4420:, antisemitism in Turkey increased and became more open, and it was reported that the community was also subjected to economic pressure. A boycott of Jewish businesses, especially textile businesses, took place, and Israeli tourists who had frequented the businesses of Turkish Jewish merchants largely stopped visiting Turkey. As a result, the number of Turkish Jews immigrating to Israel increased. By September 2010, the Jewish population of Turkey had dropped to 17,000, from a previous population of 23,000 Currently, the Jewish community is feeling increasingly threatened by extremists. In addition to safety concerns, some Turkish Jews also immigrated to Israel to find a Jewish spouse due to the increasing difficulty of finding one in the small Turkish Jewish community. In 2012, it was reported that the number of Jews expressing interest in moving to Israel rose by 100%, a large number of Jewish business owners were seeking to relocate their businesses to Israel, and that hundreds were moving every year.
3049:
7186:"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty, see below. In order to guarantee civic, religious, educational, commercial, judicial, and political rights of Armenian, Greek, and Jewish people living in Turkey, clear-cut and strict stipulations were made in the Treaty of Lausanne. Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule.
3955:
71:
4344:
159:
6741:, p. 505-9:"However, the emigration of the Jews was not part of a government-mandated population exchange. On the contrary, the Jews immigrated to Israel of their own free will...In the great wave of 1948–51, a large majority of the emigrants came from the lower classes... These lower classes were less influenced by the Alliance Israelite Universelle schools and the republic's modernizing trends... Even so, economic factors were the dominant theme among lower-class emigrants in their motivation to move."
4213:
3831:
4052:
5511:
sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that "the treaty of
Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities" and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to "Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)".
3945:
143:
4433:
5779:"There were historical records that the Jews resided in Side, but we found out the first palpable proof," Feriştah Alanyalı, an academic from the Anadolu University, told the Demirören News Agency. Some words written in the middle of the synagogue say: "Joseph from Korakesion dedicated it to son Daniel." According to the professor, Daniel died when he was just two and a half years old and Joseph paid the cost of the renovation of the synagogue, marking his son.
10698:
8226:
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2605:
6765:, p. 511:"After the emigration of 34,547 Turkish Jews to Israel in 1948–51, in the period up to 2001 another 27,473 made their way to the Jewish state... A total of 6,871 emigrants arrived in Israel in 1952–60, 4,793 in 1961–64, 9,280 in 1965–71, 3,118 in 19702–79, 2,088 in 1980–89, 1,215 in 1990–2000, and 108 in 2001.36 The migration figures then decrease greatly. Only 68 immigrants arrived in Israel in 2002, 53 in 2003 and just 52 in 2004."
8236:
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4336:, antisemitism in the media and books was creating a situation in which young, educated Turks formed negative opinions against Jews and Israel. Moreover, violence against Jews has also occurred. In 2003, an Istanbul dentist was murdered in his clinic by a man who admitted that he committed the crime out of antisemitic sentiment. In 2009, a number of Jewish students suffered verbal abuse and physical attacks, and a Jewish soldier in the
123:
103:
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3983:, it is estimated that 521 Jews left for Palestine from Turkey in 1934 and 1,445 left in 1935. However, although the Law on Settlement may well have actually provoked the incidents’ outbreak, the national authorities did not side with the attackers but immediately intervened in the incidents. After order was restored, the governors and mayors of the provinces involved were removed from office.
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or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.
3179:, as these attempts met with very little success. The exact picture of the status of the Jews in Asia Minor under Byzantine rule is still being researched by historians. Although there is some evidence of occasional hostility by the Byzantine populations and authorities, no systematic persecution of the type endemic at that time in western Europe (
6753:, p. 505:"The migration of Jews from Turkey to Israel is the second largest mass emigration movement out of Turkey, the first being labour migration to Europe. The largest mass emigration of minorities from Turkey was that of the Greeks during the Turkish–Greek population exchanges of the early 1920s."
3993:
The Jews of Turkey reacted very favorably to the creation of the State of Israel. Between 1948 and 1951, 34,547 Jews immigrated to Israel, nearly 40% of the
Turkish Jewish population at the time. Immigration was stunted for several months in November 1948, when Turkey suspended migration permits as a
5456:
Turkey signed the
Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion
3408:
were largely uninterested in business enterprises and accordingly left commercial occupations to members of minority religions. They also distrusted the
Christian subjects whose countries had only recently been conquered by the Ottomans and therefore it was natural to prefer Jewish subjects to which
5809:
A better proof may be had from some inscriptions found in
Galatia relating to Jews ("C. I. G." No. 4129; "Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique," vii. 1883; comp. "R. E. J." x. 77). R. Akiba, who is said to have been a great traveler, speaks of "Galia", which is generally identified with "Galatia"
5510:
The fact that
Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to
4012:, was constructed in Istanbul in 1951. Generally, Turkish Jews in Israel have integrated well into society and are not distinguishable from other Israelis. However, they maintain their Turkish culture and connection to Turkey, and are strong supporters of close relations between Israel and Turkey.
3562:
During the
Classical Ottoman period (1300–1600), the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, enjoyed a certain level of prosperity. Compared with other Ottoman subjects, they were the predominant power in commerce and trade as well in diplomacy and other high offices. In the 16th
3811:
wealth – even though in principle it was directed against all wealthy
Turkish citizens, it most intensely affected non-Muslims. The "wealth tax" is still remembered as a "catastrophe" among the non-Muslims of Turkey and it had one of the most detrimental effects on the population of Turkish Jews.
5418:
Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the
Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to
4415:
from Turkey to Israel has been low since the 1950s. Despite the antisemitism and occasional violence, Jews felt generally safe in Turkey. In the 2000s, despite surging antisemitism, including antisemitic incidents, aliyah remained low. In 2008, only 112 Turkish Jews emigrated, and in 2009, that
3913:
for eight Turkish citizens killed during the Nazi regime in the said camp. The Turkish Ambassador to Berlin, Hüseyin Avni Karslıoğlu stated in an inauguration speech that Germany set free 105 Turkish citizens, held in camps, after a mutual agreement between the two countries, and these citizens
4189:
The Turkish-Jewish population is experiencing a population decline, and has dwindled to 17,000 in a few years from an original figure of 23,000. This is due to both large-scale immigration to Israel out of fear of antisemitism, but also because of natural population decline. Intermarriage with
3997:
In 1949, Turkey officially recognized Israel, becoming the first Muslim-majority country to do so. Migration permits were reinstated and emigration continued, with 26,000 emigrating within the same year. The migration was entirely voluntary, and was primary driven by economic factors given the
3487:
The Jewish population in Jerusalem increased from 70 families in 1488 to 1500 at the beginning of the 16th century. That of Safed increased from 300 to 2000 families and almost surpassed Jerusalem in importance. Damascus had a Sephardic congregation of 500 families. Constantinople had a Jewish
6400:
Baer, Marc David (2015). "Corry Guttstadt. Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Translated from German by Kathleen M. Dell'Orto, Sabine Bartel, and Michelle Miles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. p. 353 I. Izzet Bahar. Turkey and the Rescue of European Jews. New York and London:
3530:, the Chief Rabbi. There were no restrictions in the professions Jews could practice analogous to those common in Western Christian countries. There were restrictions in the areas Jews could live or work, but such restrictions were imposed on Ottoman subjects of other religions as well.
6697:, p. 508b: "Turkey, having not recognized Israel immediately after its proclamation of statehood, suspended permits to emigrate there in November 1948, in response to objections from Arab countries. However, this restriction did not stop the emigration of Jews by illegal means."
4159:. 35 lay counselors look after the secular affairs of the community and an executive committee of fourteen, the president of which must be elected from among the lay counselors, runs the daily affairs. The Istanbul community also has 16 synagogues and well kept and guarded cemetery.
3397:. At that point in time, Constantinople's population was a mere 70,000 due to the various sieges of the city during the Crusades and the Black Death, so this historical event was also significant for repopulation of the city. These Sephardi Jews settled in Constantinople, as well as
4423:
In October 2013, it was reported that a mass exodus of Turkish Jews was underway. Reportedly, Turkish Jewish families are immigrating to Israel at the rate of one family per week on average, and hundreds of young Turkish Jews are also relocating to the United States and Europe.
4408:, claimed responsibility for the attacks, police claimed the bombings were "too sophisticated to have been carried out by that group", with a senior Israeli government source saying: "the attack must have been at least coordinated with international terror organizations".
6142:
Moins de douze ans après, en 1660, sous Mohammed IV, la ville de Safed, si importante autrefois dans les annales juives parce qu'elle était habitée exclusivement par les Israélites, fut détruite par les Arabes, au point qu'il n' y resta, dit une chroniquer une seule ame
5419:
manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.
3539:"head tax" and faced other restrictions in clothing, horse riding, army service etc., but they could occasionally be waived or circumvented. Jews who reached high positions in the Ottoman court and administration include Mehmed the Conqueror's Minister of Finance (
6088:(1920) p. 241. "Long before the culmination of Sabbathai (Zevi)'s mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses..."
3887:. When Nazi Germany encouraged neutral countries to repatriate their Jewish citizens, Turkish diplomats received instructions to avoid repatriating Jews even if they could prove their Turkish nationality. Turkey was also the only neutral country to implement
7055:
8191:
3776:
formed an association in Switzerland. Professor Schwartz, the general secretary of the association, met with the Turkish Minister of Education in order to provide jobs for 34 Jewish scientists in Turkish universities especially in
4457:
have closely cooperated militarily and economically. Israel and Turkey have signed a multibillion-dollar project to build a series of pipelines from Turkey to Israel to supply gas, oil and other essentials to Israel. In 2003 the
3343:, was perceived as an "expulsion" by the Jews. Despite this interpretation, Romaniotes would be the most influential community in the Empire for a few decades, until that position would be lost to a wave of Sephardi immigrants.
3369:
and wrote a letter inviting European Jewry to settle in the Ottoman Empire, in which he stated, "Turkey is a land wherein nothing is lacking," and asking, "Is it not better for you to live under Muslims than under Christians?"
3609:. They had come to the Ottoman Empire from many lands, bringing with them their own customs and opinions, to which they clung tenaciously, and had founded separate congregations. Another tremendous upheaval was caused when
7285:
3616:. He was eventually caught by the Ottoman authorities and when given the choice between death and conversion, he opted for the latter. His remaining disciples converted to Islam too. Their descendants are today known as
8201:
4042:
were also targeted to a degree. The damage caused was mainly material (over 4,000 shops and 1,000 houses belonging to Greeks, Armenians and Jews were destroyed) it deeply shocked minorities throughout the country.
4528:
The various migrations outside of Turkey has produced descendants of Turkish Jews in Europe, Israel, United States, and Canada. Today, there are still various synagogues that maintain Jewish-Turkish traditions.
3504:. Gradually, the chief center of the Sephardi Jews became Thessaloniki, where the Spanish Jews soon outnumbered coreligionists of other nationalities and, at one time, the original native inhabitants.
8620:
3891:
during the war. More Turkish Jews suffered as a result of discriminatory policies during the war than were saved by Turkey. Although Turkey has promoted the idea that it was a rescuer of Jews during
8196:
7225:
3800:, suggested to remove the Jews from the region as they presented an economic threat to the Muslim population. In 1934, the Turkish government expelled all the Jews from Edirne and the Straits.
3281:
ordered that the attitude of all non-Muslims should be one of "humility and abjection" and that they should not "live near Mosques or tall buildings" or own slaves, others were more tolerant.
8030:
5666:
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combined (75,000), far surpassing other Jewish communities to be the largest in the world. Turkey's Jewish community was large, diverse and vibrant, forming the core of Ottoman Jewry until
6774:
Toktas, Sule. "Cultural Identity, Minority Position and Immigration: Turkey's Jewish Minority vs. Turkish-Jewish Immigrants in Israel." Middle Eastern Studies 44.3 (2008): 511-25. Print.
3623:
The history of the Jews in Turkey in the 18th and 19th century is principally a chronicle of decline in influence and power; they lost their influential positions in trade mainly to the
6661:
Toprak, Zafer. 1996 ‘1934 Trakya olaylarında hukumetin ve CHP’in sorumlulugu (Government responsibility and the CHP in the 1934 Thracian incidents), Toplumsal Tarih, vol. 34, pp. 19-25.
8645:
8615:
7293:
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3393:. The Sultan issued a formal invitation and refugees started arriving in the empire in great numbers. A key moment occurred in 1492, when more than 40,000 Spanish Jews fled the
8211:
7485:
5957:
J. Hacker, Ottoman policies towards the Jews and Jewish attitudes towards Ottomans during the Fifteenth Century in "Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire", New York (1982)
4499:
6623:
5810:(R. H. 26a)... The chief proof, however, of the existence of Jews in Galatia is the fact that St. Paul sent thither a general epistle known as the "Epistle to the Galatians."
6926:
7649:
3998:
majority of emigrants were from the lower classes. In fact, the migration of Jews to Israel is the second largest mass emigration wave out of Turkey, the first being the
1254:
7840:
8678:
6795:
Dilek Güven, Nationalismus, Sozialer Wandel und Minderheiten: Die Ausschreitungen gegen die Nichtmuslime der Tuerkei (6/7 September 1955), Universitaet Bochum, 2006
5936:
Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): p. 236
3772:
for mandatory retirement of officials from non-Aryan race. Thus, the law required all the Jewish scientists in Germany to be fired. Unemployed scientists led by
4081:
The present size of the Jewish community was estimated at 17,400 in 2012 according to the Jewish Virtual Library. The vast majority, approximately 95%, live in
1832:
6154:
Michelle U. Campos, "Between "Beloved Ottomania" and"The Land of Israel": The Struggle over Ottomanism and Zionism Among Palestine's Sephardi Jews, 1908–13",
3990:, a capital tax which occurred in 1942, was also significant in encouraging emigration from Turkey to Palestine; between 1943 and 1944, 4,000 Jews emigrated.
3339:, were concentrated in Constantinople, where they made up 10% of the city's population. At the same time, the forced resettlement, though not intended as an
1487:
1182:
4514:, aims to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue and wants to inform the public of the centuries of peaceful coexistence between Turks and Jews.
8272:
3270:, which passed to Ottoman authority in 1324. The synagogue is still in use, although the modern Jewish population of Bursa has shrunk to about 140 people.
7233:
1374:
3909:
A memorial stone with a bronze epitaph was inaugurated in 2012, as the third of individual country memorials (after Poland and the Netherlands) at the
3594:(1623–1640), the Jews of Jerusalem were persecuted by an Arab who had purchased the governorship of that city from the governor of the province. Under
2582:
7415:
6993:
6874:
346:
2997:
Today, the vast majority of Turkish Jews live in Israel, though Turkey itself still has a modest Jewish population, where the vast majority live in
10202:
8859:
7597:
7056:"The Arabic dialects in the Turkish province of Hatay and the Aramaic dialects in the Syrian mountains of Qalamun: Two minority languages compared"
3914:
returned to Turkey in April 1945, although there is no known official record for other Turkish Jews who died during the Holocaust in Nazi Germany.
3754:
at the start of the 20th century. The territories lost between 1829 and 1913 to the new Christian Balkan states significantly lowered this number.
1369:
7011:
3102:. Josephus notes Jewish origins for many of the cities in Anatolia, though much of his sourcing for these passages is traditional. Descendants in
10758:
10592:
8115:
6967:
5224:
4310:
in the Ottoman Empire. However, the Turkish government considered that, for the purpose of the Treaty of Lausanne, the mother tongue of Jews was
1617:
8400:
6949:
3507:
Although the status of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire may have often been exaggerated, it is undeniable that they enjoyed tolerance. Under the
3812:
Many people unable to pay the exorbitant taxes were sent to labor camps and in consequence about 30,000 Jews emigrated. The tax was seen as a
9275:
8671:
8330:
8160:
3999:
3706:
1871:
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refused to change its decision despite requests from the Jewish community. For that reason, Jewish schools switched from French to Turkish.
9037:
8837:
6805:
6224:"The 1934 Thrace events: continuity and change within Turkish state policies regarding non-Muslim minorities. An interview with Rıfat Bali"
6101:
The "A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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freely, especially for education purposes. At the time, the mother tongue of the majority of Turkish Jews was Ladino. French was also the
10552:
5282:
4227:
are shown by religious affiliation: Alawite (circle), Christian (triangle), Sunni (square), Bedouin Sunni (rectangle), Jewish (rhombus).
3316:
pandemic in 1347, the city was a shadow of its former glory. Since Mehmed wanted the city as his new capital, he decreed its rebuilding.
3043:
856:
819:
2931:
since at least the beginning of the common era. Anatolia's Jewish population before Ottoman times primarily consisted of Greek-speaking
10763:
9070:
9032:
4255:
or French and similarly shifted to Turkish. In Istanbul, many Jews would also speak Greek or Armenian until the mid 20th century given
7326:
8537:
8350:
7560:
3239:
1795:
30:
7710:
7198:
3921:, killing about 781 Jewish refugees and 10 crew, due to their refusal to allow the Jewish refugees on board to disembark in Turkey.
3144:
Based on physical evidence, there has been a Jewish community in Anatolia since the fourth century BCE, most notably in the city of
9099:
8816:
8664:
8375:
8265:
7950:
6341:
Webman, Esther (2014). "Corry Guttstadt. Turkey, the Jews and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) p. 370".
1818:
10598:
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7399:
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has been attacked three times. First on 6 September 1986, Arab terrorists gunned down 22 Jewish worshippers and wounded 6 during
4315:
3039:
1168:
912:
7489:
9698:
9152:
8635:
8587:
8462:
8457:
8155:
8060:
7656:
7160:
5897:
4190:
Turkish Muslims and assimilation have become common, and the community's death rate is more than twice that of its birth rate.
2575:
1745:
1680:
1562:
9693:
8753:
7749:
7579:
7259:
7172:
7104:
6510:
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6008:
5541:
3757:
The troubled history of Turkey during the 20th century and the process of transforming the old Ottoman Empire into a secular
3048:
861:
4560:
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8852:
8592:
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Chief Rabbinate of Turkey - Numbers: Total is estimated at around 23.000. The 25th community in size according to WJC data.
4979:
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1304:
9602:
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9708:
9132:
8597:
8258:
8110:
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1389:
1379:
619:
10525:
9402:
8522:
8000:
7995:
7890:
7829:
6485:
2959:
1968:
1918:
1883:
1577:
1442:
1309:
7029:
6261:
3587:, Haim Gerber describes it: "My impression is that no pressure existed, that it was merely performance that counted."
2958:
By the end of the sixteenth century, the Jewish population in the Ottoman Empire was double (150,000) that of Jews in
9553:
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8432:
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8120:
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7990:
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5474:"The (In-)Validity of Turkey's Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
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1517:
1502:
1349:
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1244:
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6845:"Head of tiny Jewish community in Turkey: There's no love between Israeli citizens – Features Israel News - Haaretz"
4307:
4140:, Syria, 2,500 years ago. Figures were once higher but families have left for Istanbul, Israel and other countries.
3160:
in their Anatolian domains which seem to have been relatively well-integrated and enjoyed certain legal immunities.
2951:, including in regions now part of Turkey. This influx played a pivotal role in shaping the predominant identity of
9462:
9370:
8625:
8427:
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8085:
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7960:
7131:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?"
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1953:
1935:
1841:
1735:
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1507:
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was not particularly popular amongst Turkish Jewry; migration from Turkey to Palestine was minimal in the 1920s.
10743:
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8502:
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Friction between Jews and Turks was less common than in the Arab territories. Some examples: During the reign of
2739:
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1861:
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1607:
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1269:
1259:
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1234:
6870:
5390:"Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools"
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8300:
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8125:
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1944:
1930:
1898:
1878:
1846:
1790:
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1740:
1720:
1710:
1695:
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1685:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1627:
1542:
1527:
1447:
1406:
1359:
1354:
1274:
1219:
17:
5848:; Averil Cameron, "Byzantines and Jews: Recent Work on Early Byzantium", Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 20
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9925:
8656:
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8487:
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8417:
8385:
8370:
8345:
8281:
8170:
8070:
8005:
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7975:
7935:
7084:
6812:. Lanham, Maryland: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press and Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2012.
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1903:
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1813:
1785:
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1641:
1512:
1497:
1421:
1411:
1329:
1299:
1224:
1210:
8867:
7794:
3986:
Immigration to Palestine was organized by the Jewish Agency and the Palestine Aliya Anoar Organization. The
10667:
10535:
10530:
9718:
9703:
9467:
9422:
9167:
8557:
8512:
8437:
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8130:
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8045:
7980:
7955:
7945:
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5921:
5026:
4619:
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3489:
1973:
1893:
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1780:
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1592:
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1492:
1467:
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1284:
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610:
605:
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3639:, who speaks of him as an acquaintance whom he esteemed highly. Fonseca was involved in negotiations with
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10617:
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9358:
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8015:
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7965:
5436:"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities"
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4448:
4240:
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1963:
1958:
1913:
1866:
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1522:
1482:
1477:
1334:
640:
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5912:
M. J. Akbar, "The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity", 2003, (p. 89)
4551:
In recent years, several hundred Turkish Jews, who have been able to prove that they are descended from
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10025:
9733:
9666:
9227:
9117:
6179:"Электронная еврейская энциклопедия – ЭЕЭ ®. The Society for Research on Jewish Communities, Jerusalem"
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and Jews from all over his empire be resettled in the new capital. Within months, most of the Empire's
3194:
Jews arrived in Anatolia between the sixth century BCE and 133 BCE, when the Romans arrived. They were
3164:
2437:
2282:
1990:
1384:
580:
570:
306:
7511:
4811:
4204:
was badly damaged, and the entire Jewish community, numbering 14 members, was evacuated from Antakya.
3792:
was one of the events that caused insecurity among the Turkish Jews. Before the start of the pogroms,
10702:
10642:
10540:
10520:
10390:
10315:
10175:
10042:
9728:
9688:
9056:
7348:
4597:
3845:
3834:
3613:
3599:
3519:
3071:, a mountain in eastern Anatolia, in the Armenian Highlands, near the present-day borders of Turkey,
2551:
2244:
2095:
2036:
927:
5148:
4166:
was founded by the Quincentennial Foundation, an organisation established in 1982 consisting of 113
3954:
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10453:
9752:
9627:
8963:
7882:
7860:
6822:
5650:
5359:
4256:
3896:
3872:
3825:
3690:
3134:
3130:
2687:
2254:
2234:
1344:
824:
365:
7742:
Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide
6130:
3761:
after 1923, however, had a negative effect on the size of all remaining minorities, including the
10575:
10564:
10158:
10079:
9784:
9683:
9622:
9508:
9481:
7460:
6714:
6059:
Charles Issawi & Dmitri Gondicas; Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism, Princeton, (1999)
4629:
4556:
4507:
4163:
3958:
3606:
3515:
3508:
3099:
2673:
2395:
2385:
2350:
2229:
2219:
2002:
1173:
1115:
949:
628:
585:
300:
6314:
5389:
4008:
In the mid-1950s, 10% of those who had moved to Israel returned to Turkey. A new synagogue, the
3522:
millet, etc.). In the framework of the millet, they had a considerable amount of administrative
10611:
10581:
9644:
8926:
8875:
7627:
5605:
5162:
5058:
4846:
4523:
4385:
4327:
4021:
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by the late 3rd century BC, a community established through the relocation of 2000 families by
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2898:
2720:
2700:
2514:
2249:
2163:
1229:
781:
400:
370:
113:
34:
7841:
An-Ottoman-Odyssey-A-Rabbi-Rediscovers-Turkeys-Jews-Past-and-Present 16 August 2021 Chabad.com
6126:
Essai sur l'histoire des Israélites de l'Empire ottoman: depuis les origines jusqu'à nos jours
5125:
4459:
4436:
3350:
that immigrated to the Ottoman Empire between 1421 and 1453. Among these immigrants was Rabbi
10738:
10637:
10558:
10340:
10047:
9930:
9671:
9661:
9654:
9639:
9525:
8953:
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3640:
2405:
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2345:
2133:
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658:
375:
7440:
7371:
6003:
Kamen, Henry (1998). The Spanish Inquisition: a Historical Revision. Yale University Press.
3673:
As mentioned before, the overwhelming majority of the Ottoman Jews lived in Rumelia. As the
10672:
10662:
10165:
9137:
8936:
8899:
8712:
7836:
M. Rosen, Studies in the History of Istanbul Jewry, 1453–1923 (Diaspora, 2), Turnhout, 2015
7834:
In particular on the history of Istanbul Jewry after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, see
5792:
4893:
4735:
4572:
4347:
4283:
3807:("Wealth Tax") was solely on non-Muslims – who still controlled the largest portion of the
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2707:
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2428:
2168:
2026:
839:
704:
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6071:
Studies in Ottoman Social & Economic Life, Heidelberg, (1999); the essay is entitled:
8:
10320:
10288:
10214:
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9676:
9476:
9210:
9175:
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9006:
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4759:
4533:
4333:
4291:
3976:
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3884:
3789:
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they were organized as a community on the basis of religion alongside the other millets (
3501:
3394:
3382:
3010:
2529:
2224:
897:
769:
672:
665:
595:
483:
358:
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5184:
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3635:, who was chief court physician and played a certain political role. He is mentioned by
3055:
was a section of a large bath-gymnasium complex that was in use for about 450–500 years.
2604:
10652:
10647:
10458:
10180:
10057:
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10037:
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252:
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7813:
7760:
7396:
6980:
6904:
6477:
La Turquie, les Turcs et les Juifs – Histoire, Représentations, Discours et Stratégies
5111:
5089:
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics - Estimated numbers of Turkish born Jews in Israel
4105:
make up approximately 96% of Turkey's Jewish population, while the rest are primarily
3627:, who were able to "capitalize on their religio-cultural ties with the West and their
3377:
and the Ottoman Empire occurred during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror's successor,
10436:
10367:
10249:
10234:
10017:
9888:
9853:
9142:
8958:
8235:
7825:
7821:
7745:
7286:"Mystery surrounds 'suicide' of Abu Nidal, once a ruthless killer and face of terror"
7168:
7141:
7100:
7063:
6961:
6595:
6591:
The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis
6568:
6565:
The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis
6533:
6506:
6481:
6362:
6277:
6241:
6004:
5698:
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5578:
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5409:
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4268:
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3632:
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3390:
3386:
3172:
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2762:
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2466:
2446:
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1462:
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793:
723:
600:
513:
380:
200:
7787:
7199:"Antisemitism and Racism - the Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary"
7096:
6994:"14 Jews rescued from devastated Turkish city of Antakya, given shelter in Istanbul"
6273:
5894:
3987:
3804:
10502:
10470:
10431:
10402:
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7775:
7092:
6410:
6350:
6269:
6231:
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5678:
5617:
5570:
5485:
5401:
5298:
5232:
5068:
4989:
4713:
4685:
4503:
4483:
4343:
4295:
4264:
4128:, was home to ten Jewish families, numbering 20 members in 2014, many of whom were
4031:
3888:
3868:
3659:
3628:
3184:
3153:
3052:
3014:
2875:
2724:
2494:
2375:
2335:
2299:
1997:
1547:
1058:
814:
718:
633:
523:
315:
197:
193:
181:
70:
6981:
History of the Jews of Turkey by Rabbi Menachem Levine December 4, 2022 Aish Torah
6023:
H. Inalcik; The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, Phoenix Press, (2001)
4697:
3163:
The size of the Jewish community was not greatly affected by the attempts of some
10412:
10407:
10219:
10146:
9979:
9950:
9873:
9863:
9826:
9801:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9592:
9587:
9577:
9562:
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8826:
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6589:
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5901:
5333:
5302:
5253:
5095:
5036:
5005:
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4935:
4912:
4834:
4783:
4591:
4511:
4311:
4027:
3918:
3773:
3736:
3682:
3374:
3351:
3259:
3249:
3227:
3095:
2944:
2936:
2909:
2889:
2623:
2456:
2415:
2410:
2390:
2312:
2306:
2239:
2191:
2031:
2012:
1163:
887:
804:
787:
331:
177:
8250:
7030:"Turkey earthquake: 2500-year-old Jewish presence in Antakya may come to an end"
6212:
Rifat Bali, Yeni Bilgiler ve 1934 Trakya Oraylari-I, in Tarih ve Toplum 186/1999
4792:
4741:
4676:
4453:
Turkey was among the first countries to formally recognize the State of Israel.
10716:
10691:
10512:
10419:
10377:
10357:
10345:
10325:
10239:
10229:
10197:
10190:
10170:
10141:
10113:
10108:
10074:
9984:
9908:
9898:
9836:
9634:
9582:
9493:
9488:
9250:
9245:
9180:
9109:
8889:
8821:
8806:
8796:
8791:
8748:
8733:
8688:
6529:
Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri: bir Türkleştirme serüveni (1923-1945)
6503:
Bir Türkleştirme Serüveni (1923-1945): Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri
4999:
4956:
4906:
4876:
4840:
4777:
4765:
4731:
4725:
4680:
4635:
4632:, Ottoman-Italian financier and philanthropist; patriarch of the Camondo family
4609:
4586:
4537:
4495:
4467:
4299:
4260:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4183:
4179:
4167:
4114:
4106:
3748:
3726:
3667:
3647:
3583:. Also in the first half of the 17th century the Jews were distinct in winning
3347:
3328:
3289:
3285:
3245:
3231:
3195:
3157:
2991:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2735:
2716:
2556:
2355:
2210:
2090:
2069:
2046:
2041:
2019:
2007:
1602:
1083:
1017:
982:
960:
892:
735:
713:
575:
554:
530:
296:
278:
232:
228:
189:
185:
8686:
7845:
7779:
6414:
6354:
6166:
5682:
5621:
5489:
5405:
4864:
4212:
3917:
According to Rıfat Bali, Turkish authorities bear some responsibility for the
3895:, this is considered a myth by historians. This myth has been used to promote
3273:
The status of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire often hinged on the whims of the
10732:
10485:
10330:
10257:
10064:
9998:
9971:
9920:
9868:
9841:
9816:
9806:
9567:
9513:
9447:
9427:
9417:
9412:
9385:
9331:
9260:
9205:
8743:
8707:
8229:
7145:
6810:
Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period
6804:
On the history of the Jews in Turkey from the multi-party period onward, see
6245:
6223:
5991:
5970:
5690:
5629:
5582:
5497:
5451:
5413:
5031:
4984:
4970:
4929:
4900:
4882:
4670:
4658:
4649:
4475:
4440:
4102:
3944:
3892:
3697:
further lowered the number of Jews within the borders of the Ottoman Empire.
3677:
however, the Jews of these region found themselves under Christian rule. The
3610:
3421:
3405:
3114:
3107:
3064:
2504:
2499:
1705:
1632:
1158:
1007:
1002:
997:
987:
965:
917:
679:
518:
423:
385:
336:
7598:"Portugal open to citizenship applications by descendants of Sephardic Jews"
4098:
4051:
3424:
were allowed to settle in the wealthier cities of the empire, especially in
2974:. The community declined sharply after World War I, with many emigrating to
10465:
10262:
10224:
10185:
9774:
9518:
9457:
9437:
9397:
9380:
9348:
9336:
9297:
9215:
9190:
8738:
6228:
European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey
5715:(Project Gutenberg eText, William Whiston trans., 2006), Chapter 1, Book 1.
5606:"Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation"
4891:, Israeli actress best known for starring in the Israeli television series
4852:
4806:
4787:
4707:
4703:
4653:
4639:
4582:
4432:
4337:
4148:
4144:
4110:
3864:
3852:
3830:
3769:
3758:
3722:
3527:
3477:
3398:
3340:
3207:
3176:
3149:
3068:
3060:
2952:
2534:
2360:
2201:
2196:
2154:
2107:
1201:
1068:
1053:
1012:
977:
590:
432:
236:
5435:
3816:
attempt to diminish the economic power of religious minorities in Turkey.
3218:
10475:
9990:
9915:
9893:
9796:
9390:
9319:
9314:
9302:
9292:
8239:
7688:
6950:"Turkish Jews Proudly Defend Last Sephardic Homeland – Even as Some Flee"
6622:
Aytürk, İlker (October 2010). "Aliya to Mandatory Palestine and Israel".
5281:
Yildirim, Onur (October 2010). "Anatolia". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.).
4816:
4802:
4753:
4643:
4478:, aiming to preserve the Turkish-Jewish heritage and promote friendship (
4133:
4129:
4005:
After 1951, emigration of Jews from Turkey to Israel slowed perceptibly.
3971:
Between 1923 and 1948, approximately 7,300 Jews emigrated from Turkey to
3785:
3739:, Ottoman Jewish businessman, who immigrated to the United States in 1890
3663:
3568:
3552:
3544:
3493:
3313:
3188:
3168:
2967:
2630:
2519:
2461:
2126:
1032:
1027:
1022:
992:
5590:
5558:
10569:
10276:
9858:
9452:
9200:
9122:
7349:"Official: Aliya from Turkey to double – Jewish World – Jerusalem Post"
5053:
4888:
4870:
4858:
4824:
4823:
Ottoman trader and the first non-Muslim to be appointed to the rank of
4780:, author and blogger; father, Mois Medine, is of Turkish-Jewish descent
4747:
4744:, French actor and musician; born in Istanbul, father is Turkish-Jewish
4615:
4603:
3903:
3871:
3,000 to 5,000 Jews living abroad; 2,500 Turkish Jews were deported to
3840:
3651:
3572:
3433:
3378:
3324:
2939:
communities. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, many
2928:
2784:
2779:
2749:
2677:
2654:
2645:
2639:
2177:
1191:
1120:
1078:
902:
882:
446:
353:
273:
240:
7561:"Amid rising European anti-Semitism, Portugal sees Jewish renaissance"
6927:"TURKEY – Turkey's Jewish community dwindling due to migration, death"
6236:
6086:
The Jews of Asia: especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth century.
3567:, the apogee of Jewish influence could arguably be the appointment of
10490:
9955:
9846:
9757:
9375:
9309:
6878:
5020:
4664:
4381:
4351:
4035:
3876:
3685:
rule after the occupation of the region in 1878, the independence of
3595:
3465:
3437:
3278:
3255:
3223:
2774:
2340:
2325:
1415:
1363:
1125:
1073:
1063:
744:
740:
730:
645:
405:
9326:
7138:
Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung
5527:
4873:, Israeli-American TV producer; mother was of Turkish-Jewish descent
3617:
1093:
10209:
10151:
10096:
10091:
9762:
9048:
5742:
4924:
4820:
4491:
4367:
4355:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4039:
3711:
3636:
3591:
3548:
3523:
3473:
3429:
3404:
The Jews satisfied various needs in the Ottoman Empire: the Muslim
3336:
3309:
3288:
under Turkish rule took place after the Empire gained control over
3083:
2998:
2983:
2970:. Early signs of change included education reforms and the rise of
2807:
2769:
2730:
2669:
2509:
2119:
2051:
877:
390:
341:
7486:"Israel and Turkey plan energy pipeline - Israel - Jerusalem Post"
7015:
5047:
4796:
4200:, the leaders of the Jewish community of Antakya were killed, the
4086:
3535:
3481:
3441:
3117:
has many mentions of Jewish populations in Anatolia: Iconium (now
3002:
10424:
10308:
10303:
10293:
10281:
10101:
10086:
10030:
9965:
9940:
9903:
9767:
9442:
9341:
9265:
9157:
9083:
7537:
7416:"Turkish Jews Living Under Threat of Extremism - Aliyah Magazine"
5185:"Why Jews in Terror-stricken Turkey Aren't Fleeing to Israel Yet"
5088:
5063:
5010:
4372:
4252:
4125:
4094:
3880:
3655:
3425:
3412:
3361:
3332:
3320:
3199:
3138:
3126:
3091:
3072:
2971:
2963:
2658:
2485:
2451:
2320:
2114:
1103:
1098:
970:
756:
752:
748:
497:
492:
469:
451:
326:
321:
311:
289:
264:
212:
5948:
Avigdor Levy; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, New Jersey, (1994)
4750:, Israeli-American YouTuber; mother is of Turkish-Jewish descent
3936:
to prevent further Jewish immigration to Israel then-Palestine.
3646:
Ottoman Jews held a variety of views on the role of Jews in the
10495:
10362:
10298:
8870:
7012:"Antakya Jewish Community was also Destroyed by the Earthquake"
4545:
4541:
4416:
number only rose to 250. However, in the aftermath of the 2010
4412:
4401:
4397:
4175:
4137:
4059:
3965:
3813:
3808:
3624:
3563:
century especially, the Jews were the most prominent under the
3457:
3453:
3366:
3346:
The number of Romaniotes was soon bolstered by small groups of
3274:
3180:
3145:
3103:
2979:
2975:
2921:
2681:
2664:
2635:
2145:
2140:
2100:
2085:
1196:
1088:
508:
474:
460:
395:
128:
108:
6475:
6303:
Faik Ökte, "The tragedy of the Turkish Capital Tax", Kent 1987
4290:. According to this Treaty, officially recognized minorities (
4193:
As of 2022, the Jewish population in Turkey is around 14,500.
3500:, received a large number of the exiles, who soon outnumbered
3129:
is mentioned as having a synagogue in Acts 19:1 and in Paul's
10446:
10441:
10395:
10350:
10271:
10266:
9530:
9285:
9255:
7650:"La Mujer Engañada: A romance in the Judeo-Spanish tradition"
7580:"New citizenship law has Jews flocking to tiny Portugal city"
7226:"Dozens killed as suicide bombers target Istanbul synagogues"
5163:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour - Jewish Virtual Library"
5126:"https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/tr"
4920:
4916:
4178:, to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the arrival of the
3580:
3497:
3469:
3445:
3381:(1481–1512), after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, the
3267:
3203:
3118:
3087:
2650:
1108:
537:
441:
410:
5741:
A bronze column found in Ankara confirms the rights Emperor
10545:
9079:
6315:"The New York Times - A Jewish Voice for Turkish democracy"
6201:
1933 Yılından Sonra Alman Bilim Adamlarının Türkiye'ye göçü
4623:
4393:
4247:
to Turkish after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.
4231:
The Jewish community in Turkey was linguistically diverse.
3925:
goes further, citing British pressure on Turkey not to let
3732:
3449:
3076:
2917:
260:
224:
6948:
DolstenMay 28, Josefin; Aiello, 2016Shmuel (28 May 2016).
3300:
he found the city in a state of disarray. After suffering
3086:
cited records confirming the presence of diaspora Jews in
7372:"Immigrating out of fear – Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews"
6823:"Jewish Population of the World - Jewish Virtual Library"
6097:
4879:, Israeli rock guitarist, singer, songwriter and producer
4540:
in some portions of the Shabbat services. They created a
4471:
4376:
services at Neve Shalom. This attacked was blamed on the
4171:
3762:
3744:
6645:
6643:
6178:
3428:(the European provinces, cities such as Constantinople,
3206:. In 2020, a seventh-century synagogue was uncovered in
6732:
6369:
6073:
Muslims & Zimmis in the Ottoman culture and society
6041:
L. Stavrianos; The Balkans since 1453, NYU Press (2000)
5763:"7th-century synagogue found under house - Turkey News"
5304:
The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic
3492:. Bayezid allowed the Jews to live on the banks of the
7795:"Turkish Writer Exposes Persecution of Jews in Turkey"
6688:
6676:
6067:
6065:
5871:"Searching for a Jewish history in Turkey before 1492"
4909:, activist and founder of the Free-Range kids movement
4216:
Late 20th – early 21st century language distribution.
4030:
was unleashed. Although primarily aimed at the city's
7159:
Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.),
6815:
6777:
6756:
6744:
6664:
6640:
6050:
D. Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922, CUP, 2005
5994:, "The Jews of Islam", New York (1984), pp. 135 – 136
5932:
5930:
5109:
4314:, and therefore only allowed teaching in Hebrew. The
3964:
When the Republic of Turkey was established in 1923,
3932:
s passengers disembark, in accordance with Britain's
3666:, and believed that the Jews of the Empire should be
2990:
became leaders of the Sephardic community, and their
2943:
from Spain, Portugal and South Italy expelled by the
7167:, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427,
6505:(in Turkish). İletişim Yayınları. pp. 346–352.
5944:
5942:
4946:
4618:, musician from İzmir who represented Turkey at the
3319:
In order to revivify Constantinople he ordered that
3141:, which once held an established Jewish population.
2903:
2124:
2105:
528:
6947:
6433:
6381:
6062:
5790:
5155:
3939:
3191:, etc.) is believed to have occurred in Byzantium.
7822:"Hayalet Evler: Türk-Yahudi Mimarisinden Örnekler"
7679:
7677:
7454:"Timeline of Turkish-Israeli Relations, 1949–2006"
7258:Arsu, Sebnem; Filkins, Dexter (16 November 2003).
5965:
5963:
5927:
5478:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
4548:Isaac Azose, to preserve their unique traditions.
4143:Turkish Jews are still legally represented by the
8280:
6919:
6875:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
6421:
6019:
6017:
5939:
4536:, was formed by Jews from Turkey, and still uses
4532:The Sephardic Synagogue Sephardic Bikur Holim in
3106:and other centers gained civic privileges by the
10730:
7526:
7512:"- Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World"
6587:
6032:B. Lewis, The Jews of Islam, PUP, (1987) 137–141
4392:, killing 20 and injuring over 300 people, both
4151:is assisted by a religious council made up of a
3579:, a rank usually only bestowed upon Muslims) of
7875:
7761:"Turkey's Jews and Their Immigration to Israel"
7674:
7408:
5960:
5467:
5465:
5229:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
5219:
5217:
3365:, meaning "French"), who became Chief Rabbi of
3009:officially recognized in Turkey, together with
7313:
7311:
7260:"20 in Istanbul Die in Bombings at Synagogues"
7253:
7251:
6480:. Istanbul: Editions ISIS. p. not cited.
6104:. Vol. 12. Funk and Wagnalls. p. 283
6014:
5895:International Jewish Cemetery Project – Turkey
3784:However, the planned deportation of Jews from
9064:
8853:
8672:
8266:
7861:
7124:
7122:
6893:
5429:
5427:
5248:
5246:
4661:, Ottoman Jewish entrepreneur and businessman
4000:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
3707:Single-party period of the Republic of Turkey
3543:) Hekim Yakup Paşa, his Portuguese physician
3484:was not settled by Spanish Jews until later.
2883:
2851:
2576:
48:
8687:Administrative regions and provinces of the
6991:
6343:International Journal of Middle East Studies
6156:International Journal of Middle East Studies
5667:"A menorah plaque from the center of Sardis"
5521:
5519:
5462:
5214:
4243:in the community. Sephardic Jews completely
3662:, for example, was a founding member of the
3355:
59:
10553:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
7308:
7257:
7248:
6966:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5791:Jacobs, Joseph; Schloessinger, Max (1906).
5472:Phillips, Thomas James (16 December 2020).
5394:European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online
5383:
5381:
3044:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3029:
820:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
9071:
9057:
8860:
8846:
8679:
8665:
8273:
8259:
7868:
7854:
7152:
7119:
6559:
6525:
5838:The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204
5757:
5755:
5753:
5556:
5424:
5243:
4015:
3533:Like all non-Muslims, Jews had to pay the
3258:linked to Ottoman rule is "Tree of Life" (
2858:
2844:
2583:
2569:
69:
7319:"Bombings at Istanbul Synagogues Kill 23"
7091:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 1554–1560,
6625:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
6567:. London: Routledge. p. 249, n. 13.
6312:
6268:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 1560–1565,
6235:
5529:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law
5516:
5284:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
5110:Rabbi Menachem Levine (4 December 2022).
4384:. The Synagogue was hit again during the
4275:but the community doesn't exist anymore.
3768:After 1933, a new law put into effect in
3440:), western and northern Anatolia (Bursa,
3240:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
2994:language was a prominent characteristic.
31:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
9100:Index of Jewish history-related articles
7577:
7504:
6393:
5610:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
5471:
5378:
5280:
4431:
4342:
4211:
4136:extraction, having originally come from
4069:
4050:
4026:On the night of 6/7 September 1955, the
3994:result of pressure from Arab countries.
3953:
3943:
3839:
3829:
3731:
3710:
3411:
3217:
3082:In the 1st century AD, Jewish historian
3047:
10599:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
9236:
7624:"Continental Philosophy - Book Reviews"
7478:
7341:
7223:
7161:"Turkish and other languages in Turkey"
6837:
6581:
6313:Tavernise, Sabrina (14 February 2009).
6306:
6203:, Belleten, sayi 180 T.T.K Ankara s.537
5750:
5664:
5532:. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham:
5433:
4566:
3354:, a German-born Jew of French descent (
3040:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
14:
10759:History of the Jews in the Middle East
10731:
7758:
7390:
7283:
7224:Helicke, James C. (15 November 2003).
7158:
7128:
7082:
7053:
6783:
6762:
6750:
6738:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6649:
6621:
6519:
6473:
6340:
6334:
6259:
6171:
6122:
5603:
5559:"The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey"
5203:
5128:. World Jewish Congress. 20 July 2024.
4606:, is a Spanish billionaire businessman
3904:European Jews fleeing Nazi persecution
9052:
8841:
8660:
8254:
7849:
7370:Ababa, Danny Adino (30 August 2010).
7369:
7363:
5660:
5658:
5525:
5276:
5274:
4861:, physician, naturalist, and governor
4113:. There is also a small community of
4085:, with a community of about 2,500 in
3488:community of 30,000 individuals with
9078:
7824:, Beyaz Arif Akbas, Ekim 2012, YGY,
7739:
7578:Liphshiz, Cnaan (12 February 2016).
7534:"Ülkümen-Sarfarti-Gesellschaft e.V."
6500:
6439:
6427:
6399:
6387:
6375:
6221:
6098:Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler (1912).
5836:For a sample of views, see J. Starr
5726:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour"
5387:
5331:
5297:
5237:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0018
4980:Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States
4427:
4406:Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front
3721:, a Ladino newspaper from Salonica (
95:Regions with significant populations
7806:
7441:Jews flee Turkey over anti-Semitism
6903:. musevicemaati.com. Archived from
5557:Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent (2009).
5335:The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire
4553:Jews expelled from Portugal in 1497
3356:
3263:
2893:
24:
10546:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
10526:American Jewish Historical Society
7536:ulkumen-sarfati.de. Archived from
7062:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 368.
6129:. Librairie A. Durlacher. p.
5655:
5575:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x
5271:
4885:, media tycoon and television host
4306:in most Jewish schools run by the
4239:(Ladino) and French was used as a
3796:, the Inspectorate General of the
3409:this consideration did not apply.
25:
10775:
10764:Turkish people of Spanish descent
7814:The History of the Jews of Turkey
7558:
6992:Lazar Berban (16 February 2023).
6222:Bali, Rıfat (23 September 2008).
6075:by Haim Gerber, Jerusalem, (1999)
5388:Kaya, Nurcan (24 November 2015).
5210:Jewish Population by country 2021
4700:, Turkish-Israeli football player
3700:
3373:The greatest influx of Jews into
3226:, a Turkic-speaking Crimean Jew (
3158:Greek-speaking Jewish communities
3121:) is said to have a synagogue in
611:Historical population comparisons
50:Türk Yahudileri / Türk Musevileri
10710:
10697:
10696:
8869:
8234:
8225:
8224:
7703:
7642:
7616:
7590:
7571:
7552:
7446:
7434:
7329:from the original on 5 June 2010
6474:Mallet, Laurent-Olivier (2008).
5745:accorded the Jews of Asia Minor.
5338:. Darwin Press. pp. 12–13.
4963:
4949:
4903:, American real estate developer
3940:Emigration from Turkey to Israel
3911:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
2603:
1255:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1169:Historical population by country
157:
141:
121:
101:
7733:
7284:Reeves, Phil (20 August 2002).
7277:
7217:
7191:
7097:10.1515/9783110151541.2.14.1554
7083:Strauß, Johann (14 July 2008),
7076:
7047:
7022:
7004:
6985:
6974:
6941:
6863:
6798:
6789:
6768:
6700:
6655:
6615:
6553:
6494:
6467:
6445:
6297:
6274:10.1515/9783110151541.2.14.1560
6260:Strauß, Johann (14 July 2008),
6252:
6215:
6206:
6193:
6148:
6116:
6091:
6078:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6026:
5997:
5985:
5971:"Letter of Rabbi Isaac Zarfati"
5951:
5915:
5906:
5888:
5863:
5858:The Oxford History of Byzantium
5851:
5830:
5815:
5784:
5718:
5705:
5644:
5597:
5550:
5352:
5325:
5291:
5112:"History of the Jews of Turkey"
4932:, Sephardic rabbi and Kabbalist
4544:called Zehut Yosef, written by
4462:was established in Israel. The
4321:
4282:are officially recognized as a
4267:. The 11 Jewish communities in
4121:who are related to each other.
4046:
3902:Turkey served as a transit for
3844:Administrative entrance to the
3819:
3788:and the associated anti-Jewish
3559:, master of the mint in Egypt.
3312:in 1204 and the arrival of the
10618:Relations with other religions
9033:Cities and towns by population
8282:History of the Jews in Europe
8192:British Indian Ocean Territory
7685:"Jewish Intellectual Timeline"
5826:History of the Byzantine State
5177:
5118:
5103:
5082:
5042:Religious minorities in Turkey
4316:Ministry of National Education
4308:Alliance Israélite Universelle
4093:, much smaller communities in
3416:Ottoman Jewish wedding in 1904
3213:
2935:, with a handful of dispersed
2929:Jewish communities in Anatolia
61:Djudios Turkos / Cudios Turkos
13:
1:
10605:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
7165:The Other Languages of Europe
7060:Arabic as a minority language
5075:
3981:1934 Turkish Resettlement Law
3857:Turkey was officially neutral
3036:History of the Jews in Greece
2916:) covers the 2400 years that
2872:history of the Jews in Turkey
826:Christianity and Judaism
10536:Leo Baeck Institute New York
10531:American Sephardi Federation
9038:Provinces by life expectancy
7744:. Indiana University Press.
7058:. In Owens, Jonathan (ed.).
6455:. Jewishmag.com. 14 May 1948
5730:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5671:Journal of Roman Archaeology
5258:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5027:List of synagogues in Turkey
4667:, American singer-songwriter
4620:Eurovision Song Contest 2012
4502:was established by Jews and
4332:According to researchers at
4207:
4198:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
4111:Jews from Italian extraction
4091:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
3949:Bet Israel Synagogue (İzmir)
3906:during the 1930s and 1940s.
3526:and were represented by the
7:
9359:Constantinopolitan Karaites
7876:History of the Jews in Asia
7443:– Ynetnews. 24 October 2013
5713:The Antiquities of the Jews
5563:Political Science Quarterly
5536:. pp. 88–89, 203–204.
4942:
4517:
4506:. The society, named after
4400:alike. Even though a local
4257:the city's ethnic diversity
4119:Constantinopolitan Karaites
4058:, completed in 1951 in the
3861:strong diplomatic relations
3798:Trakya Inspectorate General
3631:". An exception to this is
3496:. Egypt Eyalet, especially
3005:. Jews are one of the four
2904:
2125:
2106:
1833:Latin America and Caribbean
529:
10:
10780:
10587:National Library of Israel
9228:Zionism, race and genetics
6825:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org
6594:. Routledge. p. 249.
6401:Routledge, 2015. p. 308".
5797:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
5165:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4756:, music industry executive
4720:Barzillai ben Baruch Jabez
4570:
4521:
4446:
4325:
4019:
3823:
3752:had reached nearly 200,000
3704:
3605:An additional problem was
3298:conquest of Constantinople
3243:
3237:
3033:
3024:
2920:have lived in what is now
2438:Jewish political movements
2135:Conversion to Judaism
28:
10685:
10541:Yeshiva University Museum
10521:Center for Jewish History
10511:
10376:
10248:
10122:
10016:
9547:
9166:
9108:
9090:
9020:
8972:
8882:
8764:
8726:
8695:
8606:
8568:
8288:
8220:
8179:
8139:
7881:
7780:10.1080/00263200500521479
7602:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
7351:. jpost.com. 18 June 2012
6588:Rubinstein, W.D. (1999).
6415:10.1017/S0364009415000252
6355:10.1017/S0020743814000361
6167:10.1017/s0020743805052165
5683:10.1017/S1047759415002573
5622:10.1080/14683850601016390
5490:10.1163/15718115-02701001
5406:10.1163/9789004306134_013
5287:. Brill Reference Online.
4598:Solomon Eliezer Alfandari
4350:was built in 1878 at the
4147:, the Chief Rabbi. Rabbi
4117:and the community of the
3867:. During the war, Turkey
3846:Grand Synagogue of Edirne
3835:Grand Synagogue of Edirne
3614:claimed to be the Messiah
3600:1660 destruction of Safed
3284:The first major event in
3277:. So, for example, while
841:Hinduism and Judaism
223:
218:
211:
206:
176:
171:
155:
139:
119:
99:
94:
82:
77:
68:
54:
9133:Ancient Israel and Judah
8964:Demographics of Istanbul
7941:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
7812:Levine, Rabbi Menachem,
7292:. London. Archived from
7232:. London. Archived from
6199:Klaus-Derlev GROTHUSEN,
5665:Rautman, Marcus (2015).
4768:, Turkish-Israeli singer
4298:and Jews) can use their
3897:Armenian genocide denial
3873:Nazi concentration camps
3826:Turkey and the Holocaust
3670:first, and Jews second.
3175:the Jews of Anatolia to
3137:is likewise directed at
3135:Epistle to the Galatians
3131:Epistle to the Ephesians
3030:Roman and Byzantine rule
2947:found refuge across the
2688:Nondenominational Muslim
667:Temple in Jerusalem
360:Bar and bat mitzvah
10754:Israel–Turkey relations
9509:North African Sephardim
9482:Jewish tribes of Arabia
9028:Provinces by population
8202:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7711:"Actors - Dario Moreno"
7129:Zetler, Reyhan (2014).
7054:Werner, Arnold (2000).
6929:. hurriyetdailynews.com
6901:"www.musevicemaati.com"
5860:, C. Mango (ed.) (2002)
5440:East European Quarterly
4812:Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi
4738:-born Ottoman statesman
4646:) of the Ottoman Empire
4630:Abraham Salomon Camondo
4500:Ülkümen-Sarfati Society
4449:Israel–Turkey relations
4164:Jewish Museum of Turkey
4016:Democratic Party period
3959:Hemdat Israel Synagogue
3859:although it maintained
3803:The effect of the 1942
3681:for example came under
3607:Jewish ethnic divisions
3001:, and the remainder in
2913:
629:Twelve Tribes of Israel
60:
10744:Jewish Turkish history
10612:Holocaust Encyclopedia
10582:Jewish Virtual Library
8876:Demographics of Turkey
8777:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8331:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7768:Middle Eastern Studies
7740:Baer, Marc D. (2020).
6501:Bali, Rıfat N (2000).
6123:Franco, Moïse (1897).
5924:, Channel 4 – History.
5604:Köksal, Yonca (2006).
5434:Toktas, Sule (2006b).
5332:Levy, Avigdor (1992).
5094:14 August 2012 at the
5059:Turkish Jews in Israel
4938:, theoretical linguist
4855:, grand rabbi of İzmir
4849:, grand rabbi of İzmir
4847:Rahamim Nissim Palacci
4837:, grand rabbi of İzmir
4561:Portuguese citizenship
4524:Turkish Jews in Israel
4444:
4386:2003 Istanbul bombings
4359:
4328:Antisemitism in Turkey
4228:
4078:
4067:
4022:Antisemitism in Turkey
3961:
3951:
3848:
3837:
3740:
3729:
3417:
3306:sack of Constantinople
3235:
3056:
2988:Turkish Jews in Israel
2884:
2879:
2803:Bahá'í Faith in Turkey
2701:Christianity in Turkey
49:
35:Antisemitism in Turkey
10749:Romaniote Jews topics
10559:Encyclopaedia Judaica
10341:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
9526:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
9276:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
7759:Toktas, Sule (2006),
7584:www.timesofisrael.com
7565:www.timesofisrael.com
6628:. New York University
5842:The Jews of Byzantium
5526:Bayır, Derya (2013).
4774:, American politician
4762:, American politician
4577:Category:Turkish Jews
4557:emigrated to Portugal
4435:
4390:Beth Israel Synagogue
4364:Neve Shalom Synagogue
4346:
4304:medium of instruction
4215:
4074:Yeniköy Synagogue in
4073:
4056:Neve Shalom Synagogue
4054:
3957:
3947:
3843:
3833:
3735:
3714:
3641:Charles XII of Sweden
3415:
3221:
3198:and first settled in
3067:landed on the top of
3051:
1375:São Tomé and Príncipe
1370:Republic of the Congo
764:Second Temple Judaism
635:Kingdom of Judah
606:Modern historiography
219:Related ethnic groups
9138:Second Temple period
8116:United Arab Emirates
7662:on 10 September 2006
7325:. 16 November 2003.
6871:"The Jews of Turkey"
4894:Beauty and the Baker
4612:, political theorist
4573:List of Turkish Jews
4567:Notable Turkish Jews
4404:militant group, the
4348:Bet Yaakov Synagogue
3794:Ibrahim Tali Öngören
3294:Mehmed the Conqueror
3123:Acts of the Apostles
3108:Late Republican Rome
2834:Irreligion in Turkey
2615:Secularism in Turkey
2477:World Agudath Israel
1618:United Arab Emirates
705:Second Temple period
695:Babylonian captivity
10576:Jewish Encyclopedia
10321:Hekhalot literature
10132:Religious movements
9667:Judeo-Tripolitanian
8569:States with limited
8143:limited recognition
7630:on 27 December 2010
7402:5 June 2010 at the
7296:on 2 September 2011
7236:on 2 September 2011
7205:on 16 November 2011
7018:. 13 February 2023.
6907:on 12 December 2017
6526:Bali, R.N. (1999).
6378:, pp. 202–203.
6084:Sidney Mendelssohn.
5900:7 June 2011 at the
5799:. Gale. p. 548
5767:Hürriyet Daily News
5309:Springer Publishing
4760:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
4534:Seattle, Washington
4474:cultural center in
4464:Arkadaş Association
4460:Arkadaş Association
4437:Arkadaş Association
4334:Tel Aviv University
3977:1934 Thrace pogroms
3973:Mandatory Palestine
3934:White Paper of 1939
3885:extermination camps
3779:Istanbul University
3460:), but also in the
3395:Spanish Inquisition
3383:Kingdom of Portugal
3341:anti-Jewish measure
770:Hellenistic Judaism
348:Land of Israel
307:Principles of faith
188:, English, French,
65:
10717:Judaism portal
10653:Jews and Halloween
10648:Jews and Christmas
10038:Rabbinic authority
9790:Judaeo-Piedmontese
9223:Xueta Christianity
9128:Origins of Judaism
9095:Outline of Judaism
7717:on 10 October 2008
7264:The New York Times
6453:"David Ben-Gurion"
6320:The New York Times
5769:. 26 December 2021
5711:Flavius Josephus,
5534:Ashgate Publishing
5225:"Antiochia Arabic"
4772:Alejandro Mayorkas
4508:Selahattin Ülkümen
4445:
4418:Gaza flotilla raid
4360:
4288:Treaty of Lausanne
4284:minority in Turkey
4229:
4223:• Arabic speakers
4079:
4068:
3962:
3952:
3923:William Rubinstein
3849:
3838:
3741:
3730:
3520:Armenian Apostolic
3418:
3304:, the devastating
3236:
3165:Byzantine emperors
3057:
2823:Buddhism in Turkey
2818:Hinduism in Turkey
2599:Religion in Turkey
2331:Jewish Koine Greek
1873:Dominican Republic
1154:Judaism by country
833:Jews and Christmas
688:Assyrian captivity
44:
10726:
10725:
10692:extinct languages
10593:YIVO Encyclopedia
10368:Hebrew literature
10336:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
10176:Reconstructionist
9854:Judaeo-Portuguese
9543:
9542:
9499:Eastern Sephardim
9143:Synagogal Judaism
9046:
9045:
8835:
8834:
8654:
8653:
8248:
8247:
8185:other territories
7751:978-0-253-04542-3
7174:978-1-85359-510-3
7106:978-3-11-020324-0
7089:Kontaktlinguistik
7085:"European Turkey"
6708:"Wayback Machine"
6512:978-975-470-763-2
6283:978-3-11-020324-0
6266:Kontaktlinguistik
6237:10.4000/ejts.2903
6009:978-0-300-07522-9
5973:. turkishjews.com
5543:978-1-4094-7254-4
5299:Shaw, Stanford J.
5141:External link in
5016:Krymchak language
4600:, Sephardic rabbi
4455:Turkey and Israel
4428:Turkey and Israel
4280:linguistic rights
4269:Turkish Kurdistan
4241:prestige language
4202:Antakya Synagogue
4034:, the Jewish and
3633:Daniel de Fonseca
3598:(1649–1687), the
3557:Abraham de Castro
3464:coastal regions (
3391:Kingdom of Sicily
3387:Kingdom of Naples
3156:included sizable
3154:Byzantine Empires
3148:. The subsequent
3059:According to the
3007:ethnic minorities
2902:
2868:
2867:
2813:Yazidis in Turkey
2763:Judaism in Turkey
2744:Chaldean Catholic
2713:Armenian Orthodox
2593:
2592:
2542:
2541:
2290:
2289:
2037:Reconstructionist
1981:
1980:
1133:
1132:
940:
939:
777:Jewish–Roman wars
725:Hasmonean dynasty
641:Kingdom of Israel
545:
544:
246:
245:
16:(Redirected from
10771:
10715:
10714:
10713:
10700:
10699:
9832:Judeo-Golpaygani
9433:Palestinian Jews
9408:Alexandrian Jews
9364:Crimean Karaites
9281:Unterlander Jews
9234:
9233:
9148:Rabbinic Judaism
9073:
9066:
9059:
9050:
9049:
8974:Census in Turkey
8910:Turkish language
8874:
8873:
8862:
8855:
8848:
8839:
8838:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8658:
8657:
8607:Dependencies and
8548:Northern Ireland
8289:Sovereign states
8275:
8268:
8261:
8252:
8251:
8238:
8228:
8227:
8197:Christmas Island
7883:Sovereign states
7870:
7863:
7856:
7847:
7846:
7807:External sources
7802:
7799:Harut Sassounian
7790:
7765:
7755:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7713:. Archived from
7707:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7687:. Archived from
7681:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7661:
7655:. Archived from
7654:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7626:. Archived from
7620:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7559:DEVOS, Olivier.
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7488:. Archived from
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7466:on 19 March 2009
7465:
7459:. Archived from
7458:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7422:on 15 March 2013
7418:. Archived from
7412:
7406:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7315:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7255:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7201:. Archived from
7195:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7135:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6989:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6965:
6957:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6877:. Archived from
6867:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6841:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6819:
6813:
6802:
6796:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6720:on 19 March 2009
6719:
6713:. Archived from
6712:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6239:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6204:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6175:
6169:
6161::461–483 (2005).
6152:
6146:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6095:
6089:
6082:
6076:
6069:
6060:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6012:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5967:
5958:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5937:
5934:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5904:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5834:
5828:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5759:
5748:
5747:
5738:
5736:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5662:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5523:
5514:
5513:
5469:
5460:
5459:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5301:(27 July 2016).
5295:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5250:
5241:
5240:
5221:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5129:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5086:
5069:Yevanic language
4990:Crimean Karaites
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4843:, rabbi of İzmir
4714:Israel Hanukoglu
4692:Françoise Giroud
4688:, Turkish artist
4686:Fernando Gerassi
4679:, co-founder of
4585:, co-founder of
4504:Turks in Germany
4265:Levantine Arabic
4226:
4221:
4168:Turkish citizens
4089:, and until the
4032:Greek population
3931:
3889:anti-Jewish laws
3809:young republic's
3715:A 1902 Issue of
3683:Austro-Hungarian
3660:Emmanuel Carasso
3629:trading diaspora
3516:Eastern Orthodox
3502:Musta'arabi Jews
3432:, Thessaloniki,
3359:
3358:
3265:
3173:forcibly convert
3053:Sardis Synagogue
2927:There have been
2907:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2725:Turkish Orthodox
2607:
2595:
2594:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2434:
2433:
2315:
2136:
2130:
2111:
2075:
2074:
2022:
1969:New Zealand
1921:
1884:El Salvador
1874:
1806:Northern America
1798:
1392:
1148:
1147:
1059:Crimean Karaites
955:
954:
933:
931:
852:
850:
842:
836:
827:
815:Rabbinic Judaism
796:
790:
784:
772:
760:
726:
719:Maccabean Revolt
696:
689:
683:
675:
668:
662:
654:
636:
560:
559:
534:
429:
428:
361:
349:
248:
247:
198:Levantine Arabic
163:
161:
160:
147:
145:
144:
127:
125:
124:
107:
105:
104:
78:Total population
73:
66:
64:
63:
56:
52:
43:
21:
10779:
10778:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10769:
10768:
10729:
10728:
10727:
10722:
10711:
10709:
10681:
10507:
10372:
10244:
10118:
10012:
9827:Judeo-Borujerdi
9802:Judeo-Malayalam
9748:Judeo-Aragonese
9719:Lishanid Noshan
9551:
9539:
9271:Oberlander Jews
9232:
9162:
9104:
9086:
9077:
9047:
9042:
9016:
8968:
8878:
8868:
8866:
8836:
8831:
8817:North Macedonia
8760:
8722:
8691:
8685:
8655:
8650:
8608:
8602:
8588:Northern Cyprus
8570:
8564:
8463:North Macedonia
8284:
8279:
8249:
8244:
8216:
8184:
8175:
8156:Northern Cyprus
8142:
8135:
7877:
7874:
7809:
7793:
7763:
7752:
7736:
7731:
7730:
7720:
7718:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7694:
7692:
7683:
7682:
7675:
7665:
7663:
7659:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7631:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7607:
7605:
7596:
7595:
7591:
7576:
7572:
7557:
7553:
7543:
7541:
7540:on 9 March 2016
7532:
7531:
7527:
7517:
7515:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7495:
7493:
7492:on 15 June 2011
7484:
7483:
7479:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7439:
7435:
7425:
7423:
7414:
7413:
7409:
7404:Wayback Machine
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7368:
7364:
7354:
7352:
7347:
7346:
7342:
7332:
7330:
7317:
7316:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7290:The Independent
7282:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7256:
7249:
7239:
7237:
7230:The Independent
7222:
7218:
7208:
7206:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7157:
7153:
7133:
7127:
7120:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7081:
7077:
7070:
7052:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7034:Middle East Eye
7028:
7027:
7023:
7010:
7009:
7005:
6998:Times of Israel
6990:
6986:
6979:
6975:
6959:
6958:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6930:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6910:
6908:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6884:
6882:
6881:on 25 June 2018
6869:
6868:
6864:
6854:
6852:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6828:
6826:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6803:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6685:, p. 508a.
6681:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6648:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6398:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6257:
6253:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6198:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6153:
6149:
6135:
6133:
6121:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6096:
6092:
6083:
6079:
6070:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6015:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5922:The Black Death
5920:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5902:Wayback Machine
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5875:Middle East Eye
5869:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5835:
5831:
5820:
5816:
5802:
5800:
5789:
5785:
5772:
5770:
5761:
5760:
5751:
5734:
5732:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5710:
5706:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5645:
5602:
5598:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5524:
5517:
5470:
5463:
5432:
5425:
5386:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5296:
5292:
5279:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5231:. 30 May 2011.
5223:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5096:Wayback Machine
5087:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5037:Pallache family
5006:Karaim language
4995:Jewish diaspora
4969:
4964:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4936:Jaklin Kornfilt
4913:Joseph Taitazak
4867:, lexicographer
4835:Abraham Palacci
4784:Elijah Mizrachi
4592:Aaron Alfandari
4579:
4569:
4526:
4520:
4512:Yitzhak Sarfati
4498:. In 2004, the
4451:
4430:
4411:Traditionally,
4340:was assaulted.
4330:
4324:
4278:Jews and their
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4049:
4038:communities of
4028:Istanbul Pogrom
4024:
4018:
3942:
3929:
3919:Struma disaster
3828:
3822:
3774:Albert Einstein
3737:Morris Schinasi
3709:
3703:
3675:Empire declined
3375:Anatolia Eyalet
3352:Yitzhak Sarfati
3252:
3250:Alhambra Decree
3242:
3228:Crimean Khanate
3216:
3189:mass expulsions
3046:
3034:Main articles:
3032:
3027:
2945:Alhambra Decree
2885:Türk Musevileri
2880:Türk Yahudileri
2864:
2828:
2827:
2798:
2797:Minor religions
2790:
2789:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2733:
2721:Syriac Orthodox
2710:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2667:
2648:
2633:
2626:
2624:Islam in Turkey
2609:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2544:
2543:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2411:Judeo-Malayalam
2391:Judaeo-Georgian
2311:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2192:Yiddish theatre
2134:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2020:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1919:
1872:
1796:
1390:
1174:Genetic studies
1145:
1135:
1134:
952:
942:
941:
929:
928:
848:
847:
840:
830:
825:
807:and Middle Ages
805:Rabbinic period
792:
786:
779:
767:
738:
724:
694:
687:
678:
670:
666:
657:
652:in Judaism
649:
634:
557:
547:
546:
426:
416:
415:
359:
347:
292:
158:
156:
142:
140:
134:
122:
120:
102:
100:
58:
53:
47:
46:
42:
37:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10777:
10767:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10706:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10659:non-Christian
10657:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10615:
10608:
10601:
10596:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10555:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10517:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10505:
10500:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10462:
10461:
10451:
10450:
10449:
10444:
10434:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10405:
10400:
10399:
10398:
10393:
10382:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10358:Shulchan Aruch
10355:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10346:Sefer Yetzirah
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10326:Pardes Rimonim
10323:
10316:Kabbalah texts
10313:
10312:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10286:
10285:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10260:
10254:
10252:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10162:
10161:
10156:
10155:
10154:
10149:
10128:
10126:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10116:
10111:
10109:Land of Israel
10106:
10105:
10104:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10083:
10082:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10061:
10060:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10022:
10020:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10010:
10005:
10004:
10003:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9987:
9985:Judeo-Alsatian
9977:
9976:
9975:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
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9906:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9850:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9837:Judeo-Hamedani
9834:
9829:
9824:
9814:
9812:Judaeo-Occitan
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9793:
9792:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9753:Jewish English
9750:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9684:Judaeo-Aramaic
9681:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9672:Judeo-Tunisian
9669:
9664:
9662:Judeo-Moroccan
9659:
9658:
9657:
9655:Judeo-Baghdadi
9642:
9637:
9632:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9559:
9557:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9534:
9533:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9511:
9506:
9504:Livornese Jews
9501:
9491:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9351:
9346:
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9323:
9322:
9317:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9300:
9290:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9251:Afrikaner-Jode
9242:
9240:
9231:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9172:
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9161:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9114:
9112:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9102:
9097:
9091:
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9087:
9076:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9053:
9044:
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9015:
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8994:
8989:
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8969:
8967:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8914:
8913:
8912:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8890:Turkish people
8886:
8884:
8880:
8879:
8865:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8842:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8749:Southern Syria
8741:
8736:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8692:
8689:Ottoman Empire
8684:
8683:
8676:
8669:
8661:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8612:
8610:
8609:other entities
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8538:United Kingdom
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8351:Czech Republic
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8278:
8277:
8270:
8263:
8255:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8232:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8188:
8186:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8147:
8145:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7887:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7832:
7830:978-1480206502
7818:
7817:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7791:
7774:(3): 505–519,
7756:
7750:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7702:
7691:on 26 May 2007
7673:
7641:
7615:
7604:. 3 March 2015
7589:
7570:
7551:
7525:
7503:
7477:
7445:
7433:
7407:
7389:
7378:. ynetnews.com
7362:
7340:
7307:
7276:
7247:
7216:
7190:
7173:
7151:
7118:
7105:
7075:
7068:
7046:
7021:
7003:
6984:
6973:
6940:
6918:
6892:
6862:
6836:
6814:
6797:
6788:
6786:, p. 513.
6776:
6767:
6755:
6743:
6731:
6699:
6687:
6675:
6673:, p. 508.
6663:
6654:
6652:, p. 507.
6639:
6614:
6600:
6580:
6573:
6561:Rubinstein, WD
6552:
6538:
6518:
6511:
6493:
6487:978-9754283556
6486:
6466:
6444:
6442:, p. 207.
6432:
6420:
6409:(2): 467–470.
6392:
6390:, p. 202.
6380:
6368:
6349:(2): 426–428.
6333:
6305:
6296:
6282:
6251:
6214:
6205:
6192:
6181:. eleven.co.il
6170:
6147:
6115:
6090:
6077:
6061:
6052:
6043:
6034:
6025:
6013:
5996:
5984:
5959:
5950:
5938:
5926:
5914:
5905:
5887:
5862:
5850:
5844:;, R. Jenkins
5829:
5822:G. Ostrogorsky
5814:
5783:
5749:
5717:
5704:
5654:
5643:
5616:(4): 501–521.
5596:
5569:(4): 697–720.
5549:
5542:
5515:
5461:
5423:
5400:(1): 315–338.
5377:
5364:יד יצחק בן־צבי
5351:
5344:
5324:
5317:
5311:. p. 40.
5290:
5270:
5242:
5213:
5202:
5176:
5154:
5117:
5102:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5000:Judaeo-Spanish
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4960:
4957:Judaism portal
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4910:
4907:Lenore Skenazy
4904:
4898:
4886:
4880:
4877:Berry Sakharof
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4841:Joseph Palacci
4838:
4832:
4814:
4809:
4800:
4799:-born musician
4790:
4781:
4778:Leandra Medine
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4732:Emanuel Karasu
4729:
4726:Victoria Kamhi
4723:
4717:
4711:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4681:Alarko Holding
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4647:
4636:Elijah Capsali
4633:
4627:
4613:
4610:Seyla Benhabib
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4587:Alarko Holding
4568:
4565:
4522:Main article:
4519:
4516:
4496:Turkish people
4490:) between the
4429:
4426:
4388:alongside the
4326:Main article:
4323:
4320:
4249:Ashkenazi Jews
4237:Judaeo-Spanish
4233:Sephardic Jews
4209:
4206:
4184:Ottoman Empire
4180:Sephardic Jews
4134:Mizrahi Jewish
4115:Romaniote Jews
4107:Ashkenazi Jews
4048:
4045:
4017:
4014:
3988:Varlık Vergisi
3979:following the
3941:
3938:
3824:Main article:
3821:
3818:
3805:Varlık Vergisi
3790:pogrom in 1934
3749:Ottoman Empire
3747:population of
3727:Ottoman Empire
3702:
3701:Early republic
3699:
3648:Ottoman Empire
3348:Ashkenazi Jews
3329:Romaniote Jews
3290:Constantinople
3286:Jewish history
3246:Romaniote Jews
3238:Main article:
3232:Ottoman Empire
3215:
3212:
3196:Romaniote Jews
3167:(most notably
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
2949:Ottoman Empire
2941:Sephardic Jews
2933:Romaniote Jews
2914:Djudios Turkos
2905:Yehudim Turkim
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2830:
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2826:
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2747:
2740:Greek Catholic
2736:Latin Catholic
2728:
2717:Greek Orthodox
2704:
2699:
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2472:Territorialism
2469:
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2356:Judaeo-Spanish
2353:
2351:Judaeo-Iranian
2348:
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2333:
2328:
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2303:
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2222:
2214:
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2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2173:
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2171:
2166:
2158:
2157:
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2150:
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2138:
2131:
2122:
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2103:
2098:
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2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
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1911:
1906:
1901:
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1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
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1797:United Kingdom
1793:
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1337:
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1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
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1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:Bilad-el-Sudan
1227:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1183:Land of Israel
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
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1166:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
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1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1041:Related groups
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
974:
973:
968:
953:
948:
947:
944:
943:
938:
937:
936:
935:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
893:Jewish atheism
890:
885:
880:
872:
871:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:Islamic–Jewish
844:
837:
822:
817:
809:
808:
801:
800:
799:
798:
774:
761:
733:
728:
721:
716:
714:Yehud Medinata
708:
707:
701:
700:
699:
698:
691:
684:
676:
663:
655:
643:
638:
631:
623:
622:
620:Ancient Israel
616:
615:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
576:Land of Israel
573:
565:
564:
558:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
542:
541:
540:
535:
531:Shulchan Aruch
526:
521:
516:
511:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
487:
486:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
464:
463:
457:
456:
455:
454:
449:
444:
436:
435:
427:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
356:
351:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
309:
304:
297:God in Judaism
293:
288:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
268:
267:
257:
256:
244:
243:
233:Ashkenazi Jews
229:Sephardic Jews
221:
220:
216:
215:
209:
208:
204:
203:
186:Judaeo-Spanish
174:
173:
169:
168:
165:
153:
152:
149:
137:
136:
131:
117:
116:
111:
97:
96:
92:
91:
80:
79:
75:
74:
40:
18:Jews of Turkey
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10776:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10734:
10719:
10718:
10707:
10705:
10704:
10695:
10694:
10693:
10689:
10684:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10643:Protestantism
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10619:
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10609:
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10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10594:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
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10578:
10577:
10573:
10571:
10568:
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10556:
10554:
10551:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
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10519:
10518:
10516:
10514:
10510:
10504:
10501:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10455:
10452:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10388:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10331:Sefer HaBahir
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10317:
10314:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10291:
10290:
10287:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10268:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10258:Sifrei Kodesh
10256:
10255:
10253:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10192:
10189:
10188:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10160:
10157:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10133:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10121:
10115:
10114:Who is a Jew?
10112:
10110:
10107:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10059:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10043:Chosen people
10041:
10039:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10019:
10015:
10009:
10006:
10000:
9999:Scots-Yiddish
9997:
9993:
9992:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9972:Klezmer-loshn
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9842:Judeo-Shirazi
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9817:Judeo-Persian
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9807:Judeo-Marathi
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9785:Judeo-Italian
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9685:
9682:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9640:Judeo-Amazigh
9638:
9636:
9633:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9550:
9546:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9475:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9463:Hadhrami Jews
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9428:Mountain Jews
9426:
9424:
9423:Egyptian Jews
9421:
9419:
9418:Bukharan Jews
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9400:
9399:
9396:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9308:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9294:
9291:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9206:Lists of Jews
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9107:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9074:
9069:
9067:
9062:
9060:
9055:
9054:
9051:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8872:
8863:
8858:
8856:
8851:
8849:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8763:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8682:
8677:
8675:
8670:
8668:
8663:
8662:
8659:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8621:Faroe Islands
8619:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8593:South Ossetia
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8567:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8423:Liechtenstein
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8276:
8271:
8269:
8264:
8262:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8231:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8182:
8178:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8166:South Ossetia
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8138:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
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8072:
8069:
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8059:
8057:
8054:
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8049:
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8044:
8042:
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8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
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7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
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7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
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7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7871:
7866:
7864:
7859:
7857:
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7851:
7848:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7823:
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7815:
7811:
7810:
7800:
7796:
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7769:
7762:
7757:
7753:
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7737:
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7712:
7706:
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7680:
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7645:
7629:
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7603:
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7513:
7507:
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7442:
7437:
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7405:
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7398:
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7366:
7350:
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7324:
7320:
7314:
7312:
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7280:
7265:
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7220:
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7200:
7194:
7187:
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7155:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7123:
7108:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7071:
7069:9783110805451
7065:
7061:
7057:
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7035:
7031:
7025:
7017:
7013:
7007:
6999:
6995:
6988:
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6963:
6955:
6951:
6944:
6928:
6922:
6906:
6902:
6896:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6851:. haaretz.com
6850:
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6807:
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6709:
6703:
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6684:
6679:
6672:
6667:
6658:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6627:
6626:
6618:
6603:
6601:9780415212496
6597:
6593:
6592:
6584:
6576:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6541:
6539:9789754707632
6535:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6514:
6508:
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6497:
6489:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6470:
6454:
6448:
6441:
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6429:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6396:
6389:
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6377:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6356:
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6348:
6344:
6337:
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6321:
6316:
6309:
6300:
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6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6255:
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6225:
6218:
6209:
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6180:
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6128:
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6119:
6103:
6102:
6094:
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6018:
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5993:
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5954:
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5933:
5931:
5923:
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5909:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5891:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5847:
5843:
5840:; S. Bowman,
5839:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5768:
5764:
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5754:
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5714:
5708:
5700:
5696:
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5684:
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5672:
5668:
5661:
5659:
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5647:
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5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5592:
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5572:
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5553:
5545:
5539:
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5531:
5530:
5522:
5520:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5428:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5347:
5345:9780878500888
5341:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5318:9781349122356
5314:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5286:
5285:
5277:
5275:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5211:
5206:
5191:. Haaretz.com
5190:
5186:
5180:
5164:
5158:
5150:
5135:
5127:
5121:
5114:. Aish Torah.
5113:
5106:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:Mountain Jews
5030:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Bukharan Jews
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4971:Turkey portal
4961:
4958:
4947:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4930:Sabbatai Zevi
4928:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4901:Izak Senbahar
4899:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4883:Silvio Santos
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4798:
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4789:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4698:Umut Güzelses
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4671:Menahem Egozi
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4659:Isaac Carasso
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:Moses Capsali
4648:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
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4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4559:and acquired
4558:
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4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4515:
4513:
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4497:
4493:
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4477:
4473:
4469:
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4461:
4456:
4450:
4442:
4438:
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4425:
4421:
4419:
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4409:
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4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4300:mother tongue
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4214:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4194:
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4187:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4162:In 2001, the
4160:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4103:Sephardi Jews
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3937:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:the Holocaust
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:denaturalized
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:) during the
3724:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:, from loyal
3649:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:Sabbatai Zevi
3608:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3551:'s physician
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:millet system
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:44 synagogues
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:Mediterranean
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:Sephardi Jews
3414:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
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3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:New Testament
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:Antiochus III
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3022:
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3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
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2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
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2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2894:יהודים טורקים
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
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2816:
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2800:
2794:
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2778:
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2768:
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2613:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2597:
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2567:
2566:
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2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
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2518:
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2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
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2483:
2478:
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2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
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2448:
2445:
2444:
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2430:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Judeo-Aramaic
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Judeo-Italian
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Ghardaïa Sign
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
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2329:
2327:
2324:
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2319:
2314:
2310:
2309:
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2305:
2304:
2301:
2296:
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2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:Denominations
1987:
1986:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:United States
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Guinea-Bissau
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Lists of Jews
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
945:
934:
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:The Holocaust
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:
869:
868:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
845:
843:
838:
834:
828:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
810:
806:
803:
802:
795:
789:
783:
778:
775:
771:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
690:
685:
681:
677:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
653:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:
621:
618:
617:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
566:
562:
561:
556:
551:
550:
539:
536:
533:
532:
527:
525:
522:
520:
519:Mishneh Torah
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
488:
485:
482:
481:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
462:
459:
458:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
419:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
357:
355:
352:
350:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
313:
310:
308:
305:
302:
298:
295:
294:
291:
286:
285:
280:
279:Who is a Jew?
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
266:
262:
259:
258:
254:
250:
249:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
214:
210:
205:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:(in Israel),
179:
175:
170:
166:
154:
150:
148:United States
138:
135:14,300 (2024)
133:14,500 (2022)
132:
130:
118:
115:
112:
110:
98:
93:
90:
86:
81:
76:
72:
67:
62:
55:יהודים טורקים
51:
45:Turkish Jews
39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
10739:Turkish Jews
10708:
10701:
10687:
10610:
10603:
10591:
10574:
10557:
10391:perspectives
10225:Samaritanism
10186:Neo-Hasidism
10166:Conservative
10080:Names of God
9989:
9970:
9780:Judaeo-Greek
9775:Judeo-Gascon
9714:Lishán Didán
9709:Lishana Deni
9677:Judeo-Yemeni
9645:Judeo-Arabic
9519:Meshuchrarim
9438:Persian Jews
9371:Kurdish Jews
9349:Kaifeng Jews
9298:Beta Abraham
9261:Galitzianers
9216:Antisemitism
9191:Israeli Jews
9176:Assimilation
8931:
8927:Christianity
8895:Ethnic Kurds
8713:Tripolitania
8598:Transnistria
8527:
8181:Dependencies
8111:Turkmenistan
8105:
8076:Saudi Arabia
7798:
7771:
7767:
7741:
7734:Bibliography
7719:. Retrieved
7715:the original
7705:
7693:. Retrieved
7689:the original
7664:. Retrieved
7657:the original
7644:
7632:. Retrieved
7628:the original
7618:
7606:. Retrieved
7601:
7592:
7583:
7573:
7564:
7554:
7542:. Retrieved
7538:the original
7528:
7516:. Retrieved
7514:. qantara.de
7506:
7494:. Retrieved
7490:the original
7480:
7468:. Retrieved
7461:the original
7448:
7436:
7424:. Retrieved
7420:the original
7410:
7392:
7380:. Retrieved
7375:
7365:
7353:. Retrieved
7343:
7333:24 September
7331:. Retrieved
7322:
7298:. Retrieved
7294:the original
7289:
7279:
7267:. Retrieved
7263:
7238:. Retrieved
7234:the original
7229:
7219:
7207:. Retrieved
7203:the original
7193:
7185:
7178:, retrieved
7164:
7154:
7137:
7110:, retrieved
7088:
7078:
7059:
7049:
7037:. Retrieved
7033:
7024:
7006:
6987:
6976:
6953:
6943:
6931:. Retrieved
6921:
6909:. Retrieved
6905:the original
6895:
6883:. Retrieved
6879:the original
6865:
6853:. Retrieved
6848:
6839:
6827:. Retrieved
6817:
6809:
6800:
6791:
6779:
6770:
6758:
6746:
6734:
6722:. Retrieved
6715:the original
6702:
6690:
6678:
6666:
6657:
6630:. Retrieved
6624:
6617:
6605:. Retrieved
6590:
6583:
6564:
6555:
6543:. Retrieved
6532:. İletişim.
6528:
6521:
6502:
6496:
6476:
6469:
6457:. Retrieved
6447:
6435:
6430:, p. 4.
6423:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6324:. Retrieved
6318:
6308:
6299:
6287:, retrieved
6265:
6254:
6227:
6217:
6208:
6200:
6195:
6183:. Retrieved
6173:
6158:
6155:
6150:
6141:
6134:. Retrieved
6125:
6118:
6106:. Retrieved
6100:
6093:
6085:
6080:
6072:
6055:
6046:
6037:
6028:
5999:
5987:
5975:. Retrieved
5953:
5917:
5908:
5890:
5878:. Retrieved
5874:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5825:
5817:
5808:
5801:. Retrieved
5796:
5786:
5778:
5771:. Retrieved
5766:
5740:
5733:. Retrieved
5729:
5720:
5712:
5707:
5674:
5670:
5646:
5613:
5609:
5599:
5566:
5562:
5552:
5528:
5509:
5484:(1): 66–93.
5481:
5477:
5455:
5443:
5439:
5417:
5397:
5393:
5368:. Retrieved
5363:
5354:
5334:
5327:
5303:
5293:
5283:
5261:. Retrieved
5257:
5228:
5205:
5193:. Retrieved
5188:
5179:
5167:. Retrieved
5157:
5144:|title=
5120:
5105:
5084:
5046:
4917:Spanish-born
4897:(2013–2021).
4892:
4853:Haim Palachi
4828:
4807:Hakham Bashi
4793:Darío Moreno
4788:Hakham Bashi
4742:Tchéky Karyo
4716:, biochemist
4708:Hakham Bashi
4704:Ishak Haleva
4694:, politician
4677:Üzeyir Garih
4654:Hakham Bashi
4640:Hakham Bashi
4626:, Azerbaijan
4583:Ishak Alaton
4550:
4531:
4527:
4487:
4479:
4463:
4452:
4422:
4410:
4371:
4361:
4354:district of
4338:Turkish Army
4331:
4322:Antisemitism
4286:by the 1923
4277:
4230:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4161:
4156:
4153:Rosh Bet Din
4152:
4149:Ishak Haleva
4145:Hakham Bashi
4142:
4124:The city of
4123:
4080:
4062:district of
4047:21st century
4025:
4007:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3975:. After the
3970:
3963:
3926:
3916:
3908:
3901:
3865:Nazi Germany
3853:World War II
3850:
3820:World War II
3802:
3783:
3770:Nazi Germany
3767:
3759:nation state
3756:
3742:
3723:Thessaloniki
3716:
3679:Bosnian Jews
3672:
3645:
3622:
3604:
3589:
3576:
3564:
3561:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:Hakham Bashi
3512:
3506:
3486:
3419:
3403:
3399:Thessaloniki
3372:
3360:
3345:
3318:
3283:
3272:
3253:
3193:
3177:Christianity
3162:
3143:
3112:
3081:
3069:Mount Ararat
3061:Hebrew Bible
3058:
2996:
2957:
2953:Ottoman Jews
2926:
2871:
2869:
2535:Post-Zionism
2406:Judeo-Berber
2401:Judeo-Arabic
2361:Judeo-Gascon
2108:Pidyon haben
2027:Conservative
1612:
1573:Saudi Arabia
1391:South Africa
1380:Sierra Leone
1202:Israeli Jews
1116:Mosaic Arabs
1069:Kaifeng Jews
930:Arab–Israeli
913:Soviet Union
898:Emancipation
782:Great Revolt
591:Anti-Judaism
586:Antisemitism
581:Name "Judea"
376:Baal teshuva
237:Spanish Jews
88:
84:
41:Ethnic group
38:
26:
10633:Catholicism
10215:Hellenistic
10053:Eschatology
9991:Lachoudisch
9916:Lotegorisch
9894:Lachoudisch
9884:Koiné Greek
9797:Judeo-Latin
9734:Palestinian
9628:Palestinian
9477:Mustaʿravim
9403:Afghan Jews
9391:Berber Jews
9315:Bene Israel
9303:Falash Mura
9293:Beta Israel
9211:Persecution
9153:Middle Ages
8954:Immigration
8636:Isle of Man
8571:recognition
8523:Switzerland
8458:Netherlands
8240:Asia portal
8141:States with
8061:Philippines
8001:South Korea
7996:North Korea
7891:Afghanistan
7721:14 November
7695:14 November
7666:14 November
7634:14 November
7544:15 December
7518:15 December
7496:15 December
7426:15 December
7382:15 December
7355:15 December
7039:15 February
6954:The Forward
6933:15 December
6911:15 December
6855:15 December
6829:15 December
6784:Toktas 2006
6763:Toktas 2006
6751:Toktas 2006
6739:Toktas 2006
6695:Toktas 2006
6683:Toktas 2006
6671:Toktas 2006
6650:Toktas 2006
6632:29 November
6607:15 December
6545:15 December
6326:15 December
6262:"Turc—grec"
6185:15 December
6136:15 December
6108:15 December
5977:15 December
5677:: 431–438.
5651:Genesis 8:4
5446:: 489–519.
5366:(in Hebrew)
5254:"Kurdistan"
5099:(in Hebrew)
4865:Mosè Piccio
4817:Joseph Nasi
4803:Chaim Nahum
4754:Morris Levy
4722:, talmudist
4673:, talmudist
4644:Chief Rabbi
4378:Palestinian
4130:Syrian Jews
3786:East Thrace
3664:Young Turks
3569:Joseph Nasi
3545:Moses Hamon
3494:Golden Horn
3331:, from the
3314:Black Death
3302:many sieges
3214:Ottoman era
3169:Justinian I
2968:World War I
2631:Sunni Islam
2530:Revisionist
2520:Neo-Zionism
2127:Zeved habat
1920:Puerto Rico
1746:Netherlands
1578:South Korea
1563:Philippines
1443:Afghanistan
1310:Ivory Coast
1084:Crypto-Jews
1049:Bnei Anusim
1028:Bene Israel
993:Beta Israel
950:Communities
857:Middle Ages
596:Persecution
371:Bereavement
196:(extinct),
10733:Categories
10628:Anabaptism
10570:Jew (word)
10437:Leadership
10250:Literature
10235:Secularism
10181:Humanistic
10048:Conversion
10018:Philosophy
9859:Judeo-Urdu
9623:Babylonian
9468:Saada Jews
9453:Adeni Jews
9246:Ashkenazim
9201:Samaritans
9168:Population
9123:Israelites
8937:Irreligion
8900:Minorities
8812:Montenegro
8493:San Marino
8453:Montenegro
8433:Luxembourg
8413:Kazakhstan
8316:Azerbaijan
8121:Uzbekistan
8096:Tajikistan
8011:Kyrgyzstan
7991:Kazakhstan
7911:Bangladesh
7901:Azerbaijan
7816:, Aish.com
7801:. Asberaz.
7608:3 February
7470:6 February
7140:(23): 26.
6806:Rifat Bali
6574:113461568X
6403:AJS Review
5880:15 January
5773:15 January
5076:References
5054:Subbotniks
4889:Rotem Sela
4871:Haim Saban
4859:Emin Pasha
4825:Sanjak-bey
4821:Portuguese
4748:Hila Klein
4706:, current
4642:(Turkish:
4616:Can Bonomo
4604:Isak Andic
4571:See also:
4482:being the
4447:See also:
4259:. Jews in
4218:• Turkish
4155:and three
4099:İskenderun
4020:See also:
4010:Neve Şalom
3883:and other
3705:See also:
3652:Ottomanism
3602:occurred.
3573:sanjak-bey
3553:İshak Paşa
3434:Adrianople
3379:Bayezid II
3325:Christians
3254:The first
3244:See also:
3125:14:1, and
3065:Noah's Ark
3019:Bulgarians
2750:Protestant
2678:Naqshbandi
2646:Shia Islam
2515:Maximalism
2467:Secularism
2447:Autonomism
2264:Literature
2057:Humanistic
1661:Azerbaijan
1623:Uzbekistan
1598:Tajikistan
1518:Kyrgyzstan
1503:Kazakhstan
1350:Mozambique
1325:Madagascar
1245:Cape Verde
1197:New Yishuv
1192:Old Yishuv
1143:Population
1121:Subbotniks
1079:Samaritans
1018:Romanyotim
961:Ashkenazim
903:Old Yishuv
883:Sabbateans
870:Modern era
862:Golden Age
794:Bar Kokhba
514:Beit Yosef
381:Philosophy
241:Greek Jews
29:See also:
10690:indicate
10638:Mormonism
10623:Christian
10503:Symbolism
10491:Synagogue
10471:Mythology
10432:Education
10403:Astronomy
10386:Astrology
10203:relations
10008:Zarphatic
9956:Galitzish
9758:Yeshivish
9635:Catalanic
9598:Samaritan
9573:Ashkenazi
9554:Diasporic
9549:Languages
9494:Sephardim
9489:Romaniote
9376:Krymchaks
9310:Desi Jews
9186:Buddhists
8944:Education
8905:Languages
8626:Gibraltar
8428:Lithuania
8207:Hong Kong
8161:Palestine
8086:Sri Lanka
8081:Singapore
7961:Indonesia
7180:6 October
7146:865002828
7112:9 October
6563:(2002) .
6440:Baer 2020
6428:Baer 2020
6388:Baer 2020
6376:Baer 2020
6363:162685190
6289:8 October
6246:1773-0546
5846:Byzantium
5793:"GALATIA"
5699:163426553
5691:1047-7594
5638:153761516
5630:1468-3857
5583:0032-3195
5506:201398995
5498:1385-4879
5452:0012-8449
5414:2211-6117
5263:9 October
5195:9 October
5169:9 October
5021:Krymchaks
5002:or Ladino
4925:Kabbalist
4728:, pianist
4710:of Turkey
4665:Bob Dylan
4486:word for
4382:Abu Nidal
4380:militant
4352:Kuzguncuk
4292:Armenians
4208:Languages
3877:Auschwitz
3596:Mehmed IV
3585:tax farms
3541:Defterdar
3466:Jerusalem
3438:Nicopolis
3310:Crusaders
3279:Murad III
3256:synagogue
3011:Armenians
2899:romanized
2785:Sabbatean
2780:Romaniote
2775:Ashkenazi
2525:Religious
2381:Zarphatic
2371:Bukharian
2341:Judeo-Tat
2326:Yeshivish
2300:Languages
2255:Sephardic
2245:Israelite
2235:Ethiopian
2225:Ashkenazi
2164:Religious
1954:Australia
1936:Venezuela
1842:Argentina
1824:Greenland
1736:Lithuania
1588:Sri Lanka
1583:Singapore
1508:Kurdistan
1473:Indonesia
1463:Hong Kong
1416:Abayudaya
1340:Mauritius
1074:Igbo Jews
1064:Krymchaks
983:Sephardim
851:relations
745:Sadducees
741:Pharisees
731:Sanhedrin
646:Jerusalem
406:Synagogue
274:Etymology
172:Languages
10703:Category
10673:Hinduism
10663:Buddhism
10565:Genetics
10481:Politics
10454:Marriage
10413:Holidays
10408:Calendar
10289:Rabbinic
10265:/Hebrew
10210:Haymanot
10137:Orthodox
10124:Branches
10097:Kabbalah
10092:Haskalah
10070:Holiness
9946:dialects
9926:Shassagh
9889:Krymchak
9869:Kayliñña
9763:Yinglish
9739:Galilean
9729:Talmudic
9724:Biblical
9699:Betanure
9618:Biblical
9613:Mishnaic
9608:Medieval
9593:Tiberian
9588:Yemenite
9578:Sephardi
9514:Paradesi
9458:Ḥabbanim
9448:Teimanim
9413:Baghdadi
9386:Maghrebi
9354:Karaites
9332:Gruzínim
9320:Kochinim
9238:Diaspora
9196:Karaites
9181:Atheists
9118:Timeline
8917:Religion
8782:Bulgaria
8646:Svalbard
8631:Guernsey
8578:Abkhazia
8553:Scotland
8508:Slovenia
8503:Slovakia
8478:Portugal
8336:Bulgaria
8230:Category
8151:Abkhazia
8101:Thailand
8056:Pakistan
8036:Mongolia
8031:Maldives
8026:Malaysia
7926:Cambodia
7788:55379633
7400:Archived
7376:Ynetnews
7327:Archived
7323:Fox News
6962:cite web
5992:B. Lewis
5898:Archived
5743:Augustus
5591:25655744
5360:"תורכיה"
5134:cite web
5092:Archived
5023:(Crimea)
4943:See also
4919:Ottoman
4829:governor
4736:Salonica
4638:, first
4594:, writer
4518:Diaspora
4443:, Israel
4368:Istanbul
4356:Istanbul
4083:Istanbul
4076:Istanbul
4066:, Turkey
4064:Istanbul
4040:Istanbul
4036:Armenian
3875:such as
3718:La Epoca
3691:Bulgaria
3637:Voltaire
3592:Murad IV
3577:governor
3549:Murad II
3524:autonomy
3518:millet,
3474:Damascus
3430:Sarajevo
3389:and the
3337:Anatolia
3292:. After
3264:עץ החיים
3224:Krymchak
3096:Seleucid
3084:Josephus
2999:Istanbul
2984:Americas
2982:and the
2808:Tengrism
2770:Sephardi
2731:Catholic
2670:Bektashi
2552:Category
2510:Kahanism
2457:Feminism
2429:Politics
2313:Biblical
2283:American
2230:Bukharan
2220:American
2120:Shidduch
2096:Clothing
2052:Haymanot
1998:Orthodox
1926:Suriname
1909:Paraguay
1862:Colombia
1761:Portugal
1671:Bulgaria
1608:Thailand
1558:Pakistan
1538:Mongolia
1533:Malaysia
1453:Cambodia
1427:Zimbabwe
1402:Tanzania
1280:Eswatini
1270:Ethiopia
1260:Djibouti
1240:Cameroon
1235:Botswana
1164:Diaspora
1126:Noahides
1099:Marranos
1023:Cochinim
1008:Bukharim
998:Gruzinim
988:Teimanim
978:Mizrahim
966:Galician
932:conflict
888:Hasidism
878:Haskalah
788:Diaspora
659:timeline
571:Timeline
484:Rabbinic
391:Kabbalah
366:Marriage
342:Tzedakah
332:Holidays
290:Religion
253:a series
251:Part of
207:Religion
57:
10688:Italics
10513:Studies
10459:Divorce
10425:Kashrut
10420:Cuisine
10378:Culture
10309:Midrash
10304:Tosefta
10294:Mishnah
10282:Ketuvim
10277:Nevi'im
10240:Schisms
10230:Science
10220:Karaite
10191:Renewal
10152:Litvaks
10147:Hasidic
10102:Sefirot
10087:Halakha
10058:Messiah
10031:Mitzvah
10026:Beliefs
9980:Western
9966:Poylish
9961:Litvish
9951:Eastern
9941:Yiddish
9936:Shuadit
9921:Qwareña
9909:Tetuani
9904:Haketia
9879:Knaanic
9874:Kivruli
9822:Bukhori
9768:Heblish
9704:Hulaulá
9694:Barzani
9650:Yahudic
9583:Mizrahi
9443:Urfalim
9398:Mizrahi
9342:Neofiti
9337:Italkim
9266:Lita'im
9158:Zionism
9110:History
9084:Judaism
8959:Poverty
8932:Judaism
8827:Ukraine
8802:Hungary
8787:Croatia
8772:Albania
8754:Lebanon
8718:Tunisia
8703:Algeria
8543:England
8533:Ukraine
8483:Romania
8443:Moldova
8401:Ireland
8396:Iceland
8391:Hungary
8381:Germany
8376:Georgia
8366:Finland
8361:Estonia
8356:Denmark
8341:Croatia
8326:Belgium
8321:Belarus
8311:Austria
8306:Armenia
8301:Andorra
8296:Albania
8126:Vietnam
8041:Myanmar
8021:Lebanon
7951:Georgia
7906:Bahrain
7896:Armenia
6885:25 June
6849:Haaretz
5370:10 June
5189:Haaretz
5064:Urfalim
5011:Khazars
4555:, have
4492:Israeli
4484:Turkish
4480:Arkadaş
4468:Turkish
4402:Turkish
4398:Muslims
4373:Shabbat
4273:Kurdish
4253:Yiddish
4245:shifted
4196:In the
4182:to the
4176:Muslims
4170:, both
4157:Hahamim
4126:Antakya
4095:Antakya
3881:Sobibor
3851:During
3656:Zionism
3565:millets
3426:Rumelia
3362:Sarfati
3333:Balkans
3321:Muslims
3200:Phrygia
3181:pogroms
3139:Galatia
3127:Ephesus
3092:Phrygia
3073:Armenia
3025:History
2972:Zionism
2964:Ukraine
2937:Karaite
2901::
2876:Turkish
2708:Eastern
2674:Mawlawi
2659:Nusayri
2655:Ja'fari
2640:Shafi'i
2495:General
2486:Zionism
2462:Leftism
2452:Bundism
2376:Knaanic
2336:Yevanic
2321:Yiddish
2278:Yiddish
2273:Israeli
2250:Mizrahi
2240:Israeli
2211:Cuisine
2187:Ancient
2169:Secular
2115:Kashrut
2091:Wedding
2078:Customs
2070:Culture
2047:Science
2042:Renewal
2032:Karaite
2013:Hasidic
1945:Oceania
1931:Uruguay
1899:Jamaica
1879:Ecuador
1847:Bolivia
1791:Ukraine
1766:Romania
1741:Moldova
1721:Hungary
1711:Germany
1706:Georgia
1696:Finland
1691:Estonia
1686:Denmark
1681:Czechia
1666:Belarus
1656:Austria
1651:Armenia
1628:Vietnam
1543:Myanmar
1528:Lebanon
1448:Bahrain
1407:Tunisia
1385:Somalia
1360:Nigeria
1355:Namibia
1345:Morocco
1275:Eritrea
1220:Algeria
1104:Neofiti
1013:Italkim
1003:Juhurim
908:Zionism
757:Sicarii
753:Zealots
749:Essenes
736:Schisms
601:Leaders
563:General
555:History
498:Tosefta
493:Midrash
470:Mishnah
452:Ketuvim
447:Nevi'im
396:Customs
327:Shabbat
322:Halakha
314: (
312:Mitzvot
299: (
265:Judaism
213:Judaism
201:Kurdish
194:Yevanic
182:Turkish
114:280,000
89:450,000
85:330,000
10496:Hazzan
10486:Prayer
10363:Siddur
10299:Talmud
10263:Tanakh
10198:Neolog
10171:Reform
10159:Modern
10142:Haredi
10065:Ethics
9931:Shassi
9899:Ladino
9864:Karaim
9847:Juhuri
9689:Targum
9603:Signed
9568:Modern
9563:Hebrew
9531:Xuetes
9327:Dönmeh
9286:Yekkes
8949:Health
8883:Topics
8822:Serbia
8807:Kosovo
8797:Greece
8792:Cyprus
8765:Europe
8734:Arabia
8696:Africa
8641:Jersey
8583:Kosovo
8528:Turkey
8518:Sweden
8498:Serbia
8488:Russia
8473:Poland
8468:Norway
8448:Monaco
8418:Latvia
8386:Greece
8371:France
8346:Cyprus
8171:Taiwan
8106:Turkey
8071:Russia
8006:Kuwait
7986:Jordan
7976:Israel
7936:Cyprus
7921:Brunei
7916:Bhutan
7828:
7786:
7748:
7209:27 May
7171:
7144:
7103:
7066:
6724:15 May
6598:
6571:
6536:
6509:
6484:
6459:5 June
6361:
6280:
6244:
6143:juive.
6007:
5803:12 May
5735:12 May
5697:
5689:
5636:
5628:
5589:
5581:
5540:
5504:
5496:
5450:
5412:
5342:
5315:
4546:Hazzan
4542:siddur
4538:Ladino
4488:Friend
4472:Jewish
4413:aliyah
4312:Hebrew
4296:Greeks
4271:spoke
4263:spoke
4251:spoke
4235:spoke
4225:
4220:
4138:Aleppo
4060:Galata
3966:Aliyah
3927:Struma
3814:racist
3745:Jewish
3695:Serbia
3687:Greece
3625:Greeks
3618:Dönmeh
3476:, and
3458:Amasya
3454:Manisa
3385:, the
3367:Edirne
3275:sultan
3260:Hebrew
3183:, the
3146:Sardis
3133:. The
3104:Sardis
3075:, and
3042:, and
3017:, and
3015:Greeks
2992:Ladino
2980:France
2976:Israel
2960:Poland
2922:Turkey
2910:Ladino
2890:Hebrew
2682:Qadiri
2665:Sufism
2636:Hanafi
2557:Portal
2416:Domari
2346:Shassi
2307:Hebrew
2202:Humour
2146:Hiloni
2141:Aliyah
2101:Niddah
2086:Minyan
2021:Reform
2008:Haredi
2003:Modern
1904:Mexico
1889:Guyana
1852:Brazil
1814:Canada
1786:Sweden
1776:Serbia
1771:Russia
1756:Poland
1751:Norway
1731:Latvia
1716:Greece
1701:France
1676:Cyprus
1642:Europe
1613:Turkey
1603:Taiwan
1513:Kuwait
1498:Jordan
1488:Israel
1422:Zambia
1412:Uganda
1330:Malawi
1300:Guinea
1290:Gambia
1225:Angola
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1089:Anusim
1033:Berber
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10351:Zohar
10272:Torah
10267:Bible
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8922:Islam
8744:Syria
8708:Egypt
8616:Åland
8558:Wales
8513:Spain
8438:Malta
8408:Italy
8212:Macau
8131:Yemen
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7956:India
7946:Egypt
7931:China
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