
2733:Anton Lechner
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Josef Kollmer
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Kurt Gerstein
2686:
2684:
2683:Hans Hoffmann
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Juana Bormann
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Erich Naumann
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Lothar Beutel
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2516:Jürgen Stroop
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Josef Blösche
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2460:Eduard Wirths
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Josef Mengele
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Horst Fischer
2433:
2431:
2430:Karl Gebhardt
2428:
2426:
2425:Carl Clauberg
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Ludwig Plagge
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Herbert Lange
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Kurt Bolender
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Gustav Wagner
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Franz Hössler
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Karl Fritzsch
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Wilhelm Boger
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Erwin Lambert
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Wilhelm Koppe
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Hermann Höfle
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Theodor Eicke
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
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1930:
1927:
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1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Aktion Krakau
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Bloody Sunday
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
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1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1651:Concentration
1648:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1599:Extermination
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1551:
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1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:The Holocaust
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1282:. Princeton,
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1172:9780313353840
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1000:
996:
993:
987:
980:
976:
972:
966:
947:
943:
936:
929:
922:
917:
910:
905:
903:
895:
890:
883:
879:
874:
867:
862:
854:
848:
844:
843:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
805:
801:
790:
780:
778:
768:
766:
761:
756:
755:
752:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
706:
702:
701:William Ungar
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:Yisroel Spira
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
663:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
612:
602:
599:
591:
588:November 2022
581:
577:
571:
570:
565:This section
563:
559:
554:
553:
549:
539:
536:
534:
530:
523:
518:
514:
509:
507:
502:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
476:
471:
462:
460:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:) during the
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:
414:
409:
408:
403:
398:
392:
390:
386:
382:
376:
372:
371:
360:
358:
354:
350:
347:
346:
345:Brigadeführer
341:
337:
333:
329:
323:
313:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:
285:
284:Ukrainian SSR
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
255:
245:
243:
242:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
79:
77:
73:
53:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3825:21st century
3700:20th century
3671:19th century
3331:
3255:Höcker Album
3238:Nazi sources
3126:Victim lists
3092:Miles Lerman
2899:Trawniki men
2839:Hotel Polski
2748:Detlef Nebbe
2713:Oswald Kaduk
2708:Karl Jeschke
2586:Bruno Müller
2576:Felix Landau
2561:Ernst Damzog
2556:Karl Brunner
2525:
2501:Franz Konrad
2402:Adolf Theuer
2355:executioners
2334:Franz Stangl
2304:Robert Mulka
2274:Josef Kramer
2224:Karl Frenzel
2194:Richard Baer
2189:Hans Aumeier
2182:Camp command
2168:Otto Wächter
2048:Josef Bühler
2043:Viktor Brack
2029:Perpetrators
1621:
1463:Main article
1359:
1352:
1315:
1309:
1279:
1265:
1247:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1200:
1181:
1158:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1132:
1109:November 18,
1107:. Retrieved
1100:
1090:
1071:
1062:
1044:
1039:
1027:
1020:. Retrieved
1005:
986:
970:
965:
953:. Retrieved
946:the original
941:
928:
916:
889:
873:
861:
841:
834:
817:
813:
804:
710:Debora Vogel
653:
651:
644:
640:
629:
617:
594:
585:
574:Please help
569:verification
566:
537:
532:
511:The Soviet
510:
500:
490:
482:
480:
451:
430:
428:
424:Trawniki men
417:
412:
407:Sonderdienst
405:
393:
378:
374:
368:
366:
343:
331:
325:
307:
304:July pogroms
288:
272:Nazi Germany
257:
239:
237:
228:
179:
178:
165:The Red Army
162:Liberated by
18:
3375:Gas chamber
3343:Concealment
3334:photographs
3181:Gross-Rosen
3150:Lviv (Lwów)
3112:Roza Robota
3016:Częstochowa
2648:Herta Bothe
2638:Hans Anhalt
2631:Camp guards
2571:Ludwig Hahn
2551:Paul Blobel
2491:Franz Bürkl
2481:Hans Biebow
2440:Fritz Klein
2377:Josef Klehr
2362:Erich Bauer
2353:Gas chamber
2299:Karl Möckel
2284:Maria Mandl
2259:Rudolf Höss
2244:Otto Hantke
2133:Oswald Pohl
2123:Ernst Lerch
1934:Stanisławów
1844:Częstochowa
1734:Bronna Góra
1664:Gross-Rosen
1659:Auschwitz I
1139:January 28,
955:January 30,
880:, pp.
720:Nazi hunter
520: [
465:Liquidation
459:Yanov torah
328:Lwów Ghetto
322:Lwów Ghetto
316:Lwów Ghetto
274:signed the
130:Operational
122:Operated by
101: /
76:Coordinates
4042:1943 riots
4016:Categories
2698:Irma Grese
2693:Paul Götze
2663:Luise Danz
2412:Physicians
2219:Kurt Franz
2068:Hans Frank
2036:Organizers
1980:Heidelager
1293:0691096031
1155:Avner Falk
1097:"Janowska"
1068:Levy, Alan
1012:"Trawniki"
921:Himka 2011
909:Kulke 2012
894:Beorn 2018
878:Gross 2002
866:Himka 2011
796:References
672:Adolf Beck
546:See also:
258:Lwów (now
248:Background
89:23°59′24″E
86:49°51′15″N
3552:Memorials
3449:Aftermath
3216:Treblinka
3171:Auschwitz
3026:Treblinka
3011:Białystok
2999:Uprisings
2779:Treblinka
2624:Personnel
2392:Otto Moll
2382:Hans Koch
2234:Amon Göth
1965:Action T4
1929:Sosnowiec
1899:Nowy Sącz
1834:Białystok
1801:Szczuczyn
1749:Erntefest
1739:Bydgoszcz
1724:Białystok
1639:Treblinka
1515:Lithuania
1340:159577084
1332:0008-5006
1216:April 15,
1070:(2006) .
882:17, 28–30
389:metalwork
385:carpentry
292:Wehrmacht
205:Ukrainian
193:‹See Tfd›
3395:Zyklon B
3211:Trawniki
3206:Stutthof
3191:Majdanek
1939:Tarnopol
1879:Lubartów
1791:Jedwabne
1694:Trawniki
1684:Stutthof
1674:Potulice
1617:Majdanek
1535:Slovakia
1304:(2011).
1278:(2002).
1246:(2018).
1189:Archived
1163:ABC-CLIO
1157:(2008).
1022:July 21,
995:Archived
979:38706656
765:Genocide
726:See also
718:, later
535:(1978).
487:Przemyśl
443:Majdanek
415:-trained
229:Janowska
223:(today:
188:Janowska
114:Location
24:Janowska
3380:Gas van
3196:Sobibór
3133:Ghettos
3040:Leaders
3021:Sobibor
2774:Sobibor
2767:By camp
1914:Siedlce
1821:Ghettos
1806:Tykocin
1778:Pogroms
1764:Palmiry
1689:Szebnie
1634:Sobibor
1612:Chełmno
1540:Ukraine
1525:Romania
1505:Germany
1495:Estonia
1490:Denmark
1485:Croatia
1480:Belgium
1475:Belarus
1400:YouTube
1351:(ed.).
1095:USHMM.
777:Germany
751:Portals
689:Błażowa
636:foxtrot
506:Galicia
473:Soviet
445:German
338:of the
197:Russian
170:Website
138:Inmates
3492:Trials
3467:Bricha
3201:Soldau
3186:Izbica
3176:Bełżec
3155:Warsaw
3140:Kraków
2980:Żegota
1949:Warsaw
1924:Słonim
1919:Sambor
1894:Mizocz
1884:Lublin
1859:Kraków
1854:Kielce
1849:Grodno
1829:Będzin
1811:Wąsosz
1787:(1946)
1785:Kielce
1699:Warsaw
1679:Soldau
1629:Belzec
1530:Russia
1520:Norway
1510:Latvia
1500:France
1366:
1338:
1330:
1290:
1254:
1236:
1169:
1078:
1057:(1985)
1053:
977:
849:
789:Poland
683:Rabbi
454:Torahs
402:Belzec
184:Polish
154:Killed
3999:2024
3993:2023
3987:2022
3981:2022
3975:2021
3969:2021
3963:2021
3957:2021
3951:2020
3945:2020
3939:2019
3933:2019
3927:2019
3921:2019
3915:2018
3909:2017
3903:2017
3897:2017
3891:2016
3885:2016
3879:2015
3873:2013
3867:2013
3861:2012
3855:2012
3849:2012
3843:2012
3837:2009
3831:2001
3814:2000
3808:1997
3802:1992
3796:1990
3790:1990
3784:1989
3778:1988
3772:1987
3766:1986
3760:1985
3754:1980
3748:1974
3742:1971
3736:1963
3730:1954
3724:1953
3718:1953
3712:1946
3706:1944
3689:1846
3683:1830
3677:1804
3164:Camps
2824:RKFDV
1944:Wilno
1909:Radom
1904:Pińsk
1839:Brest
1744:Dynów
1590:Camps
1336:S2CID
949:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
632:tango
524:]
397:slave
3607:List
3145:Łódź
2965:Bund
2829:VoMi
2819:WVHA
1874:Łódź
1864:Lwów
1796:Lviv
1364:ISBN
1328:ISSN
1288:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1218:2020
1167:ISBN
1141:2018
1111:2018
1076:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1030:GFDL
1024:2011
1016:OTRS
975:OCLC
957:2015
847:ISBN
441:and
419:Hiwi
387:and
270:and
268:USSR
260:Lviv
225:Lviv
2990:ŻZW
2985:ŻOB
2975:PKB
2960:AOB
1398:on
1320:doi
822:doi
578:by
342:SS-
4018::
2970:GL
2955:AK
2891:/
2887:,
2883:,
2879:,
2875:,
2871:,
2867:/
2863:,
2803:SS
1360:II
1358:.
1334:.
1326:.
1316:53
1314:.
1308:.
1284:NJ
1209:.
1161:.
1131:.
1119:^
1099:.
1026:.
940:.
901:^
818:32
816:.
656:.
649:.
522:de
508:.
413:SS
391:.
286:.
235:.
207::
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