9600:
70:
1073:
246:
1478:
misunderstandings or difficulties in comprehension between Jeju natives and speakers of
Standard Korean. Communication can also be made more difficult by syntactic variances, word order flexibility, and particle usage inconsistencies between Standard Korean and Jejueo. In contrast to the mainstream linguistic rules observed in mainland Korean, Jejueo maintains earlier grammatical structures and syntactic patterns that may lead to misunderstandings or confusion during conversations.
976:) was first used in 1947, it was not until the mid-1990s that the term gained traction. The majority of South Korean academic publications switched to using "Jeju language" by the early 2010s. Since somewhat earlier, "Jeju language" has also been the term preferred in local law, such as the 2007 Language Act for the Preservation and Promotion of the Jeju Language, and by non-governmental organizations working to preserve the language. The only English-language
1534:
255:
1109:
24047:
23355:
1584:
training program for teachers. The project also started a radio broadcast in Jeju
Language, as well as a radio campaign for Jeju slang and an annual Jeju Language festival. An iPhone application was developed, including a glossary, as well as a collection of proverbs, poems, and quizzes in Jeju Language. Finally, an introductory conversation brochure was distributed to both citizens and visitors of Jeju Island.
1259:
1206:. He said, 'The language of this island is most like Chinese, and the sounds they make while driving cattle and horses are yet more impossible to tell apart. Is this because the climate is not far from that of China, or because the Yuan dynasty once ruled and appointed officials here and the Chinese mingled with them?'... What is called the provincial language is but high and thin and cannot be understood."
1521:
variety. In a 2017 study of 240 Jeju
Islanders, 82.8% of those sampled considered Jeju to be "nice to listen to," and 74.9% hoped that their children would learn the language. But significant generational differences in attitudes were also observed. For instance, only 13.8% of Jeju Islanders between 20 and 40 much preferred Jeju over Standard Korean, while 49.1% of those above 80 did.
1437:"As for the Jeju language in general use nowadays , the situation is that its differences from Standard Korean are greatly diminishing compared to the past. Its greatest differences with Standard Korean lie especially in the suffix paradigm, and in other areas the differences are being minimized. The Jeju people accordingly understand that Jeju and Standard Korean are in a form of
1567:
language as a part of regular classes if relevant and feasible. In addition, multiple programs were provided for adults. For example, adult language programs are offered every year at the Jeju
National University and are free of charge. There are also several local centres on Jeju Island that offer classes in Jeju Language specifically to marriage-based immigrants.
11064:, the suffix may be used in a plain statement, a question, a command, an exclamation, or a construction in which the speaker informs the addressee of information that the latter did not know and expects a confirmatory response. The suffix is also found in Standard Korean with a similar degree of versatility and widespread use.
16401:"You, Song Saman, your life will end at only thirty, and the year you turn thirty, your life will end at any day of any month, so take me to the wooded forest while your feet are still alive and you can move... Go to three villages and gather three shamans and raise a great flagstaff in the household hall, and hold the Great
1680:, each contributing to the island's rich religious heritage and spiritual landscape. These religious traditions intersect with cultural rituals and festivals, such as the annual Jeju Fire Festival and Seongsan Sunrise Festival, which celebrate Jeju's natural beauty, cultural heritage, and community solidarity.
14417:) may occur after subsentential phrases such as a bare or case-inflected noun, or attach to a small number of mostly plain sentence enders. The particle shows the speaker's deference towards the addressee, but is considered more emotionally intimate than the verbally inflected honorifics. In certain contexts,
16423:
coming in last , "At Song Saman's household, they are worshipping a hundred-year-old skull. It seems that the hundred-year-old skull told that we were coming to capture Song Sawman... We have partaken of the offerings , but there is a date that they told us to capture him by, so what should we do?"
10977:
As different segmentation hypotheses produce different sentence enders. the chart below will list only a small, illustrative sample of the dozens of suffixes that appear in Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 and Kim Jee-h. 2015. The classification is based on Kim Jee-hong 2017, which differs from Kim
1665:
perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors among Jeju natives. These experiences have contributed to a distinct sense of identity and solidarity among Jeju
Islanders, often manifesting in cultural expressions, artistic forms, and community rituals that reflect resilience and resistance against oppression.
1583:
On 12 August 2011, the
Research Centre for Jeju Studies was opened with the purpose of implementing projects for the revitalization and safeguarding of Jeju Language. The project encouraged the promotion of Jeju Language in schools by tasking the Education Bureau with several initiatives, including a
1520:
survey in 2005, only 9.4% of Jeju
Islanders were very proud of the regional variety. When the same survey was readministered in 2015, 36.8% were very proud of the language, and Jeju Islanders had become the most likely among South Korean dialect groups to have "very positive" opinions of the regional
1485:
was found in some people in their forties and fifties. Younger
Islanders speak Korean with Jeju substrate influence found in residual elements of the Jeju verbal paradigm and in select vocabulary such as kinship terms. The language is more vigorous in Osaka, where there may be fluent speakers born as
1656:
The historical isolation and unique identity of Jeju Island, which have nourished a strong sense of regional pride and unity among Jeju inhabitants, are two significant cultural differences. Jeju Island's distinct cultural traditions, folk beliefs, and practices set it apart from the Korean mainland
1524:
In a 2013 survey of Jeju natives, 77.9% agreed with the statement that " has to be passed down as part of Jeju culture." But a 2015 study of approximately 1,000 Jeju
Islanders suggests that even though most Jeju Islanders believe the language to be an important part of the island's culture, the vast
1469:
The official language of South Korea is
Standard Korean. Nearly all residents of Jeju Island are bilingual in Standard Korean and Jeju, while many younger individuals are even more fluent in English than in Jeju. Standard Korean is most commonly used in the majority of public areas, while Jeju tends
13652:
purposes. In Standard Korean, indirect speech is strictly distinguished from the quotative by the removal of addressee honorifics and the switching of pronouns. In Jeju, the lines between direct and indirect speech are more blurred. All four forms belowโgiven in order of increasing indirectnessโare
1579:
has compiled phrasebooks of the language. The provincial Ministry of Education has also published Jeju textbooks for elementary and secondary schools, although some textbooks really teach Standard Korean interspersed with Jeju lexical items. Some public schools offer after-school programs for Jeju,
1502:
Historically, the Jeju language was seen as impolite or uncultured. Jeju uses fewer honorifics and has four levels of politeness, in comparison to the seven levels in Standard Korean. Because of the linguistic differences and cultural differences, Jeju Islanders were marginalized and excluded among
1493:
of Jeju is even more severe among younger people. In 2010, 400 Jeju teenagers were surveyed for their knowledge of 120 basic Jeju vocabulary items, but only 19 words were recognized by the majority while 45 words were understood by less than 10%. A 2018 study suggests that even the verbal paradigm,
1340:
relationship with Korean, and was largely restricted to informal contexts even between Jeju natives. Within a primarily Jeju conversation, Standard Korean was used to emphasize the rationality or truth value of statements. Switching to Jeju in a primarily Standard Korean conversation signified that
1245:
Japanese speakers. Migration of Jeju Islanders to Japan began to skyrocket in 1911, with significant communities established, more so in cities like Osaka, becoming home to 38,000 Jeju Islanders by 1911. Despite gaining independence, citizens of Jeju and Korea still migrated to Japan, continuing to
10764:
Since Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019's tenses align with the aforementioned attributive suffixes, sentences they analyze as "Tense-Type 2 Suffix" sequences are often analyzed as non-canonical endings with a "Canonical ending-Attributive-Bound noun" composition by Kim Jee-hong. Many of Yang C.,
1171:
During the late thirteenth century, Jeju Island came under direct Yuan administration, which lead to significant migration of Mongol soldiers to the island. Acting as a superstratum, their language contributed to the change of the local language. Yang Changyong, a linguist, speculates that Mongol
1507:
article, a student said they believed the language was not respectful enough to use with professors, and that the Seoul dialect was more sophisticated. In addition, Jeju is often associated with the countryside, as the majority of speakers tend to have traditional occupations, including farming,
1296:
The devastating impact of the massacres on the Jeju language community was exacerbated by the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. While Jeju was never occupied by the North Korean army, nearly 150,000 Korean-speaking refugees from the mainland fleeing North Korean invasion arrived in Jeju in the
6332:, but there are also important differences in the two languages' prosody. Jeju has a weaker tonal distinction within the first half of the accentual phrase than Seoul Korean does, while its aspirate consonants do not produce as significant a high pitch as their Seoul equivalents. Jeju uses more
1664:
Moreover, Jeju Island's tumultuous history, including the Jeju rebellion and subsequent mass killings, has left a profound impact on the collective memory and social identity of Jeju Islanders. The trauma and scars of historical events continue to resonate in the cultural consciousness, shaping
1566:
government promulgated the Language Act for the Preservation and Promotion of the Jeju Language, which established five-year plans for state-backed language preservation. The Act encouraged public schools on Jeju Island to offer Jeju as an extracurricular activity, as well as to incorporate the
10734:
In Kim Jee-hong's analysis, verb-final single morphemes are termed "canonical endings." Canonical endings are contrasted with a wide variety of "non-canonical endings," formed by the fusion of various grammatical elements such as multiple canonical endings, truncated conjunctive and embedded
2508:
allophones in final position, and syllable-final sibilants surface as . Whether non-lax stops and affricates can appear in final position is controversial. The morphological analysis necessary for the government's orthography permits them, while the analysis behind the Jeju Language Research
1477:
The distinctive phonological, syntactic, and lexical features of the Jeju Island language, known as Jejueo or Jeju dialect, compared to Standard Korean, pose obstacles to effective communication. Phonological differences, such as variations in pitch accent and vowel distinctions, may lead to
1308:, disrupted the traditional village community where Jeju had thrived. The language came to be perceived as an incorrect dialect of Korean; students were even subject to corporal punishment if they used it in school. Standard Korean became more commonplace in private settings even outside of
12201:
after a verb inflected for aspect and a non-liquid consonant, respectively. The informal honorific form cannot occur with uninflected action verbs. The two suffixes may only be followed by the sentence enders in the table below. Informal honorific requests cannot be formed morphologically.
16381:
neu Song Sawman-i jeonmaeng-i gawt seoreun-i maeg-inan, seoreun naneun hae-e amu dawl amu nar-eun maeng-i maeg-ini neu-ga bal sarang omong-hawyeo-jil ttae, na-reul nang-gos-euro gawjyeoda dora... si mawseul gang simbang si gae geoduugok madang-i keun dae sewang du ilhwe yeol-naeul gus-eul
1004:
of native Jeju speakers. On average, South Korean native speakers from all three dialect zones answered less than 10% of the basic comprehension questions correctly, while native Jeju speakers answered over 89% of the questions correctly. These results are comparable to the results of an
23137:: An English-language website maintained by Yang Changyong, Yang Sejung, and William O'Grady, authors of the only English-language monograph on the language. The site includes an audio sample (found in the section "Jejueo Intelligibility Test") and a short Jeju-English dictionary.
10589:
before a Type 2 suffix; and a mixed type, which can occur with the non-past marker but not with the other two tense markers. The vast majority of suffixes are categorized as Tense 1 and thus cannot follow a tense marker. Uniquely among pre-final suffixes, the past tense marker
15395:
Jeju sound symbolism operates with both consonants and vowels. The intensity of a Jeju word may be strengthened by using tense and especially aspirate obstruents. The sound symbolism may also be emphasized through the addition of consonants, by adding the sequence
2061:
remains disputed. A 2000 acoustic and aerodynamic study of eight native Jeju speakers concludes that "the consonants of the two languages seem to be the same in every respect... the phonetic realization of all consonants are the same as those found in Korean."
15986:
refer specifically to "brother of a female" and "sister of a male" respectively. Female speakers also tend to refer to relatives with native compounds, whereas male speakers prefer Sino-Korean terms. For instance, the same cousin may be referred to by a man as
16948:
Based on glosses and cognates of Jeju provided in Chin S. 1991; Chin gives one-to-one definitions or Standard Korean cognates of most Jeju terms not immediately identifiable by a Korean speaker, but does not actually translate the text into fluent Standard
1072:
12739:
A formal statement motivated by a direct, external past observation that cannot be experienced firsthand by the addressee. As the observation must be external, the first-person singular subject is prohibited except in highly atypical situations such as
1494:
among the more resilient parts of the substratum, may be in danger; the average middle schooler was more competent in the verb system of English, a language "taught only a few hours a week in school and in private tutoring institutions," than of Jeju.
1432:ํ์ฌ ์์ฉ๋๋ ์ ์ฃผ๋ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ํ์ค๋ง๊ณผ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋นํด ํฌ๊ฒ ์ค์ด๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ์ํฉ์ผ๋ก์จ ํนํ ์ด๋ฏธํ์ฉ์์ ํ์ค๋ง๊ณผ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๊ทน๋ํ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ๋ถ์์๋ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ค๋ง๊ณผ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๊ทน์ํ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ํ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ฒ์ '์งํ (์ฌํ) ์ ์ฃผ๋ง'๋ก, ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ ์ฃผ๋ง์ '์
์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ง' ๋๋ '(ํ์ค์ด์) ์์ด์ง ๋ง'๋ก ํํํ๋ ๋ฑ, ์ ์ฃผ๋ง๊ณผ ํ์ค๋ง์ด ์ผ์ข
์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์ฐ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
15151:
terms still survive in the language, though the extent of Mongol influence is disputed. Popular claims of hundreds of Mongol loans in Jeju are linguistically unsound. Uncontroversial Mongol loans are most common in terms relating to animal husbandry.
1474:. In addition, many Jeju Islander migrate to mainland Korea for a number of various reasons such as education, employment, and marriage contributing to decline of the Jejueo language. As a result, there are currently no monolingual speakers of Jeju.
10765:
Yang S., and O'Grady 2019's Type 1 suffixes are also interpreted as polymorphemic non-canonical endings. Kim Jee-hong also segments some of Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019's mixed-type suffixes so that the base form of the suffix includes the
1292:
regime suppressed the rebellion with mass killings of civilians. As many as 60,000 Jeju Islanders, or a full fifth of the pre-rebellion population, were killed. 40,000 more fled to Japan. Out of the 400 villages of the island, only 170 remained.
11468:
expresses a factual statement with the premise that the addressee is unaware of the fact, and may implicitly either urge the addressee to accept this new information or rebuke the addressee for not having known it. With a first-person subject,
11953:
Used to ask a question about which the addressee has direct relevant experience. In most cases the addressee is the subject of the verb, although third-person subjects have been attested. Appears in Kim Jee-hong's work in the contracted form
9896:
can express non-past events in certain constructions that call for verbs "conceptualized in their entirety," such as a hypothetical future event. In adjectival verbs, it may also refer to a current state that contrasts with a past situation.
14513:"How could there be?" The particle is also commonly used for sarcastic mock deference, such as by parents while scolding children. Sentence-initially or internally, the suffix may establish the preceding element as the topic of discourse.
15941:
of Jeju has been the focus of particular attention. Jeju has a complex kinship system that distinguishes the gender of both the speaker and the relative. Gender distinctions are particularly noticeable in sibling terminology. The words
1316:
of native Jeju speakers in this period was self-disparaging, and even Jeju people regarded the use of Jeju "with contempt." A 1981 survey of language attitudes among high school and university students natively speaking Seoul Korean,
1602:) and holds Jeju teaching programs and speaking contests. Children's books and a 2014 poetry anthology have also been published. Local bands and theater troupes have made Jeju-language performances. Regional newspapers such as the
1065:
may better explain the few dialectal differences that do exist. A 2010 survey of regional variation in 305 word sets suggests that the northโsouth divide and the eastโwest divide coexist, resulting in four distinct dialect groups.
16388:
Maljai oneun chesaw-n "Song Sawman-i-ne jib-i baengnyeon-daegang'i-reul mosamtta. geu baengnyeon-daegang'i-ga Song Sawman-i simeure oramsen gawra-bun saeng-iyeo... badeum-eun badat-jumaneun simeong oraen hawn sigan-i siyeo-bunan
10294:
indicates "a fact or habitual action in the nonpast" which the speaker perceives to be true in general, permanently, or over a longer duration of time, as demonstrated in the contrast below. The putative non-past-tense marker
22513:[The Actual Pronunciations of Vowels and Consonants Acknowledged in the Transcription Regulation for the Jeju Language and their Phonetic Analysis Study] (Report). Center for Jeju Studies, Jeju Development Institute,
4624:
may have been motivated by a language-internal desire for symmetry in the vowel system. On the other hand, the vowel mergers are accelerated among Jeju speakers living in coastal communities more exposed to Standard Korean.
16321:
1904. The transcription predates both standardized orthographies of Jeju. The transcriber openly notes that the orthography is inconsistent. No attempt was made in this article to standardize or update the orthography.
10516:
The segmentation of verb-final elements is controversial. The two recent extensive treatments of the topic, Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 and Kim Jee-hong 2015, give incompatible analyses of the suffix paradigm.
15273:
Jeju may have loans from an ancient Japonic substratum. As the last fluent generation of Jeju speakers were born under or shortly after Japanese rule, remaining speakers also use many loans from Modern Japanese.
16468:
The term "first and second generations" as used here refers to Jeju speakers born in Jeju, though now living in Japan (the first generation), and to their children who were born in Japan (the second generation).
1210:
In 1629, the Korean government banned the emigration of Jeju Islanders to the mainland, further restricting linguistic contacts between Jeju and Korean. At the same time, the island was also used throughout the
10242:
can only be followed by a small number of suffixes in Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019's analysis. Some analyses treat the initial vowel of the following suffix as part of an allomorph or nuanced variant of
1570:
However, it was not until UNESCO's 2010 designation of Jeju as critically endangered that the provincial government became proactive in Jeju preservation efforts. In 2016, the provincial government allotted
11887:
preceded by the non-past tense marker (and gaining this conjectural meaning only in the presence of the non-past tense marker). Kim Jee-hong analyzes it as a non-canonical ending with a fused attributive.
1013:
speakers. Diaspora Jeju speakers living in Japan have also reported that they find it difficult to understand South Korean news media, and resort to Japanese subtitles when watching South Korean TV shows.
9740:
is interpreted as either present or future by default, and some analyses interpret the particle as also conveying the present tense for specific events and states. The suffix has a vowel-harmonic variant
4324:, a Middle Korean phoneme lost in Seoul in the eighteenth century. The Jeju-do dialect is known to exhibit more conservative vowel sounds preserving older vowel distinctions, compared to standard Korean.
12129:
Used by older women when talking to younger adults not old enough for honorifics and not young or emotionally close enough for informal speech. May convey statements, questions, requests, and proposals.
18002:
16646:
as nominative particles, but Kim Jee-hong points out that they are restricted in use and can be topicalized, and should thus be seen as nominative constructions that rely on non-nominative morphemes.
5125:
Several phonological processes affect the surface realization of Jeju vowels. In one process shared with Standard Korean, a bisyllabic vowel sequence may be contracted to a monosyllabic polyphthong.
1219:. These highly educated speakers of Seoul Korean often tutored the children of their Jeju neighbors during their exile and established a continuous and significant Seoul Korean superstratum in Jeju.
10948:) in Korean, that provide information such as degree of formality, social status, evidentality, and modality. Sentence enders may consist of one or multiple morphemes. Kim Jee-hong argues for four
1696:
are currently in use: a system created in 1991 by scholars of the Jeju Dialect Research Society, and a system promulgated by the provincial government in 2014. Both systems use the Korean alphabet
21603:
12599:
A formal statement founded on prior knowledge, e.g. of Mansu's foot size. Implies that the rationale for the statement continues in the present and may be shared or experienced by the addressee.
10735:
sentences, and bound nouns connected to the verb stem or a canonical ending via an attributive or a nominalizer. The most common canonical component of these non-canonical endings is the suffix
16009:"paternal aunt's daughter." A major distinction between Jeju and Korean kinship terms is that women do not use honorifics to refer to their in-laws, reflecting weaker historical influence from
11156:
expresses a statement of intention or strong assertion with a first-person subject and a statement of judgement or assumption with a third-person subject, and may also convey regret or advice.
1288:, which were succeeded by South Korea and North Korea correspondingly in 1948. Popular opposition to the division and many other issues led to a rebellion on Jeju island on 3 April 1948. The
21511:
Yang, Changyong; O'Grady, William; Yang, Sejung; Hilton, Nanna Haug; Kang, Sang-gu; Kim, So-young (2019). "Revising the Language Map of Korea". In Brunn, Stanley D.; Kehrein, Roland (eds.).
10952:
in Jeju, defined by the degree of formality and deference their sentence enders connote: informal and plain (non-honorific); formal and plain; informal and honorific, marked by the morpheme
9592:
markers which follow the verb stem but cannot appear at the end of the inflected verb. The exact number of these suffixes is unclear because scholars disagree on the correct morphological
1441:, and refer to the native language formerly in use as "thick (or intense) Jeju language" and the Jeju language currently in use as "light Jeju language" or "mixed (with Korean) language."
7170:. Particles that mark the nominative, accusative, and genitive cases are very frequently omitted. The table below is not exhaustive and lists only some of the most significant particles.
10579:
They further divide verb-final suffixes into three categories: Type 1, which cannot occur with tense markers; Type 2, which must occur with either a tense marker or the aspect marker
6336:, where the pitch shifts within a single syllable, than Seoul Korean. Unlike in Seoul Korean, older and fluent speakers of Jeju will also lengthen the final vowel of both clauses in
1426:
The same study notes that by 1992, even this variety restricted to the informal domain was usually a Korean dialect with a Jeju substratum, rather than the traditional Jeju language:
914:
Various terms in both Korean and English exist for the Jeju language, which also vary depending on whether it is considered a separate language or a dialect of Korean by the speaker.
1191:(1570โ1652), who from 1601 to 1602 served as the island's pacification commissioner, gives six words in the "provincial language" with clear cognates in modern Jeju and also writes:
1187:, which Jeju allows. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century references to the language of Jeju by mainland Korean literati state that it was already unintelligible to mainland Koreans.
1726:. The two orthographies differ largely because they are based on different morphological analyses of the language, especially of the verbal paradigm, as seen in the example below.
1241:, Jejueo remained the dominating language in both public and private spheres on Jeju Island. However, with the entrance of Japanese loanwords to the lexicon, some speakers became
1580:
but the short duration of these classes may be insufficient to promote more than "symbolic" use by students. The linguistic competence of many teachers has also been challenged.
1108:
21693:[Report on the Use of the Jeju Language by Jeju Islanders: Focusing on Middle and High School Students] (Report). ์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๊ต ๊ตญ์ด๋ฌธํ์ (Center for Korean Language and Culture,
17298:
1053:
Compared to mainland Korean dialect groups, there is little internal variation within Jeju. A distinction between a northern and southern dialect with a geographic divide at
17762:
17672:
1168:
that may have accelerated local language change. Linguist Yang Changyong speculates that the formation of Jeju as a language independent of Korean was influenced by Mongol.
23156:
compiled by Soung-U Kim. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.
11142:
conveys a statement of presumption or assumption without direct supporting experience, and invites the addressee to confirm the statement's veracity. Kim also states that
8583:
simultaneously emphasizes both the direction and the location of the direction's destination. Most sources treat the two as allomorphs, especially when appended to nouns.
7546:
Called "pseudo-genitive" in Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019. Appears in certain compounds, as mentioned above. May also follow a locative marker to attribute a noun.
1300:
The above events shattered the Jeju language's former dominance on the island, and Standard Korean began to displace Jeju in the public sphere by the 1950s. The 1970s
1133:, a historical region in northeastern Asia. It is thought that Koreanic speakers migrated from southern Manchuria between the third and eighth centuries CE. Linguist
10774:
Examples from Kim Jee-hong 2015's analysis, directly corresponding to the examples above of Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019, are given below. The "default ender"
1576:
3053:, but not all cases can be explained in this way. Other Jeju-specific processes include the doubling of a word-final consonant when followed by a vowel, glide, or
1525:
majority are skeptical of the language's long-term viability, and more people are unwilling than willing to actively participate in language preservation efforts.
3049:-final word or morpheme can trigger aspiration (for older speakers) or tensing (for younger speakers) in a subsequent lax consonant. In some cases this is due to
1489:
A 2008 survey of adult residents' knowledge of ninety Jeju cultural words showed that only twenty-one were understood by the majority of those surveyed. Lack of
22509:๋ฌธ์๋ (Moon Soon-deok); ์ค์ฐฝ๋ช
(Oh Chang-myeong); ๊น์๋ณด (Kim Won-bo); ์ ์ฐ๋ด (Shin Woo-bong) (2015). Jeju-eo pyogi-beop jamo-ui silje bareum-gwa eumseong bunseok yeon'gu
17641:
16862:
Parentheses mark differences in segmentation between Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 and Kim Jee-hong. Notably, Kim Jee-hong does not analyze the vowel
12138:
The honorific verbs, which show deference to the addressee, are formed by a special suffix that can be followed only by a small number of sentence enders.
1470:
to be reserved for use at home and a few local markets. All schools located on Jeju Island are required to teach Standard Korean and only offer Jeju as an
992:
with even the southernmost dialects of South Korea. In a 2014 survey measuring intelligibility, Korean speakers from three different dialect zones (Seoul,
8668:
Like in Middle Korean but unlike in Modern Seoul Korean, comitative markers may occur on the final element being linked and also take other case markers.
426:, relative social status, formality, and other grammatical information. Korean and Jeju differ significantly in their verbal paradigms. For instance, the
21611:
453:
of Korean by the fifteenth century and unintelligible to mainland Korean visitors by the sixteenth century. The language was severely undermined by the
23809:
16357:โ๋ ์ก์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๊ฒจ์ฐ ์๋ฅธ์ด ์๋ช
์ ๋์ด๋, ์๋ฅธ ๋๋ ํด์๋ ์๋ฌด ๋ฌ ์๋ฌด ๋ ์ ๋ช
์ด ๋๋ ํ
์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๋๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ด ์ด์์ ์์ง์ผ ์ ์์ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌด์ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ค ๋ฌ๋ผ... ๋ง์ ์ธ ๊ณณ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด๋น ์ธ ๋ช
์ ๋ชจ์ผ๊ณ ๋ง๋น์ ํฐ ๊น๋ ์ธ์์ ๋ ์ด๋ ์ด๋ํ ๊ตฟ์ ํ๋ผ...โ
11589:
Expresses a statement of fact with the implication that it is an intrinsic or permanent quality or state; commonly found with proverbs and aphorisms.
465:. Many fluent speakers remaining in Jeju Island are now over seventy years old. Most people in Jeju Island now speak a variety of Korean with a Jeju
22592:
22031:
11308:
is used for both statements and questions, but only when the speaker and addressee are emotionally intimate. When the verb is inflected for aspect,
8418:
Analyzed by Yang S., Yang C., and O'Grady 2019 not as a separate morpheme but as a bound noun meaning "place," juxtaposed with the locational noun.
16304:, one of the epic chants recited by Jeju shamans. In this myth, the poacher Song Saman discovers an abandoned skull in the hills and cares for it
9606:
There is relatively widespread agreement on the existence of the following four discrete TAM morphemes, presented in the order they co-occur: the
1621:
have launched Jeju radio programs and a television series. Recent South Korean media with nationwide appeal, including the 2010 television series
6364:
languages. However, the two languages show significant differences in the verbal paradigm, such as Jeju's use of a dedicated conditional suffix.
1661:, represent the ideals of resiliency, collaboration, and environmental care and represent the island's matriarchal legacy and collective spirit.
1281:
1188:
9730:
particle, referring to a process perceived as ongoing and similar to the English construction "be VERB-ing." With an adjectival verb, it has an
6797:
Some Jeju nouns are bound nouns, meaning that they cannot appear independently without a noun phrase. The example below features the bound noun
24186:
1466:
collected audio and video recordings of native Jeju speakers having everyday conversations, singing traditional songs, and performing rituals.
383:
of the Korean language, it is increasingly referred to as a separate language in its own right. It is declining in usage and was classified by
16958:
Nouns are hyphenated from their particles, and compounds are hyphenated between their components, but the verbal morphology is not hyphenated.
6349:
ORD: ordinal numeral INTR: interrogative MED: medial demonstrative SE: sentence ender CE: canonical ending REP : reportive NPST: nonpast
6328:
is characterized by accentual phrases similar to those of Standard Korean, with a basic Low-High-Low-High tonal pattern varying according to
16384:
maetttak chawllyeo-nowan baekbo baekgyeot-dillo gan jeor-eul hawyeon, gawmani kkulyeon eopdeojyeo-duseo bonan samchesaw-ga nawryeo-omeong...
14431:
is a discourse marker that attaches to adverbs, nouns and noun particles, and both sentence enders and connectives. It adds emphasis to the
21967:๊ณ ์ฌํ (Ko Jae-hwan); ์ก์์กฐ (Song Sang-jo); ๊น์งํ (Kim Jee-hong); ์ค์ฐฝ๋ช
(Oh Chang-myung); ์ค์นํ (Oh Seung-hun); ๋ฌธ์๋ (Moon Soon-deok) (November 2014).
16339:โ๋ ์กแแ๋ง์ด ์ ๋งน์ด แแแบ ์๋ฅธ์ด ๋งค๊ธฐ๋, ์๋ฅธ ๋๋ ํด์ ์๋ฌดแแแฏ ์๋ฌด๋ ์ ๋งน์ด ๋งค๊ธฐ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ค๋ชฝแแ์ฌ์ง ๋, ๋๋ฅผ ๋ญ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก แแ์ ธ๋ค ๋๋ผ... ์ แแ์ฌ ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฐฉ ์ ๊ฐ ๊ฑท์ฐ์ฐ๊ณก ๋ง๋น์ด ํฐ๋ ์ธ์ ๋ ์ผํ ์ด๋์ ๊ตฟ์ แแ๋ผ...โ
16409:
Once they laid out everything, went back a hundred steps and prostrated themselves. Quietly kneeling and lying prone, they saw the three
12903:
Expresses speaker's intention with a first-person subject and advice or judgment otherwise; widely used for suggestions and propositions.
1149:
influence on Jeju. When exactly this putative Japonic language may have been replaced by the Koreanic ancestor of Jeju remains unclear.
438:
distinction of many Jeju connective suffixes are absent in Korean. Most of the Jeju lexicon is Koreanic, and the language preserves many
265:
21845:๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ (Ko Mi-Sook); ๊น์๋ณด (Kim Won-bo); ๋ณ๊ธธ์ (Byun Giljia); ๊น์ข
ํ (Kim Jong-hoon); ๋ฐ์๋ณต (Park Soon-bok); ์ค์ฐฝ๋ช
(Oh Chang-myung) (September 2007).
10089:
in first-person-subject declarative sentences or second-person-subject interrogative sentences, and the speaker's conjecture otherwise.
23782:
14339:
Jeju has a small group of particles that commonly occur at the very end of phrases or sentences, many of which play important roles as
9421:; cannot occur with other suffixes and must combine directly with the bare verb stem; can occur with adjectival verbs, unlike in Korean
14523:
to get the attention of unfamiliar individuals, such as a shopkeeper, or to request the addressee to repeat what they have just said.
11314:
is used to refer to a past event that was observed or inferred from observation. If uninflected, the suffix denotes an ongoing event.
1458:, defined as one whose "youngest speakers are grandparents and older... speak the language partially and infrequently." In 2018, the
23847:
23804:
23181:
23043:
21681:
16596:, seen in heritage speakers born in the 1980s, is not a genuine Jeju development but simply interference from Standard Korean, where
2429:
1517:
1160:
administration in the late thirteenth century. Significant numbers of Mongol soldiers migrated to the island during this period, and
942:
16016:
Jeju also uses supplementary prefixes to clarify the type of kinship, equivalent to "step-" or "maternal" in English. These include
14479:. At the end of a sentence, it emphasizes the speaker's beliefs or attitudes. For example, a question becomes a rhetorical one when
10936:
Jeju has a number of clause-final suffixes, called "sentence enders" in Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 and "terminal suffixes" (
3918:. These clusters surface as a single consonant in isolation or before a consonant, but are fully realized when followed by a vowel.
3045:; and the tensing of obstruents following certain morpheme-final nasals. Other rules are absent in Standard Korean. For instance, a
1653:
In addition to the difference in language and dialect, Jeju Islanders and mainland Koreans share a number of cultural differences.
1329:, and Jeju showed that Jeju speakers were the most likely among the five groups to ascribe negative traits to their native variety.
398:
The consonants of Jeju are similar to those of Seoul Korean, but Jeju has a larger and more conservative vowel inventory. Jeju is a
24161:
15774:
Multiple sound-symbolic strategies may combine in a single word. Kang S. 2008 gives eight sound symbolic variants of the ideophone
22242:
11595:
is also used to ask questions about facts (including non-permanent facts), where it has a "somewhat authoritative tone." As with
8664:"These case markers only have differences of connotation, and may be interchangeably used without the least change in meaning."
23799:
15423:
vowel class gives a dark, large connotation. Ko Jae-hwan also gives examples of three or four layers of vowel sound symbolism.
21250:
18003:"Concerted efforts for the revitalization of Jeju language | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
10498:
is controversial for Jeju, with some scholars arguing that it was entirely absent and others that it was restricted to higher
23077:
22950:
22581:
22316:
21985:
21957:
21931:
21835:
21450:
21412:
17394:
17310:
17015:
1533:
23131:: The official Korean-language website of the Jeju Language Preservation Society, the leading language revival organization.
21228:
Brenzinger, Matthias; Yang, Changyong (September 2017). "Jejueo of South Korea". In Seals, Corinne A.; Shah, Sheena (eds.).
9670:
epenthetical vowels that precede many verbal suffixes, the base forms of the three morphemes may alternately be analyzed as
2500:
surfaces as intervocally. Also as in Korean, lax stops and affricates have fully voiced allophones in medial position, all
23961:
23113:
23096:
23069:
22514:
2021:, but without Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019's one-to-one correspondence between Hangul glyphs and the Latin alphabet.
1232:
12976:
is often determined by the inflections of the subsequent clause; certain pre-final suffixes and sentence enders require a
22593:"Jeju-bang'eon pyeongseo-mun-gwa uimun-mun-e natananeun eogyang yeon'gu: eomal-eomi '-an/-eon, -eumen'-eul jungsim-euro"
11218:
generally conveys a statement of fact that the speaker has directly observed, or has inferred from a direct observation.
2454:
2423:
2192:
946:
287:
22668:[A study on "yang" in Jeju dialect with a special reference to its distributions and some discourse functions].
22309:
Explanation and Description of the Syntax of the Jeju Dialect: Analysis of the Functional Categories of the Basic Syntax
21689:——— (2010). Jeju-do-min-ui Jeju-eo sayong siltae josa bogoseo: jungยทgodeung-haksaeng-eul daesang-euro
1172:
influence played a significant role in the formation of Jejueo as a distinct language independent from standard Korean.
6076:
In certain cases, suffix allomorphs do not match the harmonic class of the previous vowel. Verb stems with final vowel
1623:
21819:๊ณ ๋ํธ (Ko Dong-ho); ์ก์์กฐ (Song Sang-jo); ์ค์ฐฝ๋ช
(Oh Chang-myung); ๋ฌธ์๋ (Moon Soon-deok); ์ค์นํ (Oh Seung-hun) (December 2015).
4604:
respectively, resulting in a seven-vowel system identical to the vowel inventory of Seoul Korean. The raising of Jeju
24171:
24166:
23588:
21522:
21501:
21319:
21239:
17649:
17040:
1471:
477:, as many Jeju people migrated to Osaka in the 1920s, but even there, younger members of the community tend to speak
8921:, and the formality of the utterance. Jeju verbs include not only action verbs familiar to English speakers such as
2710:
aspirates both the preceding and the subsequent lax obstruent. A nasal consonant nasalizes a preceding obstruent or
24156:
1129:
The Koreanic languages are likely not native to Jeju Island; it has been proposed that the family has its roots in
16366:๋์ค์ ์ค๋ ์ฐจ์ฌ๋, โ์ก์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ค ์ง์์ ๋ฐฑ๋
๋ ํด๊ณจ์ ๋ชจ์๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐฑ๋
๋ ํด๊ณจ์ด ์ก์ฌ๋ง์ด ์ก์ผ๋ฌ ์ค๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ์์ด์ผ... ์ค ๊ฑด ๋ฐ์์ง๋ง ์ก์ ์ค๋ผ๊ณ ํ ๋ง๊ฐ์ด ์๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ ๊น?โ
12796:
A formal question that the addressee is expected to answer based on a past observation relating to a third party.
12914:
Jeju uses an array of verb-final connective suffixes to link clauses within sentences, much as English does with
10502:. Ko J. 2011b notes that it was used only "by officials while referring to people of very high status and by the
4725:
4511:
4441:
1618:
1238:
277:
17419:
7273:
6088:, thus conserving their original harmonic class while violating their current one. Disyllabic stems that end in
1276:
Severe disruption to the Jeju language community began after the end of Japanese rule and World War II in 1945.
1179:
greatly improved the understanding of Korean phonology, Seoul Korean and Jeju were already divergent; the Seoul
23994:
23664:
23390:
23376:
9084:
and exclamations, Jeju speakers commonly use a verbal noun in place of a verb inflected for tense-aspect-mood.
1998:
1592:
The Jeju Language Preservation Society, founded in December 2008, publishes a bimonthly Jeju-language magazine
334:
21491:
7978:
Either introduces a new topic or establishes a contrast. Must have a contrastive meaning sentence-internally.
6396:" appears only after a vowel and before a consonant, it is never realized as but almost always surfaces as .
24055:
24023:
23840:
23174:
21852:[Age-related differences in the boundary tone patterns of intonational phrases in the Jeju dialect].
15392:. The use of sound symbolism to form emphatic variants of words is more common in Jeju than in Seoul Korean.
4392:
17305:, Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 717โ748,
1203:
23144:
16317:
This version was transcribed between 1956 and 1963 from the recitation of the shaman Byeon Sin-saeng, born
9596:. One analysis of the suffix paradigm, as presented in Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019, is given below.
8905:
The Jeju verb consists of a root that is followed by suffixes that provide grammatical information such as
4483:
2348:
1714:
scripts but is now defunct in written Korean. Similar to the modern Korean script, Jeju orthographies have
1459:
232:
22598:[Intonation study of predicate ending and interrogative ending in Jeju dialect: "-สn/ษn, -ษฏmษn"].
21785:
21627:
16664:
16614:
16601:
16597:
16593:
16589:
16585:
16581:
16577:
16556:
16544:
16348:๋ง์์ด ์ค๋ ์ฒดแแแซ โ์กแแ๋ง์ด๋ค ์ง์ด ๋ฐฑ๋
๋๊ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ผ๋ฐ. ๊ทธ ๋ฐฑ๋
๋๊ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์กแแ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ผ๋ ์ค๋์ผ แแแฏ์๋ถ ์์ด์ฌ... ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฐ์์ฃผ๋ง๋ ์ฌ์ ์ค๋ แแแซ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ฌ๋ถ๋ ์ด๋ตํ์ฝ?โ
10586:
8440:
8163:
8159:
6489:
6392:
6301:
6292:
6097:
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5863:
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5821:
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5806:
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5273:
5228:
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5014:
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4906:
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4810:
4778:
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4708:
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3284:
3255:
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3171:
3150:
3146:
3135:
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2836:
2815:
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2723:
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2711:
2707:
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2699:
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2687:
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2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2497:
2397:
2058:
2050:
2011:
1184:
24176:
23669:
22662:
14294:, which have little semantic meaning but combine with nouns to form verbs. The most common light verb is
10499:
4371:
2364:
1994:
1285:
17420:"Memories of Massacres Were Long Suppressed Here. Tourists Now Retrace the Atrocities. (Published 2019)"
1508:
fishing, and diving. As a result, many younger children express a disinterest in learning the language.
23091:[Jeju Language Preservation and Revitalization Efforts]. Jeju Teukbyeol Jachi-do-ji je-il-gwon
16308:. The skull reciprocates by warning Song Saman of his early death and advising him on how to avoid the
11148:
may end a confirmatory question with the implication that the addressee should agree with the speaker.
6384:
affixes attached to nouns or verb stems. In compound nouns that include a native morpheme, the phoneme
4532:
2695:
2463:
2180:
2168:
1614:
1482:
23207:
9890:
marker and as behaving as a perfective marker with some verbs and as a past tense marker with others.
157:
23627:
23148:
22792:"Bang'eon munbeop hyengtae yeon'gu bangbeop-Jeju-bang'eon seon-eomal-eomi '-keu-'-reul jungsim-euro"
12741:
11861:
Has a conjectural connotation. Often used in questions addressed to oneself, and is less direct than
9599:
8910:
8264:
4551:
4530:
4509:
4481:
4460:
4439:
4411:
4390:
4369:
2083:
1463:
1228:
22627:
21750:
21267:
1657:
are a result of the island's geographic isolation. For example, Jeju's traditional women divers, or
24181:
23955:
23944:
23833:
23534:
23498:
23167:
22896:
22861:
22826:
22719:
22467:
22327:
21996:
21881:
21846:
21694:
21657:
15242:
13398:
An important class of connectives, used for reporting speech and thoughts, is formed by the suffix
10484:
8966:
8918:
6960:
6381:
4413:
2471:
2376:
2047:
1719:
1153:
466:
462:
22172:
21284:
17608:
12659:
A formal question that the addressee is expected to be able to answer without direct observation.
23654:
23637:
21724:๊ฐ์คํฌ (Kang Yoon-hee) (1994). "Jeju sahoe-eseo du bang'eon sayong-e daehan minjok-ji-jeok yeon'gu"
18068:"The legal concept of 'heritage' in the world heritage convention: The case of Yakushima, Island"
17790:
5771:
4553:
3882:
can exist in the underlying form. Many cases of post-sonorant aspiration involve morphemes whose
2204:
1551:
392:
23566:
21547:
3364:, the final consonants are always preserved in so-called regular verbs, but in irregular verbs,
23814:
23792:
23641:
22117:
21262:
15137:
10086:
6377:
6354:
6325:
989:
929:) is most commonly used. In English-language scholarship, it is often called Jejueo or Jejuan.
407:
23052:
22961:
22277:
21703:
21193:"์ ์ฃผ๋์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก์์ ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์ธ ํต์ผ ์ญ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง ์์๊ณ ... ํ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐ์์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋ป์ ์ง๋๋ฉด์ ๋ค์ ํ๋ฆผ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ผ์ง๋ผ๋ ์ด๊ฒ ์ญ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐํ๋ค."
17763:"Islanders Come Back to the Mainland: Social Identity in the People of Jeju in Mainland Korea"
17673:"Islanders Come Back to the Mainland: Social Identity in the People of Jeju in Mainland Korea"
16724:
According to the segmentation of Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019. May also be segmented as
14526:
In the example below from Yang C. 2009, three of the four particles discussed above are used.
12489:
followed by one or two morphemes. Only the six following formal honorific forms are possible.
2035:
23659:
14447:, but is weaker in its emphasis. Both cannot be used while addressing a social superior, and
12915:
9593:
2448:
2122:
2110:
1146:
376:
23000:
22791:
22754:
22432:
22397:
22362:
22066:
17297:
OโGrady, William; Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung (2022), Whitman, John; Cho, Sungdai (eds.),
15028:
in Jeju. Most other sources mention three, which are identical to those of Standard Korean.
6888:
Jeju has two suffixing plural markers, which are obligatory for plural nouns accompanied by
5213:
Vowel-affecting processes are particularly numerous in the verbal paradigm. Verb stem-final
23723:
23713:
22123:[A Study on the Jeju Dialect Used by Jeju People Living in Ikuno-ku, Osaka, Japan]
21570:"Resegmentation of Tense-Aspect Markers in Jejueo, the Traditional Language of Jeju Island"
15964:
refer to "older same-gender sibling" and "younger same-gender sibling" respectively, while
12164:
10949:
6337:
6317:
2493:
1035:
937:
Jeju is closely related to Korean. It was traditionally considered an especially divergent
22697:
21569:
21549:
Assessing Language Knowledge in Jeju: Vocabulary and Verbal Patterns in Jejueo and English
21533:
5231:
insertion may occur even with an intervening consonant, and between a verb stem ending in
4317:
8:
23875:
23622:
23419:
16310:
15938:
9727:
9723:
9607:
4589:
3029:
boundaries. Some of these are found in Standard Korean, such as the insertion of before
2335:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2157:
1711:
1455:
1318:
427:
388:
23903:
23465:
16818:
Kim Jee-hong 2015 classifies all endings that can be followed by the deferential marker
14465:
as an indication that the speaker has not heard or does not believe what has been said.
12178:
and with all inflected verbs, and the latter is used with uninflected adjectival verbs.
11601:, whether these two uses reflect the same morpheme or two homophonous ones is disputed.
2722:, and this can itself nasalize the preceding obstruent so that the underlying sequence
1575:
685,000,000 (US$ 565,592 in 2016) to revitalization programs, and the government-funded
23987:
23972:
23893:
23777:
23593:
23548:
23442:
23038:[Standard Korean and Regional Dialects]. 2015-nyeon gukmin-ui eoneo uisik josa
22118:"Osaka Ikuno-ku jiyeok jaeil-Jeju-in-ui Jeju bang'eon sayong siltae-e gwanhan yeon'gu"
22097:
21382:
17400:
15081:
13395:
appears to be disappearing, and the distinctions that remain are subtle and variable."
11232:. Kim Jee-hong classifies it as a non-canonical ending composed of a fused attributive
6321:
3879:
2505:
2136:
2078:
2073:
1629:
1326:
1197:่ฌซไบบ ็ณ้ท้ฝก ไน่ญฏๅฎไน ๅๆฐ ใๆฏๅณถ่ช้ณ ้
ทไปฅไธญ่ฏ ๅฆ้ฉ
็้ฆฌไน่ฒ ๅฐคไธๅฏๅ่พฏไบไบ ็้ขจๆฐฃ่่ฏไธ้่็ถ่ถ ๆพ็ฒๅ
ๆๆๆ็ฝฎๅฎๆผๆญคๆ
่่ฏ็ธ้่็ถ่ถใ... ๆ่ฌไฟ่ช่
ไฝ้ซ็ดฐไธๅฏๆ
1142:
1006:
443:
435:
364:
136:
69:
22867:[Language attitude and contacts between Standard Korean and Korean dialects].
21658:"Jeju Hangug-eo-ui gangjo jungcheob-eo-e natanan jaeum eum-byeonhwa yangsang yeon'gu"
20467:
18773:
16104:
for a woman's in-laws. Five other prefixes, which may be combined, mark relative age:
11226:, a special Type 2 suffix which can only combine with the two tense markers ending in
10974:. An archaic speech level showing extreme deference is attested from shamanic chants.
7720:
to give further emphasis and a connotation of movement, or with the locative particle
6914:
is restricted for humans and pronouns, and can also have an associative meaning: e.g.
5262:
vowel if the previous morpheme ends with a consonant. The default epenthetic vowel is
1993:
scheme generally used in Korean linguistics, including when transcribing Jeju, is the
224:
23738:
23703:
23698:
23257:
23198:
23073:
23015:
22980:
22946:
22911:
22876:
22841:
22806:
22734:
22677:
22642:
22607:
22577:
22546:
22490:
22447:
22412:
22377:
22342:
22312:
22257:
22222:
22187:
22136:
22101:
22089:
22046:
22011:
21981:
21953:
21927:
21896:
21861:
21831:
21800:
21765:
21737:
21518:
21497:
21446:
21408:
21386:
21330:
21315:
21235:
19483:
18089:
17427:
17390:
17306:
17036:
17011:
15141:
14340:
10521:
10314:
9877:
9731:
9622:
9589:
5876:
4462:
2097:
2087:
1490:
1481:
As of 2018, fluent speakers in Jeju Island were all over seventy years of age, while
1438:
1313:
1277:
1246:
impact the linguistic landscape of Jeju Island as the younger generations within the
478:
419:
23220:
22438:[The Discourse Functions of Honorific-style Particles in the Jeju Dialect].
21346:
19372:
11678:
instead. Kim Jee-hong reports that the suffix can be shortened to a single syllable
7708:"to exist" to form possessive constructions, with the dative marking the possessor.
5774:
is no longer generally applicable in all native morphemes but remains productive in
3898:-final clusters, Jeju permits a number of other final consonant clusters, including
283:
23908:
23898:
23692:
23470:
23437:
23277:
22538:
22482:
22403:[The Discourse Functions of Informal-style Particles in the Jeju Dialect].
22302:
Jeju bang'eon-ui tongsa gisul-gwa seolmyeong: gibon-gumun-ui gineung-beomju bunseok
22081:
21584:
21471:
21374:
21342:
18079:
17770:
17680:
16661:
16300:
13380:
9168:
6986:
2415:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
1689:
1668:
Religious practices on Jeju Island encompass a diverse range of beliefs, including
1572:
1216:
1180:
450:
431:
23825:
22037:[Study on the Kinship terms of JeJu dialectโ Focused on female speakers].
21680:[Report on the Vitality Quotient of the Jeju Regional Language] (Report).
21663:[The Consonant Change Pattern of Emphatic Reduplication in Cheju Korean].
19660:
18806:
18804:
14453:
also cannot appear in formal speech. Both particles can also appear in isolation:
14435:
and is often used to agree with or confirm something the addressee has just said.
6380:
of multiple nouns, or a base noun with a merged attributive verb, or form through
23923:
23880:
23859:
23856:
23761:
23718:
23708:
23475:
23424:
23402:
23324:
23242:
23190:
22368:[The Discourse Functions of Auxiliary Noun Markers in the Jeju Dialect].
21968:
21588:
21512:
21460:"From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean"
21402:
21309:
21229:
17795:
17613:
17005:
15385:
14137:
13649:
11061:
10280:
9904:
9887:
9418:
8906:
8589:
7281:
7196:
6990:
5775:
2092:
1990:
1504:
1134:
1043:
1039:
324:
128:
23153:
23134:
22486:
22085:
21719:. ์ ์ฃผ์ด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ ํ ๋ก ํ (Debate on the Orthography of the Jeju Language). Jeju City, Jeju.
19461:
19459:
19219:
5219:
is lost before a vowel-initial suffix. Similar to Standard Korean, a stem-final
1516:
However, recent surveys show improved sentiment towards the Jeju language. In a
379:
with mainland Korean dialects. While it was historically considered a divergent
237:
24068:
24063:
23928:
23918:
23683:
23578:
23447:
23267:
23262:
23247:
23140:
22725:[Understanding of Status Quo of Jejueo in Language Community of Jeju].
22542:
21882:"Jeju-do bang'eon-ui hyeongtaeron-jeok sang beomju-ui chegye-hwa-reul wihayeo"
21363:"Analysis of Koreans' Overt and Covert Language Attitudes towards Jeju Dialect"
19384:
18801:
18084:
18067:
17108:
15025:
12388:
Used to report new information or an opinion; restricted to uninflected verbs.
10599:
Examples of Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019's segmentation are given below.
7167:
6956:
2151:
1715:
1333:
1322:
1305:
1301:
1242:
1031:
1010:
245:
181:
20050:
18761:
18255:
18175:
17761:
Santos, Luis Miguel Dos; Lo, Ho Fai; Kwee, Ching Ting Tany (31 October 2023).
17671:
Santos, Luis Miguel Dos; Lo, Ho Fai; Kwee, Ching Ting Tany (31 October 2023).
16982:
1547:, an introductory textbook published by the Jeju Language Preservation Society
1057:
is sometimes posited, but an eastern-western dialectal divide cutting through
24150:
24134:
24099:
24003:
23980:
23746:
23480:
23287:
23252:
23215:
23019:
22984:
22915:
22880:
22845:
22810:
22773:์ฐ์ฐฝํ (Woo Chang-hyun) (September 2005). "Jeju bang'eon-ui '-neu-'-e daehayeo"
22738:
22681:
22646:
22611:
22550:
22494:
22451:
22416:
22381:
22346:
22261:
22226:
22191:
22140:
22093:
22050:
22015:
21900:
21887:[For the Study of the Morphological Aspect System in Cheju Dialect].
21865:
21804:
21769:
21741:
20760:
20758:
20599:
20539:
20527:
20515:
20503:
20308:
20266:
20242:
20206:
20182:
20158:
20134:
20110:
20086:
20014:
19990:
19954:
19930:
19906:
19882:
19648:
19456:
19267:
19243:
18821:
18819:
18349:
18347:
18345:
18221:
18219:
18105:
18103:
18093:
17431:
16868:
following aspect markers as an epenthetical vowel but as a separate morpheme.
15148:
15147:
Jeju Island was ruled by the Mongols in the late thirteenth century and some
15111:
15085:
9637:
8914:
8252:
8248:
8138:
7727:
7387:
6361:
6329:
4569:
is controversial, but native speakers most commonly realize the phoneme as .
4340:
3883:
1707:
1641:
1563:
1361:
1267:
1161:
1027:
1023:
1001:
980:
on Jeju, published in 2019, consistently refers to it as a language as well.
454:
439:
423:
403:
167:
90:
22862:"Hanguk-eo-ui pyojun-eo mit bang'eon-deul sai-ui sangho jeopchok-gwa taedo"
22760:[A study on the discourse functions of "key" in the Jeju language].
22574:
The Interaction between Tense-differentiating Morphemes "-ng, -n" and Enders
22529:[The Discourse Functions of Noun Case Markers in the Jeju Dialect].
21847:"Jeju bang'eon-ui yeollyeongdae-byeol eogyang-gu gyeonggye-seongjo yeon'gu"
21378:
21249:
Cho, Taehong; Jun, Sun-Ah; Jung, Seung-chul; Ladefoged, Peter (March 2000).
20743:
20479:
19812:
19810:
19538:
19536:
19534:
19420:
19396:
19360:
19350:
19348:
19346:
19344:
19342:
18990:
18903:
18482:
17882:
16159:"youngest." These are used to distinguish relatives of the same generation.
1250:
communities only spoke Japanese, leading the decline in fluency in Jejueo.
23728:
23649:
23508:
22902:[Jeju language and Jeju dialect, political linguistics of naming].
22523:
22207:
22032:"Jeju-do bang'eon-ui chinjog-eo yeon'guโyeoseong hawaja-reul jungsim-euro"
21362:
21103:
21067:
21031:
20695:
19608:
19572:
19207:
19098:
19074:
19026:
18927:
18891:
18879:
18855:
18843:
18725:
18713:
18629:
18617:
18521:
18470:
18422:
18395:
18383:
18139:
17404:
17384:
17167:
16403:
15785:"the shape of many objects being blunt," each more intense than the other:
14520:
14328:
11869:
Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 analyzes the suffix as mixed type ender
11481:
are connected uses of the same morpheme, or whether they are two different
11475:
conveys the speaker's intention to do something. Whether these two uses of
9908:
7902:
6333:
6313:
5779:
1723:
1677:
1289:
1165:
1157:
22:
21475:
20782:
20755:
18816:
18342:
18294:
18267:
18216:
18151:
18100:
17462:
17460:
17227:
16824:
as informal, but Kim Jee-hong 2017 does so only for non-canonical endings.
3878:
While not permitted in the surface representation of Jeju, morpheme-final
952:
Until the 2000s, South Korean academia preferred the term "Jeju dialect" (
208:
23457:
23411:
23384:
23370:
20332:
20062:
20038:
19807:
19696:
19684:
19672:
19531:
19507:
19495:
19339:
19315:
19291:
19279:
19255:
13012:
for incomplete or unachieved verbs. The nuances below are thus possible.
11760:
Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 analyzes the suffixes as Type 2 ender
11482:
10276:
9652:
9081:
7551:
7479:
6889:
6741:
4665:
4352:
4335:
3336:
Verbal conjugation can also lead to consonantal changes. Verb stem-final
1981:
This article will use the government's orthography where the two differ.
1693:
983:
411:
372:
368:
108:
100:
80:
23051:์ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ฌ๋จ (Jeju Foundation for Arts and Culture), ed. (1 December 2009).
21676:๊ฐ์๋ด (Kang Young-bong) (2008). Jeju jiyeog-eo saengtae jisu josa bogoseo
21115:
21079:
20707:
20491:
19978:
19858:
19303:
19170:
19158:
19134:
19038:
19014:
18966:
18867:
18789:
18689:
18665:
18593:
18545:
18446:
18318:
17918:
17775:
17685:
15084:, and "a sizeable number" of words are identical with Korean. There are
13383:. Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 reports that "the contrast between
909:
Nomenclature of Jeju in the titles of South Korean academic publications
469:. The language may be somewhat more vigorous in a diaspora community in
23615:
23272:
23230:
23108:[Jeju Language Culture]. Jeju Teukbyeol Jachi-do-ji je-sa-gwon
23042:[Study of the Language Perceptions of Koreans, 2015] (Report).
22832:[The intonation patterns of accentual phrase in Jeju dialect].
20098:
19795:
18605:
17457:
16987:
15389:
14291:
8263:
is not an allomorph but a different locative morpheme used for clearly
7182:
6358:
5259:
4704:
4492:
4345:
2501:
2104:
2043:
1966:
1271:
458:
399:
162:
22628:"Jeju bang'eon dan-moeum-e daehan eumhyang-eumseong-hak-jeok yeon'gu"
17364:
17337:
15021:
According to Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019, there are four basic
13653:
in use, and have the same meaning, "He said that he was going home."
2684:
non-morphophonological consonant assimilation rules of Standard Korean
1336:
by native Jeju speakers shows that Jeju was by then in an unfavorable
1141:, which ruled the island until the twelfth century, may have spoken a
24031:
24012:
23949:
23610:
23516:
23006:[On the Conjunctive Endings -n and -ล in the Cheju Dialect].
22633:[An Acoustic Phonetic Study on Monophthongs in Jeju Korean].
18330:
18284:
18282:
17155:
17119:
17085:, pp. 119โ229, summarized with some variation (e.g. analysis of
17061:
16010:
15408:
14432:
13645:
7163:
5891:
4629:
4422:
2489:
2220:
1669:
1341:
the speaker was making a subjective statement or being less serious.
1337:
1309:
1130:
1114:
A northโsouth divide is more noticeable in the Jeju words for "crab".
1058:
1030:, halfway between Jeju Island and mainland Korea, where a variety of
977:
217:
201:
23143:: An annotated audio-video corpus of spoken Jeju, maintained by the
21728:[An Ethnographic Study on Bidialectalism in Cheju Society].
18163:
18037:
18035:
14916:
For younger, emotionally intimate, or socially inferior individuals
12964:. Hong Chong-rim and Song Sang-jo both note that the choice between
3894:
after the sonorant should be posited in Jeju as well. Besides these
254:
24085:
24046:
24036:
23787:
23354:
22248:[The Acoustic Analysis of the Diphthongs in Jeju Dialect].
21459:
21423:
20230:
16438:
15412:
11057:
10758:
7711:
6373:
3373:
3058:
3046:
3026:
1997:. Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 instead uses a variant of the
1673:
1356:
1247:
1062:
1054:
295:
23159:
22567:
Jeju-mal-eseo ttae-garim-so '-ng, -n'-gwa ssi-kkeut-deul-ui hoeung
22213:[On the Acoustic Analysis of the Vowel in Jeju Dialect].
20445:
20443:
18279:
16442:, Jeju-language narrative poems explaining the origins of deities.
15419:
harmonic class of vowels has a bright, small connotation, and the
13000:
implies a general and subjective event or state. Song argues that
9186:: Past event for action verbs, achieved state for adjectival verbs
6794:(Examples from Yang C., Yang S, and O'Grady 2019 and Ko J. 2011a)
24106:
23751:
23605:
20811:
20809:
20575:
20283:
20281:
19713:
19711:
18831:
18641:
18047:
18032:
18020:
17954:
17942:
17930:
15022:
14805:
Note the granddaughter's use of the verbally inflected honorific
9127:
8704:
8680:
7378:
6390:
may intervene between the two elements. Because this "in-between
5258:
Many of Jeju's consonant-initial verbal suffixes take an initial
5224:
3037:
at most word-internal morpheme boundaries; the palatalization of
2054:
2039:
2017:
This article also uses Revised Romanization with the addition of
1658:
938:
415:
291:
104:
21490:
Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung; O'Grady, William (October 2019).
19642:, pp. 76โ395, summarized in English with some variation in
18458:
17966:
17491:
17489:
17487:
16894:๊ฐ/๊ฐ์ instead of government-orthography ๊ฐแ/๊ฐแ์ฐ in original source
16416:"Are they not doing devotional acts at Song Saman's household?"
14584:"Grandmother, is this place Moseulpo, which I've only heard of?"
8547:
Denotes direction of movement, like English "to; into; toward."
1258:
24092:
23583:
22333:[On Prefinal and Final Ending Systems in Jeju Korean].
21791:[Changes of /ใ/ in the Jeju dialect in apparent time].
21510:
20440:
19771:
19122:
19050:
18944:
18942:
18359:
17325:
17173:
14173:"to throw away," for an action yielding a complete result; and
12344:
Used to report new information; restricted to inflected verbs.
10504:
8970:
4730:
1697:
1635:
1451:
1212:
1176:
867:
834:
384:
262:
188:
20806:
20320:
20278:
20218:
20170:
20146:
20122:
20074:
20026:
20002:
19966:
19942:
19918:
19894:
19870:
19846:
19834:
19759:
19735:
19723:
19708:
19548:
18653:
16386:"Song Sawman-i-ne jib-iseo jeongseong-eul ani deuryeomsin'ga?"
15260:
15232:
15208:
15184:
11220:
In Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019, the suffix is given as
1078:
An eastโwest divide is salient in the Jeju words for "lizard".
941:
of Korean, and as of 2019 is still referred to as such by the
24128:
23867:
23600:
23526:
23490:
21055:
17711:"In Osaka... some fluent speakers are as young as 45" (p.9).
17537:
17484:
16290:, used to refer to a sibling of one's grandparent generally.
1138:
1047:
997:
993:
493:
474:
470:
22663:"Jeju-bang'eon yang-e daehan tongsaยทdamhwa-ron-jeok gochal"
22328:"Jeju bang'eon-ui seon-eomal-eomi-wa jonggyeol-eomi chegye"
21844:
20671:
20254:
19110:
18978:
18939:
18767:
17525:
17143:
12994:
is used for specific and objective events and states, while
6108:
Jeju syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C) with G being a glide.
5778:
and certain verbal suffixes. Jeju has two harmonic classes,
4612:, and may have predated Standard Korean's ongoing merger of
1183:
of fifteenth-century Middle Korean disallowed the diphthong
859:
489:
23756:
21966:
21200:
21151:
20908:
20659:
20416:
20368:
20344:
19614:
19578:
19432:
19390:
19378:
18306:
18204:
18127:
18115:
17718:
17561:
17445:
17268:
17266:
17233:
17131:
16342:๋งท๋ฑ แแแฏ๋ ค๋์ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด ๋ฐฒ๊ฒผ๋๋ก ๊ฐ ์ ์ แแ์ฐ, แแ๋ง์ด ๊ฟ๋ จ ์
๋์ ธ๋์ ๋ณด๋ ์ผ์ฒดแแ๊ฐ แแ๋ ค์ค๋ฉ...
16305:
15262:
14140:
that are linked to the preceding main verb by the morpheme
12982:-connective in the previous clause, while others require a
12013:
Used in propositions (not commands as in Standard Korean).
11399:
Unmarked formal statement ender. Dictionary citation form.
7358:
Unlike in Korean, can be followed by other particles, e.g.
1253:
826:
776:
746:
668:
590:
512:
22178:[A Study on Changes in Attitude to Jeju Dialect].
21786:"Jeju bang'eon 'arae-a'-ui sidae-byeol byeonhwa yangsang"
21604:"New interactive atlas adds two more endangered languages"
21285:"An Acoustic and Aerodynamic Study of Consonants in Cheju"
21283:
Cho, Taehong; Jun, Sun-Ah; Ladefoged, Peter (March 2000).
21127:
20995:
20971:
20959:
20935:
20872:
20833:
20770:
20731:
20719:
20611:
20428:
20194:
19783:
19747:
19560:
19231:
19062:
18569:
17894:
17742:
13644:; and so forth. These fused suffixes may be used for both
6084:
take the yang allomorph if their Middle Korean forms were
1445:
698:
620:
542:
484:
294:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
23128:
23001:"Jeju-bang'eon yeong'gyeol-eomi-ui '-n' '-ล'-e daehayeo"
22797:[On the Study Method of a Dialect Grammar Form].
22713:. 7th World Congress of Korean Studies. Honolulu, Hawaii.
22508:
21541:. 7th World Congress of Korean Studies. Honolulu, Hawaii.
21489:
21407:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
21248:
21121:
21109:
21085:
21073:
21043:
21037:
20925:
20923:
20884:
20821:
20794:
20764:
20713:
20701:
20647:
20635:
20605:
20587:
20563:
20545:
20533:
20521:
20509:
20497:
20485:
20473:
20380:
20356:
20338:
20314:
20298:
20296:
20272:
20248:
20212:
20188:
20164:
20140:
20116:
20092:
20068:
20044:
20020:
19996:
19984:
19960:
19936:
19912:
19888:
19822:
19816:
19702:
19690:
19678:
19666:
19654:
19542:
19513:
19501:
19465:
19444:
19354:
19321:
19297:
19285:
19273:
19261:
19249:
19225:
19213:
19195:
19176:
19140:
19104:
19086:
19080:
19044:
19032:
19020:
19002:
18996:
18972:
18933:
18909:
18897:
18885:
18873:
18861:
18849:
18810:
18795:
18731:
18719:
18695:
18671:
18635:
18623:
18599:
18551:
18527:
18488:
18476:
18452:
18428:
18401:
18389:
18353:
18324:
18300:
18273:
18261:
18225:
18181:
18157:
18145:
18109:
17924:
17888:
17693:
17549:
17513:
17466:
17370:
17354:
17352:
17343:
17161:
17125:
17113:
Endangered Languages Archive at SOAS University of London
17082:
17067:
4700:
is generally realized as word-initially and otherwise.
2706:. Lax obstruents are tensed following another obstruent.
2034:
The non-approximant consonants of Jeju correspond to the
24002:
22897:"Jeju-eo-wa Jeju-bang'eon, ireum-ui jeongchi-eoneo-hak"
22626:์ ์ฐ๋ด (Shin Woo-bong); ์ ์ง์ (Shin Ji-young) (August 2012).
22173:"Jeju-do bang'eon-e daehan bang'eon taedo chui yeon'gu"
21818:
21443:
Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of Common Genetic Origin
21139:
20850:
20848:
20788:
20749:
20551:
20455:
19519:
19489:
19426:
19402:
19366:
19309:
19188:"์ด๋ค ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ฌ๋ ์ค์ง ์ด๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์ ๋ฟ, ์๋ฏธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์ ํ ์์ด ๋ง์๋๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฟ ์ธ ์ ์๋ค."
19164:
18825:
18611:
18581:
18557:
18511:
18509:
17715:, pp. 1โ2, 9, 32โ33, 39โ40, 43โ44, 53โ54, 58โ59, 67
17383:
Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung; OโGrady, William (2020).
17263:
16360:๋ค ์ฐจ๋ ค๋์ ์ฒด ๋ฐฑ๋ณด ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๋งํ ๋ฌด๋ฆ ๊ฟ๊ณ ์
๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ณด๋๊น, ์ผ์ฐจ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ด๋ ค์ค๋ฉด์...
13409:, which fuses with sentence enders as in the example of
12478:
The formal honorific forms involve the honorific marker
10317:
marker (not to be confused with the perfective marker).
6808:"worth" accompanied by the obligatory attributive verb.
3914:, and (in the analysis of the government's orthography)
442:
words now lost in Standard Korean. Jeju may also have a
406:, suffixing language like Korean. Nouns are followed by
22072:[A study on quotation marker of Jeju dialect].
21628:"Jeju, UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger"
21517:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 215โ230.
21175:
20896:
20623:
20404:
20392:
19327:
18701:
18677:
18243:
18231:
18194:
18192:
18190:
17870:
17049:
14773:... gemin eotteong-heoyeon Moseulpo-yen hawyeosinsingo-
14327:"to run an errand". There is also a large inventory of
11667:
Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 gives the suffix as
10520:
Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 includes a slot for
3025:
Jeju also has consonant allophones that appear only at
1304:, an ambitious rural modernization program launched by
1222:
391:, the highest level of language endangerment possible.
22522:๋ฌธ์๋ (Moon Soon-deok); ๊น์๋ณด (Kim Won-bo) (August 2017).
22473:[Interjectional Expressions in Jeju Dialect].
21163:
21091:
21019:
21007:
20947:
20920:
20683:
20293:
19584:
19146:
18954:
18915:
17978:
17730:
17501:
17472:
17349:
17278:
16834:
16832:
16830:
16794:
In Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019's segmentation,
15369:
15340:
15311:
14473:
shows deference, but is considered more informal than
2036:
nineteen non-approximant consonants of Standard Korean
1195:
984:
Mutual intelligibility with modern South Korean Korean
23141:"A multi-modal documentation of Jejuan conversations"
22398:"Jeju bang'eon banmal-che cheomsa-ui damhwa gineung"
21546:————— (December 2018).
21282:
20983:
20860:
20845:
19596:
19471:
19408:
18533:
18506:
18412:
18410:
18169:
17906:
17811:
17791:"Distinct dialect of Jeju threatened with extinction"
17251:
17215:
17191:
17179:
17109:"A multi-modal documentation of Jejuan conversations"
14423:
may be used with an intention to snub the addressee.
7622:
Restricted to human addressees of verbs of speaking.
2483:
1718:
tendencies, meaning that transcribing the underlying
22755:"Jeju-eo ge-ui damhwa-jeok gineung-e daehan gochal"
22433:"Jeju bang'eon nopim-mal cheomsa-ui damhwa gineung"
22208:"Jeju bang'eon-eseo arae-a eum-ui eumhyang-bunseok"
21555:(PhD). Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiสปi Press
18749:
18434:
18187:
17858:
17846:
17086:
17007:
Revitalizing Endangered Languages: A Practical Guide
16931:
16920:
16909:
16863:
16839:
16819:
16795:
16707:
16676:
16641:
16635:
16521:
16502:
16483:
16379:
16285:
16274:
16263:
16246:
16233:
16220:
16207:
16194:
16181:
16168:
16154:
16143:
16132:
16121:
16110:
16099:
16088:
16077:
16066:
16055:
16044:
16033:
16022:
16004:
15993:
15981:
15970:
15959:
15948:
15916:
15898:
15879:
15860:
15842:
15823:
15805:
15794:
15780:
15755:
15736:
15717:
15698:
15678:
15660:
15642:
15613:
15586:
15560:
15541:
15521:
15510:
15490:
15479:
15463:
15449:
15435:
15402:
15357:
15328:
15299:
15253:
15225:
15201:
15177:
15131:
15120:
15105:
15094:
15066:
15052:
15038:
14993:
14982:
14950:
14941:
14927:
14908:
14894:
14873:
14859:
14818:
14812:
14806:
14581:
halmani, idi-ga mal-loman deureo-nan Moseulpo-ukkwa?
14514:
14505:
14491:
14480:
14474:
14468:
14460:
14454:
14448:
14442:
14436:
14426:
14418:
14412:
14401:
14390:
14382:
14371:
14360:
14349:
14322:
14311:
14300:
14285:"I will become close to dying because I work a lot."
14185:
14179:
14168:
14157:
14146:
14123:
14112:
14101:
13755:
1SG-TOP house-LOC go-CONT-HON-SE-QUOT say-PFV-HON-SE
13639:
13628:
13622:
13611:
13600:
13594:
13588:
13577:
13571:
13565:
13554:
13410:
13404:
13390:
13384:
13374:
13368:
13007:
13001:
12995:
12989:
12983:
12977:
12971:
12965:
12959:
12953:
12947:
12861:
12809:
12754:
12681:
12669:
12609:
12541:
12529:
12517:
12484:
12463:
12420:
12409:
12398:
12354:
12302:
12291:
12239:
12227:
12196:
12185:
12179:
12173:
12158:
12147:
12087:
12081:
12027:
11979:
11960:
11903:
11882:
11876:
11870:
11862:
11811:
11791:
11785:
11779:
11773:
11767:
11761:
11706:
11684:
11673:
11615:
11596:
11590:
11499:
11476:
11470:
11463:
11413:
11349:
11309:
11303:
11253:
11233:
11227:
11221:
11213:
11171:
11151:
11143:
11137:
11078:
11051:
11008:
10969:
10958:
10943:
10775:
10766:
10752:
10741:
10591:
10580:
10571:
10558:
10547:
10534:
10493:
10308:
10302:
10296:
10289:
10267:
10261:
10255:
10244:
10237:
10090:
10080:
9936:
9930:
9924:
9918:
9912:
9898:
9891:
9881:
9760:
9754:
9748:
9742:
9735:
9717:
9709:
9698:
9687:
9676:
9661:
9646:
9631:
9616:
9531:
9412:
9297:
9181:
9064:
9050:
9030:
9016:
8996:
8982:
8960:
8949:
8938:
8927:
8834:
8820:
8763:
8602:
8578:
8572:
8566:
8555:
8492:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8456:
8449:
8431:
8411:
8405:
8356:
8289:
8280:
8258:
8184:
8172:
8150:
8078:
8064:
7990:
7928:
7914:
7842:
7779:
7768:
7757:
7743:
7721:
7715:
7703:
7634:
7563:
7494:
7473:
7399:
7364:
7307:
7293:
7276:, unlike in Standard Korean. Cannot be topicalized.
7222:
7208:
6999:
6980:
6969:
6947:
6920:
6909:
6898:
6803:
6406:
6296:
6287:
6273:
6253:
6233:
6213:
6193:
6173:
6153:
6133:
6056:
6032:
6011:
5988:
5967:
5944:
5923:
5899:
5885:
5756:
5743:
5722:
5709:
5688:
5675:
5658:
5641:
5628:
5607:
5590:
5573:
5560:
5539:
5522:
5505:
5492:
5471:
5454:
5437:
5424:
5403:
5386:
5373:
5356:
5339:
5326:
5293:
5282:
5268:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5214:
5201:
5187:
5166:
5150:
5104:
5095:
5063:
5031:
4999:
4955:
4923:
4891:
4859:
4827:
4795:
4763:
4664:
have merged even among speakers who distinguish the
4544:
4523:
4502:
4474:
4453:
4432:
4404:
4383:
4362:
3858:
3845:
3828:
3809:
3792:
3775:
3762:
3743:
3730:
3713:
3694:
3677:
3660:
3647:
3628:
3611:
3594:
3575:
3558:
3541:
3528:
3509:
3492:
3475:
3456:
3439:
3422:
3409:
3308:
3276:
3247:
3221:
3192:
3163:
3127:
3092:
2576:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2524:
1970:
1960:
1848:
1542:
1097:
1086:
1000:) were exposed to one minute of spoken Jeju, with a
971:
959:
924:
350:
338:
318:
314:
59:
53:
23855:
22753:์์ฐฝ์ฉ (Yang Changyong); ๊น์๋ณด (Kim Won-bo) (May 2013).
21425:
Language Contact and Morphological Change in Jejueo
18737:
18494:
18371:
17033:
The old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets
16827:
16634:Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady 2019 also classifies
14343:. The four principal ones are the formality marker
14162:"to give," for an action that benefits a superior;
12468:is generally restricted to inflected verbs. Due to
11796:, which is analyzed as having a fused attributive.
10963:, and formal and honorific, featuring the morpheme
8416:used to emphasize the boundedness of the referent.
6632:{"to sit"} {} "work" {} {"work done while sitting"}
2718:becomes following all consonants except itself or
2038:, and Jeju displays the three-way contrast between
1034:is found. The language is also used by some of the
261:Jeju is classified as Critically Endangered by the
21978:Exposition of the Orthography of the Jeju Language
21535:Teaching Jejueo: Present Problems and Future Plans
18407:
17823:
17585:
17573:
17239:
17203:
16298:The following is an excerpt from a version of the
14949:For younger individuals, but more respectful than
11784:. Kim Jee-hong distinguishes the canonical ending
9123:
6903:can occur with all nouns and pronouns. The marker
5223:diphthongizes a subsequent vowel by inserting the
3050:
2943:is realized as after most consonants; underlying
1984:
1215:era (1392โ1910) as a place of exile for disgraced
932:
22595:์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ ํ์๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์ ๋ํ๋๋ ์ต์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ: ์ด๋ง์ด๋ฏธ โ-์/์ธ, -์ผ๋ฉโ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
21496:. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiสปi Press.
21227:
17972:
17495:
17004:Olko, Justyna; Sallabank, Julia (29 April 2021).
16845:
16713:
16625:Parts in parentheses are omitted following vowels
16459:์ ์ฃผ์ด ๋ณด์ ๋ฐ ์ก์ฑ ์กฐ๋ก; Jeju-eo bojeon mit yukseong jorye
12952:"and", occur in pairs with one variant ending in
11665:Expresses a statement of surprise or excitement.
10511:
9667:
4707:, with the phonemic identities of , , and being
1202:"The exiled man Shin Jangnyeong was originally a
446:substratum, but this argument has been disputed.
24148:
22243:"Jeju bang'eon ijung-moeum-ui eumhyang-bunseok"
21314:(Updated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
17642:"Teaching Jejueo on Jeju Island ์ ์ฃผ์ด ๊ต์ก โ Jejueo"
16876:
16874:
16702:
16700:
16698:
16696:
16694:
16692:
16690:
16688:
16686:
14831:Jeju has the following basic personal pronouns.
13980:3SG-TOP house-LOC go-CONT-HON-REP say-PFV-HON-SE
13869:1SG-TOP house-LOC go-CONT-HON-REP say-PFV-HON-SE
10524:in the Jeju verb, with three dedicated markers.
9588:Jeju has a number of pre-final verbal suffixes:
9171:meaning through one of four adnominal suffixes.
4684:cannot occur with the three back vowels or with
4577:are only distinguished in the initial syllable.
4316:Jeju traditionally has a nine-vowel system: the
3873:
1262:Jeju inhabitants awaiting execution in late 1948
1175:By the fifteenth century, when the invention of
871:
838:
788:
784:
758:
754:
742:
710:
706:
680:
676:
664:
632:
628:
602:
598:
586:
554:
550:
524:
520:
508:
501:
22363:"Jeju bang'eon-ui bojo-josa-ui damhwa gineung"
22157:Jeju-do bang'eon-ui eoneo-jiri-hak-jeok yeon'gu
21428:(MA). Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University
17382:
17296:
16858:
16856:
16854:
16656:
16654:
16652:
16568:As given in Yang C, Yang S., & O'Grady 2019
10425:
10356:
9917:, this suffix takes the vowel-harmonic variant
7370:
7166:and other semantic relations through suffixing
6304:does not occur word-initially in native words.
6092:also take the yang allomorph, but monosyllabic
5770:Like Standard Korean but unlike Middle Korean,
5120:
3211:Aspiration after sonorant (for older speakers)
2726:is realized as . On the other hand, underlying
1497:
917:Among native speakers, the term "Jeju speech" (
23810:NorthโSouth differences in the Korean language
23103:
23086:
22625:
21756:[Vowel harmony in the Cheju dialect].
21361:Kwak, Saebom; You, Seok-Hoon (February 2019).
20815:
18464:
18053:
18041:
18026:
17960:
17948:
17936:
16732:
15364:
15335:
15306:
13994:
13888:
13769:
13665:
11758:Conveys a question directed to the addressee.
10165:
9734:("beginning to; become") meaning. A verb with
5904:after verb stems whose (final) vowel is yang:
3388:Final-consonant allomorphy in irregular verbs
23988:
23841:
23175:
22752:
22524:"Jeju bang'eon gyeok-josa-ui damhwa gineung"
22521:
21997:"Jeju bang'eon sog'eui Mongol-eo chayong-eo"
21713:Brief Thoughts on "Jeju Language Orthography"
21331:"Non-canonical Ending Systems in Jeju Korean"
20581:
19128:
19056:
17003:
16871:
16683:
16588:in non-initial ones. An apparent fronting of
15110:"to wash the body." Jeju also preserves many
13354:" it's raining/going to rain, so can't work"
13006:is used for completed or achieved verbs, and
12472:, the tense endings are considered emphatic.
10095:may also have a future-tense interpretation.
9349:"The mountain villages that we used to go to"
3182:Obstruent tensed after verb stem-final nasal
2802:Lax obstruent tensed after another obstruent
2046:characteristic of Modern Korean. Whether the
16:Koreanic language of Jeju Island, South Korea
22002:[Mongol Loanwords in Jeju Dialect].
21568:————— (2020).
21400:
18365:
17841:
17760:
17670:
17609:"Studying Jeju Island's endangered language"
17331:
17303:The Cambridge Handbook of Korean Linguistics
16926:
16915:
16904:
16851:
16649:
16515:
16496:
16477:
16280:
16269:
16258:
16241:
16228:
16215:
16202:
16189:
16176:
16163:
16149:
16138:
16127:
16116:
16105:
16094:
16083:
16072:
16061:
16050:
16039:
16028:
16017:
15999:
15988:
15976:
15965:
15954:
15943:
15911:
15893:
15874:
15855:
15837:
15818:
15800:
15789:
15775:
15750:
15731:
15712:
15693:
15673:
15655:
15637:
15608:
15581:
15555:
15536:
15516:
15505:
15485:
15474:
15458:
15444:
15430:
15397:
15352:
15323:
15294:
15248:
15220:
15196:
15172:
15126:
15115:
15100:
15089:
15061:
15047:
15033:
14988:
14977:
14935:
14921:
14902:
14888:
14867:
14853:
14497:
14486:
14407:
14396:
14377:
14366:
14355:
14344:
14317:
14306:
14295:
14174:
14163:
14152:
14141:
14131:
14118:
14107:
14096:
14088:3SG-TOP house-LOC go-CONT-REP say-PFV-HON-SE
13634:
13617:
13606:
13583:
13560:
13399:
12942:
12941:Some Jeju connectives, such as the suffixes
12856:
12804:
12800:
12749:
12676:
12664:
12604:
12536:
12524:
12512:
12479:
12415:
12404:
12393:
12349:
12297:
12286:
12234:
12222:
12191:
12168:
12153:
12142:
12074:
12068:
12020:
11972:
11955:
11896:
11804:
11697:
11679:
11668:
11608:
11492:
11406:
11342:
11246:
11164:
11150:According to Yang C., Yang S., and O'Grady,
11071:
11001:
10964:
10953:
10937:
10797:
10747:
10736:
10566:
10553:
10542:
10529:
10488:
10284:
10250:
10075:
9704:
9693:
9682:
9671:
9656:
9641:
9626:
9611:
9598:
9526:
9407:
9292:
9176:
9056:
9045:
9022:
9011:
8988:
8977:
8955:
8944:
8943:"to see," but also adjectival verbs such as
8933:
8922:
8829:
8814:
8757:
8609:
8596:
8561:
8550:
8444:
8425:
8350:
8274:
8179:
8167:
8144:
8073:
8058:
7984:
7923:
7908:
7836:
7774:
7763:
7752:
7737:
7698:
7628:
7557:
7488:
7406:
7393:
7359:
7302:
7287:
7217:
7202:
6994:
6975:
6964:
6942:
6915:
6904:
6893:
6798:
6401:
6385:
6268:
6248:
6228:
6208:
6188:
6168:
6148:
6128:
6051:
6027:
6006:
5983:
5962:
5939:
5918:
5894:
5880:
5751:
5738:
5717:
5704:
5683:
5670:
5653:
5636:
5623:
5602:
5585:
5568:
5555:
5534:
5517:
5500:
5487:
5466:
5449:
5432:
5419:
5398:
5381:
5368:
5351:
5334:
5321:
5288:
5277:
5263:
5196:
5182:
5161:
5145:
5090:
5083:
5058:
5051:
5026:
5019:
4994:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4950:
4943:
4918:
4911:
4886:
4879:
4854:
4847:
4822:
4815:
4790:
4783:
4758:
4751:
4745:
4564:
4539:
4518:
4497:
4469:
4448:
4427:
4399:
4378:
4357:
3853:
3840:
3823:
3804:
3787:
3770:
3757:
3738:
3725:
3708:
3689:
3672:
3655:
3642:
3623:
3606:
3589:
3570:
3553:
3536:
3523:
3504:
3487:
3470:
3451:
3434:
3417:
3404:
3303:
3297:
3271:
3242:
3216:
3187:
3158:
3122:
3087:
3003:
2973:
2952:
2921:
2900:
2879:
2855:
2828:
2807:
2783:
2756:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2433:
2400:
2380:
2368:
2352:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2140:
2126:
2114:
2006:
1701:
1597:
1537:
1430:
1092:
1081:
965:
953:
918:
344:
328:
308:
47:
41:
21577:The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal
21514:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map
21493:Jejueo: The Language of Korea's Jeju Island
21231:Heritage Language Policies around the World
17386:Jejueo: The Language of Korea's Jeju Island
16925:in Kang S. 2008, but both forms given with
16354:
16336:
14999:
13351:today rain come-CONN work cannot do-NPST-SE
13245:today rain come-CONN work cannot do-NPST-SE
12141:The informal honorific forms are marked by
9417:: Nonpast/present event or state, commonly
9147:
6926:
3069:Consonant allophony at morpheme boundaries
2738:Non-morphophonological consonant allophony
23995:
23981:
23848:
23834:
23783:International Circle of Korean Linguistics
23182:
23168:
23050:
22777:[On "-neu-" in the Jeju dialect].
22720:"Jeju-eo-ui yeon'gu hyeonhwang-gwa gwaje"
22325:
22311:]. Gwangmyeong, Gyeonggi-do: ๋์์ถํ ๊ฒฝ์ง.
22299:
21941:——— (9 September 2011).
21723:
21701:
21688:
21675:
21328:
21311:Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History
21001:
20977:
20965:
20725:
20326:
20287:
20260:
20224:
20200:
20176:
20152:
20128:
20104:
20080:
20056:
20032:
20008:
19972:
19948:
19924:
19900:
19876:
19864:
19852:
19840:
19828:
19801:
19789:
19777:
19765:
19753:
19741:
19729:
19717:
19643:
19639:
19554:
19237:
19201:
19189:
19116:
19008:
18984:
18948:
18779:
18707:
18312:
18210:
18133:
18121:
17736:
17724:
17567:
17555:
17543:
17531:
16758:
14251:
13553:Similarly, informal honorific conjectural
10197:
10128:
9157:With the warmth of even the day like this!
8577:having a solely directional meaning while
7478:is rare, but required when the subsequent
6892:and optional otherwise. The plural marker
2995:assimilates both preceding and subsequent
2496:also found in Seoul Korean. As in Korean,
1399:Speaker is socially inferior to addressee
1017:
253:
244:
68:
23805:National Institute of the Korean Language
23044:National Institute of the Korean Language
22894:
22275:
22164:A Geolinguistic Study on the Jeju Dialect
21682:National Institute of the Korean Language
21445:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
21266:
18083:
17912:
17774:
17684:
17149:
17137:
17055:
14334:
14048:
14030:
13942:
13920:
13829:
13807:
13723:
13697:
13509:
13491:
13440:
10837:
10648:
10038:
9974:
9840:
9798:
5579:
5511:
5443:
4703:Glide-vowel sequences may be analyzed as
4186:
3930:Realization in isolation/before consonant
2053:, absent in Standard Korean, exists as a
2001:system with the addition of the sequence
1891:
1779:
1528:
1518:National Institute of the Korean Language
1404:Speaker is socially superior to addressee
1396:Participants are not emotionally intimate
1345:Code-switching rules in early 1990s Jeju
1022:Jeju was traditionally spoken throughout
943:National Institute of the Korean Language
22967:[Dialectal Divisions of Korean]
22565:์ก์์กฐ (Song Sang-jo) (30 September 2011).
22466:——— (September 2005).
22465:
22430:
22326:——— (September 2016).
22276:๊น์ ์ (Kim Jeong-eun) (24 February 2019).
22067:"Jeju bang'eon-ui inyong pyoji yeon'gu"
21421:
21401:Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011).
21307:
20677:
20653:
20629:
20557:
19068:
17712:
17699:
17451:
17417:
15407:to both reduplicated segments, and with
14792:? They gave us an assignment at school,
13108:
13050:
11856:"I wonder what the teacher distributed."
10894:
10845:
10841:
10596:can also appear without a final suffix.
10301:may also be analyzed as an allomorph of
7751:Due to interference from Korean cognate
6856:
5647:
4580:Among younger and less fluent speakers,
3922:Realization of final consonant clusters
1919:
1807:
1587:
1532:
1257:
1254:Modern period and decline (1945โpresent)
874:
841:
791:
761:
683:
605:
527:
266:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
23087:"Jeju-eo bojeon-gwa yukseong hwaldong"
22998:
22959:
22929:
22717:
22696:——— (November 2014).
22695:
22660:
22590:
22564:
22431:——— (February 2005).
22396:——— (February 2003).
22395:
22360:
22241:——— (December 2005).
22065:——— (February 2019).
21994:
21751:"Jeju bang'eon-ui moeum johwa yeon'gu"
21655:
21567:
21545:
21531:
21360:
21206:
21194:
21181:
21169:
21157:
20989:
20914:
20902:
20890:
20866:
20854:
20827:
20800:
20689:
20665:
20641:
20617:
20593:
20569:
20434:
20422:
20410:
20398:
20386:
20374:
20362:
20350:
19438:
19092:
18755:
17984:
17900:
17817:
17748:
17606:
17507:
17478:
17358:
17284:
17221:
17197:
17092:
16743:
16251:"youngest brother of one's grandfather"
14976:Informally, demonstratives used before
14459:as a strong affirmation to a question,
12594:" those shoes must be small for Mansu."
11542:
10771:of the latter's non-past tense marker.
10447:
10179:
8708:
7374:
7121:
1648:
1446:Current status and ongoing endangerment
713:
635:
557:
485:Nomenclature and relationship to Korean
288:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
24149:
23800:List of English words of Korean origin
22999:ํ์ข
๋ฆผ (Hong Chong-rim) (December 2001).
22930:์ง์ฑ๊ธฐ (Chin Song-gi) (30 October 1991).
22859:
22825:์ด์ํฅ (Lee Sook-hyang) (December 2014).
22824:
22794:๋ฐฉ์ธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ ํํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ-์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์ ์ด๋ง์ด๋ฏธ '-ํฌ-'๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก-
22789:
22772:
22240:
22205:
22170:
22166:] (PhD). Jeju National University.
22154:
22115:
22064:
22029:
21995:๊ถ์ฑํ (Kwon Seong-hun) (February 2017).
21940:
21915:๊ณ ์ฌํ (Ko Jae-hwan) (9 September 2011).
21914:
21784:——— (30 June 2008).
21702:——— (16 June 2018).
21626:
21602:
21145:
21133:
21097:
21061:
21049:
21025:
21013:
20953:
20941:
20929:
20878:
20839:
20776:
20737:
20461:
20449:
20302:
20236:
19627:
19590:
19566:
19525:
19333:
19152:
18960:
18921:
18837:
18743:
18647:
18587:
18575:
18563:
18539:
18515:
18500:
18377:
18336:
18288:
18249:
18237:
18198:
18065:
17876:
17864:
17852:
17591:
17579:
17519:
17257:
17245:
17209:
17185:
16762:
15932:
15136:"parent." Like Korean, Jeju uses many
15088:between the languages, such as Korean
14826:
14255:
14056:
13950:
13837:
13752:na-n jib-i ga-ms-u-da-en gawr-at-su-da
13731:
13705:
13517:
13448:
13331:
13225:
10710:
10652:
10205:
10132:
10042:
9978:
9844:
9802:
8722:
8267:spaces, such as tables or containers.
5596:
5528:
5460:
5227:. Unlike in its sister language, Jeju
3890:, suggesting that an underlying final
3834:
3719:
3600:
3481:
3348:. In the case of verb stems ending in
1511:
363:in English-language scholarship, is a
23976:
23829:
23163:
22860:์ด์ ๋ฏผ (Lee Jeong-min) (December 1981).
22171:——— (August 2019).
21879:
21783:
21748:
21656:๊ฐ์ํ (Kang Seok-han) (November 2008).
21457:
21440:
21308:Cummings, Bruce (17 September 2005).
19602:
19477:
19450:
19414:
18683:
18659:
18440:
18416:
18072:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures
17997:
17995:
17993:
17635:
17633:
17631:
17602:
17600:
17272:
17035:(in Korean). Seoul, Korea: Ilchokak.
16890:
16888:
16886:
16225:"fourth brother of one's grandfather"
16199:"second brother of one's grandfather"
16186:"oldest brother of one's grandfather"
14788:... So why do they call it Moseulpo,
14012:
13906:
13787:
13683:
11538:
10451:
10374:
9583:
8344:Refers to location for action verbs.
6690:Noun derived from verb through affix:
6639:Noun derived from noun through affix:
6559:"leg" {} "illness" {} {"leg illness"}
6295:cannot occur syllable-initially, and
5635:
2057:in Jeju or merely as an allophone of
1557:
1418:Participants are emotionally intimate
1137:suggests that the ancient kingdom of
1124:
24004:Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
23114:Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
23097:Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
23070:Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
23062:Expanded and Revised Jeju Dictionary
23033:
22591:์ ์ฐ๋ด (Shin Woo-bong) (October 2015).
22515:Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
22120:์ค์ฌ์นด ์ด์ฟ ๋
ธ์ฟ ์ง์ญ ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ฃผ์ธ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์ฌ์ฉ ์คํ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21691:์ ์ฃผ๋๋ฏผ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ ์คํ ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์: ์คยท๊ณ ๋ฑํ์์ ๋์์ผ๋ก
17829:
17639:
17607:Shields, Steven (31 December 2019).
17102:
17100:
17078:
17076:
16238:"fifth brother of one's grandfather"
16212:"third brother of one's grandfather"
16148:"third eldest of four or more," and
14184:"to become," for a change of state.
13419:
13143:
13016:
12734:" those shoes were small for Mansu."
12469:
10784:
10667:" had thrown away all the potatoes."
10483:The existence of the Korean subject-
10321:
10224:"It seems that s/he will grow tall."
10201:
10099:
9945:
9769:
9426:
9307:
9191:
7008:
6993:are followed by the ordinal-marking
6985:for counting songs. Classifiers for
6821:
2874:Nasals nasalize preceding obstruent
2509:Society's orthography forbids them.
1853:is lost before vowel-initial suffix
1722:generally takes precedence over the
1454:has classified Jeju as a critically
1233:Japanese influence on Korean culture
1223:Japanese colonial period (1910โ1945)
1154:ruled only indirectly by the Mongols
449:Jeju was already divergent from the
23189:
23135:Jejueo: The Language of Jeju Island
22895:์กฐํ๋ฆฐ (Cho Tae-rin) (December 2014).
22790:——— (June 2008).
22718:——— (June 2016).
22576:]. Seongdong-gu, Seoul: ํ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ์ฌ.
22300:๊น์งํ (Kim Jee-hong) (20 July 2015).
21705:Jeju-eo pyogi-beob-e daehan dansang
21122:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
21110:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
21086:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
21074:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
21038:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20765:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20714:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20702:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20606:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20546:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20534:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20522:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20510:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20498:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20486:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20474:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20339:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20315:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20273:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20249:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20213:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20189:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20165:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20141:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20117:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20093:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20069:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20059:, pp. 87โ91, 263โ264, 375โ358.
20045:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
20021:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19997:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19985:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19961:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19937:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19913:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19889:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19817:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19703:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19691:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19679:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19667:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19655:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19543:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19514:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19502:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19466:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19355:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19322:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19298:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19286:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19274:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19262:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19250:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19226:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19214:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19177:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19141:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19105:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19081:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19045:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19033:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
19021:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18997:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18973:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18934:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18910:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18898:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18886:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18874:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18862:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18850:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18811:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18796:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18732:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18720:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18696:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18672:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18636:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18624:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18600:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18552:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18528:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18429:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18354:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18325:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18301:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18274:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18262:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18226:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18182:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18170:Cho T.-h., Jun & Ladefoged 2000
18158:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18146:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
18110:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17925:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17889:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17467:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17371:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17344:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17162:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17126:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17106:
17083:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17068:Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019
17030:
11778:following a tense marker ending in
10898:
10470:"Has this shoe been big for you?"
10429:
10360:
9666:. Depending on the analysis of the
9536:: Future/conjectural event or state
6825:
3384:are lost when followed by a vowel.
964:). While the term "Jeju language" (
13:
22960:์ต๋ช
์ฅ (Choi Myung-ok) (April 1998).
22661:์์ฐฝ์ฉ (Yang Changyong) (June 2009).
22468:"Jeju bang'eon-ui gantu pyohyeon"
22155:๊น์์ (Kim Sun-ja) (December 2010).
22116:๊น๋ณดํฅ (Kim Bo-hyang) (August 2014).
21749:๊ณ ๋ํธ (Ko Dong-ho) (December 1997).
17990:
17628:
17597:
16976:
16883:
16809:Called "formative" by Kim Jee-hong
16782:
16137:"second eldest of three or more,"
15672:" sound of muttered complaints" โ
15654:" sound of muttered complaints" โ
15379:
15114:terms now lost in Korean, such as
14823:while addressing the grandmother.
14190:is also used to indicate ability.
13977:-n jib-i ga-ms-u-den gawr-at-su-da
13379:does not exist in mainland Korean
13291:
13185:
13094:
13036:
12061:Used to command immediate action.
10931:
10722:fallen.tangerines well pick-PST-SE
10706:
8294:sometimes occurs after consonant.
7108:
7047:
6566:Noun with merged attributive verb:
5392:
5345:
3781:
3666:
3547:
3428:
2947:will nasalize preceding obstruent
2484:Consonantal phonological processes
1645:, have also featured spoken Jeju.
947:South Korean Ministry of Education
14:
24198:
23122:
23046:. November 2015. pp. 93โ116.
21980:]. Jeju City, Jeju: ์ ์ฃผ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์.
21830:]. Jeju City, Jeju: ์ ์ฃผ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์.
21610:. 8 December 2010. Archived from
17097:
17073:
16584:in the initial syllable and with
15140:words based on local readings of
14654:correct, this place is Moseulpo."
14052:
14034:
13946:
13928:
13924:
13833:
13815:
13811:
13727:
13709:
13701:
13513:
13495:
13444:
10467:this shoe 2SG-DAT be.big-IND-INTR
9578:"Vegetables that s/he will pluck"
8549:Moon S. and Kim W. 2017 analyzes
7482:begins with an adnominal clause.
7353:"Put the flour into the steamer."
7157:
5302:Vowel shifts in conjugated verbs
4648:can occur with all vowels except
2850:aspirates surrounding obstruents
2775:Palatalization before high vowel
2470:
2462:
2453:
2428:
2422:
2375:
2363:
2347:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2135:
2121:
2109:
1639:, and the 2015 television series
1152:Unlike mainland Korea, which was
24045:
23353:
22030:๊น๋ฏธ์ง (Kim Mi-jin) (August 2010).
21952:]. Seongbuk-gu, Seoul: ๋ณด๊ณ ์ฌ.
21926:]. Seongbuk-gu, Seoul: ๋ณด๊ณ ์ฌ.
21880:๊ณ ์์ง (Ko Young-jin) (June 2008).
21660:์ ์ฃผ ํ๊ตญ์ด์ ๊ฐ์กฐ ์ค์ฒฉ์ด์ ๋ํ๋ ์์ ์๋ณํ ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21404:A History of the Korean Language
21255:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
21187:
19633:
19620:
19182:
17299:"Jejueo: Korea's Other Language"
16952:
16942:
16897:
16812:
16803:
16788:
16718:
16669:
16660:Initial segment also lost after
16628:
16619:
16607:
16571:
15484:" sound of rat gnawing teeth" โ
14519:is also used in isolation as an
12988:-connective. Hong suggests that
10552:, with vowel-harmonic allomorph
10307:. In this context, the morpheme
10221:3SG height-NOM grow-PROSP-FUT-SE
9143:day-even like.this warm-NMLZ-COM
8363:
8257:According to Kim Jee-hong 2015,
7997:
7849:
5868:
5298:following an underlying labial.
3074:Jeju word (morphemes hyphenated)
1692:. Two recently devised standard
1610:include Jeju-language sections.
1282:American government in the South
1107:
1071:
497:
24162:Critically endangered languages
23054:Gaejeongยทjeungbo Jeju-eo sajeon
23034:"Pyojun-eo-wa jiyeok-bang'eon"
22827:"Jeju-eo gangse-gu-ui eogyang"
22305:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ํต์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ช
: ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๋ถ์
21950:Introduction to Jeju, Volume II
21828:Understanding the Jeju Language
21422:Saltzman, Moira (August 2014).
21347:10.19069/kordialect.2017.26.229
21234:. Routledge. pp. 185โ199.
21215:
19626:"์ง์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ด๋ฃ์ธต๊ณผ ์์์ธต์ ์ ๋น๋ค"
18339:, pp. 41โ42, 46โ48, 66โ68.
18059:
17835:
17783:
17754:
17705:
17664:
17411:
17389:. University of Hawai'i Press.
17376:
17290:
16938:Dictionary of the Jeju Language
16613:Excluding the liquid consonant
16562:
16549:
16537:
16534:In syllable-final position only
16528:
16509:
16490:
16471:
16462:
16453:
16380:
15690:" sound of muttered complaints"
14983:
14942:
14928:
14909:
14895:
14874:
14860:
13327:
13221:
12862:
12810:
12755:
12682:
12670:
12610:
12542:
12530:
12518:
12457:"Will you throw away the eggs?"
12421:
12410:
12399:
12355:
12303:
12292:
12240:
12228:
12088:
12082:
12028:
11980:
11904:
11812:
11707:
11616:
11500:
11414:
11350:
11254:
11172:
11079:
11009:
10915:now-too be.pretty-CE-ATTR-thing
10313:has also been interpreted as a
10260:" will go" may be segmented as
10151:"I will throw away the radish."
9821:"S/he is looking for the frog."
9765:when following certain vowels.
9392:"The room that used to be warm"
8835:
8821:
8764:
8603:
8450:
8432:
8357:
8281:
8185:
8173:
8151:
8079:
8065:
7991:
7929:
7915:
7843:
7780:
7769:
7744:
7635:
7564:
7495:
7400:
7308:
7294:
7223:
7209:
6103:
5854:Bright; light; sharp; positive
4668:, and many speakers who retain
4608:occurred before the raising of
3051:an underlying consonant cluster
1985:Transliteration or romanization
1156:, Jeju was placed under direct
933:Language or dialect distinction
21924:Introduction to Jeju, Volume I
21532:Yang, Sejung (November 2014).
17640:Yang, Sejung (22 March 2017).
17418:Sang-Hun, Choe (28 May 2019).
17024:
17010:. Cambridge University Press.
16997:
16516:
16497:
16478:
16306:as if it were his own ancestor
16293:
14331:phrases that convey modality.
13248:"It's raining, so can't work"
12909:
12190:may take the alternative form
12163:. The former is used with the
10938:
10512:Segmenting verb-final suffixes
8965:"to be thick." Verbs can take
8178:Occasionally after any vowel:
7758:
7710:May also be suffixed with the
7301:Rare, formal post-vowel form:
6357:similar to Korean, both being
4696:, and the resulting diphthong
3153:, devoiced in medial position
1683:
1286:Soviet government in the north
966:
954:
919:
345:
329:
1:
24187:Subjectโobjectโverb languages
22707:Jejueo: History and Attitudes
22699:Jeju-eo: yeoksa geurigo taedo
22361:๋ฌธ์๋ (Moon Soon-deok) (2002).
22206:๊น์๋ณด (Kim Won-bo) (May 2004).
19867:, pp. 239โ241, 245, 248.
17973:Brenzinger & Yang C. 2017
17496:Brenzinger & Yang C. 2017
16965:
16714:epenthetical vowel allomorphs
16363:โ์ก์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ค ์ง์์ ์ ์ฑ์ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ ์๋๊ฐ?โ
16318:
15502:" sound of rat gnawing teeth"
15075:
14777:? hawkgyo-eseo sukje naeyeon-
13998:
13892:
13773:
13669:
11867:when asked to the addressee.
11576:this plant person-PL-NOM eat-
11060:sentence ender. Depending on
10864:" that tree had fully grown."
10585:, which loses its underlying
10389:"Is this shoe big for you ?"
10386:this shoe 2SG-DAT be.big-INTR
9886:has also been described as a
9302:: Habitual action in the past
9234:"The tangerine that I picked"
5786:can occur with either class.
3874:Underlying consonant clusters
3065:to at some word boundaries.
2029:
1746:Research Society orthography
1688:Jeju has historically had no
780:
750:
702:
672:
624:
594:
546:
516:
23145:Endangered Languages Archive
22945:]. Guro-gu, Seoul: ๋ฏผ์์.
22932:Jeju-do muga bon-puri sajeon
22864:ํ๊ตญ์ด์ ํ์ค์ด ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํธ ์ ์ด๊ณผ ํ๋
22570:์ ์ฃผ๋ง์์ ๋๊ฐ๋ฆผ์ '-ใ
, -ใด'๊ณผ ์จ๋๋ค์ ํธ์
22511:'์ ์ฃผ์ด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒโ์๋ชจ์ ์ค์ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ์์ฑ ๋ถ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21589:10.24303/lakdoi.2020.28.1.65
20476:, pp. 255โ256, 262โ265.
20239:, pp. 342โ347, 379โ385.
20107:, pp. 240โ244, 275โ278.
19804:, pp. 147โ148, 193โ198.
19492:, pp. 175โ176, 199โ200.
18291:, pp. 170โ179, 182โ189.
18066:Hagino, Makoto (June 2016).
17087:
16970:
16932:
16921:
16910:
16864:
16840:
16820:
16796:
16775:3SG height-NOM grow-PROSP-SE
16708:
16677:
16675:Some vowel-final stems take
16642:
16636:
16286:
16275:
16264:
16247:
16234:
16221:
16208:
16195:
16182:
16169:
16155:
16144:
16133:
16122:
16111:
16100:
16089:
16078:
16067:
16056:
16045:
16034:
16023:
16005:
15994:
15982:
15971:
15960:
15949:
15917:
15899:
15880:
15861:
15843:
15824:
15806:
15795:
15781:
15756:
15737:
15718:
15699:
15679:
15661:
15643:
15614:
15587:
15561:
15542:
15522:
15511:
15491:
15480:
15464:
15450:
15436:
15403:
15358:
15329:
15300:
15261:
15254:
15233:
15226:
15209:
15202:
15185:
15178:
15132:
15121:
15106:
15080:Most of the Jeju lexicon is
15067:
15053:
15039:
14994:
14951:
14819:
14813:
14807:
14515:
14506:
14492:
14481:
14475:
14469:
14461:
14455:
14449:
14443:
14437:
14427:
14419:
14413:
14402:
14391:
14383:
14372:
14361:
14350:
14323:
14312:
14301:
14186:
14180:
14169:
14158:
14147:
14124:
14113:
14102:
13640:
13629:
13623:
13612:
13601:
13595:
13589:
13578:
13572:
13566:
13555:
13411:
13405:
13391:
13385:
13375:
13369:
13008:
13002:
12996:
12990:
12984:
12978:
12972:
12966:
12960:
12954:
12948:
12898:"Let's gather the potatoes."
12485:
12464:
12197:
12186:
12180:
12174:
12159:
12148:
12008:"Let's get finished eating!"
11961:
11883:
11877:
11871:
11863:
11850:seonsing musigeo tew-as-i(-)
11792:
11786:
11780:
11774:
11768:
11762:
11685:
11674:
11660:"The water had leaked here!"
11597:
11591:
11477:
11471:
11464:
11310:
11304:
11234:
11228:
11222:
11214:
11152:
11144:
11138:
11052:
10970:
10959:
10776:
10767:
10753:
10742:
10592:
10581:
10572:
10559:
10548:
10535:
10494:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10290:
10268:
10262:
10256:
10245:
10238:
10091:
10081:
10074:The prospective mood marker
9937:
9931:
9925:
9919:
9913:
9899:
9892:
9882:
9761:
9755:
9749:
9743:
9736:
9718:
9710:
9699:
9688:
9677:
9662:
9647:
9632:
9617:
9532:
9413:
9298:
9182:
9065:
9051:
9031:
9017:
8997:
8983:
8961:
8950:
8939:
8928:
8746:book-COM bag-COM-ACC give-SE
8579:
8573:
8571:as distinct particles, with
8567:
8556:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8469:
8463:
8457:
8412:
8406:
8290:
8259:
7722:
7716:
7704:
7474:
7365:
7000:
6989:are unmarked, but those for
6981:
6970:
6948:
6921:
6910:
6899:
6804:
6774:
6763:
6752:
6720:
6709:
6698:
6669:
6658:
6647:
6618:
6607:
6596:
6585:
6574:
6545:
6534:
6523:
6512:
6501:
6480:"cattle" {} "meat" {} "beef"
6466:
6455:
6444:
6433:
6422:
6407:
6312:Jeju does not have phonemic
6297:
6288:
6274:
6254:
6234:
6214:
6194:
6174:
6154:
6134:
6057:
6033:
6012:
5989:
5968:
5945:
5924:
5900:
5886:
5826:Dark; heavy; dull; negative
5757:
5744:
5723:
5710:
5689:
5676:
5659:
5642:
5629:
5608:
5591:
5574:
5561:
5540:
5523:
5506:
5493:
5472:
5455:
5438:
5425:
5404:
5387:
5374:
5357:
5340:
5327:
5294:
5287:following a sibilant and as
5283:
5276:, but the vowel surfaces as
5269:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5215:
5202:
5188:
5167:
5151:
5121:Vowel phonological processes
5105:
5096:
5064:
5032:
5000:
4956:
4924:
4892:
4860:
4828:
4796:
4764:
4545:
4524:
4503:
4475:
4454:
4433:
4405:
4384:
4363:
3859:
3846:
3829:
3810:
3793:
3776:
3763:
3744:
3731:
3714:
3695:
3678:
3661:
3648:
3629:
3612:
3595:
3576:
3559:
3542:
3529:
3510:
3493:
3476:
3457:
3440:
3423:
3410:
3376:to and respectively while
3309:
3277:
3248:
3222:
3193:
3164:
3128:
3093:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2538:
2525:
2024:
1971:
1961:
1849:
1543:
1503:mainland Koreans. In a 2011
1498:Local attitudes towards Jeju
1460:Endangered Languages Archive
1098:
1091:while western Seogwipo uses
1087:
1036:first- and second-generation
463:modernization of South Korea
319:
60:
54:
7:
23003:์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ "-n" " -ล" ์ ๋ํ์ฌ
22962:"Gugeo-ui bang'eon guhoek"
22487:10.22557/HG.2005.09.269.161
22210:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์์ [ใ] ์์ ์ํฅ๋ถ์
22086:10.30774/yjll.2019.02.41.29
21884:์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ํํ๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ฒด๊ณํ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ
21726:์ ์ฃผ์ฌํ์์์ ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
17847:
16522:
16503:
16484:
16431:
16314:, the three gods of death.
15998:"cousin" but by a woman as
15749:"slippery to the touch " โ
15427:Consonant sound symbolism:
15370:
15341:
15312:
15095:
11136:According to Kim Jee-hong,
10944:
10861:MED tree all grow-PFV-CE-CE
9167:Verbs may also be given an
8652:"S/he is doing the laundry
8443:and sometimes after vowel:
7617:"Please tell him to study."
7541:"the trees on the mountain"
7267:"Did grandmother say that?"
6556:dari {} bing {} dari-t-bing
6372:Jeju nouns may be a single
1700:with one additional letter
972:
960:
925:
351:
339:
10:
24203:
23589:Consonant and vowel tables
22543:10.21291/jkals.2017.22.2.4
22034:์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ์น์กฑ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌโ์ฌ์ฑ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
21970:Jeju-eo pyogi-beop haeseol
21220:
18840:, pp. 87โ88, 240โ241.
18650:, pp. 94โ97, 106โ108.
18465:Shin W. & Shin J. 2012
18085:10.1016/j.imic.2016.06.001
16927:
16916:
16905:
16281:
16270:
16259:
16242:
16229:
16216:
16203:
16190:
16177:
16164:
16150:
16139:
16128:
16117:
16106:
16095:
16093:for a male's in-laws, and
16084:
16073:
16062:
16051:
16040:
16029:
16018:
16000:
15989:
15977:
15966:
15955:
15944:
15912:
15894:
15875:
15856:
15838:
15819:
15801:
15790:
15776:
15751:
15732:
15713:
15694:
15674:
15656:
15638:
15609:
15582:
15556:
15537:
15517:
15506:
15486:
15475:
15459:
15445:
15431:
15398:
15353:
15324:
15295:
15249:
15221:
15197:
15173:
15127:
15116:
15101:
15062:
15048:
15034:
14989:
14978:
14936:
14922:
14903:
14889:
14868:
14854:
14811:and the deference-marking
14498:
14487:
14408:
14397:
14378:
14367:
14356:
14345:
14318:
14307:
14296:
14275:work a.lot do-because die-
14175:
14164:
14153:
14142:
14119:
14108:
14097:
14095:Other connectives include
13635:
13618:
13607:
13584:
13561:
13537:go-CONT-REP say-PFV-HON-SE
13400:
12943:
12857:
12805:
12750:
12677:
12665:
12605:
12537:
12525:
12513:
12480:
12416:
12405:
12394:
12350:
12339:"I have made side dishes."
12298:
12287:
12235:
12223:
12192:
12169:
12154:
12143:
12075:
12069:
12021:
11973:
11956:
11897:
11805:
11698:
11680:
11669:
11609:
11570:i pul sareum-deor-i meong-
11493:
11458:"Grandfather took a bath."
11407:
11343:
11247:
11165:
11072:
11002:
10965:
10954:
10748:
10746:(vowel-harmonic allomorph
10737:
10661:jiseul mawn dekky-eos-eora
10614:
10567:
10554:
10543:
10530:
10508:of the educated classes."
10489:
10285:
10251:
10076:
9911:interpretation. Also like
9903:can also be doubled for a
9705:
9694:
9683:
9672:
9657:
9642:
9627:
9612:
9527:
9408:
9293:
9177:
9140:nal-do yeong daws-im-gwang
9057:
9046:
9023:
9012:
8989:
8978:
8956:
8945:
8934:
8923:
8885:gojang hawsseul singgeu-ra
8830:
8815:
8758:
8597:
8562:
8551:
8445:
8426:
8351:
8275:
8255:; may also refer to time.
8180:
8168:
8145:
8074:
8059:
8052:Contrastive meaning only.
8047:"Grandfather , sit there."
7985:
7924:
7909:
7837:
7775:
7764:
7738:
7699:
7697:May be used with the verb
7629:
7558:
7489:
7394:
7360:
7303:
7288:
7218:
7203:
6995:
6976:
6965:
6959:usually take a variety of
6943:
6916:
6905:
6894:
6799:
6788:{"to be warm"} {} "warmth"
6402:
6343:
6307:
6269:
6249:
6229:
6209:
6189:
6169:
6149:
6129:
6052:
6028:
6007:
5984:
5963:
5940:
5919:
5895:
5881:
5752:
5739:
5718:
5705:
5684:
5671:
5654:
5637:
5624:
5603:
5586:
5569:
5556:
5535:
5518:
5501:
5488:
5467:
5450:
5433:
5420:
5399:
5382:
5369:
5352:
5335:
5322:
5289:
5278:
5264:
5249:and a suffix with initial
5197:
5183:
5162:
5146:
5091:
5084:
5059:
5027:
5020:
4995:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4951:
4944:
4919:
4912:
4887:
4880:
4855:
4848:
4823:
4816:
4791:
4784:
4759:
4752:
4746:
4565:
4540:
4519:
4498:
4470:
4449:
4428:
4400:
4379:
4358:
3854:
3841:
3824:
3805:
3788:
3771:
3758:
3739:
3726:
3709:
3690:
3673:
3656:
3643:
3624:
3607:
3590:
3571:
3554:
3537:
3524:
3505:
3488:
3471:
3452:
3435:
3418:
3405:
3304:
3298:
3272:
3243:
3217:
3188:
3159:
3123:
3088:
3004:
2974:
2953:
2922:
2901:
2880:
2856:
2829:
2808:
2784:
2757:
2571:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2434:
2401:
2381:
2369:
2353:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2141:
2127:
2115:
2007:
1702:
1598:
1562:On 27 September 2007, the
1538:
1265:
1226:
1196:
1119:
1093:
1082:
309:
48:
42:
20:
24121:
24077:
24054:
24043:
24022:
24010:
23937:
23866:
23770:
23737:
23682:
23636:
23628:Transcription into Korean
23574:
23565:
23547:
23525:
23507:
23489:
23456:
23410:
23401:
23383:
23369:
23362:
23351:
23323:
23309:
23286:
23229:
23206:
23197:
23149:SOAS University of London
23116:. 2019. pp. 300โ326.
23099:. 2019. pp. 491โ512.
21648:
21458:Vovin, Alexander (2013).
21441:Vovin, Alexander (2010).
20582:Yang C. & Kim W. 2013
19129:Moon S. & Kim W. 2017
19057:Moon S. & Kim W. 2017
17842:
17091:as a single morpheme) in
16523:Jeju bang'eon yeon'gu-hoe
16400:
16395:
16378:
16373:
16337:
16279:"great-grandfather", and
15730:"smooth to the touch " โ
15711:"smooth to the touch " โ
15365:
15336:
15307:
15285:
15282:
15279:
15160:
15157:
15090:
14969:
14958:
14884:
14354:and the emphatic markers
14132:Auxiliary and light verbs
12663:
12523:
12511:
12506:
12221:
12216:
11772:not a genuine ending but
11753:"Why is that place warm?"
11394:"The pig ate the fodder."
11333:
11330:
11327:
10992:
10989:
10986:
10610:
10606:Aspect + Type 1 sequence
10605:
9876:Often characterized as a
8888:"Please plant some trees
8661:Kim Jee-hong 2015 notes:
8660:
8588:
8137:
8051:
7901:
7753:
7696:
7614:gongbui-haw-ren haw-b-seo
7550:
7386:
6941:). The combined sequence
6622:"work done while sitting"
6477:swe {} gwegi {} swe-gwegi
6049:
5890:takes the vowel harmonic
5861:
5794:
5380:
5333:
5309:
5052:
4734:
4620:. The subsequent loss of
4563:The phonemic identity of
4344:
4339:
4334:
4311:
3933:Realization before vowel
3886:cognates feature a final
3756:
3641:
3522:
3403:
3392:
3265:
3210:
2991:
2939:
2873:
2801:
2668:
2447:
2414:
2334:
2150:
2103:
2070:
1797:
1769:
1748:
1734:
1464:SOAS University of London
1431:
1406:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1229:Korea under Japanese rule
895:
274:
252:
243:
231:
215:
199:
194:
178:
150:
125:
115:
96:
86:
76:
67:
40:
35:
30:
24172:Languages of South Korea
24167:Culture of Jeju Province
23109:
23105:
23092:
23088:
23056:
23039:
23035:
23002:
22963:
22934:
22898:
22863:
22828:
22793:
22774:
22756:
22721:
22701:
22664:
22629:
22594:
22569:
22525:
22510:
22469:
22434:
22399:
22364:
22329:
22304:
22284:
22244:
22209:
22174:
22159:
22119:
22068:
22033:
21998:
21972:
21945:
21919:
21883:
21848:
21823:
21787:
21752:
21725:
21707:
21695:Jeju National University
21690:
21677:
21659:
20452:, pp. 35โ39, 44โ49.
19669:, pp. 162โ165, 230.
19381:, pp. 144โ147, 164.
18662:, pp. 10โ15, 22โ27.
18366:Lee K. & Ramsey 2011
17332:Lee K. & Ramsey 2011
16446:
16355:
16345:โ์กแแ๋ง์ด๋ค ์ง์ด์ ์ ์ฑ์ ์๋๋๋ ด์ ๊ฐ?โ
16060:for maternal relations,
16049:for paternal relations,
15768:"slippery to the touch "
15099:"to wash hair" and Jeju
14268:il hayeong he-nonan jug-
13540:" said that was going."
13367:The distinction between
12791:" will the day be cold?"
12728:geu sin Mansu-sindi jog-
12588:geu sin Mansu-sindi jog-
11747:geu-di musa daws-as-i(-)
11485:morphemes, is disputed.
10725:" pick tangerines well."
10611:Tense + Type 2 sequence
9747:, as well as allomorphs
8900:
6952:is sometimes also used.
6936:Mansu and his associates
6925:"Mansu and his family" (
6367:
4320:with the addition of ใ
2686:are also found in Jeju.
2048:voiced glottal fricative
1995:Yale Romanization system
1706:, which was used in the
1544:Hawndi Baeu-neun Jeju-eo
1005:intelligibility test of
21:Not to be confused with
24157:Agglutinative languages
23655:Cyrillization of Korean
22665:์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ โ์โ์ ๋ํ ํต์ฌยท๋ดํ๋ก ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ
22630:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ๋จ๋ชจ์์ ๋ํ ์ํฅ์์ฑํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21379:10.35128/rili.2019.29.2
16993:(subscription required)
16257:Other prefixes include
16235:jogeun-maljet-hareubang
15578:Vowel sound symbolism:
14758:... ๊ฒ๋ฏผ ์ด๋ตํ์ฐ ๋ชจ์ฌํฌ์ แแ์ฟ์ธ์ ๊ณ
14578:ํ ๋ง๋, ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋ง๋ก๋ง ๋ค์ด๋ ๋ชจ์ฌํฌ์ฐ๊ฝ?
13627:; honorific imperative
11790:with the non-canonical
11584:"This plant is edible."
11298:"What are you washing?"
11050:Kim Jee-hong considers
10757:), which Kim calls the
10664:potato all throw-PFV-SE
10058:day very be.cold-PFV-SE
8439:After liquid consonant
8247:Refers to location for
7272:Does not appear in the
6974:for counting trees and
6771:
6760:
6749:
6734:{"to eat"} {} "glutton"
6717:
6706:
6695:
6683:"sleep" {} "sleepyhead"
6666:
6655:
6644:
6615:
6604:
6593:
6582:
6571:
6542:
6531:
6520:
6509:
6498:
6463:
6452:
6441:
6430:
6419:
6386:
6286:As in Standard Korean,
3686:"composes writing, and"
1858:Government orthography
1577:Jeju Research Institute
1297:first year of the war.
1018:Geographic distribution
430:marker of Jeju and the
23815:Sino-Korean vocabulary
23793:List of Konglish terms
23438:Gyeonggi/Seoul dialect
23329:(19th centuryโpresent)
22757:์ ์ฃผ์ด โ๊ฒโ์ ๋ดํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ
22175:์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ํ๋ ์ถ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21849:์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ์ฐ๋ น๋๋ณ ์ต์๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ฑ์กฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21329:Kim, Jee-hong (2017).
21064:, pp. 34, 40, 43.
19228:, pp. 44โ45, 116.
17767:Island Studies Journal
17677:Island Studies Journal
17031:Lee, Seungjae (2017).
16780:
15930:
14962:For older individuals
14803:
14647:, idi-ga Moseulpo-yeo.
14335:Post-phrasal particles
14288:
14093:
13551:
13365:
13073:"Having eaten, if go"
11942:neu-n musa eor-eo(-)n-
11452:hareubang mom gawm-at-
11388:dosaegi geot meog-eot-
11208:" the day was cloudy."
10929:
10732:
10481:
10383:i sin neu-anti keu-nya
10235:
10072:
9941:after certain vowels.
9874:
9863:"It is becoming deep."
9603:
9581:
9522:
9468:"The woman who I know"
9403:
9288:
9165:
8919:relative social status
8666:
7464:"Where is your family'
7155:
6886:
6400:Single-morpheme noun:
6326:phonological hierarchy
5772:Koreanic vowel harmony
5735:"if puts in the soup"
5134:Uncontracted Jeju form
4628:Jeju has two or three
4318:eight vowels of Korean
3041:to before an affixal
2494:phonological processes
1633:, the 2012 drama film
1552:Revitalization efforts
1548:
1529:Revitalization efforts
1443:
1263:
1239:Japanese colonial rule
1208:
1204:government interpreter
1080:Eastern Seogwipo uses
276:This article contains
24024:Administrative cities
22939:Encyclopedia of Jeju
22330:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ์ ์ด๋ง์ด๋ฏธ์ ์ข
๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฒด๊ณ
21476:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov
21251:"The Vowels of Cheju"
18813:, pp. 37, 42โ45.
18453:Cho T.-h. et al. 2000
18264:, pp. 27โ31, 36.
18184:, pp. 17, 24โ25.
17107:Kim, Soung-u (2018).
16725:
16209:keun-maljet-hareubang
15787:
15237:"two-year-old horse"
14528:
14441:is used similarly to
14192:
13655:
13417:
13014:
12654:"Should I sit first?"
12281:Used for statements.
11654:i-di mul saer-a-na-t-
10782:
10601:
10319:
10148:radish throw-PROSP-SE
10097:
9943:
9767:
9602:
9539:
9424:
9305:
9189:
9086:
8749:"Give books and bags"
8662:
8649:sawdab-haw-yeoms-u-ge
8638:sawdab-haw-yeoms-u-ge
8238:"Is my older sibling
7922:Rarely, after vowel:
7006:
6955:Nouns accompanied by
6883:"hardly worth seeing"
6810:
6629:aj- {} il {} aj-in-il
6338:alternative questions
5913:Yang-class allomorph
5795:Vowel correspondences
5137:Contracted Jeju form
2492:involves a number of
1735:Underlying morphemes
1588:Popular media efforts
1536:
1428:
1261:
1193:
1145:language that left a
990:mutually intelligible
410:that may function as
395:efforts are ongoing.
389:critically endangered
377:mutually intelligible
23154:Jejuan DoReCo corpus
23104:"Jeju eoneo munhwa"
22899:์ ์ฃผ์ด์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ, ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ ์น์ธ์ดํ
21788:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ 'ใ'์ ์ธ๋๋ณ ๋ณํ ์์
21367:Language Information
19780:, pp. 223, 349.
16222:set-maljet-hareubang
16071:for step-relations,
15384:Jeju has widespread
14496:"Could there be?" โ
13749:"๋ ์ง์ด ๊ฐแ์ฐ๋ค"์ แแแฏ์์๋ค.
12333:chawlle menggeul-as-
10918:" was still pretty."
10719:pachi jal jus-eon-ge
10085:marks the subject's
9997:"S/he dug potatoes."
9146:"What a warm day!" (
7895:whom did you give ?"
6096:stems or disyllabic
5782:. The neutral vowel
5313:Surface realization
5310:Underlying morphemes
3652:"to compose writing"
3393:Underlying morphemes
1999:Revised Romanization
1649:Cultural differences
23420:Chungcheong dialect
23310:Early modern Korean
23068:. Jeju City, Jeju:
22435:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ๋์๋ง ์ฒจ์ฌ์ ๋ดํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ
22400:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ง์ฒด ์ฒจ์ฌ์ ๋ดํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ
21917:Jeju-eo gaeron sang
21678:์ ์ฃผ ์ง์ญ์ด ์ํ ์ง์ ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์
21209:, pp. 173โ174.
21160:, pp. 169โ175.
21136:, pp. 281โ282.
20944:, pp. 255โ258.
20917:, pp. 5, 7, 9.
20881:, pp. 251โ252.
20842:, pp. 348โ350.
20816:Jeju Province 2019a
20779:, pp. 259โ270.
20752:, pp. 135โ136.
20740:, pp. 190โ191.
20680:, pp. 164โ171.
20668:, pp. 202โ201.
20608:, pp. 228โ229.
20584:, pp. 157โ160.
20548:, pp. 227โ228.
20536:, pp. 227โ229.
20524:, pp. 153โ160.
20512:, pp. 101โ103.
20425:, pp. 271โ272.
20377:, pp. 295โ297.
20353:, pp. 276โ286.
20329:, pp. 100โ103.
20317:, pp. 208โ217.
20290:, pp. 228โ235.
20275:, pp. 217โ226.
20251:, pp. 218โ219.
20227:, pp. 386โ387.
20215:, pp. 207โ208.
20191:, pp. 206โ207.
20179:, pp. 389โ390.
20167:, pp. 205โ206.
20155:, pp. 296โ301.
20143:, pp. 193โ194.
20131:, pp. 275โ278.
20119:, pp. 196โ197.
20095:, pp. 194โ196.
20083:, pp. 368โ371.
20035:, pp. 116โ121.
20023:, pp. 177โ179.
20011:, pp. 113โ116.
19999:, pp. 175โ177.
19975:, pp. 219โ221.
19963:, pp. 171โ172.
19951:, pp. 197โ198.
19939:, pp. 187โ188.
19927:, pp. 143โ145.
19915:, pp. 180โ182.
19903:, pp. 128โ131.
19891:, pp. 167โ168.
19879:, pp. 181โ186.
19855:, pp. 100โ101.
19843:, pp. 233โ236.
19768:, pp. 172โ175.
19744:, pp. 239โ240.
19732:, pp. 237โ249.
19720:, pp. 106โ109.
19657:, pp. 130โ142.
19569:, pp. 399โ400.
19557:, pp. 195โ196.
19468:, pp. 124โ126.
19453:, pp. 107โ110.
19441:, pp. 291โ293.
19429:, pp. 184โ187.
19405:, pp. 196โ197.
19393:, pp. 168โ176.
19369:, pp. 128โ129.
19276:, pp. 231โ232.
19252:, pp. 103โ104.
18578:, pp. 106โ108.
18489:Moon S. et al. 2015
18477:Moon S. et al. 2015
18402:Moon S. et al. 2015
18390:Moon S. et al. 2015
18368:, pp. 262โ264.
18056:, pp. 507โ508.
18054:Jeju Province 2019b
18044:, pp. 508โ510.
18042:Jeju Province 2019a
18029:, pp. 505โ506.
18027:Jeju Province 2019a
17963:, pp. 504โ505.
17961:Jeju Province 2019a
17951:, pp. 312โ313.
17949:Jeju Province 2019b
17939:, pp. 492โ493.
17937:Jeju Province 2019a
17903:, pp. 152โ154.
17891:, pp. 278โ289.
17818:Kwak & You 2019
17776:10.24043/001c.88050
17751:, pp. 111โ113.
17686:10.24043/001c.88050
17546:, pp. 117โ139.
17522:, pp. 569โ573.
17454:, pp. 219โ221.
17334:, pp. 159โ160.
17275:, pp. 236โ237.
17174:Yang C. et al. 2019
17152:, pp. 129โ130.
17140:, pp. 123โ126.
16600:is cognate to Jeju
16331:Korean translation
16013:patriarchal norms.
15939:kinship terminology
15933:Kinship terminology
15554:"neatly aligned" โ
15515:"easily angered" โ
15217:two-year-old cattle
14946: "you (pl.)"
14913: "you (pl.)"
14827:Pronouns and deixis
13862:na-n jib-i ga-ms-u-
12462:Used in questions.
11948:"Why are you cold?"
11324:
11131:"Mansu talks well."
11125:Mansu mal jal gawd-
10983:
10982:Informal and plain
10460:i sin neu-anti keu-
10061:"It is very cold ."
9923:and has allomorphs
9818:frog search-CONT-SE
9728:continuative aspect
9608:continuative aspect
8911:tense, aspect, mood
8735:chaek-gwang gabang-
7461:bas-eun eodui is-eo
6487:Noun compound with
5910:Yin-class allomorph
5497:"to mix with water"
5303:
5041:"to be in a hurry"
4837:"here; this place"
4329:
3923:
3396:Surface realization
3389:
3266:Consonant doubling
3149:palatalized before
3077:Underlying phonemes
3070:
2746:Underlying phonemes
2739:
2067:
2066:Consonant phonemes
1959:Conditional suffix
1741:Necessary analysis
1712:Early Modern Korean
1594:Deongdeureong-makke
1554:have been ongoing.
1512:Improving sentiment
1486:late as the 1960s.
1456:endangered language
1371:Includes mainlander
1346:
1327:Southeastern Korean
1323:Southwestern Korean
1032:Southwestern Korean
428:continuative aspect
420:tense, aspect, mood
24177:Koreanic languages
23778:Koreanic languages
23549:Koreanic languages
23443:Gyeongsang dialect
23040:2015๋
๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ์ด ์์ ์กฐ์ฌ
22278:"10๋
์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐํโฆ์ ์ฃผ์ด ์ ๋ฆฝ"
21464:Korean Linguistics
21052:, pp. 40, 43.
20620:, pp. 72, 80.
20488:, pp. 96โ101.
20437:, pp. viโvii.
18999:, pp. 49, 53.
18912:, pp. 50, 57.
18491:, pp. 80, 90.
18148:, pp. 15, 18.
17652:on 15 October 2020
17534:, pp. 90โ117.
17424:The New York Times
16848:in these examples.
15533:" easily angered"
15125:"wife; woman" and
15046:Medial or absent:
14932: "you (s.)"
14899: "you (s.)"
13593:; question enders
12851:A formal request.
12846:"Please eat this."
12648:na-ga mawncheo aj-
12451:dawk-segi dekki-k-
12276:"S/he drew water."
11322:
11292:neu musigeo sichi-
10981:
10854:geu nang da k-eos-
10761:"default ending."
9604:
9584:Pre-final suffixes
8878:๋ญแแ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ฅ แแแแแฏ ์ฑ๊ทธ๋ผ.
8642:๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉ์ด์ แแ๋ตแแ์ผใ
์ฐ๊ฒ.
8251:and direction for
7973:"Today is Sunday."
6178:"cause; principle"
6114:Syllable structure
5875:For instance, the
5748:"to put into soup"
5484:"mixed with water"
5301:
4327:
3921:
3880:consonant clusters
3735:"composes writing"
3387:
3114:-insertion before
3068:
2737:
2585:Initial allophone
2065:
1630:The Great Merchant
1613:Local branches of
1558:Government efforts
1549:
1491:heritage knowledge
1483:passive competence
1366:Preferred variety
1344:
1319:Chungcheong Korean
1264:
1125:Pre-modern history
444:Peninsular Japonic
24144:
24143:
23970:
23969:
23823:
23822:
23678:
23677:
23660:McCune-Reischauer
23543:
23542:
23429:Yeongdong dialect
23397:
23396:
23349:
23348:
23330:
23314:
23313:(17โ18th century)
23293:
23292:(10โ16th century)
23236:
23079:978-89-9625-725-7
22952:978-89-5638-041-4
22775:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ '-๋-'์ ๋ํ์ฌ
22583:978-89-5726-906-0
22365:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ๋ณด์กฐ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ดํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ
22318:978-89-5996-474-1
22287:. Jeju City, Jeju
21987:978-89-6010-387-0
21959:978-89-8433-935-4
21943:Jeju-eo gaeron ha
21933:978-89-8433-934-7
21837:978-89-6010-440-2
21821:Jejut-mar-ui ihae
21452:978-0-8248-3278-0
21414:978-1-1394-9448-9
21148:, pp. 30โ31.
21112:, pp. 41โ42.
21076:, pp. 40โ42.
21040:, pp. 38โ39.
20893:, pp. 10โ12.
20830:, pp. 55โ62.
20803:, pp. 54โ55.
20791:, pp. 74โ78.
20789:Ko D. et al. 2015
20750:Ko D. et al. 2015
20704:, pp. 85โ89.
20644:, pp. 22โ24.
20596:, pp. 80โ82.
20572:, pp. 72โ80.
20464:, pp. 39โ43.
20389:, pp. 19โ30.
20365:, pp. 35โ49.
20263:, pp. 97โ99.
19615:Ko J. et al. 2014
19579:Ko J. et al. 2014
19528:, pp. 71โ72.
19490:Ko D. et al. 2015
19427:Ko D. et al. 2015
19403:Ko D. et al. 2015
19391:Ko J. et al. 2014
19379:Ko J. et al. 2014
19367:Ko D. et al. 2015
19310:Ko D. et al. 2015
19216:, pp. 93โ94.
19165:Ko D. et al. 2015
19131:, pp. 64โ65.
19119:, pp. 42โ47.
19107:, pp. 57โ60.
19095:, pp. 75โ76.
19083:, pp. 55โ57.
19071:, pp. 55โ56.
19059:, pp. 66โ68.
19035:, pp. 54โ55.
18987:, pp. 39โ42.
18951:, pp. 37โ39.
18936:, pp. 50โ52.
18900:, pp. 74โ78.
18888:, pp. 46โ48.
18864:, pp. 45โ46.
18852:, pp. 48โ49.
18828:, pp. 45โ63.
18826:Ko D. et al. 2015
18770:, pp. 37โ38.
18768:Ko M. et al. 2007
18734:, pp. 21โ22.
18722:, pp. 17โ18.
18686:, pp. 42โ43.
18638:, pp. 34โ36.
18626:, pp. 35โ36.
18612:Ko D. et al. 2015
18590:, pp. 94โ95.
18566:, pp. 96โ97.
18530:, pp. 20โ21.
18479:, pp. 82โ83.
18467:, pp. 83โ87.
18431:, pp. 19โ20.
18404:, pp. 66โ69.
18392:, pp. 65โ66.
18356:, pp. 18โ19.
18315:, pp. 25โ27.
18303:, pp. 29โ30.
18276:, pp. 27โ36.
18252:, pp. 62โ75.
18240:, pp. 62โ66.
18228:, pp. 25โ27.
18213:, pp. 23โ25.
18160:, pp. 16โ18.
18136:, pp. 19โ27.
18124:, pp. 12โ14.
18112:, pp. 22โ23.
17879:, pp. 21โ22.
17799:. 14 October 2011
17727:, pp. 16โ18.
17702:, pp. 25โ26.
17570:, pp. 87โ88.
17396:978-0-8248-7443-8
17312:978-1-108-41891-1
17234:Ko J. et al. 2014
17017:978-1-108-48575-3
16991:(18th ed., 2015)
16800:is two morphemes.
16504:Jeju-eo bojon-hoe
16429:
16428:
16389:eotteong-heulko?"
15573:" neatly aligned"
15512:bawlchak-bawlchak
15377:
15376:
15271:
15270:
15142:Classical Chinese
15019:
15018:
14802:
14801:
14341:discourse markers
13549:
13548:
13363:
13362:
13140:
13139:
13131:"If eat and go"
12958:and the other in
12907:
12906:
12476:
12475:
12136:
12135:
11323:Formal and plain
11320:
11319:
11202:nal uchy-eos-i(-)
11045:"Is s/he pretty?"
10927:
10926:
10731:
10730:
10683:fallen.tangerines
10479:
10478:
10233:
10232:
10070:
10069:
9994:potato dig-PFV-SE
9878:perfective aspect
9872:
9871:
9623:perfective aspect
9590:tense-aspect-mood
9525:Adnominal suffix
9520:
9519:
9406:Adnominal suffix
9401:
9400:
9291:Adnominal suffix
9286:
9285:
9175:Adnominal suffix
8987:"to be close" โ
8969:suffixes to form
8954:"to be heavy" or
8898:
8897:
8455:Initial syllable
7970:gwengilnal-i-u-da
7955:gwengilnal-i-u-da
7153:
7152:
7144:"the second tree"
6731:meog- {} meog-swi
6680:jawm {} jawm-jusi
6284:
6283:
6074:
6073:
5877:perfective aspect
5873:
5872:
5768:
5767:
5211:
5210:
5118:
5117:
4692:occurs only with
4561:
4560:
4309:
4308:
3871:
3870:
3334:
3333:
3023:
3022:
2680:
2679:
2631:Medial allophone
2481:
2480:
2392:
2342:
2280:
2223:
2164:
1979:
1978:
1847:Stem-final vowel
1624:Life is Beautiful
1439:dialect continuum
1424:
1423:
1383:Only Jeju natives
1314:language attitude
1278:Korea was divided
1217:scholar-officials
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
891:
890:
887:
886:
883:
878:
877:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
845:
844:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
734:
733:
730:
725:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
656:
655:
652:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
578:
577:
574:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
365:Koreanic language
302:
301:
284:rendering support
280:phonetic symbols.
121:5,000 (2014)
24194:
24049:
24017:
23997:
23990:
23983:
23974:
23973:
23850:
23843:
23836:
23827:
23826:
23572:
23571:
23471:Hwanghae dialect
23466:Hamgyลng dialect
23432:Yeongseo dialect
23408:
23407:
23367:
23366:
23357:
23328:
23312:
23291:
23235:(?โ10th century)
23234:
23204:
23203:
23184:
23177:
23170:
23161:
23160:
23117:
23100:
23083:
23067:
23047:
23030:
23028:
23026:
22995:
22993:
22991:
22970:
22956:
22926:
22924:
22922:
22891:
22889:
22887:
22856:
22854:
22852:
22821:
22819:
22817:
22786:
22769:
22749:
22747:
22745:
22714:
22712:
22692:
22690:
22688:
22657:
22655:
22653:
22622:
22620:
22618:
22587:
22561:
22559:
22557:
22526:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ดํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ
22518:
22505:
22503:
22501:
22462:
22460:
22458:
22427:
22425:
22423:
22392:
22390:
22388:
22357:
22355:
22353:
22322:
22296:
22294:
22292:
22272:
22270:
22268:
22237:
22235:
22233:
22202:
22200:
22198:
22167:
22160:์ ์ฃผ๋๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ์ธ์ด์ง๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
22151:
22149:
22147:
22126:
22112:
22110:
22108:
22061:
22059:
22057:
22026:
22024:
22022:
21991:
21963:
21937:
21911:
21909:
21907:
21876:
21874:
21872:
21841:
21815:
21813:
21811:
21780:
21778:
21776:
21745:
21720:
21718:
21708:โ์ ์ฃผ์ด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒโ์ ๋ํ ๋จ์
21698:
21685:
21672:
21643:
21641:
21639:
21623:
21621:
21619:
21614:on 3 August 2020
21599:
21597:
21595:
21574:
21564:
21562:
21560:
21554:
21542:
21540:
21528:
21507:
21486:
21484:
21482:
21456:
21437:
21435:
21433:
21418:
21397:
21395:
21393:
21357:
21355:
21353:
21325:
21304:
21302:
21300:
21279:
21277:
21275:
21270:
21245:
21210:
21204:
21198:
21191:
21185:
21179:
21173:
21167:
21161:
21155:
21149:
21143:
21137:
21131:
21125:
21119:
21113:
21107:
21101:
21095:
21089:
21083:
21077:
21071:
21065:
21059:
21053:
21047:
21041:
21035:
21029:
21023:
21017:
21011:
21005:
20999:
20993:
20987:
20981:
20975:
20969:
20963:
20957:
20951:
20945:
20939:
20933:
20927:
20918:
20912:
20906:
20900:
20894:
20888:
20882:
20876:
20870:
20864:
20858:
20852:
20843:
20837:
20831:
20825:
20819:
20813:
20804:
20798:
20792:
20786:
20780:
20774:
20768:
20767:, pp. 9โ10.
20762:
20753:
20747:
20741:
20735:
20729:
20723:
20717:
20711:
20705:
20699:
20693:
20687:
20681:
20675:
20669:
20663:
20657:
20656:, pp. 9โ10.
20651:
20645:
20639:
20633:
20627:
20621:
20615:
20609:
20603:
20597:
20591:
20585:
20579:
20573:
20567:
20561:
20555:
20549:
20543:
20537:
20531:
20525:
20519:
20513:
20507:
20501:
20495:
20489:
20483:
20477:
20471:
20465:
20459:
20453:
20447:
20438:
20432:
20426:
20420:
20414:
20408:
20402:
20396:
20390:
20384:
20378:
20372:
20366:
20360:
20354:
20348:
20342:
20336:
20330:
20324:
20318:
20312:
20306:
20300:
20291:
20285:
20276:
20270:
20264:
20258:
20252:
20246:
20240:
20234:
20228:
20222:
20216:
20210:
20204:
20198:
20192:
20186:
20180:
20174:
20168:
20162:
20156:
20150:
20144:
20138:
20132:
20126:
20120:
20114:
20108:
20102:
20096:
20090:
20084:
20078:
20072:
20066:
20060:
20054:
20048:
20042:
20036:
20030:
20024:
20018:
20012:
20006:
20000:
19994:
19988:
19982:
19976:
19970:
19964:
19958:
19952:
19946:
19940:
19934:
19928:
19922:
19916:
19910:
19904:
19898:
19892:
19886:
19880:
19874:
19868:
19862:
19856:
19850:
19844:
19838:
19832:
19826:
19820:
19814:
19805:
19799:
19793:
19787:
19781:
19775:
19769:
19763:
19757:
19751:
19745:
19739:
19733:
19727:
19721:
19715:
19706:
19700:
19694:
19688:
19682:
19676:
19670:
19664:
19658:
19652:
19646:
19637:
19631:
19624:
19618:
19612:
19606:
19600:
19594:
19588:
19582:
19576:
19570:
19564:
19558:
19552:
19546:
19540:
19529:
19523:
19517:
19511:
19505:
19499:
19493:
19487:
19481:
19475:
19469:
19463:
19454:
19448:
19442:
19436:
19430:
19424:
19418:
19412:
19406:
19400:
19394:
19388:
19382:
19376:
19370:
19364:
19358:
19352:
19337:
19336:, pp. 9โ10.
19331:
19325:
19319:
19313:
19307:
19301:
19295:
19289:
19283:
19277:
19271:
19265:
19259:
19253:
19247:
19241:
19235:
19229:
19223:
19217:
19211:
19205:
19199:
19193:
19186:
19180:
19174:
19168:
19162:
19156:
19150:
19144:
19138:
19132:
19126:
19120:
19114:
19108:
19102:
19096:
19090:
19084:
19078:
19072:
19066:
19060:
19054:
19048:
19042:
19036:
19030:
19024:
19018:
19012:
19006:
19000:
18994:
18988:
18982:
18976:
18970:
18964:
18958:
18952:
18946:
18937:
18931:
18925:
18919:
18913:
18907:
18901:
18895:
18889:
18883:
18877:
18871:
18865:
18859:
18853:
18847:
18841:
18835:
18829:
18823:
18814:
18808:
18799:
18793:
18787:
18777:
18771:
18765:
18759:
18753:
18747:
18741:
18735:
18729:
18723:
18717:
18711:
18705:
18699:
18693:
18687:
18681:
18675:
18669:
18663:
18657:
18651:
18645:
18639:
18633:
18627:
18621:
18615:
18609:
18603:
18597:
18591:
18585:
18579:
18573:
18567:
18561:
18555:
18549:
18543:
18537:
18531:
18525:
18519:
18513:
18504:
18498:
18492:
18486:
18480:
18474:
18468:
18462:
18456:
18450:
18444:
18438:
18432:
18426:
18420:
18414:
18405:
18399:
18393:
18387:
18381:
18375:
18369:
18363:
18357:
18351:
18340:
18334:
18328:
18322:
18316:
18310:
18304:
18298:
18292:
18286:
18277:
18271:
18265:
18259:
18253:
18247:
18241:
18235:
18229:
18223:
18214:
18208:
18202:
18196:
18185:
18179:
18173:
18167:
18161:
18155:
18149:
18143:
18137:
18131:
18125:
18119:
18113:
18107:
18098:
18097:
18087:
18063:
18057:
18051:
18045:
18039:
18030:
18024:
18018:
18017:
18015:
18013:
17999:
17988:
17982:
17976:
17970:
17964:
17958:
17952:
17946:
17940:
17934:
17928:
17922:
17916:
17910:
17904:
17898:
17892:
17886:
17880:
17874:
17868:
17862:
17856:
17855:, pp. 10โ11
17850:
17845:
17844:
17839:
17833:
17827:
17821:
17815:
17809:
17808:
17806:
17804:
17787:
17781:
17780:
17778:
17769:. Early access.
17758:
17752:
17746:
17740:
17734:
17728:
17722:
17716:
17709:
17703:
17697:
17691:
17690:
17688:
17679:. Early access.
17668:
17662:
17661:
17659:
17657:
17648:. Archived from
17646:sites.google.com
17637:
17626:
17625:
17623:
17621:
17604:
17595:
17589:
17583:
17577:
17571:
17565:
17559:
17553:
17547:
17541:
17535:
17529:
17523:
17517:
17511:
17505:
17499:
17493:
17482:
17476:
17470:
17464:
17455:
17449:
17443:
17442:
17440:
17438:
17415:
17409:
17408:
17380:
17374:
17368:
17362:
17356:
17347:
17341:
17335:
17329:
17323:
17322:
17321:
17319:
17294:
17288:
17282:
17276:
17270:
17261:
17255:
17249:
17243:
17237:
17231:
17225:
17219:
17213:
17207:
17201:
17195:
17189:
17183:
17177:
17171:
17165:
17159:
17153:
17147:
17141:
17135:
17129:
17123:
17117:
17116:
17104:
17095:
17090:
17080:
17071:
17065:
17059:
17053:
17047:
17046:
17028:
17022:
17021:
17001:
16995:
16994:
16980:
16959:
16956:
16950:
16946:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16907:
16901:
16895:
16892:
16881:
16878:
16869:
16867:
16860:
16849:
16843:
16836:
16825:
16823:
16816:
16810:
16807:
16801:
16799:
16792:
16786:
16768:gai jire-ga keu-
16764:
16760:
16745:
16734:
16722:
16716:
16711:
16704:
16681:
16680:
16673:
16667:
16666:
16662:liquid consonant
16658:
16647:
16645:
16639:
16632:
16626:
16623:
16617:
16616:
16611:
16605:
16603:
16599:
16595:
16591:
16587:
16583:
16579:
16575:
16569:
16566:
16560:
16558:
16553:
16547:
16546:
16541:
16535:
16532:
16526:
16525:
16519:
16518:
16513:
16507:
16506:
16500:
16499:
16494:
16488:
16487:
16481:
16480:
16475:
16469:
16466:
16460:
16457:
16391:
16390:
16325:
16324:
16320:
16301:Menggam bon-puri
16289:
16284:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16261:
16250:
16248:jogeun-hareubang
16245:
16244:
16237:
16232:
16231:
16224:
16219:
16218:
16211:
16206:
16205:
16198:
16193:
16192:
16185:
16180:
16179:
16172:
16167:
16166:
16158:
16153:
16152:
16147:
16142:
16141:
16136:
16131:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16097:
16092:
16087:
16086:
16081:
16076:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16031:
16026:
16021:
16020:
16008:
16003:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15991:
15985:
15980:
15979:
15974:
15969:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15957:
15952:
15947:
15946:
15928:
15915:
15914:
15909:
15897:
15896:
15891:
15878:
15877:
15872:
15859:
15858:
15853:
15841:
15840:
15835:
15822:
15821:
15816:
15804:
15803:
15798:
15793:
15792:
15784:
15779:
15778:
15767:
15754:
15753:
15748:
15735:
15734:
15729:
15716:
15715:
15710:
15697:
15696:
15689:
15677:
15676:
15671:
15659:
15658:
15653:
15641:
15640:
15633:
15612:
15611:
15606:
15585:
15584:
15572:
15559:
15558:
15553:
15540:
15539:
15532:
15520:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15508:
15501:
15489:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15477:
15470:
15462:
15461:
15456:
15448:
15447:
15442:
15434:
15433:
15406:
15401:
15400:
15373:
15368:
15367:
15361:
15356:
15355:
15344:
15339:
15338:
15332:
15327:
15326:
15315:
15310:
15309:
15303:
15298:
15297:
15277:
15276:
15266:
15257:
15252:
15251:
15236:
15229:
15224:
15223:
15212:
15205:
15200:
15199:
15188:
15181:
15176:
15175:
15155:
15154:
15135:
15130:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15118:
15109:
15104:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15092:
15070:
15065:
15064:
15056:
15051:
15050:
15042:
15037:
15036:
15013:
15010:
15007:
15004:
15001:
14997:
14992:
14991:
14986:
14985:
14981:
14980:
14959:No overt pronoun
14954:
14945:
14944:
14939:
14938:
14931:
14930:
14925:
14924:
14912:
14911:
14906:
14905:
14898:
14897:
14892:
14891:
14878: "we; us"
14877:
14876:
14871:
14870:
14863:
14862:
14857:
14856:
14834:
14833:
14822:
14816:
14810:
14694:eotteong-heoyeon
14530:
14529:
14518:
14512:
14504:
14503:
14495:
14490:
14489:
14484:
14478:
14472:
14464:
14458:
14452:
14446:
14440:
14430:
14422:
14416:
14411:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14399:
14394:
14386:
14381:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14347:
14326:
14321:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14309:
14304:
14299:
14298:
14257:
14253:
14189:
14183:
14178:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14155:
14151:. These include
14150:
14145:
14144:
14127:
14122:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14099:
14058:
14054:
14050:
14036:
14032:
14014:
14000:
13996:
13952:
13948:
13944:
13930:
13926:
13922:
13908:
13894:
13890:
13839:
13835:
13831:
13817:
13813:
13809:
13789:
13775:
13771:
13733:
13729:
13725:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13699:
13685:
13671:
13667:
13643:
13638:
13637:
13632:
13626:
13621:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13609:
13604:
13598:
13592:
13587:
13586:
13581:
13575:
13569:
13564:
13563:
13558:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13497:
13493:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13420:
13414:
13408:
13403:
13402:
13394:
13388:
13378:
13372:
13333:
13329:
13293:
13227:
13223:
13187:
13144:
13128:eat-CONN go-COND
13110:
13096:
13070:eat-CONN go-COND
13052:
13038:
13017:
13011:
13005:
12999:
12993:
12987:
12981:
12975:
12969:
12963:
12957:
12951:
12946:
12945:
12865:
12864:
12860:
12859:
12813:
12812:
12808:
12807:
12758:
12757:
12753:
12752:
12685:
12684:
12680:
12679:
12673:
12672:
12668:
12667:
12613:
12612:
12608:
12607:
12545:
12544:
12540:
12539:
12533:
12532:
12528:
12527:
12521:
12520:
12516:
12515:
12492:
12491:
12488:
12483:
12482:
12467:
12424:
12423:
12419:
12418:
12413:
12412:
12408:
12407:
12402:
12401:
12397:
12396:
12358:
12357:
12353:
12352:
12306:
12305:
12301:
12300:
12295:
12294:
12290:
12289:
12243:
12242:
12238:
12237:
12231:
12230:
12226:
12225:
12205:
12204:
12200:
12195:
12194:
12189:
12183:
12177:
12172:
12171:
12162:
12157:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12145:
12118:jawmi-na-ge nol-
12091:
12090:
12085:
12084:
12078:
12077:
12072:
12071:
12031:
12030:
12024:
12023:
11983:
11982:
11976:
11975:
11964:
11959:
11958:
11907:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11886:
11880:
11874:
11866:
11815:
11814:
11808:
11807:
11795:
11789:
11783:
11777:
11771:
11765:
11712:
11711:
11703:
11702:
11688:
11683:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11671:
11619:
11618:
11612:
11611:
11600:
11594:
11544:
11540:
11503:
11502:
11496:
11495:
11480:
11474:
11467:
11417:
11416:
11410:
11409:
11353:
11352:
11346:
11345:
11325:
11321:
11313:
11307:
11257:
11256:
11250:
11249:
11238:and bound noun.
11237:
11231:
11225:
11217:
11175:
11174:
11168:
11167:
11155:
11147:
11141:
11082:
11081:
11075:
11074:
11055:
11012:
11011:
11005:
11004:
10984:
10980:
10973:
10968:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10956:
10947:
10941:
10940:
10900:
10896:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10799:
10785:
10779:
10770:
10756:
10751:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10739:
10712:
10708:
10654:
10650:
10603:
10602:
10595:
10588:
10584:
10575:
10570:
10569:
10562:
10557:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10545:
10538:
10533:
10532:
10528:Non-past tense:
10497:
10492:
10491:
10453:
10449:
10431:
10427:
10376:
10362:
10358:
10322:
10312:
10306:
10300:
10293:
10288:
10287:
10271:
10265:
10259:
10254:
10253:
10248:
10241:
10214:gai jire-ga keu-
10207:
10203:
10199:
10181:
10167:
10134:
10130:
10100:
10094:
10084:
10079:
10078:
10044:
10040:
9980:
9976:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9902:
9895:
9885:
9846:
9842:
9811:gawlgaebi chawj-
9804:
9800:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9739:
9721:
9713:
9708:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9674:
9665:
9660:
9659:
9650:
9645:
9644:
9638:prospective mood
9635:
9630:
9629:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9535:
9530:
9529:
9511:"The warm room"
9427:
9416:
9411:
9410:
9308:
9301:
9296:
9295:
9277:"The warm room"
9192:
9185:
9180:
9179:
9161:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9129:
9125:
9071:
9063:
9062:
9054:
9049:
9048:
9037:
9029:
9028:
9020:
9015:
9014:
9003:
8995:
8994:
8986:
8981:
8980:
8964:
8959:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8925:
8838:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8817:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8760:
8724:
8710:
8706:
8682:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8599:
8592:and conjunctive
8582:
8576:
8570:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8553:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8472:
8466:
8460:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8442:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8428:
8415:
8409:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8353:
8293:
8288:Post-vowel form
8284:
8283:
8278:
8277:
8262:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8161:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8139:Location-related
8131:"You , go home."
8082:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8061:
8044:jeo-re aj-ib-seo
7994:
7993:
7988:
7987:
7932:
7931:
7927:
7926:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7911:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7839:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7740:
7725:
7719:
7707:
7702:
7701:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7631:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7560:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7491:
7477:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7381:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7362:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7290:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7205:
7173:
7172:
7141:tree two CLF ORD
7123:
7110:
7049:
7009:
7003:
6998:
6997:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6896:
6858:
6827:
6823:
6807:
6802:
6801:
6785:daws- {} daws-im
6491:
6410:
6405:
6404:
6394:
6389:
6303:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6111:
6110:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6068:
6055:
6054:
6044:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6010:
6009:
6000:
5987:
5986:
5979:
5966:
5965:
5956:
5943:
5942:
5935:
5922:
5921:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5897:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5865:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5798:Sound symbolism
5789:
5788:
5785:
5764:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5679:
5674:
5673:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5615:
5606:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5547:
5538:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5207:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5186:
5185:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5128:
5127:
5111:
5102:
5094:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5080:
5070:
5062:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5016:
5006:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4972:
4962:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4940:
4930:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4908:
4898:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4876:
4866:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4844:
4834:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4802:
4794:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4487:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4417:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4188:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3801:"lies down, and"
3800:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3465:"receives, and"
3464:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:are lost before
3343:
3339:
3330:
3322:
3313:) "bamboo field"
3312:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3206:
3197:"alcohol bottle"
3196:
3191:
3190:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3056:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3017:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:Final allophone
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2474:
2466:
2457:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2340:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1975:after consonant
1974:
1964:
1954:"if is fishing"
1921:
1893:
1852:
1842:"if is fishing"
1809:
1781:
1729:
1728:
1705:
1704:
1690:written language
1601:
1600:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1434:
1433:
1347:
1343:
1332:A 1992 study of
1199:
1198:
1186:
1181:prestige dialect
1111:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1075:
975:
969:
968:
963:
957:
956:
928:
922:
921:
896:
881:
872:
868:
860:
848:
839:
835:
827:
806:
789:
785:
777:
759:
755:
747:
743:
728:
711:
707:
699:
681:
677:
669:
665:
650:
633:
629:
621:
603:
599:
591:
587:
572:
555:
551:
543:
525:
521:
513:
509:
502:
498:
494:
490:
367:originally from
355:), often called
354:
348:
347:
342:
332:
331:
322:
312:
311:
268:
257:
248:
227:
211:
204:
184:
131:
72:
63:
57:
51:
50:
45:
44:
28:
27:
24202:
24201:
24197:
24196:
24195:
24193:
24192:
24191:
24182:Korean dialects
24147:
24146:
24145:
24140:
24117:
24073:
24056:Former counties
24050:
24041:
24018:
24015:
24006:
24001:
23971:
23966:
23933:
23881:Gangwon dialect
23862:
23860:Korean language
23857:Dialects of the
23854:
23824:
23819:
23766:
23762:Yongbieocheonga
23733:
23674:
23632:
23561:
23539:
23535:Zainichi Korean
23521:
23503:
23485:
23476:Pyongan dialect
23452:
23425:Gangwon dialect
23393:
23379:
23358:
23345:
23327:
23319:
23311:
23305:
23290:
23282:
23233:
23225:
23193:
23191:Korean language
23188:
23125:
23120:
23111:
23107:
23094:
23090:
23080:
23065:
23058:
23041:
23037:
23024:
23022:
23004:
22989:
22987:
22968:
22965:
22953:
22943:Shamanic Chants
22936:
22920:
22918:
22900:
22885:
22883:
22865:
22850:
22848:
22830:
22815:
22813:
22795:
22776:
22758:
22743:
22741:
22723:
22710:
22703:
22686:
22684:
22666:
22651:
22649:
22631:
22616:
22614:
22596:
22584:
22571:
22555:
22553:
22527:
22512:
22499:
22497:
22471:
22456:
22454:
22436:
22421:
22419:
22401:
22386:
22384:
22366:
22351:
22349:
22331:
22319:
22306:
22290:
22288:
22286:
22266:
22264:
22246:
22245:์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์ด์ค๋ชจ์์ ์ํฅ๋ถ์
22231:
22229:
22211:
22196:
22194:
22176:
22161:
22145:
22143:
22124:
22121:
22106:
22104:
22070:
22069:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ์ธ์ฉ ํ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ
22055:
22053:
22035:
22020:
22018:
22000:
21999:์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์์ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ด ์ฐจ์ฉ์ด
21988:
21974:
21960:
21947:
21934:
21921:
21905:
21903:
21885:
21870:
21868:
21850:
21838:
21825:
21809:
21807:
21789:
21774:
21772:
21754:
21753:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๋ชจ์ ์กฐํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21727:
21716:
21709:
21692:
21679:
21661:
21651:
21646:
21637:
21635:
21617:
21615:
21593:
21591:
21572:
21558:
21556:
21552:
21538:
21525:
21504:
21480:
21478:
21453:
21431:
21429:
21415:
21391:
21389:
21351:
21349:
21322:
21298:
21296:
21289:Speech Sciences
21273:
21271:
21268:10.1.1.552.4474
21242:
21223:
21218:
21213:
21205:
21201:
21192:
21188:
21180:
21176:
21168:
21164:
21156:
21152:
21144:
21140:
21132:
21128:
21120:
21116:
21108:
21104:
21096:
21092:
21084:
21080:
21072:
21068:
21060:
21056:
21048:
21044:
21036:
21032:
21024:
21020:
21012:
21008:
21002:Dictionary 2009
21000:
20996:
20988:
20984:
20978:Dictionary 2009
20976:
20972:
20966:Dictionary 2009
20964:
20960:
20952:
20948:
20940:
20936:
20928:
20921:
20913:
20909:
20905:, pp. 5โ6.
20901:
20897:
20889:
20885:
20877:
20873:
20865:
20861:
20853:
20846:
20838:
20834:
20826:
20822:
20814:
20807:
20799:
20795:
20787:
20783:
20775:
20771:
20763:
20756:
20748:
20744:
20736:
20732:
20726:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20724:
20720:
20712:
20708:
20700:
20696:
20688:
20684:
20676:
20672:
20664:
20660:
20652:
20648:
20640:
20636:
20628:
20624:
20616:
20612:
20604:
20600:
20592:
20588:
20580:
20576:
20568:
20564:
20560:, pp. 3โ7.
20556:
20552:
20544:
20540:
20532:
20528:
20520:
20516:
20508:
20504:
20496:
20492:
20484:
20480:
20472:
20468:
20460:
20456:
20448:
20441:
20433:
20429:
20421:
20417:
20409:
20405:
20401:, pp. 6โ9.
20397:
20393:
20385:
20381:
20373:
20369:
20361:
20357:
20349:
20345:
20337:
20333:
20327:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20325:
20321:
20313:
20309:
20301:
20294:
20288:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20286:
20279:
20271:
20267:
20261:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20259:
20255:
20247:
20243:
20235:
20231:
20225:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20223:
20219:
20211:
20207:
20201:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20199:
20195:
20187:
20183:
20177:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20175:
20171:
20163:
20159:
20153:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20151:
20147:
20139:
20135:
20129:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20127:
20123:
20115:
20111:
20105:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20103:
20099:
20091:
20087:
20081:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20079:
20075:
20067:
20063:
20057:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20055:
20051:
20043:
20039:
20033:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20031:
20027:
20019:
20015:
20009:Kim Jee-h. 2015
20007:
20003:
19995:
19991:
19983:
19979:
19973:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19971:
19967:
19959:
19955:
19949:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19947:
19943:
19935:
19931:
19925:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19923:
19919:
19911:
19907:
19901:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19899:
19895:
19887:
19883:
19877:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19875:
19871:
19865:Kim Jee-h. 2017
19863:
19859:
19853:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19851:
19847:
19841:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19839:
19835:
19829:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19827:
19823:
19815:
19808:
19802:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19800:
19796:
19790:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19788:
19784:
19778:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19776:
19772:
19766:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19764:
19760:
19754:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19752:
19748:
19742:Kim Jee-h. 2017
19740:
19736:
19730:Kim Jee-h. 2017
19728:
19724:
19718:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19716:
19709:
19701:
19697:
19689:
19685:
19677:
19673:
19665:
19661:
19653:
19649:
19644:Kim Jee-h. 2017
19640:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19638:
19634:
19625:
19621:
19613:
19609:
19601:
19597:
19589:
19585:
19577:
19573:
19565:
19561:
19555:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19553:
19549:
19541:
19532:
19524:
19520:
19512:
19508:
19500:
19496:
19488:
19484:
19476:
19472:
19464:
19457:
19449:
19445:
19437:
19433:
19425:
19421:
19413:
19409:
19401:
19397:
19389:
19385:
19377:
19373:
19365:
19361:
19353:
19340:
19332:
19328:
19320:
19316:
19308:
19304:
19296:
19292:
19284:
19280:
19272:
19268:
19260:
19256:
19248:
19244:
19238:Dictionary 2009
19236:
19232:
19224:
19220:
19212:
19208:
19202:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19200:
19196:
19190:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19187:
19183:
19175:
19171:
19163:
19159:
19151:
19147:
19139:
19135:
19127:
19123:
19117:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19115:
19111:
19103:
19099:
19091:
19087:
19079:
19075:
19067:
19063:
19055:
19051:
19043:
19039:
19031:
19027:
19019:
19015:
19009:Kim Jee-h. 2015
19007:
19003:
18995:
18991:
18985:Kim Jee-h. 2015
18983:
18979:
18971:
18967:
18959:
18955:
18949:Kim Jee-h. 2015
18947:
18940:
18932:
18928:
18920:
18916:
18908:
18904:
18896:
18892:
18884:
18880:
18872:
18868:
18860:
18856:
18848:
18844:
18836:
18832:
18824:
18817:
18809:
18802:
18794:
18790:
18782:, p. 345,
18780:Kim Jee-h. 2015
18778:
18774:
18766:
18762:
18754:
18750:
18742:
18738:
18730:
18726:
18718:
18714:
18708:Dictionary 2009
18706:
18702:
18694:
18690:
18682:
18678:
18670:
18666:
18658:
18654:
18646:
18642:
18634:
18630:
18622:
18618:
18610:
18606:
18598:
18594:
18586:
18582:
18574:
18570:
18562:
18558:
18550:
18546:
18538:
18534:
18526:
18522:
18514:
18507:
18499:
18495:
18487:
18483:
18475:
18471:
18463:
18459:
18451:
18447:
18439:
18435:
18427:
18423:
18415:
18408:
18400:
18396:
18388:
18384:
18376:
18372:
18364:
18360:
18352:
18343:
18335:
18331:
18323:
18319:
18313:Kang Y.-b. 2018
18311:
18307:
18299:
18295:
18287:
18280:
18272:
18268:
18260:
18256:
18248:
18244:
18236:
18232:
18224:
18217:
18211:Kang Y.-b. 2018
18209:
18205:
18197:
18188:
18180:
18176:
18168:
18164:
18156:
18152:
18144:
18140:
18134:Kang Y.-b. 2018
18132:
18128:
18122:Kang Y.-b. 2018
18120:
18116:
18108:
18101:
18064:
18060:
18052:
18048:
18040:
18033:
18025:
18021:
18011:
18009:
18001:
18000:
17991:
17987:, pp. 7โ8.
17983:
17979:
17971:
17967:
17959:
17955:
17947:
17943:
17935:
17931:
17923:
17919:
17911:
17907:
17899:
17895:
17887:
17883:
17875:
17871:
17863:
17859:
17840:
17836:
17828:
17824:
17816:
17812:
17802:
17800:
17796:The Korea Times
17789:
17788:
17784:
17759:
17755:
17747:
17743:
17737:Kang Y.-b. 2010
17735:
17731:
17725:Kang Y.-b. 2008
17723:
17719:
17710:
17706:
17698:
17694:
17669:
17665:
17655:
17653:
17638:
17629:
17619:
17617:
17614:The Korea Times
17605:
17598:
17590:
17586:
17578:
17574:
17568:Kang Y.-h. 1994
17566:
17562:
17556:Kang Y.-h. 1994
17554:
17550:
17544:Kang Y.-h. 1994
17542:
17538:
17532:Kang Y.-h. 1994
17530:
17526:
17518:
17514:
17510:, pp. 7โ8.
17506:
17502:
17494:
17485:
17481:, pp. 5โ7.
17477:
17473:
17465:
17458:
17450:
17446:
17436:
17434:
17416:
17412:
17397:
17381:
17377:
17369:
17365:
17361:, pp. 2โ4.
17357:
17350:
17342:
17338:
17330:
17326:
17317:
17315:
17313:
17295:
17291:
17287:, pp. 1โ2.
17283:
17279:
17271:
17264:
17256:
17252:
17244:
17240:
17232:
17228:
17220:
17216:
17208:
17204:
17196:
17192:
17184:
17180:
17172:
17168:
17160:
17156:
17148:
17144:
17136:
17132:
17124:
17120:
17105:
17098:
17081:
17074:
17066:
17062:
17054:
17050:
17043:
17029:
17025:
17018:
17002:
16998:
16992:
16981:
16977:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16962:
16957:
16953:
16947:
16943:
16902:
16898:
16893:
16884:
16879:
16872:
16861:
16852:
16837:
16828:
16817:
16813:
16808:
16804:
16793:
16789:
16779:
16766:
16747:
16736:
16723:
16719:
16705:
16684:
16674:
16670:
16659:
16650:
16633:
16629:
16624:
16620:
16612:
16608:
16576:
16572:
16567:
16563:
16559:-irregular verb
16554:
16550:
16542:
16538:
16533:
16529:
16514:
16510:
16495:
16491:
16476:
16472:
16467:
16463:
16458:
16454:
16449:
16434:
16387:
16385:
16383:
16369:
16368:
16351:
16350:
16296:
15935:
15796:mawltak-mawltak
15782:mawltak-mawltak
15481:eulgang-eulgang
15386:sound symbolism
15382:
15380:Sound symbolism
15078:
15011:
15008:
15005:
15002:
14864: "I; me"
14829:
14798:
14752:
14736:
14728:
14720:
14714:hawyeosinsingo-
14704:
14696:
14688:
14680:
14661:Granddaughter:
14656:
14634:
14626:
14618:
14602:
14586:
14576:
14574:Moseulpo-ukkwa?
14568:
14560:
14552:
14544:
14533:Granddaughter:
14337:
14324:bureumssi-hawda
14290:Jeju also uses
14287:
14259:
14226:
14215:
14204:
14138:auxiliary verbs
14134:
14117:"because"; and
14092:
14072:
14060:
14038:
14016:
14002:
13984:
13971:์ง์ด ๊ฐแ์ฐ๋ด แแแฏ์์๋ค.
13966:
13954:
13932:
13910:
13896:
13873:
13853:
13841:
13819:
13791:
13777:
13759:
13747:
13735:
13713:
13687:
13673:
13550:
13542:
13521:
13499:
13472:
13470:"'I am going.'"
13452:
13364:
13356:
13348:il mot haw-n-da
13335:
13317:
13306:
13295:
13275:
13264:
13250:
13242:il mot haw-n-da
13229:
13211:
13200:
13189:
13169:
13158:
13141:
13133:
13112:
13098:
13075:
13054:
13040:
12912:
12900:
12887:
12876:
12848:
12835:
12824:
12793:
12780:
12769:
12736:
12723:
12712:
12704:
12696:
12656:
12643:
12632:
12624:
12596:
12583:
12572:
12564:
12556:
12470:sound symbolism
12459:
12446:
12435:
12414:
12403:
12385:
12372:
12341:
12328:
12317:
12296:
12278:
12265:
12254:
12126:
12113:
12102:
12086:
12073:
12058:
12045:
12010:
11997:
11950:
11937:
11926:
11918:
11858:
11845:
11834:
11826:
11755:
11742:
11731:
11723:
11709:
11700:
11662:
11649:
11638:
11630:
11586:
11565:
11546:
11528:
11517:
11460:
11447:
11436:
11428:
11396:
11383:
11372:
11364:
11300:
11287:
11276:
11268:
11210:
11197:
11186:
11133:
11120:
11109:
11101:
11093:
11062:suprasegmentals
11047:
11034:
11023:
10978:Jee-hong 2015.
10934:
10932:Sentence enders
10928:
10920:
10903:
10880:
10866:
10849:
10823:
10812:
10801:
10727:
10714:
10696:
10685:
10669:
10656:
10638:
10627:
10514:
10480:
10472:
10455:
10433:
10416:
10405:
10391:
10378:
10364:
10347:
10336:
10281:indicative mood
10234:
10226:
10209:
10183:
10169:
10153:
10136:
10114:
10071:
10063:
10046:
10024:
10013:
9999:
9982:
9960:
9888:present perfect
9873:
9865:
9860:be.deep-CONT-SE
9848:
9823:
9806:
9784:
9586:
9580:
9562:
9554:
9521:
9513:
9495:
9487:
9470:
9452:
9444:
9402:
9394:
9376:
9368:
9351:
9333:
9325:
9287:
9279:
9261:
9253:
9236:
9222:
9214:
9203:
9164:
9159:
9156:
9153:
9150:
9131:
9109:
9098:
9080:Especially for
9021:"to be bad" โ
8903:
8894:
8876:
8868:
8860:
8852:
8825:
8819:
8808:
8790:
8782:
8768:
8762:
8751:
8726:
8712:
8684:
8658:
8645:gaui-n eomeong-
8640:
8632:
8621:
8607:
8601:
8544:
8522:
8514:
8436:
8430:
8401:
8381:
8361:
8355:
8341:
8319:
8311:
8285:
8279:
8244:
8222:
8214:
8200:
8155:
8149:
8133:
8115:
8107:
8099:
8069:
8063:
8049:
8031:
8023:
8015:
7995:
7989:
7975:
7957:
7949:
7919:
7913:
7897:
7875:
7867:
7847:
7841:
7830:
7808:
7800:
7748:
7742:
7694:
7672:
7664:
7650:
7639:
7633:
7619:
7601:
7593:
7591:gongbui-haw-ren
7585:
7568:
7562:
7543:
7529:
7521:
7510:
7499:
7493:
7470:
7448:
7440:
7432:
7424:
7404:
7398:
7369:
7355:
7346:siri-re gawreu-
7341:
7333:
7322:
7298:
7292:
7269:
7251:
7243:
7213:
7207:
7160:
7154:
7146:
7125:
7112:
7095:
7084:
7070:
7051:
7034:
7023:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6885:
6860:
6846:
6829:
6792:
6780:
6769:
6758:
6738:
6726:
6715:
6704:
6687:
6675:
6664:
6653:
6636:
6624:
6613:
6602:
6591:
6580:
6563:
6551:
6540:
6529:
6518:
6507:
6484:
6472:
6461:
6450:
6439:
6428:
6370:
6351:
6346:
6310:
6106:
6070:
5866:
5776:sound symbolism
5646:
5595:
5578:
5527:
5510:
5459:
5442:
5391:
5344:
5142:"it was caught"
5123:
4869:"Confucianism"
4773:"quiz; riddle"
4640:, and possibly
4328:Vowel phonemes
4314:
4305:
4297:
4287:
4279:
4269:
4255:
4238:
4230:
4220:
4212:
4202:
4190:
4172:
4164:
4154:
4146:
4136:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4091:
4083:
4067:
4059:
4049:
4041:
4031:
4017:
4000:
3992:
3982:
3974:
3964:
3950:
3927:Underlying form
3876:
3833:
3780:
3718:
3665:
3599:
3546:
3480:
3427:
2734:both produce .
2575:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2486:
2373:
2156:
2154:
2086:
2032:
2027:
1991:transliteration
1987:
1956:
1946:
1935:
1923:
1907:
1895:
1879:
1869:
1844:
1834:
1823:
1811:
1795:
1783:
1767:
1757:
1686:
1651:
1590:
1564:Jeju provincial
1560:
1531:
1514:
1500:
1472:elective course
1448:
1377:Standard Korean
1302:Saemaeul Undong
1274:
1256:
1235:
1225:
1135:Alexander Vovin
1127:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1079:
1076:
1040:Zainichi Korean
1038:members of the
1020:
986:
935:
912:
911:
910:
866:
865:
833:
832:
783:
782:
753:
752:
705:
704:
675:
674:
627:
626:
597:
596:
549:
548:
519:
518:
487:
282:Without proper
270:
269:
260:
223:
207:
200:
185:
180:
174:
153:
146:
132:
129:Language family
127:
118:
117:Native speakers
52:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
24200:
24190:
24189:
24184:
24179:
24174:
24169:
24164:
24159:
24142:
24141:
24139:
24138:
24132:
24125:
24123:
24119:
24118:
24116:
24115:
24110:
24103:
24096:
24089:
24081:
24079:
24075:
24074:
24072:
24071:
24066:
24060:
24058:
24052:
24051:
24044:
24042:
24040:
24039:
24034:
24028:
24026:
24020:
24019:
24011:
24008:
24007:
24000:
23999:
23992:
23985:
23977:
23968:
23967:
23965:
23964:
23959:
23953:
23947:
23941:
23939:
23935:
23934:
23932:
23931:
23926:
23921:
23916:
23911:
23906:
23901:
23896:
23891:
23890:
23889:
23886:
23878:
23872:
23870:
23864:
23863:
23853:
23852:
23845:
23838:
23830:
23821:
23820:
23818:
23817:
23812:
23807:
23802:
23797:
23796:
23795:
23785:
23780:
23774:
23772:
23768:
23767:
23765:
23764:
23759:
23754:
23749:
23743:
23741:
23735:
23734:
23732:
23731:
23726:
23721:
23716:
23711:
23706:
23701:
23696:
23688:
23686:
23680:
23679:
23676:
23675:
23673:
23672:
23667:
23662:
23657:
23652:
23646:
23644:
23634:
23633:
23631:
23630:
23625:
23620:
23619:
23618:
23613:
23608:
23598:
23597:
23596:
23591:
23581:
23579:Korean Braille
23575:
23569:
23567:Writing system
23563:
23562:
23560:
23559:
23553:
23551:
23545:
23544:
23541:
23540:
23538:
23537:
23531:
23529:
23523:
23522:
23520:
23519:
23513:
23511:
23505:
23504:
23502:
23501:
23499:Chinese Korean
23495:
23493:
23487:
23486:
23484:
23483:
23481:Yukjin dialect
23478:
23473:
23468:
23462:
23460:
23454:
23453:
23451:
23450:
23448:Jeolla dialect
23445:
23440:
23435:
23434:
23433:
23430:
23422:
23416:
23414:
23405:
23399:
23398:
23395:
23394:
23389:
23387:
23381:
23380:
23375:
23373:
23364:
23360:
23359:
23352:
23350:
23347:
23346:
23344:
23343:
23340:
23337:
23333:
23331:
23321:
23320:
23317:
23315:
23307:
23306:
23304:
23303:
23300:
23296:
23294:
23284:
23283:
23281:
23280:
23275:
23270:
23265:
23260:
23255:
23250:
23245:
23239:
23237:
23227:
23226:
23224:
23223:
23218:
23212:
23210:
23208:Proto-Koreanic
23201:
23195:
23194:
23187:
23186:
23179:
23172:
23164:
23158:
23157:
23151:
23138:
23132:
23124:
23123:External links
23121:
23119:
23118:
23101:
23084:
23078:
23048:
23031:
22996:
22957:
22951:
22927:
22892:
22857:
22840:(4): 117โ123.
22822:
22787:
22770:
22750:
22722:์ ์ฃผ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํํฉ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์
22715:
22702:์ ์ฃผ์ด: ์ญ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋
22693:
22658:
22623:
22588:
22582:
22562:
22519:
22506:
22463:
22428:
22393:
22358:
22323:
22317:
22297:
22273:
22238:
22203:
22168:
22152:
22113:
22062:
22027:
21992:
21986:
21964:
21958:
21938:
21932:
21912:
21877:
21842:
21836:
21816:
21781:
21746:
21721:
21699:
21686:
21673:
21652:
21650:
21647:
21645:
21644:
21634:. 11 June 2017
21624:
21600:
21565:
21543:
21529:
21523:
21508:
21502:
21487:
21470:(2): 222โ240.
21451:
21438:
21419:
21413:
21398:
21358:
21326:
21320:
21305:
21280:
21246:
21240:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21214:
21212:
21211:
21199:
21186:
21184:, p. 175.
21174:
21162:
21150:
21138:
21126:
21114:
21102:
21100:, p. 274.
21090:
21078:
21066:
21054:
21042:
21030:
21028:, p. 258.
21018:
21016:, p. 255.
21006:
21004:, p. 840.
20994:
20982:
20980:, p. 478.
20970:
20968:, p. 110.
20958:
20956:, p. 252.
20946:
20934:
20932:, p. 250.
20919:
20907:
20895:
20883:
20871:
20859:
20844:
20832:
20820:
20818:, p. 481.
20805:
20793:
20781:
20769:
20754:
20742:
20730:
20728:, p. 398.
20718:
20706:
20694:
20682:
20670:
20658:
20646:
20634:
20622:
20610:
20598:
20586:
20574:
20562:
20550:
20538:
20526:
20514:
20502:
20490:
20478:
20466:
20454:
20439:
20427:
20415:
20413:, p. 299.
20403:
20391:
20379:
20367:
20355:
20343:
20341:, p. 230.
20331:
20319:
20307:
20305:, p. 321.
20292:
20277:
20265:
20253:
20241:
20229:
20217:
20205:
20203:, p. 381.
20193:
20181:
20169:
20157:
20145:
20133:
20121:
20109:
20097:
20085:
20073:
20071:, p. 190.
20061:
20049:
20047:, p. 174.
20037:
20025:
20013:
20001:
19989:
19977:
19965:
19953:
19941:
19929:
19917:
19905:
19893:
19881:
19869:
19857:
19845:
19833:
19821:
19819:, p. 161.
19806:
19794:
19792:, p. 147.
19782:
19770:
19758:
19756:, p. 128.
19746:
19734:
19722:
19707:
19705:, p. 188.
19695:
19693:, p. 170.
19683:
19681:, p. 138.
19671:
19659:
19647:
19632:
19619:
19617:, p. 154.
19607:
19605:, p. 123.
19595:
19593:, p. 387.
19583:
19581:, p. 164.
19571:
19559:
19547:
19545:, p. 128.
19530:
19518:
19516:, p. 124.
19506:
19504:, p. 144.
19494:
19482:
19480:, p. 115.
19470:
19455:
19443:
19431:
19419:
19417:, p. 125.
19407:
19395:
19383:
19371:
19359:
19357:, p. 120.
19338:
19326:
19324:, p. 234.
19314:
19312:, p. 170.
19302:
19300:, p. 233.
19290:
19288:, p. 232.
19278:
19266:
19264:, p. 231.
19254:
19242:
19240:, p. 475.
19230:
19218:
19206:
19194:
19181:
19169:
19167:, p. 110.
19157:
19155:, p. 147.
19145:
19133:
19121:
19109:
19097:
19085:
19073:
19061:
19049:
19037:
19025:
19013:
19001:
18989:
18977:
18965:
18963:, p. 142.
18953:
18938:
18926:
18924:, p. 373.
18914:
18902:
18890:
18878:
18866:
18854:
18842:
18830:
18815:
18800:
18788:
18772:
18760:
18748:
18736:
18724:
18712:
18700:
18688:
18676:
18664:
18652:
18640:
18628:
18616:
18604:
18592:
18580:
18568:
18556:
18544:
18532:
18520:
18505:
18493:
18481:
18469:
18457:
18445:
18433:
18421:
18406:
18394:
18382:
18370:
18358:
18341:
18329:
18327:, p. 122.
18317:
18305:
18293:
18278:
18266:
18254:
18242:
18230:
18215:
18203:
18186:
18174:
18172:, p. 137.
18162:
18150:
18138:
18126:
18114:
18099:
18058:
18046:
18031:
18019:
18007:www.unesco.org
17989:
17977:
17975:, p. 192.
17965:
17953:
17941:
17929:
17927:, p. 278.
17917:
17913:Kim J.-e. 2019
17905:
17893:
17881:
17869:
17857:
17834:
17822:
17810:
17782:
17753:
17741:
17729:
17717:
17704:
17692:
17663:
17627:
17596:
17584:
17572:
17560:
17558:, p. 115.
17548:
17536:
17524:
17512:
17500:
17483:
17471:
17456:
17444:
17410:
17395:
17375:
17363:
17348:
17336:
17324:
17311:
17289:
17277:
17262:
17260:, p. 271.
17250:
17238:
17236:, p. 214.
17226:
17214:
17202:
17190:
17188:, p. 120.
17178:
17166:
17154:
17150:Cho T.-r. 2014
17142:
17138:Cho T.-r. 2014
17130:
17118:
17096:
17072:
17060:
17058:, p. 124.
17056:Cho T.-r. 2014
17048:
17041:
17023:
17016:
16996:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16961:
16960:
16951:
16941:
16896:
16882:
16870:
16850:
16838:Initial vowel
16826:
16811:
16802:
16787:
16748:
16737:
16727:
16726:
16717:
16706:Initial vowel
16682:
16668:
16648:
16627:
16618:
16606:
16570:
16561:
16548:
16536:
16527:
16508:
16489:
16470:
16461:
16451:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16444:
16443:
16433:
16430:
16427:
16426:
16398:
16397:
16393:
16392:
16376:
16375:
16371:
16370:
16352:
16333:
16332:
16329:
16295:
16292:
16276:wang-hareubang
16255:
16254:
16253:
16252:
16239:
16226:
16213:
16200:
16187:
16183:keun-hareubang
16173:"grandfather"
16006:gomo-nim ttawl
15934:
15931:
15772:
15771:
15770:
15769:
15691:
15635:
15576:
15575:
15574:
15534:
15503:
15472:
15381:
15378:
15375:
15374:
15362:
15350:
15346:
15345:
15333:
15321:
15317:
15316:
15304:
15292:
15288:
15287:
15284:
15281:
15269:
15268:
15258:
15246:
15239:
15238:
15230:
15218:
15214:
15213:
15206:
15194:
15190:
15189:
15182:
15170:
15166:
15165:
15164:Middle Mongol
15162:
15159:
15077:
15074:
15073:
15072:
15058:
15044:
15026:demonstratives
15017:
15016:
14968:
14964:
14963:
14960:
14956:
14955:
14947:
14933:
14918:
14917:
14914:
14900:
14886:
14882:
14881:
14879:
14865:
14851:
14847:
14846:
14843:
14840:
14837:
14828:
14825:
14800:
14799:
14762:? แแแจ๊ต์์ ์์ ๋ด์ฐ
14737:
14729:
14721:
14705:
14697:
14689:
14681:
14665:
14664:
14662:
14658:
14657:
14627:
14619:
14603:
14595:
14594:
14592:
14588:
14587:
14569:
14561:
14553:
14545:
14537:
14536:
14534:
14336:
14333:
14305:"to do," e.g.
14227:
14216:
14205:
14194:
14193:
14136:Jeju has many
14133:
14130:
14061:
14039:
14017:
14003:
13986:
13985:
13955:
13933:
13911:
13897:
13875:
13874:
13842:
13820:
13792:
13778:
13761:
13760:
13736:
13714:
13688:
13674:
13657:
13656:
13570:; plain forms
13547:
13546:
13500:
13476:
13475:
13473:
13467:go-CONT-HON-SE
13424:
13423:
13418:
13361:
13360:
13318:
13307:
13296:
13276:
13265:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13212:
13201:
13190:
13170:
13159:
13148:
13147:
13142:
13138:
13137:
13099:
13079:
13078:
13076:
13041:
13021:
13020:
13015:
12911:
12908:
12905:
12904:
12901:
12877:
12869:
12868:
12866:
12853:
12852:
12849:
12825:
12817:
12816:
12814:
12802:
12798:
12797:
12794:
12785:nal-i eol-k(-)
12770:
12762:
12761:
12759:
12746:
12745:
12737:
12725:๊ทธ ์ ๋ง์์ ๋ ์กฑ์๋ฐ๋ค.
12713:
12705:
12697:
12689:
12688:
12686:
12674:
12661:
12660:
12657:
12633:
12625:
12617:
12616:
12614:
12601:
12600:
12597:
12585:๊ทธ ์ ๋ง์์ ๋ ์กฑ์๋ค๋ค.
12573:
12565:
12557:
12549:
12548:
12546:
12534:
12522:
12509:
12508:
12505:
12502:
12501:Sentence ender
12499:
12496:
12474:
12473:
12460:
12436:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12390:
12389:
12386:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12346:
12345:
12342:
12318:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12283:
12282:
12279:
12255:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12232:
12219:
12218:
12215:
12212:
12211:Sentence ender
12209:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12127:
12103:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12079:
12065:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12025:
12017:
12016:
12014:
12011:
11987:
11986:
11984:
11977:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11951:
11927:
11919:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11901:
11893:
11892:
11890:
11859:
11835:
11827:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11809:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11756:
11732:
11724:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11704:
11694:
11693:
11691:
11663:
11639:
11631:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11613:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11587:
11547:
11529:
11518:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11497:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11461:
11437:
11429:
11421:
11420:
11418:
11411:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11373:
11365:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11347:
11339:
11338:
11335:
11332:
11329:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11301:
11277:
11269:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11251:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11211:
11187:
11179:
11178:
11176:
11169:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11134:
11110:
11102:
11094:
11086:
11085:
11083:
11076:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11048:
11024:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11006:
10998:
10997:
10994:
10991:
10988:
10945:jonggyeol eomi
10933:
10930:
10925:
10924:
10908:jigeum-do gow-
10881:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10824:
10813:
10802:
10789:
10788:
10783:
10729:
10728:
10697:
10686:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10670:
10644:dekky-eos-eora
10639:
10628:
10617:
10616:
10613:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10577:
10576:
10565:Future tense:
10563:
10539:
10513:
10510:
10477:
10476:
10434:
10417:
10406:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10365:
10348:
10337:
10326:
10325:
10320:
10231:
10230:
10184:
10170:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10141:nawmppi dekki-
10115:
10104:
10103:
10098:
10082:-(eu)k/(eu)keu
10068:
10067:
10025:
10014:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9961:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9870:
9869:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9785:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9668:aforementioned
9585:
9582:
9555:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9537:
9518:
9517:
9488:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9445:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9399:
9398:
9369:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9326:
9312:
9311:
9306:
9304:
9303:
9284:
9283:
9254:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9215:
9204:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9110:
9099:
9088:
9087:
9078:
9077:
9043:
9009:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8869:
8861:
8853:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8826:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8783:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8713:
8685:
8671:
8670:
8659:
8633:
8622:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8595:
8593:
8586:
8585:
8545:
8515:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8461:also found as
8437:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8402:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8332:gongbui-haw-ge
8317:gongbui-haw-ge
8312:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8286:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8245:
8215:
8201:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8156:
8143:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8108:
8100:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8070:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8024:
8016:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7950:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7920:
7907:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7868:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7824:"I will give
7801:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7749:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7726:to express an
7695:
7688:"Did you talk
7685:gawr-eup-di-ga
7670:gawr-eup-di-ga
7665:
7651:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7594:
7586:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7556:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7522:
7511:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7471:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7392:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7356:
7334:
7323:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7299:
7286:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7270:
7244:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7214:
7201:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7168:noun particles
7159:
7158:Noun particles
7156:
7151:
7150:
7113:
7096:
7085:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7035:
7024:
7013:
7012:
7007:
6847:
6830:
6812:
6811:
6770:
6759:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6716:
6705:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6665:
6654:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6614:
6603:
6592:
6581:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6541:
6530:
6519:
6508:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6462:
6451:
6440:
6429:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:Noun compound:
6412:
6369:
6366:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6309:
6306:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6266:
6265:CGVC (or CVVC)
6262:
6261:
6259:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6105:
6102:
6100:stems do not.
6072:
6071:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6025:
6003:
6002:
5981:
5959:
5958:
5937:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5792:Harmonic class
5766:
5765:
5749:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5715:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5681:
5668:
5667:"if believes"
5664:
5663:
5651:
5634:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5600:
5583:
5566:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5532:
5515:
5498:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5464:
5447:
5430:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5396:
5379:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5332:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5209:
5208:
5194:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5159:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5088:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5056:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5024:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5007:
4992:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4916:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4884:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4852:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4820:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4788:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4756:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4719:respectively.
4559:
4558:
4549:
4537:
4528:
4516:
4507:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4467:
4458:
4446:
4437:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4409:
4397:
4388:
4376:
4367:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4111:
4103:
4092:
4084:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3962:"to be bright"
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3851:
3838:
3820:
3819:
3802:
3785:
3768:
3754:
3753:
3736:
3723:
3705:
3704:
3703:"builds, and"
3687:
3670:
3653:
3639:
3638:
3621:
3604:
3586:
3585:
3568:
3551:
3534:
3520:
3519:
3502:
3485:
3467:
3466:
3449:
3432:
3415:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3168:"to be black"
3155:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3132:"eldest child"
3119:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:"camphor tree"
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2694:are regularly
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2515:Lax obstruent
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2133:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1957:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1716:morphophonemic
1685:
1682:
1650:
1647:
1589:
1586:
1559:
1556:
1530:
1527:
1513:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1447:
1444:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1334:code-switching
1306:Park Chung Hee
1255:
1252:
1224:
1221:
1162:their language
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1077:
1070:
1026:except in the
1019:
1016:
985:
982:
934:
931:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
879:
876:
875:
864:
863:
856:
855:
852:
851:
849:Jeju language
846:
843:
842:
831:
830:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
781:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
751:
740:
736:
735:
732:
731:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
703:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
673:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
625:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
595:
584:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
547:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
517:
506:
488:
486:
483:
393:Revitalization
300:
299:
286:, you may see
272:
271:
259:
258:
250:
249:
241:
240:
235:
229:
228:
221:
213:
212:
205:
197:
196:
195:Language codes
192:
191:
186:
182:Writing system
179:
176:
175:
173:
172:
171:
170:
158:Proto-Koreanic
156:
154:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
135:
133:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
77:Native to
74:
73:
65:
64:
38:
37:
36:Jejueo, Jejuan
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24199:
24188:
24185:
24183:
24180:
24178:
24175:
24173:
24170:
24168:
24165:
24163:
24160:
24158:
24155:
24154:
24152:
24136:
24135:Jeju uprising
24133:
24130:
24127:
24126:
24124:
24120:
24114:
24113:Jeju language
24111:
24109:
24108:
24104:
24102:
24101:
24100:Dol hareubang
24097:
24095:
24094:
24090:
24088:
24087:
24083:
24082:
24080:
24076:
24070:
24067:
24065:
24062:
24061:
24059:
24057:
24053:
24048:
24038:
24035:
24033:
24030:
24029:
24027:
24025:
24021:
24014:
24009:
24005:
23998:
23993:
23991:
23986:
23984:
23979:
23978:
23975:
23963:
23962:United States
23960:
23957:
23954:
23951:
23948:
23946:
23943:
23942:
23940:
23936:
23930:
23927:
23925:
23922:
23920:
23917:
23915:
23912:
23910:
23907:
23905:
23902:
23900:
23897:
23895:
23892:
23887:
23884:
23883:
23882:
23879:
23877:
23874:
23873:
23871:
23869:
23865:
23861:
23858:
23851:
23846:
23844:
23839:
23837:
23832:
23831:
23828:
23816:
23813:
23811:
23808:
23806:
23803:
23801:
23798:
23794:
23791:
23790:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23779:
23776:
23775:
23773:
23769:
23763:
23760:
23758:
23755:
23753:
23750:
23748:
23745:
23744:
23742:
23740:
23736:
23730:
23727:
23725:
23724:Speech levels
23722:
23720:
23717:
23715:
23714:Postpositions
23712:
23710:
23707:
23705:
23702:
23700:
23697:
23695:
23694:
23690:
23689:
23687:
23685:
23681:
23671:
23668:
23666:
23663:
23661:
23658:
23656:
23653:
23651:
23648:
23647:
23645:
23643:
23639:
23638:Cyrillization
23635:
23629:
23626:
23624:
23621:
23617:
23614:
23612:
23609:
23607:
23604:
23603:
23602:
23599:
23595:
23592:
23590:
23587:
23586:
23585:
23582:
23580:
23577:
23576:
23573:
23570:
23568:
23564:
23558:
23557:Jeju language
23555:
23554:
23552:
23550:
23546:
23536:
23533:
23532:
23530:
23528:
23524:
23518:
23515:
23514:
23512:
23510:
23506:
23500:
23497:
23496:
23494:
23492:
23488:
23482:
23479:
23477:
23474:
23472:
23469:
23467:
23464:
23463:
23461:
23459:
23455:
23449:
23446:
23444:
23441:
23439:
23436:
23431:
23428:
23427:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23417:
23415:
23413:
23409:
23406:
23404:
23400:
23392:
23388:
23386:
23382:
23378:
23374:
23372:
23368:
23365:
23361:
23356:
23341:
23338:
23335:
23334:
23332:
23326:
23325:Modern Korean
23322:
23316:
23308:
23301:
23298:
23297:
23295:
23289:
23288:Middle Korean
23285:
23279:
23276:
23274:
23271:
23269:
23266:
23264:
23261:
23259:
23256:
23254:
23251:
23249:
23246:
23244:
23241:
23240:
23238:
23232:
23228:
23222:
23219:
23217:
23214:
23213:
23211:
23209:
23205:
23202:
23200:
23196:
23192:
23185:
23180:
23178:
23173:
23171:
23166:
23165:
23162:
23155:
23152:
23150:
23146:
23142:
23139:
23136:
23133:
23130:
23127:
23126:
23115:
23102:
23098:
23089:์ ์ฃผ์ด ๋ณด์ ๊ณผ ์ก์ฑ ํ๋
23085:
23081:
23075:
23071:
23063:
23059:
23055:
23049:
23045:
23032:
23021:
23017:
23013:
23009:
23005:
22997:
22986:
22982:
22978:
22974:
22966:
22958:
22954:
22948:
22944:
22940:
22935:์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฌด๊ฐ ๋ณธํ์ด ์ฌ์
22933:
22928:
22917:
22913:
22909:
22905:
22901:
22893:
22882:
22878:
22874:
22870:
22866:
22858:
22847:
22843:
22839:
22835:
22831:
22823:
22812:
22808:
22804:
22800:
22796:
22788:
22785:(2): 387โ402.
22784:
22780:
22771:
22767:
22763:
22759:
22751:
22740:
22736:
22732:
22728:
22724:
22716:
22708:
22704:
22700:
22694:
22683:
22679:
22675:
22671:
22667:
22659:
22648:
22644:
22640:
22636:
22632:
22624:
22613:
22609:
22605:
22601:
22597:
22589:
22585:
22579:
22575:
22568:
22563:
22552:
22548:
22544:
22540:
22536:
22532:
22528:
22520:
22516:
22507:
22496:
22492:
22488:
22484:
22480:
22476:
22472:
22464:
22453:
22449:
22445:
22441:
22437:
22429:
22418:
22414:
22410:
22406:
22402:
22394:
22383:
22379:
22375:
22371:
22367:
22359:
22348:
22344:
22340:
22336:
22332:
22324:
22320:
22314:
22310:
22303:
22298:
22283:
22279:
22274:
22263:
22259:
22255:
22251:
22247:
22239:
22228:
22224:
22220:
22216:
22212:
22204:
22193:
22189:
22185:
22181:
22177:
22169:
22165:
22158:
22153:
22142:
22138:
22134:
22130:
22122:
22114:
22103:
22099:
22095:
22091:
22087:
22083:
22079:
22075:
22071:
22063:
22052:
22048:
22044:
22040:
22036:
22028:
22017:
22013:
22009:
22005:
22001:
21993:
21989:
21983:
21979:
21975:
21971:
21965:
21961:
21955:
21951:
21944:
21939:
21935:
21929:
21925:
21918:
21913:
21902:
21898:
21894:
21890:
21886:
21878:
21867:
21863:
21859:
21855:
21851:
21843:
21839:
21833:
21829:
21822:
21817:
21806:
21802:
21798:
21794:
21790:
21782:
21771:
21767:
21763:
21759:
21755:
21747:
21743:
21739:
21735:
21731:
21722:
21714:
21710:
21706:
21700:
21696:
21687:
21683:
21674:
21670:
21666:
21662:
21654:
21653:
21633:
21629:
21625:
21613:
21609:
21605:
21601:
21590:
21586:
21582:
21578:
21571:
21566:
21551:
21550:
21544:
21537:
21536:
21530:
21526:
21524:9783030024376
21520:
21516:
21515:
21509:
21505:
21503:9780824874438
21499:
21495:
21494:
21488:
21477:
21473:
21469:
21465:
21461:
21454:
21448:
21444:
21439:
21427:
21426:
21420:
21416:
21410:
21406:
21405:
21399:
21388:
21384:
21380:
21376:
21372:
21368:
21364:
21359:
21348:
21344:
21340:
21336:
21332:
21327:
21323:
21321:9780393347531
21317:
21313:
21312:
21306:
21294:
21290:
21286:
21281:
21269:
21264:
21260:
21256:
21252:
21247:
21243:
21241:9781317274049
21237:
21233:
21232:
21226:
21225:
21208:
21203:
21196:
21190:
21183:
21178:
21172:, p. 39.
21171:
21166:
21159:
21154:
21147:
21142:
21135:
21130:
21124:, p. 42.
21123:
21118:
21111:
21106:
21099:
21094:
21088:, p. 40.
21087:
21082:
21075:
21070:
21063:
21058:
21051:
21046:
21039:
21034:
21027:
21022:
21015:
21010:
21003:
20998:
20991:
20986:
20979:
20974:
20967:
20962:
20955:
20950:
20943:
20938:
20931:
20926:
20924:
20916:
20911:
20904:
20899:
20892:
20887:
20880:
20875:
20868:
20863:
20856:
20851:
20849:
20841:
20836:
20829:
20824:
20817:
20812:
20810:
20802:
20797:
20790:
20785:
20778:
20773:
20766:
20761:
20759:
20751:
20746:
20739:
20734:
20727:
20722:
20716:, p. 83.
20715:
20710:
20703:
20698:
20692:, p. 21.
20691:
20686:
20679:
20678:Moon S. 2005b
20674:
20667:
20662:
20655:
20654:Moon S. 2005a
20650:
20643:
20638:
20632:, p. 11.
20631:
20630:Moon S. 2005a
20626:
20619:
20614:
20607:
20602:
20595:
20590:
20583:
20578:
20571:
20566:
20559:
20558:Moon S. 2005a
20554:
20547:
20542:
20535:
20530:
20523:
20518:
20511:
20506:
20500:, p. 99.
20499:
20494:
20487:
20482:
20475:
20470:
20463:
20458:
20451:
20446:
20444:
20436:
20431:
20424:
20419:
20412:
20407:
20400:
20395:
20388:
20383:
20376:
20371:
20364:
20359:
20352:
20347:
20340:
20335:
20328:
20323:
20316:
20311:
20304:
20299:
20297:
20289:
20284:
20282:
20274:
20269:
20262:
20257:
20250:
20245:
20238:
20233:
20226:
20221:
20214:
20209:
20202:
20197:
20190:
20185:
20178:
20173:
20166:
20161:
20154:
20149:
20142:
20137:
20130:
20125:
20118:
20113:
20106:
20101:
20094:
20089:
20082:
20077:
20070:
20065:
20058:
20053:
20046:
20041:
20034:
20029:
20022:
20017:
20010:
20005:
19998:
19993:
19987:, p. 94.
19986:
19981:
19974:
19969:
19962:
19957:
19950:
19945:
19938:
19933:
19926:
19921:
19914:
19909:
19902:
19897:
19890:
19885:
19878:
19873:
19866:
19861:
19854:
19849:
19842:
19837:
19831:, p. 78.
19830:
19825:
19818:
19813:
19811:
19803:
19798:
19791:
19786:
19779:
19774:
19767:
19762:
19755:
19750:
19743:
19738:
19731:
19726:
19719:
19714:
19712:
19704:
19699:
19692:
19687:
19680:
19675:
19668:
19663:
19656:
19651:
19645:
19641:
19636:
19629:
19623:
19616:
19611:
19604:
19599:
19592:
19587:
19580:
19575:
19568:
19563:
19556:
19551:
19544:
19539:
19537:
19535:
19527:
19522:
19515:
19510:
19503:
19498:
19491:
19486:
19479:
19474:
19467:
19462:
19460:
19452:
19447:
19440:
19435:
19428:
19423:
19416:
19411:
19404:
19399:
19392:
19387:
19380:
19375:
19368:
19363:
19356:
19351:
19349:
19347:
19345:
19343:
19335:
19330:
19323:
19318:
19311:
19306:
19299:
19294:
19287:
19282:
19275:
19270:
19263:
19258:
19251:
19246:
19239:
19234:
19227:
19222:
19215:
19210:
19204:, p. 62.
19203:
19198:
19191:
19185:
19179:, p. 63.
19178:
19173:
19166:
19161:
19154:
19149:
19143:, p. 57.
19142:
19137:
19130:
19125:
19118:
19113:
19106:
19101:
19094:
19089:
19082:
19077:
19070:
19069:Saltzman 2014
19065:
19058:
19053:
19047:, p. 61.
19046:
19041:
19034:
19029:
19023:, p. 48.
19022:
19017:
19011:, p. 65.
19010:
19005:
18998:
18993:
18986:
18981:
18975:, p. 53.
18974:
18969:
18962:
18957:
18950:
18945:
18943:
18935:
18930:
18923:
18918:
18911:
18906:
18899:
18894:
18887:
18882:
18876:, p. 46.
18875:
18870:
18863:
18858:
18851:
18846:
18839:
18834:
18827:
18822:
18820:
18812:
18807:
18805:
18798:, p. 11.
18797:
18792:
18785:
18781:
18776:
18769:
18764:
18757:
18752:
18745:
18740:
18733:
18728:
18721:
18716:
18709:
18704:
18698:, p. 21.
18697:
18692:
18685:
18680:
18674:, p. 32.
18673:
18668:
18661:
18656:
18649:
18644:
18637:
18632:
18625:
18620:
18614:, p. 33.
18613:
18608:
18602:, p. 34.
18601:
18596:
18589:
18584:
18577:
18572:
18565:
18560:
18554:, p. 28.
18553:
18548:
18542:, p. 84.
18541:
18536:
18529:
18524:
18518:, p. 49.
18517:
18512:
18510:
18502:
18497:
18490:
18485:
18478:
18473:
18466:
18461:
18455:, p. 10.
18454:
18449:
18443:, p. 65.
18442:
18437:
18430:
18425:
18418:
18413:
18411:
18403:
18398:
18391:
18386:
18379:
18374:
18367:
18362:
18355:
18350:
18348:
18346:
18338:
18333:
18326:
18321:
18314:
18309:
18302:
18297:
18290:
18285:
18283:
18275:
18270:
18263:
18258:
18251:
18246:
18239:
18234:
18227:
18222:
18220:
18212:
18207:
18201:, p. 23.
18200:
18195:
18193:
18191:
18183:
18178:
18171:
18166:
18159:
18154:
18147:
18142:
18135:
18130:
18123:
18118:
18111:
18106:
18104:
18095:
18091:
18086:
18081:
18077:
18073:
18069:
18062:
18055:
18050:
18043:
18038:
18036:
18028:
18023:
18008:
18004:
17998:
17996:
17994:
17986:
17981:
17974:
17969:
17962:
17957:
17950:
17945:
17938:
17933:
17926:
17921:
17914:
17909:
17902:
17897:
17890:
17885:
17878:
17873:
17867:, p. 23.
17866:
17861:
17854:
17849:
17838:
17832:, p. 98.
17831:
17826:
17820:, p. 44.
17819:
17814:
17798:
17797:
17792:
17786:
17777:
17772:
17768:
17764:
17757:
17750:
17745:
17738:
17733:
17726:
17721:
17714:
17713:Saltzman 2014
17708:
17701:
17700:Saltzman 2014
17696:
17687:
17682:
17678:
17674:
17667:
17651:
17647:
17643:
17636:
17634:
17632:
17616:
17615:
17610:
17603:
17601:
17593:
17588:
17581:
17576:
17569:
17564:
17557:
17552:
17545:
17540:
17533:
17528:
17521:
17516:
17509:
17504:
17497:
17492:
17490:
17488:
17480:
17475:
17469:, p. 12.
17468:
17463:
17461:
17453:
17452:Cummings 2005
17448:
17433:
17429:
17425:
17421:
17414:
17406:
17402:
17398:
17392:
17388:
17387:
17379:
17372:
17367:
17360:
17355:
17353:
17345:
17340:
17333:
17328:
17314:
17308:
17304:
17300:
17293:
17286:
17281:
17274:
17269:
17267:
17259:
17254:
17247:
17242:
17235:
17230:
17224:, p. 25.
17223:
17218:
17211:
17206:
17200:, p. 16.
17199:
17194:
17187:
17182:
17175:
17170:
17163:
17158:
17151:
17146:
17139:
17134:
17127:
17122:
17114:
17110:
17103:
17101:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17077:
17069:
17064:
17057:
17052:
17044:
17042:9788933707364
17038:
17034:
17027:
17019:
17013:
17009:
17008:
17000:
16990:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16975:
16955:
16945:
16939:
16934:
16923:
16912:
16900:
16891:
16889:
16887:
16880:Vowel harmony
16877:
16875:
16866:
16859:
16857:
16855:
16847:
16842:
16835:
16833:
16831:
16822:
16815:
16806:
16798:
16791:
16784:
16783:Tense-marking
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16765:
16755:
16753:
16746:
16740:
16735:
16730:
16721:
16715:
16710:
16703:
16701:
16699:
16697:
16695:
16693:
16691:
16689:
16687:
16679:
16672:
16663:
16657:
16655:
16653:
16644:
16638:
16631:
16622:
16610:
16574:
16565:
16552:
16540:
16531:
16524:
16512:
16505:
16493:
16486:
16474:
16465:
16456:
16452:
16441:
16440:
16436:
16435:
16425:
16422:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16406:
16405:
16399:
16394:
16377:
16374:Romanization
16372:
16367:
16364:
16361:
16358:
16353:
16349:
16346:
16343:
16340:
16335:
16334:
16330:
16328:Jeju original
16327:
16326:
16323:
16315:
16313:
16312:
16307:
16303:
16302:
16291:
16288:
16277:
16266:
16249:
16240:
16236:
16227:
16223:
16214:
16210:
16201:
16197:
16196:set-hareubang
16188:
16184:
16175:
16174:
16171:
16162:
16161:
16160:
16157:
16146:
16135:
16124:
16113:
16102:
16091:
16080:
16069:
16058:
16047:
16036:
16025:
16014:
16012:
16007:
15996:
15984:
15973:
15962:
15951:
15940:
15929:
15927:
15925:
15921:
15908:
15907:
15903:
15890:
15888:
15884:
15871:
15869:
15865:
15852:
15851:
15847:
15834:
15832:
15828:
15815:
15814:
15810:
15797:
15786:
15783:
15766:
15764:
15760:
15747:
15745:
15741:
15728:
15726:
15722:
15709:
15707:
15703:
15692:
15688:
15686:
15682:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15652:
15650:
15646:
15636:
15632:
15630:
15626:
15622:
15618:
15605:
15603:
15599:
15595:
15591:
15580:
15579:
15577:
15571:
15569:
15565:
15552:
15550:
15546:
15535:
15531:
15530:
15526:
15513:
15504:
15500:
15498:
15494:
15482:
15473:
15469:
15467:
15455:
15453:
15441:
15439:
15429:
15428:
15426:
15425:
15424:
15422:
15418:
15414:
15410:
15405:
15393:
15391:
15387:
15372:
15363:
15360:
15351:
15348:
15347:
15343:
15334:
15331:
15322:
15319:
15318:
15314:
15305:
15302:
15293:
15290:
15289:
15278:
15275:
15265:
15264:
15259:
15256:
15247:
15244:
15241:
15240:
15235:
15231:
15228:
15219:
15216:
15215:
15211:
15207:
15204:
15195:
15192:
15191:
15187:
15183:
15180:
15171:
15168:
15167:
15163:
15156:
15153:
15150:
15149:Middle Mongol
15145:
15143:
15139:
15134:
15123:
15113:
15112:Middle Korean
15108:
15097:
15087:
15086:false friends
15083:
15069:
15059:
15055:
15045:
15041:
15031:
15030:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15015:
14996:
14973:
14966:
14965:
14961:
14957:
14953:
14948:
14934:
14920:
14919:
14915:
14910:neu-ne-(deol)
14901:
14887:
14883:
14880:
14866:
14852:
14849:
14848:
14844:
14841:
14838:
14836:
14835:
14832:
14824:
14821:
14815:
14809:
14797:
14795:
14791:
14787:
14782:
14780:
14776:
14772:
14767:
14765:
14761:
14757:
14751:
14749:
14744:
14742:
14735:
14732:
14727:
14724:
14719:
14717:
14712:
14710:
14703:
14700:
14695:
14692:
14687:
14684:
14679:
14677:
14672:
14670:
14663:
14660:
14659:
14655:
14653:
14650:"Yes, you're
14648:
14646:
14641:
14639:
14633:
14632:Moseulpo-yeo.
14630:
14625:
14622:
14617:
14615:
14610:
14608:
14601:
14598:
14593:
14591:Grandmother:
14590:
14589:
14585:
14582:
14579:
14575:
14572:
14567:
14564:
14559:
14556:
14551:
14548:
14543:
14540:
14535:
14532:
14531:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14517:
14511:
14510:
14502:
14494:
14485:is attached:
14483:
14477:
14471:
14466:
14463:
14457:
14451:
14445:
14439:
14434:
14429:
14424:
14421:
14415:
14404:
14393:
14388:
14385:
14374:
14363:
14352:
14342:
14332:
14330:
14325:
14314:
14303:
14293:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14279:
14273:
14271:
14266:
14264:
14258:
14249:
14247:
14241:
14239:
14234:
14232:
14225:
14222:
14219:
14214:
14211:
14208:
14203:
14200:
14197:
14191:
14188:
14182:
14171:
14160:
14149:
14139:
14129:
14126:
14115:
14104:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14085:gawr-at-su-da
14084:
14079:
14077:
14071:
14068:
14067:
14064:
14059:
14045:
14044:gawr-at-su-da
14042:
14037:
14027:
14026:
14022:
14021:
14015:
14009:
14006:
14001:
13992:
13989:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13972:
13970:
13965:
13962:
13961:
13958:
13953:
13939:
13938:gawr-at-su-da
13936:
13931:
13917:
13914:
13909:
13903:
13900:
13895:
13886:
13884:
13880:
13879:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13866:gawr-at-su-da
13865:
13860:
13858:
13852:
13849:
13848:
13845:
13840:
13826:
13825:gawr-at-su-da
13823:
13818:
13804:
13803:
13798:
13797:
13790:
13784:
13781:
13776:
13767:
13764:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13750:
13746:
13743:
13742:
13739:
13734:
13720:
13719:gawr-at-su-da
13717:
13712:
13694:
13693:ga-ms-u-da-en
13691:
13686:
13680:
13677:
13672:
13663:
13660:
13654:
13651:
13647:
13642:
13631:
13625:
13614:
13603:
13597:
13591:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13557:
13545:
13541:
13538:
13535:
13534:gawr-at-su-da
13533:
13528:
13526:
13520:
13506:
13505:gawr-at-su-da
13503:
13498:
13488:
13487:
13482:
13481:
13474:
13471:
13468:
13465:
13464:
13459:
13457:
13451:
13437:
13436:
13431:
13429:
13422:
13421:
13416:
13413:
13407:
13396:
13393:
13387:
13382:
13377:
13371:
13359:
13355:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13342:
13340:
13334:
13324:
13321:
13316:
13313:
13310:
13305:
13302:
13299:
13294:
13288:
13287:
13282:
13281:
13274:
13271:
13268:
13263:
13260:
13257:
13252:
13249:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13236:
13234:
13228:
13218:
13215:
13210:
13207:
13204:
13199:
13196:
13193:
13188:
13182:
13181:
13176:
13175:
13168:
13165:
13162:
13157:
13154:
13151:
13146:
13145:
13136:
13132:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13119:
13117:
13111:
13105:
13102:
13097:
13091:
13090:
13085:
13084:
13077:
13074:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13061:
13059:
13053:
13047:
13044:
13039:
13033:
13032:
13027:
13026:
13019:
13018:
13013:
13010:
13004:
12998:
12992:
12986:
12980:
12974:
12968:
12962:
12956:
12950:
12939:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12925:
12921:
12917:
12902:
12899:
12896:
12895:
12890:
12886:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12872:
12867:
12855:
12854:
12850:
12847:
12844:
12843:
12838:
12834:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12820:
12815:
12803:
12799:
12795:
12792:
12789:
12788:
12783:
12779:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12765:
12760:
12748:
12747:
12743:
12738:
12735:
12732:
12731:
12726:
12722:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12708:
12703:
12700:
12695:
12692:
12687:
12675:
12662:
12658:
12655:
12652:
12651:
12646:
12645:๋๊ฐ แแแซ์ฒ ์์
๋ค๊น?
12642:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12628:
12623:
12620:
12615:
12603:
12602:
12598:
12595:
12592:
12591:
12586:
12582:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12568:
12563:
12560:
12555:
12552:
12547:
12535:
12510:
12503:
12500:
12497:
12494:
12493:
12490:
12487:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12458:
12455:
12454:
12449:
12445:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12431:
12426:
12392:
12391:
12387:
12384:
12383:"It is deep."
12381:
12380:
12375:
12371:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12348:
12347:
12343:
12340:
12337:
12336:
12331:
12327:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12313:
12308:
12285:
12284:
12280:
12277:
12274:
12273:
12268:
12264:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12250:
12245:
12233:
12220:
12213:
12210:
12207:
12206:
12203:
12199:
12188:
12182:
12176:
12166:
12161:
12150:
12139:
12132:
12128:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12116:
12112:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12098:
12093:
12080:
12067:
12066:
12063:
12060:
12057:
12054:
12053:
12048:
12044:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12026:
12019:
12018:
12015:
12012:
12009:
12006:
12005:
12000:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11978:
11971:
11970:
11967:
11963:
11952:
11949:
11946:
11945:
11940:
11936:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11922:
11917:
11914:
11909:
11902:
11895:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11885:
11879:
11873:
11865:
11860:
11857:
11854:
11853:
11848:
11844:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11830:
11825:
11822:
11817:
11810:
11803:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11788:
11782:
11776:
11770:
11764:
11757:
11754:
11751:
11750:
11745:
11744:๊ทธ๋ธ ๋ฌด์ฌ แแแบ์์ธ๊ฐ?
11741:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11727:
11722:
11719:
11714:
11705:
11696:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11676:
11664:
11661:
11658:
11657:
11652:
11648:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11634:
11629:
11626:
11621:
11614:
11607:
11606:
11603:
11599:
11593:
11588:
11585:
11582:
11581:
11580:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11556:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11535:
11534:sareum-deor-i
11532:
11527:
11524:
11521:
11516:
11513:
11510:
11505:
11498:
11491:
11490:
11487:
11484:
11479:
11473:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11450:
11446:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11432:
11427:
11424:
11419:
11412:
11405:
11404:
11401:
11398:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11382:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11368:
11363:
11360:
11355:
11348:
11341:
11340:
11336:
11326:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11302:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11290:
11286:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11272:
11267:
11264:
11259:
11252:
11245:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11230:
11224:
11216:
11212:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11200:
11196:
11195:
11192:uchy-eos-i(-)
11190:
11185:
11182:
11177:
11170:
11163:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11146:
11140:
11135:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11123:
11119:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11105:
11100:
11097:
11092:
11089:
11084:
11077:
11070:
11069:
11066:
11063:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11046:
11043:
11042:
11037:
11033:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11019:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10999:
10995:
10985:
10979:
10975:
10972:
10961:
10951:
10950:speech levels
10946:
10923:
10919:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10906:
10902:
10891:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10876:
10873:
10868:
10865:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10852:
10848:
10834:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10819:
10816:
10811:
10808:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10792:
10787:
10786:
10781:
10778:
10772:
10769:
10762:
10760:
10755:
10744:
10726:
10723:
10720:
10717:
10713:
10703:
10700:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10684:
10681:
10678:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10665:
10662:
10659:
10655:
10645:
10642:
10637:
10634:
10631:
10626:
10623:
10620:
10615:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10597:
10594:
10583:
10574:
10564:
10561:
10550:
10540:
10537:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10518:
10509:
10507:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10486:
10475:
10471:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10458:
10454:
10444:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10423:
10420:
10415:
10412:
10409:
10404:
10401:
10398:
10393:
10390:
10387:
10384:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10368:
10363:
10354:
10351:
10346:
10343:
10340:
10335:
10332:
10329:
10324:
10323:
10318:
10316:
10311:
10305:
10299:
10292:
10282:
10278:
10273:
10270:
10264:
10258:
10247:
10240:
10229:
10225:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10212:
10208:
10194:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10176:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10160:
10155:
10152:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10139:
10135:
10125:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10110:
10107:
10102:
10101:
10096:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10049:
10045:
10035:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10020:
10017:
10012:
10009:
10006:
10001:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9985:
9981:
9971:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9948:
9947:
9942:
9939:
9933:
9927:
9921:
9915:
9910:
9906:
9901:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9868:
9864:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9851:
9847:
9837:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9809:
9808:แแแฏ๊ฐ๋น แแแฝ์แ์ด.
9805:
9795:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9780:
9777:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9763:
9757:
9751:
9745:
9738:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9712:
9701:
9690:
9679:
9669:
9664:
9654:
9649:
9639:
9634:
9624:
9619:
9609:
9601:
9597:
9595:
9591:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9569:
9567:
9561:
9558:
9553:
9552:
9547:
9546:
9534:
9524:
9523:
9516:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9502:
9500:
9494:
9491:
9486:
9485:
9480:
9479:
9472:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9459:
9457:
9451:
9448:
9443:
9442:
9437:
9436:
9429:
9428:
9420:
9415:
9405:
9404:
9397:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9383:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9360:
9353:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9340:
9338:
9332:
9329:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9317:
9310:
9309:
9300:
9290:
9289:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9268:
9266:
9260:
9257:
9252:
9251:
9246:
9245:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9225:
9221:
9218:
9213:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9199:
9194:
9193:
9184:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9163:
9144:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9130:
9120:
9119:daws-im-gwang
9117:
9115:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9085:
9083:
9075:
9070:
9069:
9061:
9055:"to wear" โ
9053:
9044:
9041:
9036:
9035:
9027:
9019:
9010:
9007:
9002:
9001:
8993:
8985:
8976:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8968:
8963:
8952:
8941:
8930:
8920:
8916:
8915:evidentiality
8912:
8908:
8893:
8891:
8886:
8884:
8879:
8875:
8872:
8867:
8864:
8859:
8856:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8827:
8812:
8811:
8807:
8805:
8800:
8798:
8793:
8789:
8786:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8755:
8754:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8733:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8716:
8711:
8701:
8700:
8696:
8691:
8690:
8683:
8677:
8674:
8669:
8665:
8657:
8656:his/her mom."
8655:
8650:
8648:
8643:
8639:
8636:
8631:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8617:
8612:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8558:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8536:
8534:
8529:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8506:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8465:
8459:
8438:
8423:
8422:
8419:
8414:
8408:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8393:
8392:
8387:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8373:
8366:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:"Let's study
8333:
8331:
8326:
8324:
8318:
8315:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8303:
8296:
8292:
8287:
8272:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8261:
8254:
8253:dynamic verbs
8250:
8249:stative verbs
8246:
8243:
8241:
8236:
8234:
8231:seong badang-
8229:
8227:
8221:
8218:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8206:
8199:
8196:
8191:
8189:
8162:and possibly
8157:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8122:
8120:
8114:
8111:
8106:
8103:
8098:
8097:
8092:
8091:
8084:
8071:
8056:
8055:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8027:
8022:
8019:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8007:
8000:
7982:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7964:
7962:
7956:
7953:
7948:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7934:
7921:
7906:
7904:
7903:Topic-marking
7900:
7896:
7894:
7889:
7887:
7882:
7880:
7874:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7859:
7852:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7822:
7820:
7815:
7813:
7807:
7804:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7792:
7785:
7750:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7724:
7718:
7713:
7706:
7693:
7692:that person?"
7691:
7686:
7684:
7679:
7677:
7671:
7668:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7656:
7649:
7646:
7641:
7626:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7608:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7592:
7589:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7570:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7506:
7501:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7462:
7460:
7455:
7453:
7447:
7444:
7439:
7436:
7431:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7416:
7409:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7367:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7318:
7313:
7300:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7258:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7216:After vowel:
7215:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7132:
7130:
7124:
7119:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7056:
7050:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7002:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6972:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6950:
6923:
6912:
6901:
6891:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:see-FUT.ATTR
6874:
6872:
6867:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6850:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6818:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6549:"leg illness"
6547:
6544:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6362:agglutinative
6360:
6356:
6355:typologically
6350:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6334:contour tones
6331:
6330:sentence type
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6299:
6290:
6280:
6276:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6101:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6026:
6024:"drew a line"
6022:
6020:
6016:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5938:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5750:
5746:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5716:
5712:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5682:
5678:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5652:
5644:
5631:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5601:
5593:
5584:
5576:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5533:
5525:
5516:
5508:
5499:
5495:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5465:
5457:
5448:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5397:
5389:
5376:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5342:
5329:
5320:
5318:"is sad, and"
5317:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5285:
5271:
5261:
5256:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5226:
5217:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5101:
5099:
5089:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5057:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5025:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
4993:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4949:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4917:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4789:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4757:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4706:
4701:
4667:
4631:
4626:
4591:
4578:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3885:
3884:Middle Korean
3881:
3865:
3863:
3852:
3848:
3839:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3786:
3778:
3769:
3767:"to lie down"
3765:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3671:
3663:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3605:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3584:"wears, and"
3582:
3580:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3552:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3486:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3433:
3425:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3399:Regular verb
3398:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3375:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3028:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2957:"cooperation"
2951:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2860:"pig's tooth"
2854:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2833:"bloodsucker"
2827:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2610:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2566:
2556:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2341:lax/aspirated
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1695:
1694:orthographies
1691:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1642:Warm and Cozy
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1362:Social status
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1268:Jeju uprising
1260:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1189:Kim Sang-heon
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1089:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:community in
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Chuja Islands
1025:
1024:Jeju Province
1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:control group
999:
995:
991:
981:
979:
974:
962:
961:Jeju bang-eon
950:
948:
944:
940:
930:
927:
915:
894:
882:Jeju dialect
880:
873:
870:
869:
862:
861:
847:
840:
837:
836:
829:
828:
825:
822:
805:
790:
787:
786:
779:
778:
775:
760:
757:
756:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
738:
737:
727:
712:
709:
708:
701:
700:
697:
682:
679:
678:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
660:
659:
649:
634:
631:
630:
623:
622:
619:
604:
601:
600:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
581:
571:
556:
553:
552:
545:
544:
541:
526:
523:
522:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:of 1948, the
456:
455:Jeju uprising
452:
451:Seoul dialect
447:
445:
441:
440:Middle Korean
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:evidentiality
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:agglutinative
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
341:
336:
326:
321:
316:
306:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
273:
267:
264:
256:
251:
247:
242:
239:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
203:
198:
193:
190:
187:
183:
177:
169:
168:Middle Korean
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
159:
155:
149:
143:
140:
139:
138:
134:
130:
124:
120:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
91:Jeju Province
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
66:
62:
56:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
24112:
24105:
24098:
24091:
24084:
23913:
23771:Other topics
23691:
23650:ISO/TR 11941
23642:Romanization
23623:Mixed script
23556:
23509:Central Asia
23110:์ ์ฃผํน๋ณ์์น๋์ง ์ 4๊ถ
23093:์ ์ฃผํน๋ณ์์น๋์ง ์ 1๊ถ
23061:
23053:
23023:. Retrieved
23011:
23007:
22988:. Retrieved
22976:
22972:
22942:
22938:
22931:
22919:. Retrieved
22907:
22903:
22884:. Retrieved
22872:
22868:
22849:. Retrieved
22837:
22833:
22814:. Retrieved
22802:
22798:
22782:
22778:
22765:
22761:
22742:. Retrieved
22730:
22726:
22706:
22698:
22685:. Retrieved
22673:
22669:
22650:. Retrieved
22638:
22634:
22615:. Retrieved
22603:
22599:
22573:
22566:
22554:. Retrieved
22537:(2): 55โ70.
22534:
22530:
22498:. Retrieved
22478:
22474:
22470:์ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๊ฐํฌ ํํ
22455:. Retrieved
22443:
22439:
22420:. Retrieved
22408:
22404:
22385:. Retrieved
22373:
22369:
22350:. Retrieved
22338:
22334:
22308:
22301:
22289:. Retrieved
22281:
22265:. Retrieved
22256:(2): 29โ41.
22253:
22249:
22230:. Retrieved
22221:(1): 73โ90.
22218:
22214:
22195:. Retrieved
22183:
22179:
22163:
22156:
22144:. Retrieved
22132:
22128:
22105:. Retrieved
22077:
22073:
22054:. Retrieved
22042:
22038:
22019:. Retrieved
22007:
22003:
21977:
21969:
21949:
21942:
21923:
21916:
21904:. Retrieved
21892:
21888:
21869:. Retrieved
21857:
21853:
21827:
21820:
21808:. Retrieved
21796:
21792:
21773:. Retrieved
21761:
21757:
21733:
21729:
21712:
21704:
21668:
21664:
21636:. Retrieved
21631:
21616:. Retrieved
21612:the original
21607:
21592:. Retrieved
21583:(1): 65โ78.
21580:
21576:
21557:. Retrieved
21548:
21534:
21513:
21492:
21479:. Retrieved
21467:
21463:
21442:
21430:. Retrieved
21424:
21403:
21390:. Retrieved
21370:
21366:
21350:. Retrieved
21338:
21334:
21310:
21297:. Retrieved
21292:
21288:
21272:. Retrieved
21258:
21254:
21230:
21216:Bibliography
21207:Chin S. 1991
21202:
21197:, p. 39
21195:Chin S. 1991
21189:
21182:Chin S. 1991
21177:
21170:Chin S. 1991
21165:
21158:Chin S. 1991
21153:
21141:
21129:
21117:
21105:
21093:
21081:
21069:
21057:
21045:
21033:
21021:
21009:
20997:
20992:, p. 7.
20990:Kang S. 2008
20985:
20973:
20961:
20949:
20937:
20915:Kang S. 2008
20910:
20903:Kang S. 2008
20898:
20891:Kang S. 2008
20886:
20874:
20869:, p. 4.
20867:Kang S. 2008
20862:
20857:, p. 2.
20855:Kang S. 2008
20835:
20828:Kwon S. 2017
20823:
20801:Kwon S. 2017
20796:
20784:
20772:
20745:
20733:
20721:
20709:
20697:
20690:Yang C. 2009
20685:
20673:
20666:Yang C. 2009
20661:
20649:
20642:Yang C. 2009
20637:
20625:
20618:Moon S. 2003
20613:
20601:
20594:Moon S. 2003
20589:
20577:
20570:Moon S. 2003
20565:
20553:
20541:
20529:
20517:
20505:
20493:
20481:
20469:
20457:
20435:Song S. 2011
20430:
20423:Hong C. 2001
20418:
20411:Hong C. 2001
20406:
20399:Song S. 2011
20394:
20387:Song S. 2011
20382:
20375:Hong C. 2001
20370:
20363:Song S. 2011
20358:
20351:Hong C. 2001
20346:
20334:
20322:
20310:
20268:
20256:
20244:
20232:
20220:
20208:
20196:
20184:
20172:
20160:
20148:
20136:
20124:
20112:
20100:
20088:
20076:
20064:
20052:
20040:
20028:
20016:
20004:
19992:
19980:
19968:
19956:
19944:
19932:
19920:
19908:
19896:
19884:
19872:
19860:
19848:
19836:
19824:
19797:
19785:
19773:
19761:
19749:
19737:
19725:
19698:
19686:
19674:
19662:
19650:
19635:
19630:, p. 22
19622:
19610:
19598:
19586:
19574:
19562:
19550:
19521:
19509:
19497:
19485:
19473:
19446:
19439:Hong C. 2001
19434:
19422:
19410:
19398:
19386:
19374:
19362:
19329:
19317:
19305:
19293:
19281:
19269:
19257:
19245:
19233:
19221:
19209:
19197:
19192:, p. 58
19184:
19172:
19160:
19148:
19136:
19124:
19112:
19100:
19093:Moon S. 2002
19088:
19076:
19064:
19052:
19040:
19028:
19016:
19004:
18992:
18980:
18968:
18956:
18929:
18917:
18905:
18893:
18881:
18869:
18857:
18845:
18833:
18791:
18783:
18775:
18763:
18756:Shin W. 2015
18751:
18739:
18727:
18715:
18703:
18691:
18679:
18667:
18655:
18643:
18631:
18619:
18607:
18595:
18583:
18571:
18559:
18547:
18535:
18523:
18496:
18484:
18472:
18460:
18448:
18436:
18424:
18397:
18385:
18373:
18361:
18332:
18320:
18308:
18296:
18269:
18257:
18245:
18233:
18206:
18177:
18165:
18153:
18141:
18129:
18117:
18078:(1): 11โ13.
18075:
18071:
18061:
18049:
18022:
18010:. Retrieved
18006:
17985:Yang S. 2014
17980:
17968:
17956:
17944:
17932:
17920:
17908:
17901:Yang C. 2016
17896:
17884:
17872:
17860:
17837:
17825:
17813:
17801:. Retrieved
17794:
17785:
17766:
17756:
17749:Yang S. 2018
17744:
17732:
17720:
17707:
17695:
17676:
17666:
17654:. Retrieved
17650:the original
17645:
17618:. Retrieved
17612:
17587:
17575:
17563:
17551:
17539:
17527:
17515:
17508:Yang C. 2014
17503:
17479:Yang C. 2014
17474:
17447:
17435:. Retrieved
17423:
17413:
17385:
17378:
17373:, p. 3.
17366:
17359:Yang C. 2014
17346:, p. 6.
17339:
17327:
17316:, retrieved
17302:
17292:
17285:Yang C. 2014
17280:
17253:
17241:
17229:
17222:Choi M. 1998
17217:
17205:
17198:Choi M. 1998
17193:
17181:
17169:
17157:
17145:
17133:
17128:, p. 5.
17121:
17112:
17093:Yang S. 2020
17070:, p. 4.
17063:
17051:
17032:
17026:
17006:
16999:
16986:
16978:
16954:
16944:
16937:
16936:in the 2009
16899:
16846:epenthetical
16814:
16805:
16790:
16781:See section
16777:
16774:
16769:
16767:
16756:
16751:
16749:
16741:
16738:
16731:
16728:
16720:
16671:
16630:
16621:
16609:
16580:merges with
16573:
16564:
16551:
16539:
16530:
16511:
16492:
16473:
16464:
16455:
16437:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16410:
16408:
16402:
16365:
16362:
16359:
16356:
16347:
16344:
16341:
16338:
16316:
16309:
16299:
16297:
16256:
16015:
15936:
15923:
15919:
15905:
15901:
15886:
15882:
15867:
15863:
15849:
15845:
15830:
15826:
15812:
15808:
15788:
15773:
15762:
15758:
15743:
15739:
15724:
15720:
15705:
15701:
15684:
15680:
15666:
15662:
15648:
15644:
15628:
15624:
15620:
15616:
15601:
15597:
15593:
15589:
15567:
15563:
15548:
15544:
15528:
15524:
15496:
15492:
15465:
15457:" savory" โ
15451:
15437:
15420:
15416:
15394:
15383:
15272:
15146:
15079:
15020:
14975:
14971:
14943:ji-ne(-deol)
14830:
14804:
14793:
14789:
14785:
14783:
14778:
14774:
14770:
14768:
14763:
14759:
14755:
14753:
14747:
14745:
14740:
14738:
14733:
14730:
14726:hawkgyo-eseo
14725:
14722:
14715:
14713:
14708:
14706:
14702:Moseulpo-yen
14701:
14698:
14693:
14690:
14685:
14682:
14675:
14673:
14668:
14666:
14651:
14649:
14644:
14642:
14637:
14635:
14631:
14628:
14623:
14620:
14613:
14611:
14606:
14604:
14599:
14596:
14583:
14580:
14577:
14573:
14570:
14565:
14562:
14557:
14554:
14549:
14546:
14541:
14538:
14525:
14521:interjection
14508:
14500:
14467:
14425:
14389:
14338:
14329:periphrastic
14289:
14284:
14277:
14276:
14274:
14269:
14267:
14262:
14260:
14245:
14244:
14242:
14237:
14235:
14230:
14228:
14223:
14220:
14217:
14212:
14209:
14206:
14201:
14198:
14195:
14135:
14094:
14090:
14087:
14082:
14080:
14075:
14073:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14062:
14046:
14043:
14040:
14028:
14024:
14023:
14019:
14018:
14010:
14007:
14004:
13993:
13990:
13987:
13982:
13979:
13974:
13973:
13968:
13967:
13963:
13960:
13959:
13956:
13940:
13937:
13934:
13918:
13915:
13912:
13904:
13901:
13898:
13887:
13882:
13881:
13877:
13876:
13871:
13868:
13863:
13861:
13856:
13854:
13850:
13847:
13846:
13843:
13827:
13824:
13821:
13805:
13801:
13799:
13795:
13793:
13785:
13782:
13779:
13768:
13765:
13762:
13757:
13754:
13751:
13748:
13744:
13741:
13740:
13737:
13721:
13718:
13715:
13695:
13692:
13689:
13681:
13678:
13675:
13664:
13661:
13658:
13552:
13543:
13539:
13536:
13531:
13529:
13524:
13522:
13507:
13504:
13501:
13489:
13485:
13483:
13479:
13477:
13469:
13466:
13462:
13460:
13455:
13453:
13438:
13434:
13432:
13427:
13425:
13397:
13366:
13357:
13353:
13350:
13345:
13343:
13338:
13336:
13325:
13322:
13319:
13314:
13311:
13308:
13303:
13300:
13297:
13289:
13285:
13283:
13279:
13277:
13272:
13269:
13266:
13261:
13258:
13255:
13247:
13244:
13239:
13237:
13232:
13230:
13219:
13216:
13213:
13208:
13205:
13202:
13197:
13194:
13191:
13183:
13179:
13177:
13173:
13171:
13166:
13163:
13160:
13155:
13152:
13149:
13134:
13130:
13127:
13122:
13120:
13115:
13113:
13106:
13103:
13100:
13092:
13088:
13086:
13082:
13080:
13072:
13069:
13064:
13062:
13057:
13055:
13048:
13045:
13042:
13034:
13030:
13028:
13024:
13022:
12940:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12916:conjunctions
12913:
12897:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12873:
12870:
12845:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12821:
12818:
12790:
12787:eu(-)p-di-ga
12786:
12784:
12781:
12777:eu(-)p-di-ga
12776:
12774:
12771:
12766:
12763:
12742:dissociation
12733:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12709:
12706:
12701:
12698:
12693:
12690:
12653:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12629:
12626:
12621:
12618:
12593:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12569:
12566:
12561:
12558:
12553:
12550:
12477:
12456:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12432:
12429:
12382:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12338:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12324:
12323:menggeul-as-
12322:
12319:
12314:
12311:
12275:
12271:
12270:mul jil-eos-
12269:
12266:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12251:
12248:
12140:
12137:
12123:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12099:
12096:
12055:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12007:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11947:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11923:
11920:
11915:
11912:
11868:
11855:
11851:
11849:
11847:์ ์ ๋ฌด์๊ฑฐ ํ
์์ธ๊ณ ?
11846:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11831:
11828:
11823:
11820:
11759:
11752:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11738:
11737:daws-as-i(-)
11736:
11733:
11728:
11725:
11720:
11717:
11666:
11659:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11645:
11644:saer-a-na-t-
11643:
11640:
11635:
11632:
11627:
11624:
11583:
11578:
11577:
11575:
11571:
11569:
11567:์ด ํ ์ฌ๋ฆ๋์ด ๋จน๋.
11566:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11536:
11533:
11530:
11525:
11522:
11519:
11514:
11511:
11508:
11457:
11453:
11451:
11449:ํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ ๋ชธ แแแท์์ .
11448:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11433:
11430:
11425:
11422:
11393:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11369:
11366:
11361:
11358:
11297:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11273:
11270:
11265:
11262:
11219:
11207:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11183:
11180:
11149:
11130:
11126:
11124:
11122:๋ง์ ๋ง ์ แแแฎ์ฃผ.
11121:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11106:
11103:
11098:
11095:
11090:
11087:
11044:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11020:
11017:
10976:
10935:
10921:
10917:
10914:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10892:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10877:
10874:
10871:
10863:
10860:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10835:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10820:
10817:
10814:
10809:
10806:
10803:
10796:
10793:
10790:
10773:
10763:
10733:
10724:
10721:
10718:
10715:
10704:
10701:
10698:
10693:
10690:
10687:
10682:
10679:
10676:
10666:
10663:
10660:
10658:์ง์ฌ แแแซ ๋ฐ๊ผ์ด๋ผ.
10657:
10646:
10643:
10640:
10635:
10632:
10629:
10624:
10621:
10618:
10598:
10578:
10541:Past tense:
10519:
10515:
10503:
10482:
10473:
10469:
10466:
10461:
10459:
10457:์ด ์ ๋์ํฐ ํฌ๋๋?
10456:
10445:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10424:
10421:
10418:
10413:
10410:
10407:
10402:
10399:
10396:
10388:
10385:
10382:
10379:
10372:
10369:
10366:
10355:
10352:
10349:
10344:
10341:
10338:
10333:
10330:
10327:
10274:
10236:
10227:
10223:
10220:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10195:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10177:
10174:
10171:
10164:
10161:
10158:
10150:
10147:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10126:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10111:
10108:
10105:
10073:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10052:
10051:nal mak eor-
10050:
10047:
10036:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10021:
10018:
10015:
10010:
10007:
10004:
9996:
9993:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9972:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9957:
9954:
9951:
9909:past perfect
9875:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9838:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9820:
9817:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9796:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9781:
9778:
9775:
9724:imperfective
9716:
9605:
9594:segmentation
9587:
9577:
9572:
9570:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9556:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9542:
9514:
9510:
9505:
9503:
9498:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9483:
9481:
9477:
9475:
9467:
9462:
9460:
9455:
9453:
9449:
9446:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9432:
9395:
9391:
9386:
9384:
9379:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9356:
9348:
9343:
9341:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9321:
9319:
9315:
9313:
9280:
9276:
9271:
9269:
9264:
9262:
9258:
9255:
9249:
9247:
9243:
9241:
9233:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9216:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9200:
9197:
9166:
9145:
9142:
9139:
9134:
9132:
9121:
9118:
9113:
9111:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9095:
9092:
9089:
9082:wh-questions
9079:
9073:
9067:
9059:
9039:
9033:
9025:
9005:
8999:
8991:
8967:derivational
8932:"to eat" or
8904:
8889:
8887:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8873:
8870:
8865:
8862:
8857:
8854:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8803:
8801:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8787:
8784:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8748:
8745:
8740:
8736:
8734:
8729:
8727:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8692:
8688:
8686:
8678:
8675:
8672:
8667:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8637:
8634:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8618:
8615:
8548:
8539:
8537:
8535:biw-a-bul-la
8532:
8530:
8525:
8523:
8520:biw-a-bul-la
8519:
8516:
8510:
8508:
8504:
8502:
8454:
8451:-leure/leore
8417:
8404:Variants of
8396:
8394:
8390:
8388:
8384:
8382:
8377:
8375:
8371:
8369:
8336:
8334:
8329:
8327:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8313:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8299:
8256:
8239:
8237:
8232:
8230:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8202:
8197:
8194:
8177:
8130:
8128:jib-i ga-ra.
8125:
8123:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8104:
8101:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8087:
8046:
8041:
8039:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8020:
8017:
8011:
8009:
8005:
8003:
7972:
7967:
7965:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7892:
7890:
7885:
7883:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7855:
7825:
7823:
7818:
7816:
7811:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7788:
7709:
7689:
7687:
7682:
7680:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7652:
7647:
7644:
7616:
7611:
7609:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7590:
7587:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7573:
7540:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7507:
7504:
7465:
7463:
7458:
7456:
7451:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7437:
7434:
7429:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7412:
7382:"with you".
7352:
7347:
7345:
7343:์๋ฆฌ๋ แแ๋ฅผ ๋ด์ผ๋ผ.
7342:
7338:
7335:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7319:
7316:
7266:
7261:
7259:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7231:
7191:Usage notes
7185:and variants
7161:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7135:
7133:
7128:
7126:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7067:
7065:tree one CLF
7064:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7052:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7020:
7017:
7014:
6954:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6870:
6868:
6863:
6861:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6766:
6756:"to be warm"
6755:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6712:
6701:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:"sleepyhead"
6672:
6661:
6650:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6626:์- + ์ผ โ ์์ธ์ผ
6625:
6621:
6610:
6599:
6588:
6577:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6553:๋ค๋ฆฌ + ๋น โ ๋ค๋ฆฟ๋น
6552:
6548:
6537:
6526:
6515:
6504:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6474:์ + ๊ถค๊ธฐ โ ์๊ถค๊ธฐ
6473:
6469:
6458:
6447:
6436:
6425:
6391:
6382:derivational
6371:
6352:
6348:
6314:vowel length
6311:
6285:
6245:GVC (or VVC)
6185:CGV (or CVV)
6107:
6104:Phonotactics
6075:
6063:
6059:
6039:
6035:
6018:
6014:
5995:
5991:
5974:
5970:
5951:
5947:
5930:
5926:
5874:
5780:yin and yang
5769:
5759:
5725:
5701:"if is bad"
5691:
5680:"to believe"
5610:
5542:
5474:
5429:"to be fast"
5406:
5365:"rests, and"
5257:
5212:
5203:
5189:
5169:
5153:
5124:
5106:
5097:
5065:
5033:
5009:"left side"
5001:
4957:
4925:
4893:
4861:
4829:
4797:
4768:sukjekkillak
4765:
4702:
4666:monophthongs
4627:
4579:
4562:
4315:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4170:
4168:
4166:๋จ๊ธฐ ~ ๋ญ๊ธฐ ~ ๋ญ์ด
4165:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3877:
3861:
3818:"eats, and"
3812:
3795:
3746:
3697:
3680:
3631:
3614:
3578:
3567:"pours, and"
3561:
3512:
3495:
3459:
3442:
3335:
3327:Lenition of
3318:
3286:
3257:
3231:
3202:
3173:
3137:
3102:
3097:"inner leaf"
3024:
3013:
3008:"difficulty"
2983:
2962:
2931:
2926:"cleverness"
2910:
2889:
2865:
2838:
2817:
2793:
2788:"on purpose"
2766:
2681:
2487:
2033:
2018:
2016:
2002:
1988:
1980:
1967:epenthetical
1953:
1951:nakkeomsimin
1950:
1947:
1944:nakkeomsimin
1943:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1841:
1839:nakkeomsimin
1838:
1835:
1832:nakkeomsimin
1831:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1732:Orthography
1724:surface form
1687:
1678:Christianity
1667:
1663:
1655:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1569:
1561:
1550:
1539:แแแซ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ์ ์ฃผ์ด
1523:
1515:
1501:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1450:Since 2010,
1449:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1411:
1407:
1376:
1350:Participants
1331:
1299:
1295:
1290:Syngman Rhee
1275:
1236:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1174:
1170:
1166:superstratum
1151:
1128:
1052:
1021:
988:Jeju is not
987:
951:
936:
916:
913:
823:
448:
412:case markers
397:
381:Jeju dialect
380:
375:. It is not
360:
356:
304:
303:
275:
216:
141:
23:Jju language
18:
24137:(1948โ1949)
23876:Chungcheong
23594:Punctuation
23458:North Korea
23412:South Korea
23385:North Korea
23371:South Korea
23342:South Korea
23339:North Korea
23057:๊ฐ์ ยท์ฆ๋ณด ์ ์ฃผ์ด์ฌ์
23014:: 271โ305.
22979:(4): 5โ29.
22910:: 117โ135.
22875:: 559โ584.
22829:์ ์ฃผ์ด ๊ฐ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ต์
22733:: 131โ159.
22481:: 161โ188.
22446:(3): 1โ17.
22341:: 109โ171.
22135:: 111โ136.
21895:: 101โ128.
21341:: 229โ259.
21146:Kim M. 2010
21134:Ko J. 2011a
21098:Ko J. 2011a
21062:Kim M. 2010
21050:Kim M. 2010
21026:Ko J. 2011a
21014:Ko J. 2011a
20954:Ko J. 2011a
20942:Ko J. 2011a
20930:Ko J. 2011a
20879:Ko J. 2011a
20840:Ko J. 2011a
20777:Ko J. 2011a
20738:Ko J. 2011a
20462:Kim M. 2019
20450:Kim M. 2019
20303:Ko J. 2011b
20237:Ko J. 2011b
19628:Ko J. 2011b
19591:Woo C. 2005
19567:Woo C. 2005
19526:Woo C. 2008
19334:Ko J. 2011b
19153:Ko J. 2011a
18961:Ko J. 2011a
18922:Ko J. 2011a
18838:Ko J. 2011a
18744:Lee S. 2014
18648:Ko J. 2011a
18588:Ko J. 2011a
18576:Ko J. 2011a
18564:Ko J. 2011a
18540:Ko J. 2011a
18516:Ko J. 2011a
18501:Kim W. 2005
18378:Kim W. 2004
18337:Ko J. 2011a
18289:Ko J. 2011a
18250:Ko J. 2011a
18238:Ko J. 2011a
18199:Ko J. 2011a
17877:Kim S. 2019
17865:Kim S. 2019
17853:Kim S. 2019
17848:deutgi jota
17592:UNESCO 2017
17580:UNESCO 2010
17520:Lee J. 1981
17405:j.ctvwvr2qt
17258:Kim S. 2010
17246:Kim S. 2010
17210:Kim B. 2014
17186:Kim B. 2014
16903:Given with
16543:Other than
16413:descend...
16294:Sample text
15607:"round " โ
15443:"savory" โ
15138:Sino-Korean
15009:that person
14998:"him/her" (
14784:"Moseulpo,
14640:, ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋ชจ์ฌํฌ์ฌ.
14316:"errand" โ
14292:light verbs
14081:ji-n jib-i
13916:ga-ms-u-den
13344:oneul bi o-
13238:oneul bi o-
12910:Connectives
12892:jiseul jus-
12840:i-geo meog-
12710:Mansu-sindi
12570:Mansu-sindi
12448:แแแจ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ฟ ๊ณผ?
12330:แแแฏ๋ ๋ฉฉ๊ธ์์ฐ๊ฒ.
12124:"Have fun!"
12100:jawmi-na-ge
11932:eor-eo(-)n-
11840:tew-as-i(-)
11651:์ด๋ ๋ฌผ ์๋ผ๋ซ๊ณ ๋!
11483:homophonous
10780:is bolded.
10380:์ด ์ ๋์ํฐ ํฌ๋?
10211:๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ ๊ฐ ํฌํด์.
9653:realis mood
9169:attributive
8973:and nouns.
8828:Also used:
8676:chaek-gwang
8542:this side."
8358:-di, -diseo
8080:-(i)rageune
8072:Also used:
7681:geu sareum-
7607:๊ณต๋ธจแแ๋ แแแธ์.
7480:noun phrase
7366:neu-l-gwang
7162:Jeju marks
6961:classifiers
6890:determiners
6782:แแแบ- โ แแแบ์
6742:Verbal noun
6677:แแแท โ แแแท์ฃผ์
6546:dari-t-bing
5620:"if burns"
5331:"to be sad"
5073:"calendar"
4672:also merge
4120:๋แ ~ ๋แฌ ~ ๋ญ
3850:"lies down"
3518:"receives"
3448:"runs, and"
3080:Realization
2749:Realization
2698:to before
2696:palatalized
2449:Approximant
1684:Orthography
1505:Korea Times
1412:Jeju Korean
1280:between an
1243:monolingual
1164:acted as a
1088:jangkullebi
1009:for native
824:Total: 205
387:in 2010 as
373:South Korea
369:Jeju Island
337::
327::
290:instead of
152:Early forms
109:Jeju Island
81:South Korea
24151:Categories
23894:Gyeongsang
23739:Literature
23704:Honorifics
23699:Count word
23231:Old Korean
23129:jejueo.com
23112:(Report).
23095:(Report).
22768:: 143โ163.
22606:: 87โ109.
22282:Jeju Sinbo
21973:์ ์ฃผ์ด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ ํด์ค
21736:: 83โ146.
21632:unesco.org
21608:unesco.org
19603:Ko Y. 2008
19478:Ko Y. 2008
19451:Ko Y. 2008
19415:Ko Y. 2008
18684:Ko D. 1997
18660:Ko D. 1997
18441:Ko D. 2008
18417:Ko D. 2008
18012:1 December
17803:1 December
17656:1 December
17620:1 December
17437:1 December
17273:Vovin 2013
16988:Ethnologue
16966:References
16844:is always
16268:, used in
16126:"eldest,"
15839:แแแฏ์น๋ฝแแแฏ์น๋ฝ
15802:แแแฏํธ๋ฝแแแฏํธ๋ฝ
15518:แแแฏ์น๋ฝแแแฏ์น๋ฝ
15390:ideophones
15320:chopsticks
15245:for houses
15243:classifier
15076:Vocabulary
15032:Proximal:
14967:3rd person
14885:2nd person
14875:uri(-deol)
14850:1st person
14566:deureo-nan
14395:(variants
14261:์ผ ํ์ ํค๋
ธ๋ ์ฃฝ
14224:do-because
12498:Evidential
11939:๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ ์ผ์ธ๋์?
11385:๋์๊ธฐ ๊ฒ ๋จน์๋ค.
11289:๋ ๋ฌด์๊ฑฐ ์์น๋ฉ?
10893:be.pretty-
10851:๊ทธ ๋ญ ๋ค ์ปท์ด๋ผ.
10702:jus-eon-ge
10310:-(eu)n(eu)
10249:, so that
9987:jiseul pa-
9732:inchoative
9651:, and the
8874:singgeu-ra
8802:"potatoes
8635:แแ๋ตแแ์ผใ
์ฐ๊ฒ.
8590:Comitative
8399:the field"
8066:-(i)rageun
8040:hareubang-
8010:hareubang-
7888:ju-p-di-ga
7873:ju-p-di-ga
7282:Accusative
7274:complement
7264:gawr-an-ya
7249:gawr-an-ya
7197:Nominative
7183:Allomorphy
7068:"one tree"
7059:nang hawn
6963:, such as
6880:not.be-DEC
6359:head-final
6258:"neighbor"
6198:"filling"
6165:GV (or VV)
5416:"was fast"
5358:seulp-eong
5260:epenthetic
5179:"cucumber"
4933:"several"
4901:"history"
4705:diphthongs
4588:have both
3165:keom-su-da
3057:, and the
2905:"firewood"
2761:"strength"
2506:unreleased
2502:obstruents
2084:(Alveolo-)
2044:affricates
2030:Consonants
1738:Jeju word
1720:morphology
1608:Halla Ilbo
1604:Jemin Ilbo
1272:Korean War
1266:See also:
1237:Under the
1227:See also:
739:2010-2014
661:2005-2009
583:2000-2004
505:1995-1999
467:substratum
461:, and the
459:Korean War
400:head-final
163:Old Korean
24016:(capital)
24013:Jeju City
23950:Koryo-mar
23924:P'yลng'an
23885:Yeongdong
23693:Phonology
23611:Hyangchal
23517:Koryo-mar
23036:ํ์ค์ด์ ์ง์ญ๋ฐฉ์ธ
23020:1225-1933
22985:1225-7168
22964:๊ตญ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ๊ตฌํ
22916:1225-3774
22881:1225-0449
22846:2005-8063
22834:๋ง์๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฑ๊ณผํ
22811:1738-8686
22805:: 57โ74.
22739:1738-9615
22682:1229-1730
22647:1226-9123
22641:: 63โ90.
22612:1598-9011
22551:1226-9859
22495:1225-0449
22452:1225-4770
22417:1598-9011
22411:: 71โ86.
22382:1598-9011
22376:: 71โ84.
22347:1225-0449
22262:1226-5276
22227:1229-0343
22192:1226-9123
22141:1598-9011
22102:187483331
22094:1598-9011
22080:: 29โ55.
22051:1598-9011
22045:: 27โ41.
22016:1229-4306
22010:: 53โ67.
21901:1225-0449
21866:1229-0343
21860:: 27โ43.
21805:1229-1730
21799:: 55โ74.
21770:1229-4039
21742:1229-7569
21387:210462615
21373:: 26โ54.
21295:: 109โ137
21263:CiteSeerX
21261:: 81โ94.
18094:2212-6821
17830:NIKL 2015
17432:0362-4331
16971:Citations
16555:The only
16170:hareubang
16011:Confucian
15471:" savory"
15409:fortition
15286:Japanese
14769:Moseulpo-
14674:Moseulpo-
14643:aw matda-
14558:mal-loman
14433:utterance
14313:bureumssi
14282:-PROSP-SE
14128:"after".
14125:-dan/dang
14083:ga-ms-den
14025:ga-ms-den
13650:reportive
13646:quotative
13461:ga-ms-su-
13433:ga-ms-su-
13381:varieties
12949:-eon/eong
12730:eup-de-da
12720:eup-de-da
12650:ip-ne-kka
12640:ip-ne-kka
12590:eup-ne-da
12580:eup-ne-da
12495:Honorific
12433:dawk-segi
12422:-kkwa(ng)
12208:Honorific
12115:แแ๋ฏธ๋๊ฒ ๋์!
12002:meog-eos-
11992:meog-eos-
11813:(-eu)n-go
11710:(-eu)n-ga
11426:hareubang
11378:meog-eot-
11215:(-eun)-ge
11173:(-eun)-ge
10875:jigeum-do
10716:ํ์น ์ ์ค์ธ๊ฒ.
10500:registers
10485:honorific
10269:ga-keo-ra
10263:ga-k-eora
10138:แแแท์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ผ.
10087:intention
9779:gawlgaebi
9750:-yeoms(i)
9414:-(eu)neun
9227:na-ga ta-
9107:like.this
8892:flowers."
8792:์ง์ฌ๊ด แแแจ์ธ๊ธฐ
8604:-(i)yeong
8276:(์ด)์/(์)์
8242:the sea?"
8029:aj-ib-seo
7730:meaning.
7714:particle
7599:haw-b-seo
7454:๋ฐง์ ์ด๋ธ ์์ด?
7164:noun case
6987:cardinals
6724:"glutton"
6670:jawm-jusi
6527:"illness"
6467:swe-gwegi
6278:"lunatic"
6069:"washed"
5980:"was bad"
5957:"plowed"
5892:allomorph
5714:"to pick"
5633:"to burn"
5378:"to rest"
4965:"danger"
4267:"outside"
3752:"builds"
3533:"to pour"
3252:"January"
3223:ppang-jip
2743:Jeju word
2490:allophony
2336:Fricative
2279:aspirated
2158:affricate
2025:Phonology
1965:requires
1877:"to fish"
1765:"to fish"
1670:shamanism
1353:Formality
1338:diglossic
1310:Jeju City
1147:substrate
1131:Manchuria
1099:dokdaguri
1059:Jeju City
1050:, Japan.
1007:Norwegian
978:monograph
408:particles
320:Jejun-mal
218:Glottolog
202:ISO 639-3
97:Ethnicity
55:Jejun-mal
24131:(?โ1404)
24086:Bon-puri
24037:Seogwipo
23956:Zainichi
23952:(Russia)
23938:Diaspora
23909:Hwanghae
23904:Hamgyลng
23899:Gyeonggi
23888:Yeongseo
23788:Konglish
23719:Pronouns
23709:Numerals
23403:Dialects
23377:Pyojuneo
23363:Standard
23258:Goguryeo
23106:์ ์ฃผ ์ธ์ด ๋ฌธํ
22676:: 5โ28.
22186:: 1โ34.
21764:: 3โ48.
16485:anmueosa
16439:Bon-puri
16432:See also
16396:English
16382:hawra...
15848:-mawlchi
15820:แแแฏ์ฐฉแแแฏ์ฐฉ
15811:-mawlteu
15791:แแแฏํแแแฏํ
15777:แแแฏํแแแฏํ
15695:แแแซ๋คแแแซ๋ค
15639:แแแผ๋นแแแผ๋น
15634:"round "
15547:eung-keu
15527:-bawlchi
15507:แแแฏ์ฐฉแแแฏ์ฐฉ
15495:eulgang-
15413:lenition
15267:"house"
15082:Koreanic
15060:Distal:
15014:), etc.
14940:
14926:
14907:
14893:
14872:
14858:
14839:Singular
14746:naeyeon-
14542:halmani,
14507:is-ik-a-
14476:-masseum
14420:-masseum
14392:-masseum
14351:-masseum
14221:he-nonan
14114:-(eu)nan
14103:-(eu)min
13855:๋ ์ง์ด ๊ฐแ์ฐ
13800:ga-ms-u-
13641:-eup-sen
13633:becomes
13630:-eup-seo
13559:becomes
13406:-en/-eng
13341:์ผ ๋ชป แแแซ๋ค
13323:haw-n-da
13235:์ผ ๋ชป แแแซ๋ค
13217:haw-n-da
12918:such as
12782:๋ ์ด ์ผํฝ๋๊ฐ?
12775:eol-k(-)
12630:mawncheo
12611:-kka(ng)
12465:-gwa(ng)
12441:dekki-k-
12411:-gwa(ng)
12260:jil-eos-
12089:-(eu)sun
12083:-(eu)sim
11824:seonsing
11442:gawm-at-
11415:-(eu)jeo
11337:Sources
11328:Morpheme
11311:(-eu)men
11305:(-eu)men
11255:(-eu)men
11058:unmarked
11039:gai gow-
10996:Sources
10987:Morpheme
10905:์ง๊ธ๋ ๊ณ ์๊ฒ.
10759:unmarked
10422:neu-anti
10353:neu-anti
10304:-(eu)neu
10291:-(eu)neu
10048:๋ ๋ง ์ผ์์ .
10037:be.cold-
9926:-yeos(i)
9905:habitual
9880:marker,
9839:be.deep-
9756:-yams(i)
9737:-eoms(i)
9719:-eoms(i)
9663:-(eu)neu
9465:yecheong
9450:yecheong
9419:habitual
9346:utdeureu
9331:utdeureu
9133:๋ ๋ ์ แแแบ
9096:day-even
8951:beochida
8866:hawsseul
8799:dawksegi
8788:dawksegi
8765:-(g)wang
8627:eomeong-
8433:-(deu)re
8339:school."
7992:-(i)rang
7728:ablative
7712:allative
7388:Genitive
7350:dam-eura
7339:dam-eura
7260:halmang-
7238:halmang-
7179:Particle
7176:Function
7134:nang du
6991:ordinals
6957:numerals
6949:-ne-deol
6922:Mansu-ne
6778:"warmth"
6721:meog-swi
6702:"to eat"
6619:aj-in-il
6578:"to sit"
6426:"cattle"
6411:"cattle"
6378:compound
6374:morpheme
6353:Jeju is
5328:seulpeu-
4735:Example
3637:"wears"
3414:"to run"
3278:jijib-ai
3226:"bakery"
3194:sul-beng
3059:lenition
3047:sonorant
3027:morpheme
2079:Alveolar
2074:Bilabial
1674:Buddhism
1606:and the
1393:Informal
1357:Intimacy
1248:diaspora
1063:Seogwipo
1055:Hallasan
1044:Ikuno-ku
945:and the
926:Jeju-mal
897:Source:
479:Japanese
414:. Verbs
352:Jeju-mal
296:Help:IPA
225:jeju1234
137:Koreanic
61:Jeju-mal
24122:History
24107:Haenyeo
24078:Culture
24069:Namjeju
24064:Bukjeju
23958:(Japan)
23752:Hyangga
23684:Grammar
23665:Revised
23606:Gugyeol
23391:Munhwaล
23278:Ye-Maek
23199:History
22941:Bonpuri
22762:์ธ์ด์ ์ธ์ดํ
21946:์ ์ฃผ์ด๊ฐ๋ก ํ
21920:์ ์ฃผ์ด๊ฐ๋ก ์
21824:์ ์ค๋ง์ ์ดํด
21671:: 1โ16.
21221:English
16742:height-
16739:jire-ga
16637:-(i)seo
16517:์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌํ
16230:์กฑ์๋ง์ ฏํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
16156:jogeun-
16145:maljet-
16068:daseum-
16001:๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ แแแฏ
15995:sawchun
15972:orabang
15922:rak-mol
15844:mawlchi
15829:ak-mawl
15807:mawlteu
15761:ndeul-m
15742:ndeul-m
15723:ndeul-m
15704:ndeul-m
15683:ngdang-
15665:ngdang-
15647:ngdang-
15523:bawlchi
15499:eulgang
15468:osirong
15454:osirong
15440:osirong
15301:ureusai
15280:English
15234:daฮณaฮณan
15186:qada'ar
15158:English
15023:deictic
15003:
14493:is-ik-a
14403:-massim
14280:-become
14248:-become
14210:hayeong
14078:แแแฏ์์๋ค.
14041:แแแฏ์์๋ค.
13935:แแแฏ์์๋ค.
13859:แแแฏ์์๋ค.
13822:แแแฏ์์๋ค.
13716:แแแฏ์์๋ค.
13605:become
13582:become
13527:แแแฏ์์๋ค.
13502:แแแฏ์์๋ค.
13415:below.
12936:because
12889:์ง์ฌ ์ค์
์ฃผ.
12842:eup-seo
12837:์ด๊ฑฐ ๋จน์์.
12832:eup-seo
12756:-ga(ng)
12519:-(eu)p-
12504:Example
12486:-(eu)p-
12400:-ga(ng)
12379:uu-kkwe
12369:uu-kkwe
12315:chawlle
12267:๋ฌผ ์ง์์ฐ๋ค.
12229:-(eu)u-
12214:Example
12187:-(eu)u-
12160:-(eu)u-
12029:-(eu)ra
11981:-(eu)ge
11878:-eun-go
11875:, with
11864:-eun-ga
11832:musigeo
11793:-eun-ga
11766:, with
11734:แแแบ์์ธ๊ฐ?
11537:person-
11362:dosaegi
11331:Example
11274:musigeo
11199:๋ ์ฐ์ณฃ์ธ๊ฒ.
11080:-(eu)ju
10990:Example
10878:now-too
10495:-(eu)si
10487:marker
10446:be.big-
10373:be.big-
10370:keu-nya
10315:perfect
10283:marker
10257:gakeora
10178:height-
10175:jire-ga
10109:nawmppi
9932:-yas(i)
9900:-eos(i)
9893:-eos(i)
9883:-eos(i)
9797:search-
9787:แแแฝ์แ์ด.
9744:-ams(i)
9655:marker
9640:marker
9625:marker
9610:marker
9575:sawngki
9560:sawngki
9342:denggi-
9320:denggi-
9231:mikkang
9224:๋๊ฐ ํ ๋ฏธ๊นก
9220:mikkang
9151:
8971:adverbs
8822:-hawgok
8795:jiseul-
8777:jiseul-
8693:gabang-
8538:"Pour
8531:i-chak-
8509:i-chak-
8328:hawkge-
8306:hawkge-
8282:-(i)seo
8265:bounded
8209:badang-
8037:์ ๋ ์์
์.
7963:๊ถน์ผ๋ ์ด์ฐ๋ค.
7952:๊ถน์ผ๋ ์ด์ฐ๋ค.
7678:แแแฏ์๋๊ฐ?
7667:แแแฏ์๋๊ฐ?
7659:sareum-
7534:san ui-
7468:field?"
7430:bas-eun
7328:gawreu-
7320:siri-re
7188:Example
6930:
6873:eus-jeo
6855:not.be-
6852:eus-jeo
6775:daws-im
6728:๋จน- โ ๋จน์ฌ
6651:"sleep"
6344:Grammar
6308:Prosody
6158:"earth"
5879:marker
5859:Neutral
5565:"to do"
5307:English
5225:onglide
5131:English
4805:"neck"
4341:Central
3867:"eats"
3620:"pours"
3374:lenited
3310:dae-bat
3285:/tษitษi
3249:il-weol
3094:ssog-ip
2978:"blade"
2098:Glottal
2088:Palatal
2055:phoneme
1762:nakkeu-
1755:nakkeu-
1659:haenyeo
1143:Japonic
1120:History
973:Jeju-eo
939:dialect
416:inflect
340:Jeju-eo
315:Jeju RR
307:(Jeju:
292:Unicode
105:Koreans
101:Jejuans
24093:Doldam
23929:Yukjin
23919:Jeolla
23584:Hangul
23336:Joseon
23318:Joseon
23302:Joseon
23299:Goryeo
23243:Baekje
23076:
23064:]
23025:23 May
23018:
22990:15 May
22983:
22949:
22921:14 May
22914:
22886:16 May
22879:
22851:14 May
22844:
22816:23 May
22809:
22744:17 May
22737:
22709:]
22687:27 May
22680:
22670:ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ฌธํ
22652:11 May
22645:
22617:14 May
22610:
22580:
22556:21 May
22549:
22500:27 May
22493:
22457:27 May
22450:
22422:27 May
22415:
22387:21 May
22380:
22352:23 May
22345:
22315:
22291:17 May
22267:11 May
22260:
22232:11 May
22225:
22197:17 May
22190:
22146:14 May
22139:
22107:27 May
22100:
22092:
22056:20 May
22049:
22021:20 May
22014:
21984:
21956:
21930:
21906:23 May
21899:
21871:14 May
21864:
21854:์ธ์ด๊ณผํ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21834:
21810:11 May
21803:
21793:ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ฌธํ
21775:12 May
21768:
21740:
21715:]
21665:์ธ์ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
21649:Korean
21638:16 May
21618:17 May
21594:27 May
21559:16 May
21521:
21500:
21481:16 May
21449:
21432:20 May
21411:
21392:17 May
21385:
21352:27 May
21318:
21274:11 May
21265:
21238:
18784:passim
18092:
17430:
17403:
17393:
17309:
17039:
17014:
16949:Korean
16821:massim
16678:-gwang
16643:-ra/re
16520:;
16501:;
16498:์ ์ฃผ์ด๋ณด์กดํ
16482:;
16217:์
๋ง์ ฏํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
16204:ํฐ๋ง์ ฏํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
16038:, and
16035:seong-
15913:๋ชฐ์น๋ฝ๋ชฐ์น๋ฝ
15906:teurak
15902:teurak
15895:๋ชฐํธ๋ฝ๋ชฐํธ๋ฝ
15885:ak-mol
15866:ltak-m
15687:ngdang
15669:ngdang
15651:ngdang
15566:ing-ko
15415:. The
15313:urusai
15203:nokdae
15193:halter
15169:bridle
15107:gawmda
15071:"that"
15057:"that"
15043:"this"
14972:per se
14952:neu/ni
14896:neu/ni
14861:na/nae
14845:Usage
14842:Plural
14814:massim
14794:please
14790:please
14779:massim
14775:massim
14748:massim
14723:แแแจ๊ต์์
14716:massim
14707:แแ์ฟ์ธ์ ๊ณ
14652:indeed
14624:idi-ga
14612:matda-
14571:๋ชจ์ฌํฌ์ฐ๊ฝ?
14550:idi-ga
14414:-massi
14376:, and
14319:๋ถ๋ฆ์จแแ๋ค
14272:-k-yeo
14240:-k-yeo
14159:anneda
14106:"if";
14070:
14063:
14011:house-
13964:
13957:
13905:house-
13851:
13844:
13786:house-
13745:
13738:
13690:๊ฐแ์ฐ๋ค"์
13682:house-
13556:k-u-da
13544:
13530:ga-ms-
13484:ga-ms-
13358:
13337:์ค๋ ๋น ์ค
13315:cannot
13231:์ค๋ ๋น ์ค
13209:cannot
13135:
13125:ga-min
13104:ga-min
13067:ga-min
13046:ga-min
12934:, and
12874:jiseul
12671:-de/di
12531:-ne/ni
12507:Usage
12320:๋ฉฉ๊ธ์์ฐ๊ฒ.
12217:Usage
12165:copula
12056:"Eat!"
12004:i(-)ge
11994:i(-)ge
11881:being
11721:geu-di
11641:์๋ผ๋ซ๊ณ ๋!
11552:meong-
11439:แแแท์์ .
11282:sichi-
11036:๊ฐ์ด ๊ณ ์?
10942:;
10922:
10901:-thing
10829:k-eos-
10647:throw-
10625:potato
10622:jiseul
10573:-(eu)l
10536:-(eu)n
10505:seonbi
10474:
10298:-(eu)n
10277:realis
10246:-(eu)k
10239:-(eu)k
10228:
10218:-eur-a
10193:-eur-a
10127:throw-
10120:dekki-
10112:radish
10092:-(eu)k
10065:
9984:์ง์ฌ ํ์ .
9958:potato
9955:jiseul
9935:, and
9920:-as(i)
9867:
9790:chawj-
9762:-ms(i)
9759:, and
9722:is an
9703:, and
9678:-eomsi
9648:-(eu)k
9636:, the
9621:, the
9533:-(eu)l
9515:
9508:gudeul
9493:gudeul
9396:
9389:gudeul
9374:gudeul
9281:
9274:gudeul
9259:gudeul
9183:-(eu)n
9093:nal-do
9004:"close
8998:bawdi-
8984:bawdi-
8962:hultta
8940:berida
8929:meokda
8883:hawgok
8858:gojang
8849:hawgok
8836:-hawgo
8647:iyeong
8629:iyeong
8619:gaui-n
8580:-deure
8568:-deure
8325:๊ณต๋ธจแแ๊ฒ.
8314:๊ณต๋ธจแแ๊ฒ.
8158:After
8126:rageun
8121:์ง์ด ๊ฐ๋ผ.
8113:ga-ra.
8096:rageun
8075:(์ด)๋ผ๊ทผ์
8021:jeo-re
7966:oneor-
7944:oneor-
7916:-(eu)n
7770:-hanti
7759:-hante
7636:-sindi
7565:-gawra
7552:Dative
7295:-(eu)l
7257:แแแฏ์์ผ?
7246:แแแฏ์์ผ?
7148:
7053:๋ญ แแแซ
6767:
6764:
6713:
6710:
6662:
6659:
6611:
6608:
6600:"work"
6589:
6586:
6538:
6535:
6516:
6513:
6470:"beef"
6459:
6456:
6448:"meat"
6437:
6434:
6324:. Its
6318:stress
6238:"edge"
6138:"this"
6045:"ran"
6001:"hid"
5660:ka-min
5613:eos-eo
5545:eos-eo
5477:eos-eo
5114:"fog"
5068:llyeok
4731:Hangul
4715:, and
4630:glides
4590:raised
4312:Vowels
4134:"tree"
4131:~ naล/
4029:"life"
3908:-mk~ลk
3501:"runs"
3360:, and
3302:(from
3281:"girl"
3129:mawd-i
2868:n(ษฐ)i/
2841:elkwi/
2820:alswe/
2416:Liquid
1969:vowel
1788:-eomsi
1776:-eomsi
1708:Middle
1698:Hangul
1676:, and
1636:Jiseul
1452:UNESCO
1386:Formal
1312:. The
1284:and a
1213:Joseon
1177:Hangul
996:, and
970:;
958:;
923:;
436:aspect
385:UNESCO
361:Jejuan
357:Jejueo
349:;
333:;
325:Korean
263:UNESCO
238:Jejueo
189:Hangul
87:Region
24129:Tamna
23945:China
23868:Korea
23729:Verbs
23601:Hanja
23527:Japan
23491:China
23273:Silla
23268:Okjeo
23263:Mahan
23248:Buyeo
23066:(PDF)
23060:[
22973:์๊ตญ์ด์ํ
22969:(PDF)
22937:[
22727:๋์์ธ๋ฌธํ
22711:(PDF)
22705:[
22572:[
22531:์ธ์ดํ์ฐ๊ตฌ
22440:์ธ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ
22307:[
22215:์ธ์ดํ์ฐ๊ตฌ
22162:[
22125:(PDF)
22098:S2CID
22004:๋์
์ด๋ฌธํ
21976:[
21948:[
21922:[
21826:[
21730:์ ์ฃผ๋์ฐ๊ตฌ
21717:(PDF)
21711:[
21573:(PDF)
21553:(PDF)
21539:(PDF)
21383:S2CID
21299:8 May
17843:๋ฃ๊ธฐ ์ข๋ค
17401:JSTOR
17318:2 May
17088:-neun
16759:PROSP
16757:grow-
16447:Notes
16421:chasa
16411:chasa
16407:..."
16311:chasa
16287:neot-
16265:wang-
16243:์กฑ์ํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
16123:keun-
16112:chet-
16090:gasi-
16079:cheo-
16046:dang-
16024:chin-
15950:seong
15765:ndeul
15746:ndeul
15727:ndeul
15708:ndeul
15349:habit
15342:hashi
15291:noisy
15255:geori
15227:dagan
15210:noฮณta
15179:gadal
15096:gamda
14970:None
14937:์ง๋ค(๋)
14904:๋๋ค(๋)
14869:์ฐ๋ฆฌ(๋)
14786:right
14734:sukje
14686:gemin
14636:แแ ๋ง๋ค
14629:๋ชจ์ฌํฌ์ฌ.
14482:-yang
14470:-yang
14384:-yang
14302:hawda
14270:eo-ji
14252:PROSP
14238:eo-ji
14213:a.lot
14170:bulda
14148:-eo/a
14074:์ง ์ง์ด
14008:jib-i
13902:jib-i
13783:jib-i
13679:jib-i
13386:-eong
13290:come-
13262:today
13259:oneul
13184:come-
13156:today
13153:oneul
13121:meog-
13087:meog-
13063:meog-
13029:meog-
12894:ip-ju
12884:ip-ju
12830:meog-
12822:i-geo
12772:์ผํฝ๋๊ฐ?
12767:nal-i
12715:์กฑ์๋ฐ๋ค.
12635:์์
๋ค๊น?
12622:na-ga
12575:์กฑ์๋ค๋ค.
12453:u-gwa
12443:u-gwa
12438:๋ฐ๋ผ์ฟ ๊ณผ?
12430:แแแจ์ธ๊ธฐ
12374:์ง์ฐ์ฐ๊ฟฐ.
12364:์ง์ฐ์ฐ๊ฟฐ.
12356:-kkwe
12257:์ง์์ฐ๋ค.
12167:verb
12097:แแ๋ฏธ๋๊ฒ
12050:meog-
12040:meog-
11999:๋จน์์ด๊ฒ!
11989:๋จน์์ด๊ฒ!
11929:์ผ์ธ๋์?
11916:neu-n
11837:ํ
์์ธ๊ณ ?
11769:-n-ga
11675:-guna
11617:-gona
11526:plant
11334:Usage
11189:์ฐ์ณฃ์ธ๊ฒ.
11115:gawd-
11112:แแแฎ์ฃผ.
11091:Mansu
11010:-eo/a
10993:Usage
10912:-n-ge
10890:-n-ge
10836:grow-
10705:pick-
10680:pachi
10641:๋ฐ๊ผ์ด๋ผ.
10582:-eoms
10522:tense
10198:PROSP
10196:grow-
10129:PROSP
9938:-s(i)
9914:-eoms
9907:or a
9850:์ง์ดแ์ .
9829:์ง์ดแ์ .
9776:แแแฏ๊ฐ๋น
9689:-eosi
9618:-eoms
9571:tawd-
9549:tawd-
9506:ineun
9504:daws-
9484:ineun
9482:daws-
9385:daws-
9363:daws-
9270:daws-
9248:daws-
9201:na-ga
9122:warm-
9104:yeong
9072:"wear
8907:voice
8901:Verbs
8881:nang-
8863:แแแแแฏ
8847:nang-
8806:eggs"
8797:gwang
8785:แแแจ์ธ๊ธฐ
8779:gwang
8743:ju-da
8737:gwang
8728:์ฑ
๊ด ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ
8721:give-
8718:ju-da
8695:gwang
8679:book-
8533:deure
8528:๋น์๋ถ๋ผ.
8517:๋น์๋ถ๋ผ.
8511:deure
8491:, or
8446:๋ฅด๋ /๋ฌ๋
8413:-iseo
8352:๋, ๋์
8260:-(y)e
8235:sy-eo
8220:sy-eo
8198:seong
8105:jib-i
8060:(์ด)๋ผ๊ทผ
8042:irang
8012:irang
7930:-neun
7884:nuge-
7862:nuge-
7828:you."
7821:ju-ma
7806:ju-ma
7781:-ante
7745:-anti
7705:sitda
7683:sindi
7661:sindi
7612:gawra
7610:gaui-
7596:แแแธ์.
7588:๊ณต๋ธจแแ๋
7582:gawra
7580:gaui-
7531:์ฐ ์ซ ๋ญ
7446:is-eo
7438:eodui
7309:-reul
6982:gokji
6900:-deol
6878:worth
6869:bo-l
6843:worth
6753:daws-
6699:meog-
6667:แแแท์ฃผ์
6505:"leg"
6445:gwegi
6368:Nouns
6320:, or
6275:kwang
6218:"egg"
6029:แแแฏ์์ด
5936:"ate"
5758:jawm-
5753:แแแท์ฐ๋ฏผ
5745:jawm-
5552:"did"
5388:-eong
5341:-eong
5243:, or
5004:nchak
4800:gaegi
4760:์์์ ๋๋ฝ
4713:/o~u/
4676:with
4353:Close
4336:Front
4195:/ษms/
4183:/ษms/
4148:๋จ ~ ๋ญ
3847:nu-eo
3732:ji-eo
3411:dawd-
3230:/pอaล
2982:/kสฐal
2682:Most
2504:have
2488:Jeju
2391:tense
2221:tense
2105:Nasal
2093:Velar
2040:stops
1948:๋์ดแ์ด๋ฏผ
1941:๋์ดแ์ด๋ฏผ
1900:-eoms
1888:-eoms
1874:nakk-
1867:nakk-
1599:๋ฉ๋๋ ๋ง๊ป
1139:Tamna
1048:Osaka
1011:Dutch
998:Yeosu
994:Busan
475:Japan
471:Osaka
343:, or
323:, or
24032:Jeju
23914:Jeju
23757:Sijo
23747:Gasa
23670:Yale
23640:and
23253:Gaya
23221:Puyล
23074:ISBN
23027:2020
23016:ISSN
22992:2020
22981:ISSN
22947:ISBN
22923:2020
22912:ISSN
22888:2020
22877:ISSN
22853:2020
22842:ISSN
22818:2020
22807:ISSN
22746:2020
22735:ISSN
22689:2020
22678:ISSN
22654:2020
22643:ISSN
22635:ํ๊ตญ์ดํ
22619:2020
22608:ISSN
22600:์์ฃผ์ด๋ฌธ
22578:ISBN
22558:2020
22547:ISSN
22502:2020
22491:ISSN
22459:2020
22448:ISSN
22424:2020
22413:ISSN
22405:์์ฃผ์ด๋ฌธ
22389:2020
22378:ISSN
22370:์์ฃผ์ด๋ฌธ
22354:2020
22343:ISSN
22313:ISBN
22293:2020
22285:์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ณด
22269:2020
22258:ISSN
22250:์์ฑ๊ณผํ
22234:2020
22223:ISSN
22199:2020
22188:ISSN
22180:ํ๊ตญ์ดํ
22148:2020
22137:ISSN
22129:์์ฃผ์ด๋ฌธ
22109:2020
22090:ISSN
22074:์์ฃผ์ด๋ฌธ
22058:2020
22047:ISSN
22039:์์ฃผ์ด๋ฌธ
22023:2020
22012:ISSN
21982:ISBN
21954:ISBN
21928:ISBN
21908:2020
21897:ISSN
21873:2020
21862:ISSN
21832:ISBN
21812:2020
21801:ISSN
21777:2020
21766:ISSN
21738:ISSN
21640:2020
21620:2020
21596:2020
21561:2020
21519:ISBN
21498:ISBN
21483:2020
21447:ISBN
21434:2020
21409:ISBN
21394:2020
21354:2020
21316:ISBN
21301:2020
21276:2020
21236:ISBN
18090:ISSN
18014:2020
17805:2020
17658:2020
17622:2020
17439:2020
17428:ISSN
17391:ISBN
17320:2024
17307:ISBN
17037:ISBN
17012:ISBN
16983:Jeju
16841:-eu-
16797:-nya
16750:keu-
16712:has
16709:-eu-
16640:and
16545:/pอ/
16479:์๋ฌด์ด์ฌ
16419:The
16271:์ํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
16191:์
ํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
16178:ํฐํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
16134:set-
16082:and
15975:and
15953:and
15937:The
15904:-mol
15876:๋ชฐ์ฐฉ๋ชฐ์ฐฉ
15870:ltak
15857:๋ซํ๋ชฐํ
15825:mawl
15752:๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฏผ๋ค
15733:๋ฌธ๋ค๋ฌธ๋ค
15714:๋งจ๋ค๋งจ๋ค
15675:์
๋น์
๋น
15657:์น๋น์น๋น
15610:๋ฅ๊ตด๋ฅ๊ตด
15583:๋๊ณจ๋๊ณจ
15557:์ฝ์ฐก์ฝ์ฐก
15551:eung
15538:ํฌ๋ฝํฌ๋ฝ
15487:๊ธ๊ฐ๊ธ๊ฐ
15476:์๊ฐ์๊ฐ
15417:yang
15404:-rak
15371:kuse
15359:kuse
15330:hasi
15308:ใใใใ
15296:์ฐ๋ฅด์ฌ์ด
15283:Jeju
15161:Jeju
15133:eosi
15102:แแแท๋ค
15000:lit.
14820:yang
14817:and
14771:yang
14699:๋ชจ์ฌํฌ์
14691:์ด๋ตํ์ฐ
14676:yang
14539:ํ ๋ง๋,
14516:Yang
14509:yang
14243:die-
14236:jug-
14202:work
14187:Jida
14181:jida
14109:(์ผ)๋
14098:(์ผ)๋ฏผ
14047:say-
14031:CONT
13991:ji-n
13941:say-
13921:CONT
13913:๊ฐแ์ฐ๋ด
13828:say-
13808:CONT
13766:na-n
13722:say-
13710:QUOT
13698:CONT
13662:na-n
13648:and
13624:-gon
13616:and
13613:-gen
13599:and
13590:-jen
13579:-jeo
13576:and
13567:-ken
13508:say-
13492:CONT
13454:"๊ฐแ์ฐ
13441:CONT
13426:"๊ฐแ์ฐ
13392:-eon
13389:and
13373:and
13346:rang
13328:NPST
13320:แแแซ๋ค
13304:work
13292:CONN
13286:rang
13273:rain
13222:NPST
13214:แแแซ๋ค
13198:work
13186:CONN
13167:rain
13123:eong
13109:COND
13095:CONN
13093:eat-
13089:eong
13051:COND
13037:CONN
13035:eat-
12970:and
12928:that
12882:jus-
12879:์ค์
์ฃผ.
12827:๋จน์์.
12811:-seo
12718:jog-
12707:๋ง์์ ๋
12627:แแแซ์ฒ
12578:jog-
12567:๋ง์์ ๋
12377:jip-
12367:jip-
12335:u-ge
12325:u-ge
12312:แแแฏ๋
12304:-gwe
12272:u-da
12262:u-da
12224:(์ผ)์ฐ
12198:-su-
12184:and
12155:(์ผ)์ฐ
12108:nol-
12076:(์ผ)์
12070:(์ผ)์ฌ
12052:eura
12047:๋จน์ผ๋ผ!
12042:eura
12037:๋จน์ผ๋ผ!
12022:(์ผ)๋ผ
11974:(์ผ)๊ฒ
11962:-dya
11924:musa
11905:-dia
11852:n-go
11842:n-go
11749:n-ga
11739:n-ga
11729:musa
11656:gona
11646:gona
11628:i-di
11598:-jeo
11558:eat-
11531:์ฌ๋ฆ๋์ด
11515:this
11478:-jeo
11472:-jeo
11465:-jeo
11408:(์ผ)์
11375:๋จน์๋ค.
11370:geot
11279:์์น๋ฉ?
11248:(์ผ)๋ฉ
11235:-eun
11204:n-ge
11194:n-ge
11166:(์)๊ฒ
11073:(์ผ)์ฃผ
11056:the
11029:gow-
10971:-eup
10939:์ข
๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ
10899:ATTR
10886:gow-
10883:๊ณ ์๊ฒ.
10826:์ปท์ด๋ผ.
10810:tree
10807:nang
10699:์ค์ธ๊ฒ.
10694:well
10633:mawn
10593:-eon
10549:-eon
10490:(์ผ)์
10464:-nya
10452:INTR
10443:-nya
10439:keu-
10436:ํฌ๋๋?
10414:shoe
10403:this
10375:INTR
10345:shoe
10334:this
10286:(์ผ)๋
10275:The
10189:keu-
10186:ํฌํด์.
10145:-yeo
10124:-yeo
10117:๋ฐ๋ผ์ผ.
10106:แแแท์
10077:์/์ผํฌ
10055:-jeo
10034:-jeo
10030:eor-
10027:์ผ์์ .
10022:very
9991:-jeo
9973:dig-
9970:-jeo
9857:-jeo
9855:eoms
9853:jip-
9841:CONT
9836:-jeo
9834:eoms
9832:jip-
9799:CONT
9782:frog
9711:-neu
9700:-keu
9658:(์ผ)๋
9633:-eos
9568:แแแผํค
9557:แแแผํค
9463:neun
9441:neun
9409:(์ผ)๋
9299:-dan
9148:lit.
9124:NMLZ
9040:ness
9038:"bad
9032:guj-
9018:guj-
8979:แแ๋-
8871:์ฑ๊ทธ๋ผ.
8844:๋ญแแ๊ณ
8703:bag-
8654:with
8624:์ด๋ฉ์ด์
8598:(์ด)์
8560:and
8470:teu-
8464:deo-
8458:deu-
8427:(๋)๋
8389:bat-
8376:bat-
8321:แแแจ๊ฒ
8300:แแแจ๊ฒ
8291:-seo
8224:์ฑ ๋ฐ๋น
8124:neu-
8094:neu-
8026:์์
์.
7986:(์ด)๋
7881:์ค๋๊ฐ?
7870:์ค๋๊ฐ?
7844:-api
7819:anti
7817:neu-
7797:anti
7795:neu-
7723:-seo
7674:๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ฆ
7538:nang
7527:nang
7457:jib-
7419:jib-
7336:๋ด์ผ๋ผ.
7127:๋ญ ๋
7082:tree
7079:nang
7029:hawn
7021:tree
7018:nang
6927:lit.
6871:chim
6838:chim
6826:ATTR
6820:see-
6817:bo-l
6805:chim
6772:แแแบ์
6750:แแแบ-
6648:jawm
6524:bing
6502:dari
6376:, a
6322:tone
6235:kawt
6120:IPA
6117:Jeju
6066:s-eo
6042:s-eo
6021:s-eo
5998:s-eo
5977:s-eo
5954:s-eo
5933:s-eo
5887:-eos
5831:Yang
5740:แแแท-
5724:jus-
5711:jus-
5690:mid-
5677:mid-
5648:COND
5643:-min
5609:haw-
5604:แแ์ฟ์ด
5575:-eos
5562:haw-
5541:gae-
5507:-eos
5494:gae-
5439:-eos
5409:eong
5405:swi-
5393:CONN
5375:swi-
5346:CONN
5270:-eu-
5172:tjeo
5156:tjeo
5147:์ ญํ์์
5079:/ษฐi/
5047:/wษ/
5036:rida
5015:/wa/
4971:/we/
4960:yeom
4939:/wi/
4907:/jษ/
4896:ksaw
4875:/jษ/
4864:hawk
4856:์ แแแจ
4843:/ju/
4811:/jo/
4779:/ja/
4741:/je/
4698:/ษฐi/
4678:/jษ/
4674:/jษ/
4662:/je/
4660:and
4658:/jรฆ/
4652:and
4616:and
4596:and
4584:and
4573:and
4493:Open
4346:Back
4214:๋ฐ๊ปดแ๊ฐ
4208:๋ฐ๊ปดแ๊ฐ
4198:CONT
4187:CONT
4127:~ na
4116:naล/
3994:แแแฐ์ธ
3988:แแแฐ์ธ
3976:แแแฐ๊ณ
3970:แแแฐ๊ณ
3952:แแแฐ-
3941:แแแฐ-
3815:-gok
3798:-gok
3782:CONN
3777:-gok
3764:nug-
3700:-gok
3683:-gok
3667:CONN
3662:-gok
3649:jis-
3581:-gok
3564:-gok
3548:CONN
3543:-gok
3530:bib-
3489:แแแฏ์
3462:-gok
3445:-gok
3436:แแแฎ๊ณก
3429:CONN
3424:-gok
3406:แแแฎ-
3380:and
3372:are
3368:and
3340:and
3273:์ง์ง์์ด
3260:wษl/
3201:/sul
3176:uta/
3172:/kษm
3124:แแแฎ์ด
3101:/sอo
3016:lan/
2975:์นผแแแฏ
2965:jษk/
2930:/meล
2913:naล/
2892:naล/
2816:/pas
2812:"ox"
2792:/jษk
2732:/nl/
2730:and
2728:/ln/
2724:/pl/
2692:/sอ/
2690:and
2152:Stop
2042:and
2005:for
1989:The
1962:-min
1931:COND
1928:-min
1920:COND
1916:-min
1903:CONT
1892:CONT
1836:๋๊ป์๋ฏผ
1829:๋๊ป์๋ฏผ
1819:COND
1816:-min
1808:COND
1804:-min
1791:CONT
1780:CONT
1710:and
1627:and
1617:and
1408:Jeju
1270:and
1231:and
1185:/jส/
1158:Yuan
1094:๋
๋ค๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ
1083:์ฅ์ฟจ๋ ๋น
1061:and
955:์ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ธ
432:mood
418:for
305:Jeju
142:Jeju
31:Jeju
23616:Idu
23216:Han
23147:at
23008:๊ตญ์ดํ
22908:126
22904:์ด๋ฌธํ
22873:173
22799:๋ฐฉ์ธํ
22779:ํํ๋ก
22539:doi
22483:doi
22479:269
22339:313
22082:doi
21893:280
21758:์ธ์ดํ
21585:doi
21472:doi
21375:doi
21343:doi
21335:๋ฐฉ์ธํ
18080:doi
17771:doi
17681:doi
16985:at
16933:kaw
16911:keu
16865:-i-
16772:-ra
16770:keu
16754:-ra
16752:keu
16744:NOM
16733:3SG
16729:gai
16615:/l/
16602:/ษ/
16598:/a/
16594:/a/
16592:to
16590:/ษ/
16586:/ษ/
16582:/o/
16578:/ษ/
16404:Gut
16165:ํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
16151:์กฑ์-
16140:๋ง์ ฏ-
16115:or
16101:si-
16085:๊ฐ์-
16063:๋ค์ด-
16057:we-
15990:แแ์ถ
15983:nui
15967:์ค๋ผ๋ฐฉ
15961:asi
15926:rak
15924:chi
15920:chi
15918:mol
15900:mol
15881:mol
15873:โ
15850:rak
15846:rak
15813:rak
15809:rak
15627:ngg
15623:l-d
15619:ngg
15600:ngg
15596:l-d
15592:ngg
15570:ing
15543:keu
15529:rak
15525:rak
15460:์ฝ์๋กฑ
15446:๊ผฌ์๋กฑ
15432:๊ณ ์๋กฑ
15421:yin
15411:or
15388:in
15263:ger
15122:gat
15068:jeo
15054:geu
14995:gai
14890:๋/๋
14855:๋/๋ด
14808:-u-
14754:๋ชจ์ฌํฌ
14678:...
14671:...
14667:๋ชจ์ฌํฌ
14621:์ด๋๊ฐ
14563:๋ค์ด๋
14555:๋ง๋ก๋ง
14547:์ด๋๊ฐ
14499:์ด์์นด
14488:์ด์์นด
14444:-ge
14428:-ge
14362:-ge
14308:๋ถ๋ฆ์จ
14297:แแ๋ค
14218:ํค๋
ธ๋
14154:์๋ค๋ค
14143:์ด/์
14120:๋จ/๋น
14076:๊ฐแ๋ด
14053:HON
14049:PFV
14035:REP
14029:go-
14020:๊ฐแ๋ด
14013:LOC
13999:TOP
13995:3SG
13947:HON
13943:PFV
13929:REP
13925:HON
13919:go-
13907:LOC
13893:TOP
13889:3SG
13864:den
13834:HON
13830:PFV
13816:REP
13812:HON
13806:go-
13802:den
13794:๊ฐแ์ฐ
13788:LOC
13774:TOP
13770:1SG
13728:HON
13724:PFV
13702:HON
13696:go-
13684:LOC
13670:TOP
13666:1SG
13602:-go
13596:-ga
13573:-ju
13532:den
13514:HON
13510:PFV
13496:REP
13490:go-
13486:den
13445:HON
13439:go-
13412:-da
13401:์/์ฅ
13376:-ng
13326:do-
13312:mot
13240:ran
13220:do-
13206:mot
13180:ran
13107:go-
13065:eon
13049:go-
13031:eon
13009:-ng
12997:-ng
12973:-ng
12961:-ng
12944:์ธ/์
12932:but
12920:and
12863:-ju
12751:๊ฐ/๊ฐ
12702:sin
12694:geu
12683:-da
12666:๋ฐ/๋
12638:aj-
12606:๊น/๊นก
12562:sin
12554:geu
12543:-da
12526:๋ค/๋
12417:๊ฝ/๊ฝ
12406:๊ณผ/๊ด
12395:๊ฐ/๊ฐ
12293:-ge
12252:mul
12241:-da
12181:-u-
12175:ida
12152:or
12149:-u-
12120:sun
12110:sun
12105:๋์!
11944:dia
11934:dia
11884:-go
11872:-go
11829:๋ฌด์๊ฑฐ
11787:-ga
11775:-ga
11763:-ga
11708:-ga
11686:-go
11636:mul
11592:-na
11549:๋จน๋.
11543:NOM
11523:pul
11501:-na
11454:jeo
11444:jeo
11434:mom
11423:ํ๋ฅด๋ฐฉ
11359:๋์๊ธฐ
11351:-da
11294:men
11284:men
11271:๋ฌด์๊ฑฐ
11266:neu
11223:-ge
11184:nal
11153:-ju
11145:-ju
11139:-ju
11107:jal
11099:mal
11053:-eo
11026:๊ณ ์?
11021:gai
11003:์ด/์
10960:-u-
10872:์ง๊ธ๋
10858:-ra
10838:PFV
10833:-ra
10821:all
10798:MED
10794:geu
10777:-eo
10743:-eo
10707:PST
10691:jal
10649:PFV
10636:all
10630:แแแซ
10560:-an
10462:neu
10448:IND
10441:neu
10430:DAT
10426:2SG
10419:๋์ํฐ
10411:sin
10367:ํฌ๋?
10361:DAT
10357:2SG
10350:๋์ํฐ
10342:sin
10279:or
10266:or
10252:๊ฐ์ปค๋ผ
10202:FUT
10180:NOM
10172:์ง๋ ๊ฐ
10166:3SG
10162:gai
10053:eot
10039:PFV
10032:eot
10019:mak
10011:day
10008:nal
9975:PFV
9966:pa-
9963:ํ์ .
9815:-eo
9813:ams
9794:-eo
9792:ams
9726:or
9573:eul
9564:แแแฎ
9551:eul
9543:แแแฎ
9497:แแแบ
9476:แแแบ
9387:dan
9378:แแแบ
9365:dan
9357:แแแบ
9344:dan
9339:์๋๋ฅด
9328:์๋๋ฅด
9322:dan
9263:แแแบ
9242:แแแบ
9209:ta-
9128:COM
9112:แแแบ
9074:ing
9066:ip-
9052:ib-
8990:แแ๋
8946:๋ฒ์น๋ค
8935:๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋ค
8890:and
8831:แแ๊ณ
8816:แแ๊ณก
8804:and
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