Joseph Opala - Knowledge

933:, who traced his ancestors to Sierra Leone through a DNA test, donated $ 25,000 to the project in 2007. Opala and Chatelain's computer model will be used to explain the castle to visitors at both the museum and the site itself. The computer model is also featured in a traveling exhibit on Bunce Island that Opala created. The exhibit has gone to colleges and museums in the U.S. and Canada, and to the Sierra Leone National Museum during that country's 50th anniversary of Independence celebrations in 2011. 507:, Penn Center's director, and the US Park Service on the early planning stage of what ultimately became the Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, a national heritage area covering the entire Gullah region, including the coastal plain and sea islands of South Carolina and Georgia, and adjoining parts of coastal North Carolina and Florida. The Corridor was established by Congress in 2006, and will ultimately embrace a wide range of public history initiatives to celebrate Gullah history and culture. 236:. These discussions have continued for almost three decades. The Sierra Leone media first coined the phrase, "Gullah Connection," for the family ties which Opala has brought to light. He helped generate a similar dialog in the South Carolina and Georgia Low Country, where he has given public lectures and interviews to the local media, and organized workshops for teachers and cultural activists for many years. His work has helped Gullahs recognize their links to African traditions. 1001: 942:

occasion. Today, the "Gullah Connection" is an "evergreen" story in the Sierra Leone media, and local newspapers frequently carry stories on the Gullah and their African roots that appear in the American papers. Most Sierra Leoneans are now aware of their historical links to the Gullahs. Sierra Leone's high school history textbook covers the Gullah Connection, and several local civic groups are dedicated to nurturing their country's family ties to the Gullahs.

797:." He later organized three homecoming visits for Gullahs returning to Sierra Leone, each based on new and more specific information Opala and other scholars had discovered on the links between Sierra Leoneans and the Gullahs. He organized these events in collaboration with the Sierra Leone Government, the U.S. Embassy in Sierra Leone, and Gullah community leaders in the U.S. He also helped produce the documentary films that chronicle the first two homecomings: 950:, Gullah civic leaders lobbied the U.S. Congress, asking for help for their "ancestral homeland". Sierra Leonean immigrants in the U.S. have also taken a strong interest in the Gullah Connection, forming an organization called the "Sierra Leone-Gullah Heritage Association" to nurture their family ties to the Gullahs. Sierra Leoneans and Gullahs now come together frequently at cultural festivals in the Low Country. 25: 93: 805:(1998). These videos generated a good deal of public discussion in both countries on family lost in the slave trade; and after seeing them, some Sierra Leoneans and African Americans traveled across the Atlantic on their own to renew lost family ties. These documentaries also highlight the role of Bunce Island in the slave trade links between Sierra Leone and the US. 1776: 388:

that British slave traders controlled Bunce Island during its entire history. Cutting back the vegetation and studying the ruins, he was the first scholar to identify the functions of the major buildings, including Bance Island House (the headquarters), the men's and women's slave yards, and the underground gunpowder magazine.

448:(NPS), and during his trips back to the US, he convinced NPS officials to send an expert team to survey Bunce Island in 1989. After seeing the castle, one of the NPS experts said he had "never seen an historic site so important for the United States in such desperate need of preservation." Later, Opala helped persuade 404:, the descendants of the rice-growing slaves still living in coastal South Carolina and Georgia today, and Sierra Leone. Linguists had been pointing to those connections for years without having the historical data to explain them. Opala wanted to return to Sierra Leone to share this new information with its people. 749:, etc. — were transported as slaves to the rice plantations in the Low Country. But some of the Nova Scotian migrants who went to Sierra Leone later on were Gullahs, and some had actually been born in Sierra Leone. The descendants of these migrants, who live in Freetown, the capital city, are known as the 980:

But Opala's most enduring contribution is, no doubt, his discovery of Bunce Island's historical importance for the United States, and his decades of research and public history work to promote popular understanding of that site. Bunce Island will likely become a major destination for African American

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Slave auction ads of the period in the Charleston and Savannah newspapers often mentioned the origin of the slaves in areas where Africans were known to cultivate rice: the "Rice Coast," "Gambia," "Seralion," and "Windward Coast." Some ads stated that the enslaved Africans were "well acquainted with

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and customs to the present day. Opala organized a symposium at Penn Center that brought Black Seminole leaders to the Gullah region for the first time, and he helped organize return visits by Gullah leaders to Black Seminole communities in Oklahoma and Texas. Opala later submitted a report to the US

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Opala organized workshops at Penn Center on the Sierra Leone-Gullah Connection for local teachers and cultural activists. He also lectured on the Gullahs' links to Sierra Leone at colleges, museums, and community centers in the Low Country. He brought several Sierra Leonean social activists to Penn

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After Opala left Sierra Leone in 1979, he did archival research in the US and UK. He discovered that many of the slaves who passed through Bunce Island were shipped to South Carolina and Georgia. The rice planters in those colonies were eager to purchase captives from Sierra Leone and other parts of

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In 2007, Opala helped establish the "Bunce Island Coalition (US)" at a meeting in Washington, DC attended by two former U.S. Ambassadors to Sierra Leone, prominent Sierra Leoneans living in the US, Gullah community leaders, and former Peace Corps volunteers. BIC (US) was established as a non-profit

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Soon after returning to Sierra Leone, Opala gave a well-publicized lecture on Bunce Island and that country's connection to the Gullah people at the US Embassy. Sierra Leoneans were delighted to learn about the group of African Americans, descendants of ancestors from their region, who had retained

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The homecomings Opala organized focused national attention on the Gullah Connection in Sierra Leone, and the people of that country responded with enthusiasm. When the first Gullah group made a pilgrimage to Bunce Island in 1989, hundreds of people came in boats and canoes to witness the historic

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in 1931. Opala and Schmidt found that the Georgia family still remembered the song when they met them in 1990; and later, working with Sierra Leonean linguist Tazieff Koroma, they found a Mende woman living in a remote rural area of southern Sierra Leone whose family has preserved a similar song.

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of Sierra Leone who was transported to slavery in South Carolina. Kizell completed the full circle, escaping slavery in Charleston, serving with the British Army during the Revolutionary War, taking part in the evacuation of black troops to Nova Scotia, and then returning to Sierra Leone with the

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that later traveled to museums in South Carolina. Priscilla's Homecoming was led by an African American woman whose family can trace their ancestry to an enslaved child, later called "Priscilla," who was taken from Sierra Leone to South Carolina in the year 1756, using a uniquely unbroken chain of

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and encouraged the Gullahs, as U.S. citizens, to speak out on behalf of their African cousins. Later, he helped arrange for Gullah families on St. Helena Island to care for the children of Sierra Leonean war refugees granted asylum in the U.S. while their parents settled their affairs in their new

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Connection" to the United States. These included public lectures, radio interviews, film shows and newspaper articles, and workshops for teachers and students. But his most successful effort was the "Gullah Homecoming" he organized in 1989 for a group of Gullah community leaders who wanted to see

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elders on the neighboring islands about their oral histories related to Bunce Island. He found that the local fishermen called the island by a variant of its original name -- "Bence Island" —and that the descendants of Bunce Island's African workers lived in a village a few miles upriver. He also

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awarded Opala the Order of the Rokel, that country's version of the British knighthood, and Sierra Leone citizenship the following year. Opala is now a dual citizen of the U.S. and Sierra Leone. Penn Center, the oldest Gullah community organization in the United States, in 2013 inducted Opala into

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Opala has traveled between Sierra Leone and the South Carolina and Georgia Low Country for 30 years, producing documentary films, museum exhibits, and popular publications on this historical connection. He is best known for a series of "Gullah Homecomings" in which Gullah people traveled to Sierra

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The "Gullah homecomings" also generated extensive publicity in South Carolina and Georgia. The documentary films based on those events have been broadcast repeatedly on local TV and shown in schools and colleges in those states, and many Gullahs have now visited Sierra Leone. In 1995 the Coastal

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At the time, there was little historic research published about Bunce Island, and documentation was scarce. The few Sierra Leoneans who had heard of it thought the Portuguese had built the castle. Opala drew on history, archaeology, and oral traditions to learn more. He found historical evidence

918:, known for his seminal research on Ghana's Elmina Castle and Michael Schuller, president of a US-based engineering firm that carries out historic preservation projects all over the world. The Bunce Island project quickly gained international attention, and in October 2011 Opala guided Britain's 857:-- Opala organized a homecoming for Thomalind Polite, a young Gullah woman whose family is linked to Sierra Leone by an unbroken 250-year document trail. Records show that Polite is the direct descendant of a 10-year-old enslaved girl, later called "Priscilla", who was taken from Sierra Leone to 646:

The Gullahs' history can be understood in large measure through one important factor — rice farming. Rice was the staple crop in South Carolina and Georgia in the colonial period, and Low Country planters preferred African captives from what they called the "Rice Coast" because of their skill at

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region on the north end of the Rice Coast. But Opala has long argued that while the Gullahs have links to the Rice Coast as a whole, their connection to Sierra Leone is uniquely strong. He points out that Bunce Island was the largest British slaving operation in the Rice Coast area, and that

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The melodies of the songs are different, but the lyrics are very similar; and the Mende woman sang along with Turner's original recording the moment she heard it. Opala worked with the Sierra Leone Government to arrange the Moran family's homecoming, and helped produce the documentary film

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links between Sierra Leone and South Carolina and Georgia, and they wanted to see Sierra Leone for themselves. The visitors were hosted by Sierra Leone's president on a state visit; they toured traditional African rice fields; and they paid a poignant visit to Bunce Island. The documentary

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Opala maintains that about a quarter of the Black Loyalists (or "Nova Scotians" as they were called in Sierra Leone today) were originally Gullahs from South Carolina and Georgia. Some Gullahs also migrated directly from the United States to Sierra Leone in the early 1800s, including

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communities. After signing a memorandum of understanding with the Sierra Leone Government in July 2010, the Coalition began overseeing a series of scientific studies leading to a full-blown preservation project. Two highly qualified experts joined the project — archaeologist

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in Chicago. The exhibit is now on permanent display in the Sierra Leone National Museum. In 2010, a wealthy private donor pledged $ 5 million for the project, and Opala went to Sierra Leone right away to act as the project coordinator. Sierra Leone's President

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that brought Priscilla from Sierra Leone to Charleston, and the slave auction accounts that record her sale to a South Carolina rice planter. Opala developed a website on "Priscilla's Homecoming", maintained by Yale University. He also curated an exhibit at the

989:. Gates also featured in the same video the story of "Priscilla," the enslaved child taken from Sierra Leone to South Carolina in 1756. Opala's claim that Bunce Island has special importance for the United States appears to be gradually gaining acceptance. 487:, CGG encouraged citizens to vote. When the election was held, thousands took to the streets to confront the soldiers who were trying to create chaos at the polls. CGG developed as Sierra Leone's most prominent civil society group. But, the following year, 841:

language of Sierra Leone for over 200 years. The 5-line song, an ancient funeral hymn, is likely the longest text in an African language known to have been preserved by a black family in the US. The song was first recorded by African American linguist

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discovered that for at least 250 years, the local people have associated a "devil" or nature spirit, with the "Devil's Rocks" lying off the north end of Bunce Island. They have continued long held rituals to propitiate that spirit to the present day.

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group to raise funds to preserve Bunce Island through a publicity campaign. The following year, Opala and his JMU students developed an exhibit on Bunce Island that went to universities, museums, and libraries all across the US, including the

460:. He said: "I am an American...But today, I am something more..I am an African too...I feel my roots here in this continent." But a military coup that occurred soon after Cables and Powell's visit interrupted work on the project, as the new 901:. He was then director of a non-profit called the Bunce Island Coalition (US), whose goal is to halt the erosion that threatens the island, stabilize the ruins, and construct a modern historic park. His group also wants to build a museum in 287:

During high school years, Opala was an active member of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, participating in weekend digs on prehistoric Native American sites in his home state. He spent his summers doing volunteer work in the

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heritage tourism in the coming years due largely to his efforts. But Opala has also encouraged other scholars to take interest in Bunce Island, and more and more have turned their attention to that site. Professor

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officials; Congressional staff; and Sierra Leone's Foreign Minister and Ambassador to the U.S. for an all-day briefing on Bunce Island's importance for both nations. The following year, Opala was a fellow at the

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concepts then popular. While plowing a field, Opala spotted some ancient African pottery and European trade goods, including glass beads. He realized that the area where he was working, which lay along the

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that contains strong African influences. They also have a cuisine, storytelling, music, religious beliefs, spiritual practices, herbal medicines, handicrafts, etc. that exhibit strong African influences.

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in the south. African farmers had been cultivating rice in that region for centuries, and had developed methods to grow that crop in every new environment they pioneered long before European contact.

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Georgia Historical Society produced a traveling exhibit, called "Trans-Atlantic Linkage: The Gullah/Geechee-Sierra Leone Connection," in partnership with the Sierra Leone National Museum. During

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urged him to focus his efforts on Bunce Island. He conducted research there under the Peace Corps's aegis through 1977, then spent another year doing further research under a grant from the U.S.

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from 1999 to 2010, using his academic position, whenever possible, to advance his "Gullah Connection" work. In 2003, he and his students organized a "Gullah Film Festival" at the Smithsonian's

372:, Sierra Leone's capital city. Aided by the Peace Corps country director, he was assigned as "Staff Archaeologist" to the Sierra Leone National Museum and the Institute of African Studies at 773:"Nova Scotian" settlers in 1792. Opala's foreword to the book calls attention to this two-way connection between Sierra Leoneans and Gullahs exemplified by Kizell's long and eventful life. 690:

Africans were not just taken from Sierra Leone to the Gullah region, some Gullahs also returned to Sierra Leone after a period of time, thereby giving rise to influences in both directions.

815:, Director of Penn Center, the foremost Gullah community organization, and it included Gullah community leaders and cultural activists. The Gullahs had learned of Opala's research on the 718:. Later, British philanthropists established a colony for freed slaves in Sierra Leone, and arranged transportation for nearly 1,200 Black Loyalists from Canada to Sierra Leone in 1792. 922:

through the ruins. In 2013, Opala handed the project over to his Sierra Leonean colleagues in the Bunce Island Coalition, though he continues to serve as the group's historical adviser.

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Opala's efforts to bring Sierra Leoneans and Gullahs together through an exploration of their common history have been recognized in both countries. In 2012, Sierra Leone's President

2002: 452:, then Deputy Director of NPS, to see Bunce Island for himself. Cables arrived in April 1992 with a pledge of $ 5 million for Bunce Island's preservation. That same month, Opala took 2153: 213:

Leone to explore their historical and family ties to that country. He has drawn on his original research to establish these connections, and the work of earlier scholars, especially

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cousins in Oklahoma, Texas, and Northern Mexico. The Black Seminoles are the descendants of Gullah slaves who escaped into Spanish Florida in the 1700s, where they allied with the

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cultivating that difficult crop. By "Rice Coast," Low Country planters meant the traditional rice-growing region of West Africa that extended about 700 miles from what are now

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Sierra Leone for themselves. Their arrival galvanized the attention of the entire nation. The local media followed the visitors' every move during their week in Sierra Leone.

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African Americans, in general, have taken a good deal of interest in the Mende song from Sierra Leone preserved by the Gullah family in coastal Georgia. The Smithsonian's

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migrated to Sierra Leone after American Independence. They were originally slaves on South Carolina and Georgia plantations who escaped to the British lines during the

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that runs parallel to the coast. They are well known for having preserved more of their African cultural heritage than any other black community in the US, including a

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devoted to Bunce Island's history and its impact in both Sierra Leone and the Americas. The museum will feature Sierra Leone's connections to the Gullahs and other

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and renegade soldiers took over the capital city and targeted leaders of the pro-democracy movement. Opala and his CGG colleagues were forced to leave the country.

985:, the well-known authority on African American studies, recently featured Bunce Island in his new TV documentary on the history of African Americans, broadcast on 209:

has greater importance for the Gullah than any other West African slave castle. He ranks it as "the most important historic site in Africa for the United States."

35: 2562: 1824: 824:— made by South Carolina Public Television — documents this historic homecoming and President Momoh's groundbreaking visit to South Carolina the year before. 2311: 1363: 1114: 911: 1775:

1760, of a slave auction aboard the ship "Bance Island" that brought captives from the "Rice Coast" of Africa, New York Public Library, Digital Collections

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Opala organized Priscilla's Homecoming to Sierra Leone in 2005, and the following year, curated an exhibit, called "Finding Priscilla's Children," at the

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After returning to the US, Opala served for two years as the Scholar in Residence at Penn Center, the foremost Gullah community organization, based on

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and other scholars have shown that Rice Coast Africans contributed greatly to the success of the rice industry in early South Carolina and Georgia.

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This two-way connection means that many Sierra Leoneans have family ties to the Gullahs in South Carolina and Georgia. People from Sierra Leone's

476: 1196: 761: 436:(FBC) from 1985 to 1992, using his academic base to advance his Gullah Connection work. He acted as an adviser on cultural policy to President 46: 685:

has pointed to the Rice Coast region, in general, as important for Gullah origins, while Daniel Littlefield has pointed to influences from the

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Park Service suggesting ways to incorporate Bunce Island and Black Seminole historic sites into the Gullah-Geechee Corridor in the future.

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records that reveal Priscilla's descendants in America for eight generations. Opala completed the story when he found the records of the

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that produced an online database that will enable thousands of other African Americans to link their own family histories to Priscilla.

483:(CGG). CGG worked with other civil society groups to promote a democratic election to unseat the military junta. During the run-up to 2762: 1416: 2707: 421:. Opala had many media requests for interviews, and people soon began to stop him on the street to ask about their Gullah "cousins." 441: 377: 2622: 1532: 1501:"Anthropologist Joseph Opala Lived in Sierra Leone for the past 23 Years" National Public Radio, Fresh Air Program, July 8, 1997 577: 178:

noted for establishing the "Gullah Connection," the historical links between the indigenous people of the West African nation of

710:. The British promised them freedom in return for military service, but after they lost the war, the British resettled them in 424:

Inspired by the popular reaction, Opala developed a series of public history initiatives that focused on Bunce Island and the "

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West Africa where they were skilled in growing rice. He also found that there were strong linguistic connections between the

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Opala is best known for the series of "homecomings" he organized, starting in 1988 with a visit by Sierra Leone's President

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and the separation of families. Later his father became an attorney and was appointed as an Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice.

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Exhibit Traces Slave’s Still-Growing Family Tree: 249-Year-Old Paper Trail of Records Stretches from 1756 to the Modern-Day

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to Bunce Island, and after seeing it, Powell was deeply moved. He later described the experience in his autobiography,

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Joseph Opala, "Historical Resources on Bunce Island: A Preliminary Survey," Sierra Leone National Museum, December 1976

1043: 565: 973:—and including a dramatic performance of the Mende song at the end of the play—has met with enthusiastic audiences in 2752: 2369: 870: 786: 500: 64: 273: 2346: 1743: 1608: 2676: 610: 2616: 2053: 1244: 1639: 1373: 2717: 1084: 2582: 1806: 862: 2003:"A WORLD AWAY: Historian Connects African Nation to Gullah Community through a Slave Girl Named Priscilla," 764:, another former Peace Corps Volunteer who served in Sierra Leone, published a groundbreaking biography of 573: 480: 2404: 1790: 516:

home. Thus, a relationship that had been merely historical was now becoming a reality in the world today.

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Robert Weller, "Archaeologist Becoming a Link to the Past for Blacks," Associated Press, 16 January 1986

882: 746: 602: 597: 345: 289: 2701: 1708: 1594:"Black Seminole Observances at the Grave of Osceola, Fort Moultrie, South Carolina," November 15, 1998 1459: 1254: 954: 858: 750: 707: 543:(now Oklahoma). Some later migrated to Texas and Northern Mexico, where their descendants still retain 488: 187: 1434:

Recommendations for the Protection and Management of Bunce Island National Historic Site, Sierra Leone

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For more on Opala's view of Bunce Island's importance for U.S. history, see his essay in the website

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documents (see: "Gullah Homecomings" below). Opala worked with the Africana Heritage Project at the

2389: 557: 261: 2456:"Sierra Leone, not Goree Island or Elmina Castle is Star of US Television Documentary" by Hadi Bah 39:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

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Joseph Opala, "Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone (Historical Summary)," in

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of Bunce Island showing how the castle appeared in the year 1805. African American TV actor

585: 445: 321: 305: 2278:"Isaiah Washington Donates to Slavery Project", March 14, 2007, "CBS Entertainment" website 726:, a free black man from South Carolina. Jones became the first principal of Sierra Leone's 618:

agreed to a televised meeting with the project team in November 2010 to signal his support.

2737: 2082: 1987: 1756: 919: 816: 362: 233: 2237: 1131:"Professor Joseph Opala Honored in the 2012 National Honors, Insignia and Awards Ceremony" 925:

Opala and computer artist Gary Chatelain of James Madison University are now working on a

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by David Reynolds, David Ates, & Daniel Murphy, US National Park Service report, 1989

915: 528: 1146:"Sierra Leone's President Koroma Awards Professor Joseph Opala for Bunce Island Project" 232:

events generated a national dialog in Sierra Leone on the subject of family lost in the

1908: 1843: 1009: 958: 843: 782: 734: 727: 590: 461: 437: 433: 373: 349: 214: 170: 83: 2610: 2263:"How Sierra Leone Plans To Use Slavery Legacy To Boost Tourism (The Forgotten Island)" 1893: 1677: 276:) during the war, and lost all contact with his surviving family in Poland during the 42: 2365: 2198: 1967: 1854: 1410: 982: 974: 961:

in 2010 that included a section on the Mende song. An inspirational book, called the

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who served in Sierra Leone at that time. He also established a relationship with the

240: 1227: 2650: 2544:"Former JMU Prof Continues Groundbreaking Research into Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" 2516: 2414:

Merrimack Repertory Theatre (Lowell, Massachusetts) website -- background info for

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James Brooke, "Birchtown Journal; For Nova Scotia Blacks, Veil Is Ripped From Past"

1160: 906: 540: 353: 160: 1875: 1694: 352:, where his job was to introduce modern rice cultivation methods derived from the 2680: 2632: 2604: 2566: 2556: 2099: 2057: 1935: 1810: 1612: 926: 639: 544: 532: 414: 313: 257: 222: 1570:"Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor – Where Gullah Geechee Culture Lives" 1066:"Anacostia Museum Exhibit Details how Lorenzo Dow Turner Traced Gullah Language" 634:

region of South Carolina and Georgia on the coastal plain and the long chain of

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Visit to Sierra Leone of Her Royal Highness, The Princess Royal, Oct. 22, 2011

812: 769: 703: 572:(GLC). Working with GLC, he organized the "National Summit on Bunce Island" at 536: 520: 504: 472: 328:, but later turned his attention to history. He did post-graduate study at the 301: 293: 229: 202: 150: 2695: 2135: 1926: 2731: 1726:"Bunce Island Exhibit - Bunce Island, A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone" 1595: 699: 682: 672: 656: 418: 401: 1286: 837:

located a Gullah family in coastal Georgia that has preserved a song in the

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newsletter of the Elliott School of International Affairs (GWU), Fall 2004"

1005: 1000: 898: 838: 742: 738: 664: 453: 392: 317: 265: 206: 198: 179: 2069: 2017: 1628: 1582: 1542:"Park Service Wants to Spread Word about Gullah History" by Herb Frazier, 1490:"Pro-Democracy Leader Zainab Bangura," National Public Radio, 23 May 2000 1344:

by Christopher DeCorse, Sierra Leone Monuments and Relics Commission, 2007

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Opala also helped organize several reunions between the Gullahs and their

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Project will preserve slave-trading fort in Sierra Leone, by Paul Davis,

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Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina

1555:"Local Site to be Center of National Exhibit on Gullah" by Herb Frazier, 1527:"Nigerians Fire on Rebels who Seized Sierra Leone," by Howard W. French, 1197:"Penn Center Gala: The 10th Annual 1862 Circle Gala Celebrates Inductees" 765: 711: 635: 570:

Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition

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Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).

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The Gullah Connection Trail: A Proposal for the US National Park Service

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Bernadette Cole, "The Gullah Connection" (interview with Joseph Opala),

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In 2010, Opala announced the start of a $ 5 million project to preserve

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the culture of rice," and some referred specifically to "Bance Island."

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and immigrated to the U.S. in 1947. Opala's father was imprisoned in a

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erupted, Opala joined with two Sierra Leonean human rights activists,

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Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".

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Opala lectured in the Institute of African Studies at Sierra Leone's

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period that followed. Opala grew up immersed in the effects of World

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its prestigious "1862 Circle" for his work in cultural preservation.

175: 2500: 2100:"Sierra Leone: U.S. $ 5 Million Bunce Island Project to be Launched" 1378:

The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection,

1213:"Penn Center Honors Local, Cultural Leaders During 10th Annual Gala" 1130: 340:

Opala's interest in Sierra Leone began with his service in the U.S.

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The Gullah: Rice, Slavery and the Sierra Leone--American Connection

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The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection

1709:"Africana Heritage Project: "Do You Belong to Priscilla's Family?"" 1606:"Black Seminoles: Gullahs Who Escaped From Slavery" by Joseph Opala 1161:"Historian Professor Joseph Opala Receives Sierra Leonean Passport" 902: 892: 561: 524: 369: 277: 218: 2384:"Signs Showing Local Jazz Scene Doing Just Fine," by Jack McCray, 2217:"US-funded coalition restores key West African slave-trade 'castle 2115:"US-Funded Coalition Restores Key West African Slave-Trade 'Castle 2035:

Hillary Mayell, "Slave Girl's Story Revealed Through Rare Records"

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in Germany, where he shared his work with international scholars.

2607: (archived May 6, 2008)—Summary description, Inko Productions 668: 648: 580:

in Washington, DC. The Summit brought together State Department,

2154:"Bunce Island preservation project, press release, October 2010" 861:

in 1756. Polite's family history was first researched by writer

2486: 2136:"Christopher DeCorse | Syracuse University - Academia.edu" 1789:, by Daniel C. Littlefield, University of Illinois Press, 1991 1725: 1031: 887:

Finding Priscilla's Children: The Roots and Branches of Slavery

715: 660: 652: 627: 425: 407: 183: 146: 92: 2030: 2028: 869:(1998). Ball documented the family's history through detailed 2724:, "Slave Trade Ghost Town," May 16, 2013 (see text and video) 1179: 2261:

For a Sierra Leonean view of the Bunce Island project, see:

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Gilder Lehrman Center, Yale University, accessed 27 Mar 2010

2238:"Article by Michael Schuller on preserving ancient masonry" 2025: 1458:

For more on Opala's experience of the 1992 NPRC coup, see:

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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The African American Book of Values: Classic Moral Stories

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For more on Opala's role in the Gullah homecomings, see:

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in Southern Mexico. Opala earned B.A. and M.A. degrees in

986: 790: 335: 2485:"Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone," 1585:, "The Black Seminoles: Gullah Pioneer Freedom Fighters" 1115:

Jane Fishman, "Childhood Folk Song Traces Woman's Roots"

1044:"Sierra Leone to South Carolina: Priscilla's Homecoming" 753:(or Krios). So, both Sierra Leone's indigenous peoples 413:

cultural traits and food dishes similar to theirs and a

1917: 1302: 1300: 1174: 1172: 2657: 2428:

Birmingham Festival Theatre (Alabama), production of

1029:

Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone,

1297: 552:

Public history from the United States (1999 to 2010)

495:

Public history from the Gullah region (1997 to 1999)

2576: 2347:

Sierra Leone-Gullah Heritage Association (overview)

2083:"Stevens Meets with Bunce Island Coalition Members" 1615:

Gilder Lerner Center, Yale University website, 2007

1230:, Voices of Oklahoma, Oklahoma oral history archive 1169: 221:who in the 1930s and 1940s traced many elements of 2399:"Black Pearl's Author Frank Higgins" (interview), 2302: 2300: 2070:"Exhibit Traces Slaves' Still Growing Family Tree" 1842: 1744:"Bunce Island exhibit, Kansas City Public Library" 1398:. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007 511:Center, as well, who talked about their country's 197:Opala's historical research began with a study of 2184:"USA TODAY - Breaking News and Latest News Today" 1849:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 1678:"Links Among Generations, First Forged in Chains" 621: 2729: 2203:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1972:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1695:"Priscilla exhibit, South Carolina State Museum" 1085:"A Language Explorer Who Heard Echoes of Africa" 893:Bunce Island preservation project (2010 to 2013) 757:the Krios can claim family ties to the Gullahs. 2474:, Episode One: The Black Atlantic: 1500 -- 1800 2297: 1419:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1389:Anne Farrow, "The Scholar and the Slave Trade" 936: 568:. In 2004 he was a fellow at Yale University's 2697:"US Historian Receives the Order of the Rokel" 2503:Sierra Leone's 2012 National Honors ceremony, 2306:"Gullah Cousin Contacts Kin" by Herb Frazier, 2292:by Joe A.D. Alie, Macmillon, 1990 (pp. 36-37) 1322:Anne Farrow, "The Scholar and the Slave Trade" 1082: 1059: 1057: 2186:. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011 1876:"The African-American Odyssey of John Kizell" 1475:Joseph Opala, "Why Sierra Leone is Important" 1336: 1334: 292:archives. During college, he took part in an 205:. He was the first scholar to recognize that 2535:"Penn Center Honors Local, Cultural Leaders" 1512:"Sierra Leone on Edge after Military Coup," 1259:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 1063: 591:Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology 408:Public history from Sierra Leone (1985-1997) 2472:The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross 1955:. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008 1054: 776: 464:military government had no interest in it. 247: 2611:"Priscilla: The Story of an African Slave" 2323:"Charleston County Public Library website" 1331: 308:site in Illinois. He also did independent 91: 2687:Radio Interview on Priscilla's Homecoming 2595:—Summary description, California Newsreel 1820: 1818: 1342:Bunce Island Cultural Resource Assessment 865:, and included in his prize-winning book 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 2619:, Gilder Lehrman Center, Yale University 2587:, Gilder Lehrman Center, Yale University 2511:"Citation" from Sierra Leone's president 344:from 1974 to 1977. He was assigned to a 2651:"Sierra Leone Moves into Slave Tourism" 2495:External links (biography & awards) 2357: 1720: 1718: 851:that chronicles this remarkable story. 578:Elliott School of International Affairs 2730: 2613:, BBC News, New York, 23 November 2005 2517:Opala granted Sierra Leone citizenship 2358:Barboza, Steven (September 21, 1998). 1840: 1815: 1673: 1671: 1439: 1415:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1383: 1374:Joseph A. Opala, "The Gullah Language" 1356: 1241:Opala: In Faithful Service to the Law, 336:Early work in Sierra Leone (1974-1979) 330:School of Oriental and African Studies 2683:—Folkstreams Full-length video online 2668:—Folkstreams Full-length video online 1640:"Penn Center Celebrates Its Heritage" 693: 382:National Endowment for the Humanities 174:(born August 4, 1950) is an American 2704:broadcast by SLBC TV, April 27, 2012 2569: (archived September 26, 2007), 2553:"Joseph Opala, Biographical profile" 1831:, Oct. 8, 1999, accessed 26 Mar 2010 1715: 1243:Oklahoma Heritage Association, 2012 1083:Holland Cotter (September 2, 2010). 186:people of the Low Country region of 18: 2748:Alumni of SOAS University of London 2526:Opala Inducted into the 1862 Circle 1988:Review of "The Language You Cry In" 1668: 1460:"The Vagabond King" by Simon Akam, 811:-- The first homecoming was led by 13: 2658:External links (video & audio) 2041:, 8 Jun 2005, accessed 27 Mar 2010 566:National Museum of Natural History 14: 2779: 2763:American people of Polish descent 2642:Bunce Island preservation project 2629:Bunce Island preservation project 2563:"The Scholar and the Slave Trade" 2072:, Associated Press, Nov. 16, 2005 2022:, Associated Press, Dec. 16, 2005 1909:Review of "Family Across the Sea" 1583:Penn Center symposium topic, 1998 1546:(South Carolina), August 30, 1997 787:St. Helena Island, South Carolina 501:St. Helena Island, South Carolina 2617:"Priscilla's Homecoming" Website 2577:External links (written sources) 2513:African Diaspora Tourism website 2501:"Professor Joseph Opala Honored" 2051:"Priscilla's Homecoming" website 1559:(South Carolina), March 11, 1998 999: 969:based partly on the documentary 23: 2635: (archived June 22, 2011), 2479: 2464: 2449: 2436: 2422: 2408: 2393: 2378: 2351: 2340: 2315: 2283: 2272: 2255: 2244: 2230: 2211: 2171: 2146: 2128: 2109: 2093: 2075: 2063: 2044: 2011: 1996: 1981: 1941: 1902: 1886: 1868: 1834: 1803:by Joseph A. Opala, USIS, 1987 1794: 1780: 1765: 1750: 1736: 1701: 1687: 1650: 1632: 1618: 1599: 1588: 1576: 1562: 1549: 1536: 1521: 1506: 1495: 1484: 1468: 1452: 1427: 1367: 1347: 1315: 1310:, Feb. 14, 2005, by Paul Davis 1279: 1263: 1248: 1233: 1221: 1206: 1190: 1064:DeNeen Brown (August 6, 2010). 963:African American Book of Values 611:Field Museum of Natural History 378:U.S. Ambassador Michael Samuels 2708:Tour of Bunce Island for MSNBC 1287:"Sierra Leone National Museum" 1276:14 October 2010, at Legacy.com 1239:Bob Burke & Ryan Leonard, 1218:(South Carolina), May 18, 2013 1154: 1139: 1124: 1108: 1095: 1076: 1036: 1022: 828:Moran Family Homecoming (1997) 622:Sierra Leone-Gullah Connection 368:Opala took his discoveries to 126:American educator and academic 1: 2714:, broadcast February 15, 2012 2625:USF Africana Heritage Project 2386:Charleston Post & Courier 2308:Charleston Post & Courier 2290:A New History of Sierra Leone 2181:, Rhode Island, Nov. 8, 2010 1557:Charleston Post & Courier 1544:Charleston Post & Courier 1203:(South Carolina), 9 May 2013 1016: 855:Priscilla's Homecoming (2005) 332:at the University of London. 2718:Tour of Bunce Island for CNN 2008:Orangeburg, SC, Nov. 9, 2008 1992:Anthropology Review Database 1306:"Priscilla: A Slave Story," 937:Popular and scholarly impact 574:George Washington University 485:Sierra Leone's 1996 election 481:Campaign for Good Governance 7: 2520:Sierra Leone Express Media, 2106:(Freetown),2 November 2010 1938:California Newsreel website 1291:www.sierraleoneheritage.org 883:New-York Historical Society 785:to the Gullah community on 603:University of South Florida 598:New-York Historical Society 290:Oklahoma Historical Society 225:to West African languages. 134:American and Sierra Leonean 10: 2784: 2768:Writers from Oklahoma City 2121:Christian Science Monitor, 2089:. Freetown. July 16, 2010. 1270:"Marian P. Opala Obituary" 1164:Sierra Leone Express Media 1119:Spartanburg Herald-Journal 859:Charleston, South Carolina 708:American Revolutionary War 446:U.S. National Park Service 260:(1921-2010) fought in the 2646:Christian Science Monitor 2374:– via Google Books. 2223:Christian Science Monitor 1896:Gullah Culture in America 1516:(AP story), May 27, 1997 1479:Crosslines Global Report, 992: 252:Joseph Opala was born in 156: 138: 130: 122: 99: 90: 79: 2753:American anthropologists 2623:"Priscilla's Homecoming" 2221:", by Paige McClanahan, 2039:National Geographic News 1978:INKO Productions website 1149:African Diaspora Tourism 977:all across the country. 948:Sierra Leone's civil war 809:Gullah Homecoming (1989) 777:Three Gullah Homecomings 558:James Madison University 248:Early life and education 2673:The Language You Cry In 2653:BBC News, June 28, 2012 2600:The Language You Cry In 2592:The Language You Cry In 1951:The Language You Cry In 1928:The Language You Cry In 971:The Language You Cry In 957:produced an exhibit on 849:The Language You Cry In 803:The Language You Cry In 793:called that event the " 298:University of Wisconsin 254:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 143:History of Sierra Leone 116:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1773:South Carolina Gazette 469:Sierra Leone Civil War 391:Opala interviewed the 326:University of Oklahoma 217:, an African-American 194:in the United States. 45:by rewriting it in an 2665:Family Across the Sea 2006:Times & Democrat, 1990:by Jack David Eller, 1914:, UC Berkeley Library 1105:magazine, 19 May 1986 822:Family Across the Sea 799:Family Across the Sea 791:National Public Radio 659:in the north down to 586:National Park Service 322:University of Arizona 306:Mississippian culture 256:in 1950. His father 228:Opala's research and 2444:"Visit Sierra Leone" 2401:DC Theater Scene.com 2267:This is Sierra Leone 1760:(Freetown) newspaper 1730:www.bunce-island.org 1255:"Marian Peter Opala" 867:Slaves in the Family 503:. Opala worked with 363:Atlantic slave trade 272:concentration camp ( 234:Atlantic slave trade 2310:, November 9, 1995 1447:My American Journey 1166:, December 13, 2013 1048:Lowcountry Africana 916:Syracuse University 912:Christopher DeCorse 529:Second Seminole War 479:, to establish the 458:My American Journey 312:research among the 2758:American educators 2679:2016-12-12 at the 2637:Providence Journal 2430:Black Pearl Sings! 2416:Black Pearl Sings! 2403:, October 7, 2009 2179:Providence Journal 2087:Patriotic Vanguard 2056:2007-12-13 at the 1934:2006-10-01 at the 1912:Video Rating Guide 1809:2008-01-06 at the 1758:Patriotic Vanguard 1684:, January 13, 2006 1611:2009-08-29 at the 1308:Providence Journal 1010:Order of the Rokel 975:repertory theaters 967:Black Pearl Sings! 959:Lorenzo Dow Turner 927:3-D computer model 844:Lorenzo Dow Turner 783:Joseph Saidu Momoh 728:Fourah Bay College 704:"Black Loyalists," 694:Two-way connection 531:in the 1830s, the 438:Joseph Saidu Momoh 434:Fourah Bay College 374:Fourah Bay College 350:Tonkolili District 262:Polish Underground 215:Lorenzo Dow Turner 47:encyclopedic style 34:is written like a 16:American historian 1860:978-0-8020-7402-7 1514:Los Angeles Times 983:Henry Louis Gates 931:Isaiah Washington 832:ethnomusicologist 735:indigenous tribes 616:Ernest Bai Koroma 417:related to their 266:World War II 241:Ernest Bai Koroma 169:Joseph A. Opala, 166: 165: 75: 74: 67: 2775: 2698: 2692:October 14, 2006 2690:With Good Reason 2571:Hartford Courant 2538:Beaufort Gazette 2489: 2483: 2477: 2476:official website 2468: 2462: 2459:Sierra Leone 365 2453: 2447: 2440: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2355: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2325:. Archived from 2319: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2287: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2259: 2253: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2220: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2156:. Archived from 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140:syr.academia.edu 2132: 2126: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2048: 2042: 2032: 2023: 2015: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1945: 1939: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1900: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1848: 1838: 1832: 1822: 1813: 1798: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1769: 1763: 1762:, 13 August 2010 1754: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1722: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1685: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1644:www.lcweekly.com 1636: 1630: 1622: 1616: 1603: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1566: 1560: 1553: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1525: 1519: 1510: 1504: 1499: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1472: 1466: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1393:, April 3, 2005 1391:Hartford Courant 1387: 1381: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1338: 1329: 1326:Hartford Courant 1319: 1313: 1304: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1277: 1267: 1261: 1252: 1246: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1216:Beaufort Gazette 1210: 1204: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1152: 1143: 1137: 1128: 1122: 1112: 1106: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1061: 1052: 1051: 1040: 1034: 1026: 1004: 1003: 955:Anacostia Museum 907:African diaspora 556:Opala taught at 541:Indian Territory 525:Seminole Indians 442:U.S. Ambassadors 354:Green Revolution 314:Lacandon Indians 283: 161:African diaspora 113: 109: 107: 95: 77: 76: 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 27: 26: 19: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2728: 2727: 2696: 2681:Wayback Machine 2660: 2633:Wayback Machine 2605:Wayback Machine 2579: 2567:Wayback Machine 2557:Wayback Machine 2529:The Island News 2497: 2492: 2487:exhibit website 2484: 2480: 2469: 2465: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2409: 2398: 2394: 2388:, July 8, 2010 2383: 2379: 2372: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2305: 2298: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2273: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2225:, Aug. 5, 2011 2218: 2216: 2212: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2098: 2094: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2058:Wayback Machine 2049: 2045: 2033: 2026: 2016: 2012: 2001: 1997: 1986: 1982: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1936:Wayback Machine 1925: 1918: 1907: 1903: 1891: 1887: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1839: 1835: 1823: 1816: 1811:Wayback Machine 1799: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1770: 1766: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1724: 1723: 1716: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1676: 1669: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1619: 1613:Wayback Machine 1604: 1600: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1531:, June 3, 1997 1526: 1522: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1485: 1473: 1469: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1396:"Archived copy" 1394: 1388: 1384: 1372: 1368: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1339: 1332: 1320: 1316: 1305: 1298: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1268: 1264: 1253: 1249: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1211: 1207: 1201:The Island News 1195: 1191: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1159: 1155: 1144: 1140: 1129: 1125: 1113: 1109: 1100: 1096: 1081: 1077: 1070:Washington Post 1062: 1055: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1032:exhibit website 1027: 1023: 1019: 998: 995: 939: 895: 835:Cynthia Schmidt 779: 768:, a man of the 696: 640:creole language 624: 554: 545:Gullah language 533:Black Seminoles 497: 410: 338: 296:dig run by the 281: 258:Marian P. Opala 250: 114: 111: 105: 103: 86: 82: 71: 60: 54: 51: 43:help improve it 40: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2781: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2705: 2693: 2684: 2669: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2639: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2596: 2588: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2560: 2550: 2547:Old South High 2541: 2540:, May 18, 2013 2532: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2478: 2463: 2461:website (n.d.) 2448: 2435: 2421: 2407: 2392: 2377: 2370: 2350: 2339: 2314: 2296: 2282: 2271: 2269:, July 3, 2012 2254: 2243: 2229: 2210: 2170: 2145: 2127: 2123:5 August 2011 2108: 2092: 2074: 2062: 2043: 2024: 2010: 1995: 1980: 1940: 1916: 1901: 1894:Wilbur Cross, 1885: 1867: 1859: 1833: 1829:New York Times 1814: 1793: 1779: 1771:Notice in the 1764: 1749: 1735: 1714: 1700: 1686: 1682:New York Times 1667: 1649: 1631: 1617: 1598: 1587: 1575: 1561: 1548: 1535: 1529:New York Times 1520: 1505: 1494: 1483: 1467: 1464:, Feb. 2, 2012 1451: 1449:, pp. 533–534. 1445:Colin Powell, 1438: 1426: 1382: 1366: 1355: 1346: 1330: 1328:, 5 April 2005 1314: 1296: 1278: 1262: 1247: 1232: 1228:"Marian Opala" 1220: 1205: 1189: 1168: 1153: 1138: 1123: 1121:, 24 Nov. 1991 1107: 1094: 1089:New York Times 1075: 1053: 1035: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 994: 991: 938: 935: 894: 891: 813:Emory Campbell 795:Gullah Reunion 778: 775: 695: 692: 623: 620: 553: 550: 521:Black Seminole 505:Emory Campbell 496: 493: 477:Julius Spencer 473:Zainab Bangura 409: 406: 337: 334: 302:Cahokia Mounds 294:archaeological 249: 246: 230:public history 203:Middle Passage 188:South Carolina 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 151:Public history 147:Gullah Culture 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 110:August 4, 1950 101: 97: 96: 88: 87: 80: 73: 72: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2780: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2743:Living people 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2723: 2722:Inside Africa 2719: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2531:, May 9, 2013 2530: 2527: 2524: 2522:Dec. 13, 2013 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2373: 2371:9780385482592 2367: 2364:. 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