288:, Fernand Nicolas Calment (1868–1942). Their paternal grandfathers were brothers, and their paternal grandmothers were sisters. He had reportedly started courting her when she was 15, but Jeanne was "too young to be interested in boys". Fernand was heir to a drapery business located in a classic Provençal-style building in the centre of Arles, and the couple moved into a spacious apartment above the family store. Jeanne employed servants and never had to work; she led a leisurely lifestyle within the upper society of Arles, pursuing hobbies such as fencing, cycling, tennis, swimming, rollerskating, playing the piano, and making music with friends. In the summer, the couple would stay at
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subjective and nonrigorous analysis", and Young saying that "gnoring the actual facts of the case and stringing together opinions in a 'Bayesian' analysis are to merely misuse a mathematical tool". Young said to have found that "a very solid case that Jeanne was 122 years has already been made" but that biosampling still was needed to test "for biomarkers of extraordinary longevity". Robin-Champigneul stated that "the hypothesis of an identity swap with her daughter appears not even realistic given the context and the facts, and not supported by evidence".
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switch. Michel Allard, the second doctor who helped verify
Calment's records, said that the team had considered the identity-switch hypothesis while Calment was still alive because she looked younger than her daughter in photographs, but similar discrepancies in the rates of aging are commonly found in families with centenarian members. Allard and Robine also mentioned the existence of numerous documents relating to Calment's activities throughout her life, and that Novoselov and Zak brought no evidence forward to support their hypothesis.
471:, where the differences are usually by months or weeks. There have been various speculations about the authenticity of her age. In 2018, Russian gerontologist Valery Novoselov and mathematician Nikolay Zak revived the hypothesis that Jeanne died in 1934 and her daughter Yvonne, born in 1898, assumed her mother's official identity and was therefore 99 years old when she died in 1997; however, Zak had difficulty getting published. A Russian scientific journal found his paper too informal, as did the
361:'s move to Arles, which occurred from February 1888 to April 1889 when she was 13 and 14 years old. Calment claimed to reporters that she had met van Gogh at that time, introduced to him by her future husband in her uncle's fabric shop. She remembered that van Gogh gave her a condescending look, as if unimpressed by her. She described his personality as ugly, ungracious, and "very disagreeable", adding that he "reeked of alcohol". Calment said that she forgave van Gogh for his bad manners.
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392:. As a result of Izumi's validation being withdrawn, Calment had already been the oldest person ever since surpassing the age of Easter Wiggins on 30 March 1991. Far exceeding any other verified human lifespan, Calment is widely reckoned as the best-documented supercentenarian recorded. For example, she was listed in fourteen census records, beginning in 1876 as a one-year-old infant. After Calment's death, at 122 years and 164 days, then almost 117-year-old
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verification of her age began in 1995 when she turned 120, and was conducted over a full year. She was asked questions about documented details concerning relatives, and about people and places from her early life, for instance teachers or maids. A great deal of emphasis was put on a series of documents from population censuses, in which
Calment was named from 1876 to 1975. The family's membership in the local Catholic
1421:, p. 37: "The young Jeanne would have found him course and Ill bread, because, for her it was important to have good manners. "Very ugly, and ungracious, and impolite, crazy. I forgave him. They called him the Nut." On other occasions she admitted, "One day my husband-to-be wanted to introduce me to him. He looked me up and down with a dirty look, as if to say, not much there. That was enough for me."
268:, she replied that "when you are young, you get up at eight o'clock". In lieu of a solid breakfast, she would have either coffee with milk, or hot chocolate, and at noon her father would pick her up from school to have lunch at home before she returned to school for the afternoon. In the following years, she continued to live with her parents, awaiting marriage, painting, and improving her piano skills.
332:(€380) until her death. Raffray died on 25 December 1995, by which time Calment had received more than double the apartment's value from him, and his family had to continue making payments. She commented on the situation by saying, "in life, one sometimes makes bad deals". In 1985, she moved into a nursing home, having lived on her own until age 110. A documentary film about her life, entitled
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664:. In the afternoon, she would take a nap for two hours in her armchair, and then visit her neighbours in the care home, telling them about the latest news she had heard on the radio. At nightfall, she would dine quickly, return to her room, listen to music (her poor eyesight preventing her from enjoying her
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wrote that "statistically improbable is not the same thing as statistically impossible", that
Novoselov and Zak's claims are generally dismissed by the overwhelming majority of experts, and found them "lacking, if not outright deficient". In September 2019, several French scientists, including Robine
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helped researchers find corroborating chains of documentary evidence. Calment's father had been a member of the city council, and her husband owned a large drapery and clothing business. The family lived in two apartments located in the same building as the store, one for
Calment, her husband and his
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for being alive and for the beautiful day which was starting. She sometimes loudly asked the reason for her longevity and why she was the only one to be still alive in her family. Seated on her armchair, she did gymnastics wearing her stereo headset. Her exercises included flexing and stretching the
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after meals, but she did not smoke outside these post-meal occasions. Calment continued smoking in her elderly years until she was 117. At "retirement age", she broke her ankle, but before that had never suffered any major injuries. She continued cycling until her hundredth birthday. Around age 100,
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In 1994, the city of Arles inquired about
Calment's personal documents, in order to contribute to the city archives. However, reportedly on Calment's instructions, her documents and family photographs were selectively burned by a distant family member, Josette Bigonnet, a cousin of her grandson. The
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At the age of 115, Calment attracted the attention of researchers Jean-Marie Robine and Michel Allard, who collaborated with her attending doctor, Victor Lèbre, to interview her, verify her age and identify factors promoting her longevity. According to their year-long analysis, Calment's vision was
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Robine, one of two validators of
Calment, dismissed the claims and pointed out that, during his research, Calment had correctly answered questions about things that her daughter could not have known first-hand. Robine also dismissed the idea that the residents of Arles could have been duped by the
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in the hills of
Provence, using an "18mm rifle". Calment said she disliked shooting birds. She gave birth to her only child, a daughter named Yvonne Marie Nicolle Calment, on 19 January 1898. Yvonne married army officer Joseph Billot on 3 February 1926, and their only son, Frédéric, was born on 23
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More than once, she surprised her entourage by her digestive abilities; she said herself 'I have the stomach of an ostrich!', which did not prevent her from appreciating good things. She showed herself more than once capable of absorbing considerable quantities of chocolate: more than a kilo per
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medication. Her arterial blood pressure was 140mm/70mm, her pulse 84/min. Her height was 150 cm (4 ft 11 in), and her weight 45 kg (99 lb), showing little variation from previous years. She scored well on mental tests, except on numeric tasks and recall of recent events.
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to the question of her authenticity, noting that, while being subjective, it gave "a 99.99% chance of an identity switch in the case of Mme
Calment". François Robin-Champigneul and Robert Young commented on Zak's and Gibbs' findings, with Robin-Champigneul saying that it "appears to be in fact a
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Medical student
Georges Garoyan published a thesis on Calment when she was 114 years old in January 1990. The first part records her daily routine, and the second presents her medical history. She stated that she had been vaccinated as a child but could not remember which vaccine(s). Apart from
512:(INED) in Paris on 23 January 2019, French, Swiss, and Belgian longevity experts commented that Novoselov and Zak had not provided any proof of an identity substitution, and they also announced that further research would be launched. After consulting several experts,
770:. During the last years, she was 137 cm (4 ft 6 in) tall, and weighed 40 kg (88 lb); she confirmed that she had always been small, and had lost weight in recent years. Her eyes were light grey, and her white hair had once been chestnut brown.
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Geneticists have noted that, since Jeanne
Calment had 16 distinct great-great-grandparents (while her daughter Yvonne had only 12), the question of identity could easily be settled by a test for autozygous DNA, if a blood or tissue sample were to be made available.
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According to census records, Calment outlived both her daughter and her grandson. In January 1988, she was widely reported to be the oldest living person, and in 1995, at age 120, was declared the oldest verified person to have ever lived.
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has since then validated the age of Easter Wiggins (1 June 1874 – 7 July 1990), meaning that in reality Calment became the world's oldest living person in 1990. At the age of 114, she briefly appeared in the 1990 fantasy film
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in the right hip. An ultrasound exam showed no anomalies of internal organs. At this stage, Calment was still in good health, and continued to walk without a cane. She fell in January 1990 (aged almost 115) and fractured her
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588:. She married at 21, and her husband's wealth allowed her to live without working. All her life she took care of her skin with olive oil and a puff of powder. At an unspecified time in her youth, she had suffered from
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had little effect on Jeanne's life. She said that German soldiers slept in her rooms but "did not take anything away", so that she bore no grudge against them. In 1942, her husband Fernand died, aged 73, reportedly of
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She washed herself unassisted with a flannel cloth rather than taking a shower, applying first soap, then olive oil and powder to her face. She washed her own glass and cutlery before proceeding to lunch. She enjoyed
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After her brother, her son-in-law and her grandson died in 1962–63, Calment had no remaining family members. She lived on her own from age 88 until shortly before her 110th birthday, when she decided to move to a
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785:, depressive symptoms or other functional illness. Her cognitive functioning was observed to improve slightly over the six-month period. Calment reportedly remained "mentally sharp" until the end of her life.
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and also argued that it was indeed statistically possible to reach Calment's age. The authors criticised the advocates of the identity switch hypothesis, and called for a retraction of Zak's article.
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After her admission to the Maison du Lac nursing home in January 1985, aged almost 110, Calment initially followed a highly ritualised daily routine. She requested to be awoken at 6:45
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234:. Some of her close family members also had an above-average lifespan as her older brother, François (1865–1962), lived to the age of 97, her father, Nicolas (1837–1931), who was a
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severely impaired by bilateral cataracts, yet she refused to undergo a routine operation to restore her eyesight; she had a moderately weak heart, a chronic cough, and bouts of
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being built. Another wrote that she started fencing in 1960, aged 85. Calment reportedly ascribed her longevity and relatively youthful appearance for her age to a diet rich in
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were made, but none have ever been proven. For about three decades, Calment has held the status of the oldest human being whose age has been validated by modern standards.
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where they contest the various claims made by Zak and his colleagues and mention various inaccuracies in the paper. The team presented evidence to support Calment's
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hands, then the legs. Nurses noted that she moved faster than other residents who were 30 years younger. Her breakfast consisted of coffee with milk and
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attracted media attention and medical studies of her health and lifestyle. She is the only person who has been verified to have reached the age of 120.
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Robine, Jean-Marie; Allard, Michel; Herrmann, François R.; Jeune, Bernard (2019), "The Real Facts Supporting Jeanne Calment as the Oldest Ever Human",
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900:'s gallery of Calment's pictures, it was captioned "At age ~22" between 2007 and 2018, and was corrected after Russian researchers contacted the GRG.
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with every meal, and said that given a choice she would eat fried and spicy foods instead of the bland foods on the menu. She made herself daily
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Lenart, Adam; Aburto, José Manuel; Stockmarr, Anders; Vaupel, James W. (11 September 2018). "The human longevity record may hold for decades".
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605:. Her move was precipitated by the winter of 1985 which froze the water pipes in her house (she never used heating in the winter) and caused
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on 19 January 1934, her 36th birthday, after which Calment raised Frédéric, although he lived with his father in the neighbouring apartment.
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media articles reported varying details, some of them unlikely. One report claimed that Calment recalled selling coloured pencils to
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mother, one for their daughter Yvonne, her husband and their child. Several house servants were registered in the premises as well.
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Overnight, Fernand Calment would have passed his daughter off for his wife and everyone would have kept silent? It is staggering.
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named her the oldest person ever on 17 October 1995. This was based on her surpassing the now-debunked age claim of Japanese man
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quoted Robine as stating that she had been in good health, though almost blind and deaf, as little as a month before her death.
697:, or urinary infections, and was not prone to hypertension or diabetes. In April 1986, aged 111, she was sent to a hospital for
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In 1986, Calment became the oldest living person in France at the age of 111. Her profile increased during the centennial of
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1557:"History's oldest woman a fraud? Russian researchers claim 122-year-old Jeanne Calment was actually a 99-year-old imposter"
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892:). In a biography of Calment published in 1995, the photograph was correctly labelled "Jeanne Calment's daughter Yvonne" (
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Ritchie, Karen (February 1995). "Mental status examination of an exceptional case of longevity: J. C. aged 118 years".
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2678:"France 2 20h Special News Broadcast on Mrs Calment's death. Interview with Dr Catherine Levraud, her Medical Doctor"
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André-François Raffray, selling the property in exchange for a right of occupancy and a monthly revenue of 2,500
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2319:"Jeanne Calment's Unique 122-Year Life Span: Facts and Factors; Longevity History in Her Genealogical Tree"
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1225:"Les experts qui ont validé la longévité de Jeanne Calment répondent aux chercheurs russes point par point"
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aspirin against migraines she had never taken any medicine, not even herbal teas. She did not contract
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1227:[Experts who validated Jeanne Calment's longevity refute each point by Russian researchers].
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One hundred and fourteen years of life, or the long history of Jeanne Calment, France's oldest person
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Not just her family, but the entire city of Arles would have needed to keep the conspiracy going...
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a month after a series of related posts by gerontology blogger Yuri Deigin, titled "J'Accuse!", had
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This hypothesis is considered weak by mainstream longevity experts, such as French gerontologist
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2437:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer International Publishing. p. 2.
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functions were relatively spared from deterioration, and there was no evidence of progressive
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1879:"The world's oldest person record stood for decades. Then came a Russian conspiracy theory"
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1963:[This surprising theory about Jeanne Calment's age sets social networks on fire].
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Cent-quatorze ans de vie ou la longue histoire de Jeanne Calment, doyenne d'âge de France
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2137:"Jeanne Calment, une imposture ? Le Scientifique qui a validé son record s'insurge"
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interview, this photograph was labelled "Jeanne Calment, then 22 years old, in 1897" (
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301:, Jeanne's husband Fernand, who was 46, was deemed too old to serve in the military.
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Robine, Jean-Marie; Allard, Michel (1999). Jeune, Bernard; Vaupel, James W. (eds.).
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in Arles, 1920. This photograph was often mislabelled as depicting Jeanne at age 22.
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and regularly prayed to and sought help from God and wondered about the afterlife.
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1961:"Cette surprenante théorie sur l'âge de Jeanne Calment affole les réseaux sociaux"
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between ages 111–114, with no signs of dehydration, anemia, chronic infection or
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2139:[Jeanne Calment, a fraud? Scientist who validated her record protests].
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At the age of 118, she was submitted to repeated neurophysiological tests and a
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2028:[Russians question the age of Jeanne Calment, world's oldest person].
2026:"Des Russes remettent en cause l'âge de Jeanne Calment, doyenne de l'humanité"
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238:, 93, and her mother, Marguerite Gilles (1838–1924), who was from a family of
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French supercentenarian with the longest documented human lifespan (1875–1997)
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she fractured her leg, but she recovered quickly and was able to walk again.
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Chevallier, Hélène; Jourdain, Stéphane; Emanuele, Valeria (2 January 2019).
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as the world's oldest living person in 1988, when she was 112. However, the
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Allard, Michel; Lèbre, Victor; Robine, Jean-Marie; Calment, Jeanne (1998).
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a.m in her home town of Arles, France. She was 122 years and 164 days old.
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for mountaineering on the glacier. They also went hunting for rabbits and
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2360:"If Jeanne Calment Were 122, That Is All the More Reason for Biosampling"
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1185:[Russian scientists cast doubts on Jeanne Calment's longevity].
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In February 2020, Zak and Philip Gibbs published an assessment applying
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2170:"Was the World's Oldest Person Ever Actually Her 99-Year-Old Daughter?"
1847:"Was the World's Oldest Person Ever Actually Her 99-Year-Old Daughter?"
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in the ankles, elbows, and wrists, which was successfully treated with
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2208:[Why scientists are torn apart by the Jeanne Calment affair].
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Calment's health presaged her later record. On television she stated "
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1753:"Photo Gallery of Madame Jeanne-Louise Calment [1875 - 1997]"
1723:"Photo Gallery of Madame Jeanne-Louise Calment [1875 - 1997]"
1693:"Photo Gallery of Madame Jeanne-Louise Calment [1875 - 1997]"
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Jeanne Calment: From Van Gogh's Time to Ours, 122 Extraordinary Years
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a.m., and started the day with a long prayer at her window, thanking
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including multiple official documents, census data, and photographic
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2063:"How We Know the Oldest Person Who Ever Lived Wasn't Faking Her Age"
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Gavrilov, Leonid A.; Gavrilova, Natalya S. (2000). "Book Review:
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2645:. Validation of Exceptional Longevity. Odense University Press.
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Calment died of unspecified causes on 4 August 1997 around 10:00
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2664:. Grands témoins (in French). TF1 Éditions/Notre Temps, Paris.
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and, with a documented lifespan of 122 years and 164 days, the
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2710:(in French). Institut national de l'audiovisuel. 4 August 1997
2100:"Oldest ever woman Jeanne Calment, 122, may have been a fraud"
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Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders: Part II
2206:"Pourquoi la science se déchire sur l'affaire Jeanne Calment"
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2686:(Interview) (in French). Institut national de l'audiovisuel
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Allard, Michel; Lèbre, Victor; Robine, Jean-Marie (1994).
2275:"A Bayesian Assessment of the Longevity of Jeanne Calment"
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In 1965, aged 90 and with no heirs left, Calment signed a
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2466:"121-Year-Old French Woman Revels in Newfound Celebrity"
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1625:"World's oldest person marks 120 beautiful, happy years"
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994:"Jeanne Calment: Validation of the Duration of Her Life"
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2085:'All of this is incredibly shaky and rests on nothing.'
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pastime), smoke a last cigarette and go to bed at 10:00
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Demographers have highlighted that Calment's age is an
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Longest documented human lifespan – since 30 March 1991
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Jeanne Calment: Validation of the Duration of Her Life
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On 8 April 1896, at the age of 21, Jeanne married her
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1911:"Evidence that Jeanne Calment died in 1934, not 1997"
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were discovered when she suffered a major episode of
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20h France 2 du 4 août 1997 – Mort de Jeanne Calment
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Les 120 ans de Jeanne Calment, doyenne de l'humanité
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1995:[The theory that debunks… Jeanne Calment].
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Quantitative Biology > Populations and Evolution
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400:became the oldest validated living person. Several
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1294:"A 120-Year Lease on Life Outlasts Apartment Heir"
1181:Loguinova-Yakovleva, Victoria (31 December 2018).
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845:(1897–2013), the oldest man whose age was verified
592:. Her husband introduced her to smoking, offering
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116:Oldest living person (7 July 1990 – 4 August 1997)
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1479:Jeanne Calmant is 114 in clip from Vincent and Me
187:; 21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) was a French
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2495:"A Word in Edgewise: Brief Notes on a Long Life"
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996:. In Jeune, Bernard; Vaupel, James W. (eds.).
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297:December of the same year. At the outbreak of
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2317:Robin-Champigneul, François (February 2020).
2273:Zak, Nikolay; Gibbs, Philip (February 2020).
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1505:"1988: Oldest Living Human Being of All Time"
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1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1097:
1095:
1030:Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
987:
890:Jeanne Calment, alors âgée de 22 ans, en 1897
475:preprint repository, which led Zak to choose
2529:Jeanne Calment's 120 years, humanity's elder
1902:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1585:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1041:
1039:
991:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
940:"Jeanne Calment, World's Elder, Dies at 122"
568:
2161:
1993:"La théorie qui déboulonne… Jeanne Calment"
1661:"Été 88. Jeanne Calment, la mamie du monde"
1498:
1496:
1211:
992:Robine, Jean-Marie; Allard, Michel (1999).
914:
381:, walking outside and answering questions.
2754:
2740:
1174:
1128:
510:National Institute for Demographic Studies
347:
31:
2375:
2334:
2290:
2250:
2130:
2128:
1936:
1865:
1791:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1072:
1036:
964:
264:. Asked about her daily routine while at
2272:
1523:
1493:
1286:
578: I have never been ill, never ever
455:Daughter Yvonne Calment in front of the
450:
423:
275:
222:Calment was born on 21 February 1875 in
210:
2675:
2659:
2567:
2492:
2054:
2023:
1157:
937:
562:
3399:
2203:
2134:
2125:
1554:
1548:
1502:
1424:
717:Analyses of her blood samples were in
652:with bananas and oranges. She enjoyed
570:J'ai jamais été malade, jamais, jamais
402:claims to have surpassed Calment's age
147:
2735:
2430:
2401:Comme si c'était hier: Jeanne Calment
2357:
2239:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
2167:
2149:from the original on 31 December 2018
1876:
1472:
1470:
1330:"Tribute to Jeanne Calment, memorial"
1254:
1252:
174:
2676:Levraud, Catherine (4 August 1997).
2545:from the original on 21 January 2019
2096:
2090:
2060:
2042:from the original on 23 January 2019
2005:from the original on 23 January 2019
1973:from the original on 23 January 2019
1555:Hopper, Tristin (31 December 2018).
1368:from the original on 23 October 2019
1310:from the original on 17 January 2018
1045:
683:
640:(braised beef), but was not keen on
352:
334:Beyond 120 Years with Jeanne Calment
143:
88:(aged 122 years, 164 days)
2182:from the original on 5 January 2019
2135:Baheux, Romain (30 December 2018).
2113:from the original on 1 January 2019
2024:Rubetti, Morgane (1 January 2019).
1908:
1853:from the original on 5 January 2019
1817:Validation of exceptional longevity
1593:"World's oldest person dies at 122"
1260:"World's oldest person dies at 122"
1020:from the original on 9 January 2019
999:Validation of Exceptional Longevity
938:Whitney, Craig R. (5 August 1997).
574:
407:
13:
2662:Jeanne Calment. L'Oubliée de Dieu
2634:
2218:from the original on 13 April 2019
2204:Baheux, Romain (24 January 2019).
1819:, Odense University Press, 1999".
1763:from the original on 12 March 2007
1703:from the original on 12 March 2007
1641:from the original on 27 April 2022
1573:from the original on 27 April 2022
1511:from the original on 24 April 2019
1467:
1455:from the original on 27 April 2022
1400:from the original on 14 April 2019
1274:from the original on 22 March 2014
1249:
894:Yvonne, la fille de Jeanne Calment
854:List of the verified oldest people
384:Her status further increased when
14:
3473:
2669:
2493:Boatner, E. B. (7 October 2021).
1821:Population and Development Review
1332:. Lasting Tribute. Archived from
336:, was released in 1995. In 1996,
195:whose age has been verified. Her
2897:Biodemography of human longevity
1909:Zak, Nikolay (30 January 2019).
1237:from the original on 31 May 2019
849:List of French supercentenarians
827:
813:
612:
519:and Allard, released a paper in
245:From the age of seven until her
2608:
2561:
2514:
2486:
2458:
2358:Young, Robert (February 2020).
2351:
2266:
2230:
2197:
2168:Daley, Jason (2 January 2019).
2061:Chen, Angela (9 January 2019).
2017:
2001:(in French). 30 December 2018.
1985:
1969:(in French). 30 December 2018.
1953:
1839:
1775:
1745:
1715:
1685:
1653:
1412:
1380:
1348:
1199:from the original on 9 May 2019
952:from the original on 2 May 2019
876:
447:Conspiracy theory regarding age
324:contract on her apartment with
139:
1503:Dimery, Rob (18 August 2015).
1166:] (in French). Marseille:
1:
2761:
2570:British Journal of Psychiatry
2097:Sage, Adam (1 January 2019).
1669:. 1 July 1988. Archived from
1168:Université d'Aix-Marseille II
907:
745:. Radiology revealed diffuse
737:hypertrophy with a mild left
729:revealed the presence of the
676:, and on Fridays she went to
672:p.m. On Sundays, she went to
469:oldest people ever documented
271:
206:
2616:The Guinness Book of Records
1451:. 4 August 1997. p. 1.
1439:"World's oldest person dead"
660:and drank a small amount of
367:The Guinness Book of Records
257:), finishing at 16 with the
7:
1046:Addy, Ronda (25 May 2008).
806:
522:The Journals of Gerontology
10:
3478:
2838:research into centenarians
2723:Works about Jeanne Calment
1757:Gerontology Research Group
1727:Gerontology Research Group
1697:Gerontology Research Group
1535:Gerontology Research Group
1507:. Guinness World Records.
1396:. 2 July 1986. p. 7.
1356:"Obituary: Jeanne Calment"
898:Gerontology Research Group
725:. Genetic analysis of the
705:. Later she suffered from
372:Gerontology Research Group
3422:20th-century French women
3417:19th-century French women
3358:
3307:
3267:
3229:
3184:
3029:
2971:
2960:
2907:Longevity escape velocity
2870:
2794:aging-associated diseases
2769:
1158:Garoyan, Georges (1990).
280:Calment at age 20 in 1895
157:
123:
106:
75:
42:
30:
23:
3437:French supercentenarians
3386:Longest-living organisms
2660:Cavalié, France (1995).
2619:, 1999 edition, p. 102,
869:
788:
743:extrasystolic arrhythmia
580:). At age 20, incipient
37:Calment in 1915, aged 40
3457:Women supercentenarians
2410:Radio Télévision Suisse
1004:Odense University Press
896:), but undated. On the
749:, as well as incipient
508:After a meeting of the
348:Oldest documented human
176:[ʒanlwizkalmɑ̃]
3462:Old age record holders
3432:French Roman Catholics
3381:Transhumanist politics
3299:Immortality in fiction
3277:Biological immortality
2821:cognitive epidemiology
864:Lists of oldest people
569:
460:
457:Church of St. Trophime
364:She was recognised by
281:
219:
3185:regions by continents
2804:negligible senescence
2799:degenerative diseases
2586:10.1192/bjp.166.2.229
2377:10.1089/rej.2020.2303
2364:Rejuvenation Research
2336:10.1089/rej.2019.2298
2323:Rejuvenation Research
2292:10.1089/rej.2019.2227
2279:Rejuvenation Research
2252:10.1093/gerona/glz198
1929:10.1089/rej.2018.2167
1916:Rejuvenation Research
482:Rejuvenation Research
454:
424:Popular media reports
398:Marie-Louise Meilleur
279:
214:
168:Jeanne Louise Calment
161:1: Yvonne (1898–1934)
47:Jeanne Louise Calment
3030:regions of countries
2850:LGBT life expectancy
2683:Journal de 20 heures
2431:Guest, P.C. (2021).
2245:(Suppl_1): S13–S20,
2175:Smithsonian Magazine
1637:. 21 February 1995.
1444:McCook Daily Gazette
1306:. 28 December 1995.
1193:Agence France Presse
783:neurological disease
563:Health and lifestyle
286:double second cousin
146:; died
3371:Longevity insurance
3289:Digital immortality
2915:calorie restriction
2902:Indefinite lifespan
2892:Anti-aging movement
2862:Biomarkers of aging
1883:The Washington Post
1802:2018arXiv180903732L
515:The Washington Post
3021:World macroregions
2920:Diet and longevity
2474:. 21 February 1996
1891:on 17 January 2019
1673:on 21 October 2018
1531:"2020 validations"
1419:Allard et al. 1998
1336:on 6 November 2009
1299:The New York Times
1060:on 1 February 2009
945:The New York Times
800:The New York Times
779:Frontal brain lobe
461:
282:
220:
193:oldest person ever
3447:People from Arles
3427:Age controversies
3394:
3393:
3225:
3224:
2945:stem-cell therapy
2857:Maximum life span
2652:978-87-7838-466-9
2444:978-3-030-55035-6
1733:on 19 August 2018
1482:, 6 November 2007
1393:The Anniston Star
1364:. 5 August 1997.
1270:. 4 August 1997.
1121:978-0-7167-3251-8
1048:"Life Expectancy"
859:Maximum life span
711:anti-inflammatory
701:and treated with
684:Medical follow-up
499:Jean-Marie Robine
353:Longevity records
218:of Jeanne Calment
216:Birth certificate
165:
164:
3469:
3452:Wheelchair users
3237:Longevity claims
2969:
2968:
2833:supercentenarian
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2665:
2656:
2628:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2075:on 12 May 2021.
2071:. Archived from
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1885:, archived from
1877:Rosenberg, Eli,
1874:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1729:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1635:Associated Press
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1435:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1388:"Go, granny, go"
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1304:Associated Press
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1155:
1126:
1125:
1109:
1099:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1056:. Archived from
1043:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1025:
989:
962:
961:
959:
957:
935:
901:
880:
837:
832:
831:
830:
823:
821:Biography portal
818:
817:
816:
796:
723:renal impairment
671:
620:
579:
576:
572:
546:
543:
541:
535:
532:
530:
433:Vincent van Gogh
408:Age verification
390:Shigechiyo Izumi
359:Vincent van Gogh
344:, was released.
326:civil law notary
315:cherry poisoning
260:brevet classique
255:secondary school
228:Bouches-du-Rhône
189:supercentenarian
186:
185:
184:
178:
173:
151:
149:
145:
141:
96:Bouches-du-Rhône
85:
83:
65:Bouches-du-Rhône
57:21 February 1875
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3354:
3308:Longevity genes
3303:
3263:
3221:
3180:
3025:
2964:life expectancy
2962:
2956:
2866:
2845:Life expectancy
2784:Longevity myths
2765:
2760:
2713:
2711:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2653:
2637:
2635:Further reading
2632:
2631:
2613:
2609:
2566:
2562:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2538:978-2-862743462
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2356:
2352:
2315:
2308:
2271:
2267:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2183:
2166:
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2152:
2150:
2133:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2095:
2091:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1875:
1866:
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1623:
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1608:
1606:
1605:. 4 August 1997
1591:
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1369:
1361:The Independent
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990:
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936:
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910:
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904:
881:
877:
872:
843:Jiroemon Kimura
833:
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791:
741:dilatation and
686:
669:
618:
615:
577:
565:
544:
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537:
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528:
526:
449:
426:
410:
355:
350:
338:Time's Mistress
304:Yvonne died of
274:
247:First Communion
209:
180:
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171:
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137:
133:
130:
129:Fernand Calment
119:
102:
89:
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71:
58:
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49:
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38:
26:
17:
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3376:Longevity risk
3373:
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3353:
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2935:organ printing
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2894:
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2872:Life extension
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2818:
2816:biogerontology
2808:
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2671:
2670:External links
2668:
2667:
2666:
2657:
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2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2607:
2560:
2537:
2513:
2485:
2457:
2443:
2423:
2412:. 15 June 2014
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2196:
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2016:
1984:
1952:
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1827:(2): 403–404.
1807:
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751:osteoarthritis
691:German measles
685:
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609:to her hands.
586:conjunctivitis
564:
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552:Bayes' theorem
448:
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378:Vincent and Me
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107:Known for
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40:
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36:
28:
27:
25:Jeanne Calment
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3:
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3442:Oldest people
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3408:
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3333:
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3328:
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3323:
3321:
3318:
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3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Eternal youth
3292:
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3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3258:
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3244:
3243:
3242:Oldest people
3240:
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3217:South America
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3208:
3207:North America
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2999:South America
2997:
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2994:North America
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2880:Topic outline
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2625:0-85112-070-9
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2406:Mise Au Point
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2240:
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2214:(in French).
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2145:(in French).
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2034:(in French).
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2020:
2004:
2000:
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1994:
1988:
1972:
1968:
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1962:
1956:
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1562:National Post
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1013:87-7838-466-4
1009:
1005:
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835:France portal
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719:normal ranges
715:
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699:heart failure
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613:Daily routine
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86:4 August 1997
78:
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66:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3282:Regeneration
3134:South Africa
2940:rejuvenation
2930:nanomedicine
2925:gene therapy
2727:Open Library
2712:. Retrieved
2705:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2681:
2661:
2642:
2614:
2610:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2547:. Retrieved
2528:
2523:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2498:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2471:Deseret News
2469:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2433:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2405:
2400:
2394:
2370:(1): 48–64.
2367:
2363:
2353:
2329:(1): 19–47.
2326:
2322:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2209:
2199:
2191:
2184:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2140:
2115:. Retrieved
2104:
2092:
2082:
2076:
2073:the original
2066:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2029:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1893:, retrieved
1888:the original
1882:
1855:. Retrieved
1841:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1783:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1630:Deseret News
1628:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1596:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1560:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1484:, retrieved
1478:
1457:. Retrieved
1442:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1239:. Retrieved
1230:France Inter
1228:
1201:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:
1163:
1159:
1112:W.H. Freeman
1105:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:the original
1051:
1028:– via
1022:. Retrieved
998:
954:. Retrieved
943:
893:
889:
883:
878:
798:
792:
772:
768:incontinence
760:
747:osteoporosis
716:
687:
650:fruit salads
635:
632:
616:
603:nursing home
599:
566:
557:
549:
520:
513:
507:
503:
491:
480:
477:ResearchGate
462:
437:Eiffel Tower
427:
414:
411:
385:
383:
376:
365:
363:
356:
337:
333:
319:
310:World War II
303:
283:
259:
250:
244:
221:
201:
167:
166:
18:
3412:1997 deaths
3407:1875 births
3269:Immortality
2828:Centenarian
2811:Gerontology
2580:: 229–235.
2285:(1): 3–16.
2211:Le Parisien
2153:31 December
2142:Le Parisien
2083:Le Parisien
1923:(1): 3–12.
1767:17 December
1737:27 December
1707:27 December
1666:Paris Match
1486:6 September
1188:France Soir
1053:Sun Journal
885:Paris Match
735:ventricular
707:arthropathy
642:boiled fish
416:bourgeoisie
322:life estate
299:World War I
236:shipbuilder
3401:Categories
3252:by country
3149:Tajikistan
3114:Kazakhstan
2972:by country
2789:Senescence
2690:6 December
2549:20 January
2416:2 December
2222:27 January
2109:. London.
2046:23 January
2009:23 January
1977:23 January
1895:12 January
1793:1809.03732
1677:11 January
1569:, Canada.
1372:22 October
1314:17 January
956:4 February
908:References
882:In a 1988
764:rheumatism
731:DR1 allele
727:HLA system
695:chickenpox
666:crosswords
644:. She had
594:cigarettes
488:gone viral
429:Apocryphal
294:wild boars
272:Adult life
207:Early life
82:1997-08-04
53:1875-02-21
3366:Blue zone
3124:Palestine
3042:Australia
3037:Argentina
2763:Longevity
2714:9 January
2186:5 January
2117:1 January
2106:The Times
2068:The Verge
2031:Le Figaro
1857:5 January
1833:0098-7921
1609:21 August
1577:1 January
1515:9 January
1404:9 January
1241:2 January
1203:1 January
1024:9 January
662:port wine
658:cigarette
654:chocolate
607:frostbite
590:migraines
582:cataracts
441:olive oil
197:longevity
3247:verified
3169:shortest
2989:Americas
2961:Lists of
2911:Methods
2707:France 2
2602:23665628
2543:Archived
2500:Lavender
2386:31928204
2345:31928146
2301:31578922
2261:31529019
2216:Archived
2180:Archived
2147:Archived
2111:Archived
2040:Archived
2003:Archived
1998:Le Point
1971:Archived
1966:HuffPost
1947:30696353
1851:Archived
1761:Archived
1701:Archived
1639:Archived
1571:Archived
1509:Archived
1453:Archived
1398:Archived
1366:Archived
1340:5 August
1308:Archived
1278:4 August
1272:Archived
1235:Archived
1197:Archived
1064:6 August
1018:Archived
950:Archived
807:See also
538:evidence
394:Canadian
386:Guinness
306:pleurisy
232:Provence
158:Children
3359:Related
3230:Records
3212:Oceania
3174:longest
3084:Germany
3079:Finland
3047:Belgium
3016:Oceania
2779:Old age
2594:7728367
2506:22 July
2478:22 July
1938:6424156
1798:Bibcode
1645:3 April
1603:Reuters
1567:Toronto
1540:21 June
1268:Reuters
775:CT scan
703:digoxin
678:Vespers
646:dessert
575:transl.
545:
540:
534:
529:
473:bioRxiv
465:outlier
262:diploma
251:collège
240:millers
172:French:
152:
136:
132:
3340:Klotho
3257:living
3202:Europe
3192:Africa
3154:Turkey
3144:Sweden
3129:Russia
3119:Mexico
3099:Israel
3089:Greece
3074:France
3067:Cities
3057:Canada
3052:Brazil
3011:Europe
2984:Africa
2771:Ageing
2649:
2623:
2600:
2592:
2578:INSERM
2535:
2450:1 June
2441:
2384:
2343:
2299:
2259:
2079:Robine
1945:
1935:
1831:
1118:
1010:
795:
739:atrial
670:
619:
493:Medium
396:woman
330:francs
290:Uriage
242:, 86.
142:
124:Spouse
100:France
69:France
3345:SIRT1
3315:FOXO3
3139:Spain
3109:Japan
3104:Italy
3094:India
3062:China
2979:World
2885:index
2598:S2CID
2576:(2).
2556:week.
2527:[
2081:told
1788:arXiv
1459:5 May
1162:[
870:Notes
789:Death
756:femur
637:daube
628:rusks
224:Arles
150:)
138:(
134:
92:Arles
61:Arles
3325:CETP
3320:APOE
3197:Asia
3006:Asia
2950:SENS
2716:2019
2692:2016
2647:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2590:PMID
2551:2019
2533:ISBN
2508:2024
2480:2024
2452:2023
2439:ISBN
2418:2016
2382:PMID
2341:PMID
2297:PMID
2257:PMID
2224:2019
2188:2019
2155:2018
2119:2019
2048:2019
2011:2019
1979:2019
1943:PMID
1897:2019
1859:2019
1829:ISSN
1769:2018
1739:2018
1709:2018
1679:2019
1647:2010
1611:2024
1579:2019
1542:2024
1517:2019
1488:2023
1461:2011
1406:2019
1374:2019
1342:2008
1316:2018
1280:2008
1243:2019
1205:2019
1116:ISBN
1066:2008
1026:2018
1008:ISBN
958:2021
674:Mass
148:1942
144:1896
76:Died
43:Born
3350:TNF
3335:IL6
3330:ACE
3164:USA
2725:at
2582:doi
2574:166
2372:doi
2331:doi
2287:doi
2247:doi
2036:AFP
1933:PMC
1925:doi
1598:CNN
1264:CNN
623:God
573:" (
527:age
490:on
342:rap
3403::
3159:UK
2704:.
2680:.
2596:.
2588:.
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2553:.
2541:.
2497:.
2468:.
2408:.
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1849:.
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1449:AP
1447:.
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1302:.
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1195:.
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2226:.
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2013:.
1981:.
1949:.
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1861:.
1835:.
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1800::
1790::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
