Kaurna - Knowledge

1535:, and would also be helping to educate the community about what it means to Aboriginal people. The Museum continues to receive further remains of Aboriginal people from overseas museums, in addition to the large amount of remains it already has. While many of these ancestral remains may be returned to Country by their families, who many of these people were is unknown. Due to the large number of remains which continues to grow and that many are unknown, a way to return these ancestors to Country, such as a memorial park, needed to be found. 454:

as 1806, and raided the mainland for Kaurna women, both for the sexual opportunities and the workforce they could supply in skinning the sealers' prey. Wary of Europeans from their experience with sealers, the Kaurna generally stayed aloof when the first colonists arrived. The timing was important. Summer was a period when the Kaurna traditionally moved from the plains to the foothills, so that the initial settlement of the Adelaide area took place without any conflict.

1281: 993:(crossed sticks that form the radii of a circle) and an inquest was held to determine cause of death. The body was then buried. Children under four years were not buried for some months, but were wrapped and carried by their mothers during the day with the bundle being used as a pillow at night. Burial by bodies of water was common with the use of sandy beaches, sand dunes and banks of rivers. A large number of graves have been found on 1035:), namely his "two ears". There are other traditional stories connected to the two peaks Mt Lofty and Mt Bonython, one story concerning two men and another referring to the two moiety groups of the Kaurna. The general theme of these stories surrounding the two peaks is the importance of community and the notion of unselfishness as a practice which supports community. 276: 440:

areas were subsequently sold or leased. Within ten years, all of the Kaurna and Ramindjeri lands were occupied by Europeans. Wild fauna disappeared as European garden practices were introduced and grazing animals destroyed the bulbs, lilies and tubers that the Kaurna had tended for food. Elders no longer had authority; their entire way of life had been undermined.

267:) translated the Ten Commandments and a number of German hymns into Kaurna, with Schürmann attempting to 'Christianize' and 'civilize' the people. Although they never achieved their goal of translating the entire Bible, their recorded vocabulary of over 2,000 words was the largest wordlist registered by that time, and pivotal in the modern revival of the language. 574:, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Adelaide, but he lacked the means to develop the property or make farming a viable option for the Kaurna. Many Kaurna people worked for the settlers and were well thought of, but the work was seasonal and the rewards inadequate, and their tribal obligations were not understood by their employers. Grey started the use of 535:, reported that the "local Blacks" were harmless, did not steal, and returned borrowed items promptly. Much goodwill was shown on both sides, but as the settler numbers grew, their drunkenness, violence, exploitation and failure to practise the reciprocity expected in Aboriginal culture soured the relationships. 724:

of their descendants of any land therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such natives". Although the Act guaranteed land rights under force of law for the Indigenous inhabitants, it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters, who interpreted the Act to mean "permanently occupied".

431:

Although Governors Hindmarsh (1836–1838) and Gawler (1838–1841) had orders to extend the protection of British law to the people and their property, the colonists' interests came first; their policy of "civilising" and "protecting" the Indigenous people nonetheless assumed a peaceful transfer of land

901:

which were "passed" from father to son upon his initiation. Pangkarra always had access to the coastline and ran extensively inland. The coastline was essential for seafood hunting and the inland territories provided food, clothing and protection for the people during bad weather. The pangkarra were

723:

which enabled the province of South Australia to be established, acknowledged Aboriginal ownership and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would "affect the rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own persons or in the persons

634:

Rations continued to be supplied in Adelaide and from ration depots in the country. Although the office of Protector was restored in 1861, the government did not play an active role in Aboriginal affairs, leaving their welfare to the missionaries. A Select Committee reported that the race was doomed

601:

The Kaurna people had to accept colonial domination more quickly than in other regions, and they mostly chose to co-exist peacefully with the settlers. Most, however, resisted the "civilising" policies of the government and the Christian teachings of the missionaries. Being so small in number by the

453:

The Kaurna may have numbered several thousand before European contact, but were down to about 700 by the time of the formal establishment of the colony in 1836. Initially, contacts began with the arrival of sealers and whalers in the 1790s. Sealers established themselves on Kangaroo Island as early

503:

and influenza. The groups lost their identities as they merged with others, and the Kaurna and Ramindjeri people were reduced to very few. In the 1840s, Murray River people invaded, stealing women and children, while the government suppressed the Kaurna attempts at self-defence. Some Kaurna moved

386:

in 1836 were Kaurna speakers. The Berndts' ethnographic study, which was conducted in the 1930s, identified six Ngarrindjeri clans occupying the coast from Cape Jervis to a few kilometres south of Adelaide. The Berndts posited that the clans may have expanded along trade routes as the Kaurna were

439:

missionaries Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schurmann studied Kaurna language and culture, and were able to inform the authorities of their exclusive ownership of land inherited through the paternal line. Gawler reserved several areas for the Kaurna people, but the settlers protested and these

630:

in the 1860s. In 1888 a German missionary reported that there was "scarcely one remaining". Some of the Kaurna people settled at Point McLeay and Point Pearce married into local families, and full-blood Kaurna still lived at the missions and scattered in the settled districts in the late 19th

859:

forests had been largely replaced with grassland. Since the late 1960s, restrictions on foothills subdivision and development have allowed regeneration of native trees and bush to a "natural" condition that would not have existed at the time of European occupation.

1561:

In November 2021, the South Australian Museum apologised to the Kaurna people for having held 4,600 Aboriginal remains over the past 165 years, and buried the first 100 remains of their ancestors at the site. A second round of burials took place in June 2022.

1331:, and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people in 1997. The naming process, which assigned an extra name in the Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003, and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012. 1616:. Kuma Kaaru has since evolved into a hub for many local Aboriginal cultural services, employing 12 people who aim to teach both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people about the language, culture diversity of Aboriginal peoples. They work with schools, the 1005:, the base was also lined with slate which had been covered with a bed of grass. An elderly woman was lying on her side, draped in a fishing net and wrapped in a Kangaroo skin cloak. The grave was topped with a layer of grass covered by marine sponges. 818:

along creeks, with bark extensions as shelters. Sudden downpours could quench their fires, the maintaining of which was old women's work, with deadly consequences. At times they would have to impose themselves on otherwise despised tribes, such as the

854:

claimed the Kaurna also used this as a weapon against the colonists by lighting fires to deliberately destroy fences, survey pegs and to scatter livestock. Due to this regular burning by the time the first Europeans arrived, the foothills' original

932:

being. All the children of a marriage would take their mother's moiety as children were considered to have "inherited" their "flesh and blood" from their mothers alone. Marriage within the same moiety was forbidden. Girls became marriageable at

1777:, head of KWP, wrote on his staff web page: "This has been a great loss to the team who relied on Steve for so much - role model, mentor, Kurraka in the Pirltawardli Puppet Show, performer, editorm camera operator, cultural advisor, etc.". 3910: 581:

According to Moorhouse, "almost whole tribes" had disappeared by 1846, and by the 1850s, there were few remaining Kaurna in the Adelaide area. In 1850 the children (mostly from the Murray River area, but including a few Kaurna) at the

988:

Historical accounts of Kaurna burial rites are unreliable as any gathering of Kaurna was thought to be for a funeral. As soon as a person died the body was wrapped in the clothes they had worn in life. The body was then placed on a

3657: 1812:(James Cochran) with Eizabeth Close, painted in 2018. Uncle Stevie's son Jamie is a well-known yidaki player and dancer with the Taikurtinna group, who has also been honoured by a mural painted by Jimmy C, in Frank's Lane. 940:

Sexual relations were relatively free and uninhibited, regardless of marital status. Kaurna ownership of property was communal; the reproductive organs were seen no differently from any other form of property, and thus

2742: 538:

After a few incidents involving the executions of Aboriginal men after the murders of settlers, sometimes on flimsy evidence, and a blind eye turned to violence against Indigenous people, the situation escalated. The

873:

spurred an interest in Indigenous culture, by which time the Kaurna traditional culture was no longer practised. Many hundreds of objects were sent to the Paris exhibition and these were never returned to Australia.

378:. This overlaps with a significant portion of the territory claimed by both the Kaurna and the neighbouring Ngarrindjeri to the east. However, linguistic evidence suggests that the Aboriginal people encountered by 689:, known as "Rodney", was one of the leaders of the Kaurna and prominent in the early settlers' accounts. She was responsible for identifying locations of cultural significance in the city, such as the lake in the 868:

Items of Kaurna material culture, such as traditional objects, spears, boomerangs and nets etc. are extremely rare. Interest in collecting and conserving Kaurna culture was not common until their display at the

1593:

The impetus for his work stems from when he was just 19, and having become the second in his family to have finished Year 12, and started at university, received the news that his sister Mary, who had moved to

1800:– the Stevie Gadlabarti Goldsmith Memorial Award Major Moogy Sumner won the inaugural award. "Uncle Stevie's Classroom" continues in KidZone at WOMADelaide. "The Portrait of Stephen Goldsmith" is a mural 133:

as "Rapid Bay tribe", "the Encounter Bay tribe", "the Adelaide tribe", the Kouwandilla tribe, "the Wirra tribe", "the Noarlunga tribe" (the Ngurlonnga band) and the Willunga tribe (the Willangga band).

4335: 3805:

The important ceremony also acknowledged 50 years of work and activism that Senior Kaurna Meyunna Woman Georgina Williams has dedicated to her people, her culture and the broader Onkaparinga community.

4693: 961:

were the norm, some women saw it as an opportunity to choose their own partners and actively encouraged a preferred suitor; all Kaurna bands are said to have engaged in the practice regularly.

3914: 507:

The Colonisation Commissioners had promised to protect the Aboriginal people and their property as well as making provision for their subsistence, education and advancement, with the post of

418:

and their fires at night ... often as many as 500 to 600 would be camped in various places ... some behind the Botanic Gardens on the banks of the river; some toward the Ranges; some on the

519:, who held the post from 1839 to 1856. He reported in 1840 that many Kaurna were friendly and helpful, and that by 1840, about 150 spoke at least some English. Many Kaurna men, such as 3817: 3079: 1558:, and many others, and was supported by the Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation. The memorial site is in the shape of the Kaurna shield, to protect the ancestors now buried there. 1096:

in South Australia. As it is known that the Kaurna shared a common Dreaming with these peoples it is likely they shared the Mura-Muras as well. By way of contrast, the travels of

4441: 487:, lead to many deaths and a rapid population decline, though accurate figures were not recorded. Many contracted other diseases against which they lacked immunity, such as 1612:. He has since established his own traditional dance group, Kuma Karro ("One Blood") in 2008, which has performed nationally and internationally, and has taught dance at 6423: 547:

led to further violent clashes and harsh penalties were imposed to protect the settlers. Missionaries Teichelmann and Schurmann, Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector

4045: 475:(30 January 1842), the Kaurna population numbered around 650. They had suffered a serious drop in numbers in the early 1830s (and possibly again in 1889) due to a 1598:, had committed suicide. Uncle Stevie Goldsmith (see below) invited him to join the Taikurtinna dance group to lift his spirits, and he first danced in public at 551:

questioned the use of a foreign legal code against the Indigenous peoples, and Moorhouse complained of police hostility towards Aboriginal people, but Governor

6144: 4972: 4343: 842:, which the early European settlers spotted before the Kaurna were displaced. These fires were part of a scrub clearing process to encourage grass growth for 767:

judgement, 18 years after lodgement. This was the first claim for a first land use agreement to be agreed to in any Australian capital city. The rights cover

6549: 3140: 113:

in 1836. However, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. The phrase

654:

is held each year in Botanic Park without acknowledgement of the Aboriginal encampments 150 years ago on the same land. There is a tradition of performing

236:), assisted by Williams and Cronk. Gawler actively encouraged the settlers to learn Kaurna, and advocated using the Kaurna names for geographic landmarks. 1164:

and community leaders led a cultural revival, and were responsible for introducing Kaurna perspectives into the SA education curriculum, establishing the

639:, then called the Police Paddocks. In 1874, 18 men and women were arrested and charged as "vagrants", and after a 14 days' imprisonment were sent back to 1866: 1181: 251:, arrived on the same ship as Gawler in 1838, and immediately set about learning and documenting the language. In December 1839, they opened a school at 1020:

as the body of a giant called Nganno (often pronounced Nunoo) who was killed there after attacking their tribe. The peaks of the Mount Lofty Ranges and

1967:

Milla mangkondi. Milla: a noun denoting violence or force. Mangkondi: a verb meaning to touch or grab hold of a woman, more specifically a young woman.

1228:

based at the South Australian Museum, it was renamed as the Kaurna Heritage Committee before growing into KACHA, which encompasses broader issues than

1080:

itself. The mythology of the Mura-Muras, ancestral beings who created landscape features and introduced laws and initiation, can be found in southwest

747:

people contested the southern portion of the original claim. In March 2018 the determination was made and the Kaurna were officially recognised as the

532: 220:. The first word lists taken down of the Kaurna language date to 1826. A knowledge of Kaurna language was keenly sought by many of the early settlers. 782:

In 2009, a group called Encompass Technology wrote to the Governor of South Australia on behalf of the Kaurna people, asserting sovereignty over the

483:

as Indigenous groups traded with each other. This devastated their lives in every way. An outbreak of typhoid, due to pollution by Europeans of the

224:

and James Cronk were the first settlers to gain a working knowledge of the language, and to publish a Kaurna wordlist, which they did in 1840. When

6584: 4484: 4467: 6577: 4086: 527:("Captain Jack") helped the police and new settlers, also sharing their language, culture and beliefs with the missionaries. An early settler in 4580: 969:

Very little is known of Kaurna rites and mythology as colonial written records are fragmentary and rare. Physically, the Kaurna practised chest

6612: 6542: 6449: 6431: 1843: 850:. This tradition led to conflict with the colonists as the fires tended to cause considerable damage to farmland. In an official report, Major 4560: 618:

By 1860 the Kaurna were vastly outnumbered by the colonists, who numbered 117,727. Adults were also relocated from the city to places such as

6151: 5916: 3575: 4672: 5927: 4153: 3418: 4600: 1292:

Many places around Adelaide and the Fleurieu Peninsula have names either directly or partially derived from Kaurna place names, such as

6014: 4965: 4609: 3710: 3311: 2835: 1532: 670:

around the turn of the century. This huge omission in the history books has been described as "strategic forgetting" by anthropologist

228:, South Australia's third Governor, arrived in October 1838, he gave a speech to the local Indigenous population through a translator, 4712: 4297: 3107: 810:

society, who changed their dwellings according to climatic conditions: in summer they would camp near the coastal springs fishing for

137:

The extended family groups of the Adelaide Plains, who spoke dialects of a common language, were named according to locality, such as

6556: 4819: 4448: 3288: 779:

said it would be "the first time in Australia that there been a positive outcome within the area of (native title) determination".

731:

claim on behalf of the Kaurna people. The claim covers over 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of land stretching from

366:

the neighbouring Ramindjeri tribe asserts a historical territory including the whole southern portion of the Fleurieu Peninsula and

3496: 1476:(means "speech", a name for language), Warrah, Karnuwarra ("hills language", a northern dialect, presumably that of Port Wakefield) 457:

The population again severely declined upon the arrival of Anglo-European colonial settlers with South Australia Governor Captain

6570: 6137: 6074: 1702: 1632: 110: 2990: 6471: 4415:

Lockwood, Christine (2017). "4. Early encounters on the Adelaide Plains and Encounter Bay". In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.).

4318:

The Kaurna people: Aboriginal people of the Adelaide Plains: An Aboriginal studies course for secondary students in years 8-10

3545: 6563: 5881: 5369: 4981: 4958: 4726: 4661: 4648: 4325: 4267: 4075: 4030: 3972: 1851:(c.1849–1929), probably the last person of full Kaurna ancestry, last known speaker of the Kaurna language before its revival 1308:. Some were the names of the Kaurna bands who lived there. There are also a few Kaurna names hybridised with European words. 909:

As all the members of a band were related, marriage between a man and a woman within the same band was forbidden. Bands were

6344: 6109: 6088: 1683: 598:, over 600 kilometres (370 mi) away. Moorhouse resigned as Protector in 1856, and in 1857 the position was abolished. 3845:

Malone, Gavin (10 May 2007). "Ways of Belonging: Reconciliation and Adelaide's Public Space Indigenous Cultural Markers".

6492: 6053: 6032: 4549: 4430: 4239: 4141: 4000: 1744:

Uncle Stevie established and danced with the Taikurtinna (meaning "family") group, and was an accomplished player of the

798:, and claiming that they were owed nearly $ 50 million in rent. The South Australian Government rejected the claim. 351:

people. Tunkalilla Beach (keinari), 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Cape Jervis, is the traditional boundary with the

6060: 3984:"Chapter 10. Pinning down Kaurna names: Linguistic issues arising in the development of the Kaurna Placenames Database" 4099: 3788: 6496: 6007: 4617: 4499: 1046:

has topographical features that locate it in Kaurna territory. In Tindale's version Tjilbruke is associated with the

1519:

On 1 August 2019, the remains of 11 Kaurna people were laid to rest at a ceremony led by elder Jeffrey Newchurch at

1118:

The Kaurna seasonal calendar is divided into four seasons, roughly equivalent to summer, autumn, winter and spring:

945:

was practically ubiquitous. The visitation of men from distant tribes was seen as a good opportunity to enhance the

1824: 982: 419: 4898: 4359: 635:

to extinction. Some Aboriginal people (Kaurna and others) moved around and sometimes visited the city, camping in

562:

Moorhouse and Grey gave up trying to settle the local Aboriginal people as farmers, and discouraged settlement at

6405: 5758: 5603: 4885: 4809: 4063:

Clamor Schürmann's Barngarla grammar: A commentary on the first section of a vocabulary of the Parnkalla language

3080:"Stevie Goldsmith's work as a cultural educator remembered in mural by Jimmy C, Elizabeth Close in Adelaide city" 1854: 1487: 1169: 998: 371: 292: 6039: 4471: 4339: 3603: 1738: 1520: 1301: 324: 300: 4854: 4781: 3951: 6485: 6102: 5559: 5450: 4788: 4754: 4714:

Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names

3822: 3440: 1670: 1617: 1113: 1055: 870: 851: 752: 667: 571: 528: 4840: 4126:

Gara, Tom (2017). "5. The Aboriginal Presence in Adelaide, 1860s–1960s". In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.).

6396: 6261: 5295: 4278:"Kaurna Declare Sovereignty and $ 47.5 Million Dollar Bill for Marble Hill at SA Governor's Open House Day" 4201: 4067: 1001:. Similarly, an unusually complex burial at Kongaratti was found. The grave was rectangular and lined with 783: 264: 20: 3684: 3289:"SA Museum apologises for holding 4,600 Aboriginal remains as first repatriations laid to rest on Country" 917:: a woman always lived with her husband's band following her marriage. Each band was also composed of two 6130: 6095: 6081: 6067: 6046: 5552: 4422: 4133: 3346: 1161: 882: 756: 3881: 6504: 6165: 6116: 5545: 5516: 5501: 4395: 1690: 1595: 1017: 764: 383: 328: 217: 3983: 3520: 3048: 5617: 5436: 4845: 4375: 4259: 3736: 3662: 728: 710: 698: 694: 619: 471: 407: 403: 320: 312: 221: 1275: 6617: 6478: 6414: 6123: 5895: 5566: 5524: 5457: 4673:"Ancestral remains of the Kaurna people returned to country from UK in emotional Adelaide ceremony" 4515: 3465: 3257: 2953: 1870: 1297: 1165: 994: 720: 663: 570:

restricted their free movement. Teichelmann tried to establish an Aboriginal mission settlement at

466: 336: 263:) where the children were taught to read and write in Kaurna. Schurmann and Teichelmann (and later 4740: 3413: 937:, usually around 12 years of age. Conversely, men were only allowed to marry after the age of 25. 6283: 6275: 5574: 5429: 5422: 5162: 4762: 4745: 3341: 3170: 1734: 1730: 1528: 1501: 1185: 878: 795: 690: 644: 640: 583: 512: 508: 332: 233: 229: 814:. With the onset of winter, they would retire to the woodlands, often using hollowed out fallen 358:

This is the most widely cited alignment of Kaurna territorial boundaries. However, according to

6330: 6279: 6191: 5902: 5800: 5465: 5400: 5379: 4416: 4127: 4014: 3762: 3633: 2836:"Peramangk A Social History of the Aboriginal People of the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges (2011)" 1781: 1726: 1652: 1587: 1072:

is an ancestral being who created the Moon and stars before himself becoming the Sun. The word

897:

The Kaurna people lived in family groups called bands, who lived in defined territories called

775:, some belongs to the state government and some is private land owned by corporations. Justice 636: 316: 284: 90: 2564: 6521: 6298: 6254: 6158: 5765: 5702: 5531: 4942: 4700: 4301: 3022: 2904: 1947: 1942:

means ("earth, ground, soil, country"), and was regarded by Taplin as equivalent to the word

1312: 827:

to trade goods like their cloaks, quartz flints and red ochre in order to obtain firesticks.

811: 760: 244: 162: 4627: 4061: 701:

has been given her name in honour of the prior occupation of the land by the Kaurna people.

6337: 4875: 4172: 4151:

Hamacher, Duane W. (2015). "Identifying Seasonal Stars in Kaurna Astronomical Traditions".

4010: 3658:"Introducing the Stevie "Gadlabarti" Goldsmith Memorial Award, new to the Ruby Awards 2018" 1805: 1661:

and Glynn McDonald, portraying Buckskin's engagement with his language and culture, titled

1644: 1640: 1636: 1613: 1396: 1324: 914: 685:

in the late 1840s, her name means "gentle, misty rain" in the Kaurna language. Her father,

399: 213: 1542:

was built in the cemetery to accommodate the repatriated remains of Kaurna people, called

8: 6268: 6198: 5316: 4922: 1886: 1749: 1698: 1320: 957:

was also common, for the same reason. Although this custom was hated by some victims, as

256: 4950: 4360:"Kaurna place naming: Recognising Kaurna heritage through physical features of the city" 4176: 479:

epidemic which is thought to have originated in the eastern states and spread along the

248: 6212: 5909: 5267: 5099: 5052: 5003: 4509: 4188: 4162: 4019: 1461: 1224:) is recognised as the representative body for all Kaurna people. Starting life as the 1085: 1063: 1013: 831: 748: 344: 288: 192: 130: 125:

The early settlers of South Australia referred to the various indigenous tribes of the

4184: 3930: 771:

and includes "17 parcels of undeveloped land not under freehold". Some of the land is

6240: 6233: 5835: 5737: 5031: 4805: 4722: 4657: 4613: 4545: 4495: 4468:"Native Title Determination Details: SCD2018/001 - Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim" 4426: 4321: 4263: 4235: 4192: 4137: 4114: 4071: 4026: 3996: 3968: 3862: 3858: 3628: 1891: 1761: 1285: 1229: 958: 631:

century, despite the wide belief that the "Adelaide tribe" was extinct by the 1870s.

516: 240: 157:(South Adelaide people), etc. – but they had no common name for themselves. The name 4524: 3491: 6291: 6247: 6205: 5982: 5842: 5688: 5253: 5113: 5017: 4934: 4823: 4801: 4539: 4219: 4180: 4036: 3960: 3854: 2896: 1766: 1722: 1676:

In 2020, he delivered the Kaurna Welcome to Country for the online theatre series,

1551: 954: 768: 671: 578:

to maintain the peace and to persuade the people to send their children to school.

548: 363: 42: 4489: 2570: 1713:

Stephen "Gadlabarti" Goldsmith (died July 2017), known as Uncle Stevie, a Kaurna,

1143:

Wirltutu, the mild warm season, October to December (indicated by the position of

6607: 6226: 6219: 5828: 5660: 5323: 4253: 1608: 1251:

There are at least two groups of Kaurna traditional dancers in South Australia:

1089: 978: 807: 559:

was applied even where there had been little previous contact with the settlers.

520: 367: 296: 209: 204: 126: 106: 98: 94: 67: 24: 4021:

A World that was: The Yaraldi of the Murray River and the Lakes, South Australia

1531:, said that the museum was "passionate" about working with the Kaurna people to 279:

Approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000)

6511: 6305: 5888: 5863: 5793: 5681: 5646: 5639: 5610: 5509: 5302: 5246: 5010: 4736: 4708: 4602:

Aboriginal and Historic Places around Metropolitan Adelaide and the South Coast

2811:

Aboriginal and Historic Places around Metropolitan Adelaide and the South Coast

2794:

Aboriginal and Historic Places around Metropolitan Adelaide and the South Coast

1839: 1793: 1789: 1599: 1547: 1328: 1173: 1148: 1101: 1093: 1021: 925: 910: 839: 787: 776: 736: 686: 650:

History books about Adelaide have largely ignored the Aboriginal presence, and

647:. Running battles between the police and similar groups continued for decades. 595: 540: 492: 458: 166: 1208:

culture, and gradually started reclaiming Kaurna skills and Dreaming stories.

6601: 6312: 5821: 5814: 5779: 5772: 5751: 5730: 5674: 5653: 5632: 5625: 5344: 5141: 4996: 4249: 4118: 3866: 3571: 1874: 1860: 1801: 1785: 1694: 1678: 1666: 1491: 1039: 970: 716: 682: 659: 658:

and dances dating back to the 1840s, including the "Grand Corroboree" at the

484: 395: 391: 379: 375: 359: 260: 225: 4087:"Kaurna people granted native title rights in Adelaide 18 years after claim" 1066:, and efforts have been made to preserve and commemorate it where possible. 755:

for the area was finalised on 19 November 2018. The agreement was among the

5989: 5856: 5849: 5807: 5709: 5667: 5330: 5197: 4208:(1 June 2017 (updated spelling) ed.). History Trust of South Australia 1906: 1896: 1829: 1820: 1718: 1697:

as a cultural adviser and mentor, and is frequently called upon to perform

1628: 1621: 1555: 1435: 1205: 1177: 1059: 974: 886: 791: 627: 623: 607: 591: 563: 480: 462: 340: 178: 432:

to the settlers. All land was offered up for sale and bought by settlers.

5975: 5786: 5744: 5716: 5695: 5596: 5309: 5134: 4910: 4561:""Our ancestors will be smiling": Kaurna people gain native title rights" 2576: 1930:, pp. 133, 213), an error that has been propagated in other sources. 1797: 1760:

festivals overseas. He also acted on television and stage, including the

1753: 1658: 1539: 1316: 1047: 856: 732: 651: 556: 552: 524: 1280: 398:

and the creeks that flowed into it, an area that became the site of the

6362: 5479: 5351: 5337: 5274: 5260: 5176: 5106: 5092: 5024: 4581:"Kaurna Yerta is a step closer to finding a home in Tarntanya Adelaide" 1543: 1386: 1305: 1293: 1240: 1081: 1051: 824: 772: 744: 715:

Unlike the rest of Australia, South Australia was not considered to be

655: 352: 252: 174: 4741:"The wanderings of Tjirbruki: a tale of the Kaurna people of Adelaide" 4650:

Valleys of Stone: The Archaeology and History of Adelaide's Hills Face

4418:

Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia

4129:

Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia

3911:"Aboriginal South Australians and Early Government of South Australia" 586:(which had been on Kintore Avenue since 1846) were transferred to the 5968: 5948: 5393: 5232: 5155: 5064: 5056: 4718: 4694:

Kaurna Meyunna Cultural Mapping: A People's Living Cultural Landscape

3387: 3361: 2195: 2193: 1901: 1774: 1648: 1603: 1466: 1400: 1389:

term applied most frequently to the Peramangk but also to the Kaurna)

1225: 1193: 1097: 1077: 1043: 1009: 946: 835: 820: 587: 500: 348: 304: 3964: 1832:

and Kaurna elder, who mostly works to further Ngarrindjeri culture.

1701:. He and his partner Khesanh, whom he met while both were attending 5723: 5538: 5407: 5239: 5218: 5211: 5183: 5148: 5127: 4277: 4167: 1848: 1792:

AFL team, and after his death, the team wore black armbands at the

1714: 1583: 1524: 1483: 1364: 1201: 942: 847: 740: 678: 603: 476: 436: 73: 4229: 3990: 3913:. Parliament of South Australia. 21 September 2006. Archived from 2190: 1239:

represents Kaurna people, and was involved in the creation of the

5941: 5472: 5443: 5204: 5190: 5169: 5120: 5078: 5038: 4540:

Prest, Wilfred; Round, Kerrie; Fort, Carol, eds. (15 July 2001).

3316: 3262: 2995: 2958: 1809: 1686:, and acted in a single-actor play by Alexis West in the series. 1197: 1032: 1029: 934: 921: 918: 677:

The last surviving person of full Kaurna descent, a woman called

575: 544: 488: 4100:"The Life of Ivaritji ('Princess Amelia') of the Adelaide tribe" 3882:"Ngarrindjeri elder Major 'Moogy' Sumner wins NAIDOC Week award" 3312:"'It never gets easier, brother': Wangayarta reburials continue" 1705:, have three children, who have learnt to speak Kaurna at home. 763:

and the Kaurna people, with formal recognition coming after the

5497: 5281: 5225: 5085: 5045: 4231:

The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia

3992:

The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia

3737:"Adelaide Film Festival 2023 throws spotlight on SA made films" 3201: 2653: 2651: 1745: 1721:

man, was a respected cultural adviser. He worked at the Kaurna

1420: 1012:

dreamtime legend, the Kaurna regard the 35 miles from the

815: 496: 347:

have been claimed as a traditional boundary between Kaurna and

170: 4798:

The paddocks beneath: a history of Burnside from the beginning

1379:. ("quarrelsome men", likewise used of northern Kaurna hordes) 981:

and were the southernmost Indigenous language group to do so.

6369: 5415: 5386: 5288: 4789:

Kaurna Warrapintyandi The Southern Kaurna Place Names Project

4699:(Report). With assistance from Matthew Osborne and Tom Gara. 3909: 2582: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2043: 1796:. In 2018, an award was created in his honour as part of the 1757: 1002: 929: 415: 308: 275: 109:

were almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the

51: 4399: 2648: 1054:. The "Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks" have been mapped from the 515:

was followed by the first official appointment in the role,

16:

Original inhabitants of the Adelaide area in South Australia

4490:

Ngadjuri Walpa Juri Lands and Heritage Association (n.d.).

4228:

Hercus, Luise; Hodges, Flavia; Simpson, Jane, eds. (2009).

3225: 2711: 2465: 2055: 57: 6424:

Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981

4647:

Smith, Pam; Pate, F. Donald; Martin, Robert, eds. (2006).

4523:

O'Brien, Lewis Yerloburka; Paul, Mandy (8 December 2013).

3989:. In Hercus, Luise; Hodges, Flavia; Simpson, Jane (eds.). 3213: 3141:"Re-Awakening Kaurna, the language of the Adelaide Plains" 2328: 2154: 1788:, and awarded Male Elder of the Year. He was a fan of the 727:

In 2000, a group called Kaurna Yerta Corporation lodged a

4980: 3982:

Amery, Rob; Buckskin, Vincent (Jack) Kanya (March 2009).

3189: 2935: 2933: 2393: 2357: 2264: 2262: 2249: 2247: 1319:

all of the city squares, each of the parks making up the

1232:

concerns, including rebuilding the language and culture.

843: 48: 19:

For the state electoral district in South Australia, see

3546:"Decameron 2.0 (Episode One: Those Who Make Sacrifices)" 2588: 2501: 2429: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1188:. Much of its Aboriginal Studies curriculum is based on 1076:

was believed by Teichelmann to also refer to the Kaurna

191:, meaning Kaurna people, is often used in greetings and 4376:"Kaurna Placename Meanings within the City of Adelaide" 3256:

Skujins, Angela; Von Einem, Johnny (13 December 2021).

2991:"Buckskin grapples with unwelcome words in his country" 2952:

Skujins, Angela; Von Einem, Johnny (13 December 2021).

2853: 2769:

Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons

2513: 2232: 2210: 2208: 2106: 2031: 1590:

in 2011, is a teacher of Kaurna language and culture.

681:(Amelia Taylor or Amelia Savage) died in 1929. Born in 3525:

Witness Performance – Performance.Discussion.Community

2930: 2571:

Ngadjuri Walpa Juri Lands and Heritage Association n.d

2453: 2441: 2417: 2405: 2381: 2369: 2345: 2318: 2316: 2303: 2301: 2259: 2244: 2118: 3953:

Warraparna Kaurna!: Reclaiming an Australian language

2877: 2816: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2530: 2528: 2489: 2096: 2094: 2067: 1997: 1926:

Tindale incorrectly gives her date of death as 1931 (

924:, the Karuru and Mattari, which traced their descent 54: 2865: 2663: 2636: 2624: 2286: 2205: 2021: 2019: 1255:

Taikurtinna (meaning "family") group established by

1218:

Kaurna Aboriginal Community and Heritage Association

4542:

The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History

4227: 4221:

The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History

4009: 3929: 3207: 2723: 2313: 2298: 2274: 2199: 2166: 2130: 2079: 45: 6145:Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park 4296: 4107:Journal of the Anthropological Society of Adelaide 4018: 3237: 2918: 2540: 2525: 2477: 2220: 2178: 2142: 2091: 2049: 1464:term for Kaurna and also other tribes such as the 1200:(Macleay mission) and experienced some aspects of 165:in 1904, but not widely used until popularised by 2775: 2016: 1262:Kuma Karro ("One Blood"), established in 2008 by 1136:Kudlila, the wet season, from July to September ( 1122:Warltati, the hot season, from January to March ( 6599: 4818: 4276: 3959:. University of Adelaide Press. pp. 12–14. 3255: 2951: 2657: 2612: 2600: 2552: 2061: 1985: 602:1850s, some were absorbed into the neighbouring 4646: 4522: 4358: 4218:Revised version of an entry first published in 3931:"Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives" 3231: 3102: 3100: 2717: 2471: 1288:(pictured) is derived from the Kaurna language. 1129:Parnati, the windy season, from April to June ( 6450:List of native title claims in South Australia 4911:"Home page: the Internet home of Kaurna Warra" 4876:"Aboriginal people of South Australia: Kaurna" 4447:(Report). City of Holdfast Bay. Archived from 4374: 3621: 3219: 2743:"Marriage in Traditional Aboriginal Societies" 1844:Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia 1815: 1554:Uncle Jeffrey Newchurch, Aunty Heather Agius, 1168:and other initiatives. These people included 902:also grouped into larger areas of land called 751:of the land from "Myponga to Lower Light". An 402:. Kaurna people also resided in the suburb of 6152:Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park 4966: 4053:Newsletter of the Burnside Historical Society 3981: 3598: 3596: 3195: 881:contains only 48 items. In September 2002, a 414:At every creek and gully you would see their 4691: 4439: 4320:. Education Dept. of South Australia. 1989. 4154:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 4025:. University of British Columbia UBC Press. 3419:National Film and Sound Archive of Australia 3097: 2594: 2037: 1586:man also known as Vincent Buckskin, who was 3873: 3017: 3015: 3013: 1909:– site of the Living Kaurna Cultural Centre 1748:. He was frequently called upon to deliver 1665:, was released in 2013 and is available on 1550:. It was designed by a group that included 1434:("Kangaroo speakers", applied to northerly 1256: 1042:and Milerum concerns a culture hero called 6054:Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part) 4973: 4959: 4782:"'TJIRBUKI' or 'TJIRBUK' (Blowhole Beach)" 4610:Anthropological Society of South Australia 4485:Kaurna People Native Title Settlement ILUA 4055:. Vol. 9, no. 1. pp. 24–28. 3879: 3593: 3282: 3280: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 1514: 889:in the southern suburbs area of Adelaide. 662:in 1885 and corroborees at the beaches of 461:as Commander-in-chief in December 1836 at 195:or Acknowledgement of Country ceremonies. 105:by the early settlers. Kaurna culture and 4795: 4761: 4394: 4166: 3789:"A mark of respect for Georgina Williams" 3309: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2883: 2705: 2238: 1708: 1276:Kaurna language § Kaurna place names 406:, and an early settler of the village of 4838: 4820:"Welcome and Acknowledgement of Country" 4780: 4626: 4578: 4558: 4414: 4150: 3497:State Theatre Company of South Australia 3010: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2669: 2642: 2630: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2268: 2253: 2214: 2010: 1527:. John Carty, Head of Humanities at the 1279: 1259:and since his death led by his son Jamie 830:Among their customs was the practice of 274: 6138:Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park 4735: 4707: 4579:Richards, Stephanie (7 February 2020). 4059: 3286: 3277: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3126: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2859: 2822: 2693: 2681: 2307: 2085: 2073: 1927: 1842:(1904–1988), founding president of the 1770:, and appeared in many advertisements. 1627:Buckskin has taught Kaurna language at 1243:memorial park and burial site in 2021. 111:British colonisation of South Australia 6600: 6432:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians 4746:Records of the South Australian Museum 4670: 4316: 4248: 4199: 4084: 3844: 3655: 3521:"Decameron 2.0: Legacies of sacrifice" 3336: 3334: 3243: 2988: 2973: 2924: 2292: 2148: 1373:(horde living near Glenelg), Medaindie 1192:(1989). Many Kaurna people grew up in 964: 892: 72: 23:. For the language of the Kaurna, see 6613:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia 5882:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara 4982:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia 4954: 4679:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4559:Richards, Stephanie (21 March 2018). 4043: 3949: 3715:Department of the Premier and Cabinet 3689:Department of the Premier and Cabinet 3518: 3108:"The Seasons // Bowerbird Collective" 2939: 2871: 2799: 2546: 2375: 2322: 2280: 2226: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2025: 1955: 1873:, and who was a finalist in the 2021 1835:Other notable Kaurna people include: 1269: 1147:, the eagle's foot constellation, or 985:has been linked to initiation rites. 311:were found living in the vicinity of 161:was not recorded until 1879, used by 89:and other variations) are a group of 6110:Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area 6089:Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park 4853: 4719:Australian National University Press 4692:Telfer, Karl; Malone, Gavin (2012). 4598: 4466: 4334: 4125: 4097: 3158: 3067: 2989:Willis, Belinda (14 November 2023). 2781: 2729: 2618: 2606: 2558: 2534: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2483: 1991: 1631:through the School of Languages; at 1575:Jack Kanya Kudnuitya Buckskin (born 1538:In 2021, a new 2 ha (4.9-acre) 1334: 1160:From the 1970s onwards, a number of 169:in the 1920s. Most likely, it is an 93:whose traditional lands include the 6493:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy 6075:Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park 4878:. State Library of South Australia. 4861:. History Trust of South Australia. 4628:"SA Govt rejects Marble Hill claim" 4398:. kaurna.tripod.com. Archived from 4336:"Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim" 4200:Harris, Rhondda (6 February 2014). 3331: 1954:definitely implies land ownership ( 1780:Goldsmith was honoured at the 2017 1237:Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation 1155: 610:groups, and some married settlers. 13: 6061:Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park 4867: 4839:Wheatley, Kim (20 November 2009). 3570: 3310:Von Einem, Johnny (30 June 2022). 3287:Mullins, Sarah (7 December 2021). 2766: 2583:Parliament of South Australia 2006 1588:Young South Australian of the Year 1263: 1050:; the name actually refers to the 877:The Kaurna collection held by the 769:Adelaide's whole metropolitan area 14: 6629: 4671:Sutton, Malcolm (1 August 2019). 4342:. 25 October 2000. Archived from 4185:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2015.01.04 3656:Peddie, Clare (3 November 2018). 3519:Grbec, Monique (20 August 2020). 2200:Berndt, Berndt & Stanton 1993 1863:(1942–2017), scholar and linguist 1565: 794:Living Kaurna Cultural Centre in 590:Native Training Institution near 410:described the local people thus: 6472:Aborigines' Friends' Association 6363:Aṉangu (Western Desert language) 4897:Curnow, Paul (20 October 2011). 4884:Curnow, Paul (11 October 2011). 3880:Strathearn, Peri (6 July 2021). 3859:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00445.x 3838: 3810: 3781: 3755: 3729: 3703: 3677: 3649: 3564: 3538: 1869:, who did a lot of work for the 1570: 1211: 1038:A legend recounted variously by 613: 469:). According to an entry in the 426: 394:("red kangaroo place") near the 41: 6406:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 4903:Australian Indigenous Astronomy 4890:Australian Indigenous Astronomy 4527:. Government of South Australia 4440:Millar, Glen (12 August 2003). 4085:Eacott, Alina (21 March 2018). 3995:. ANU Press. pp. 202–203. 3629:"Associate Professor Rob Amery" 3512: 3484: 3458: 3433: 3406: 3380: 3354: 3342:"Jack Kanya Kudnuitya Buckskin" 3303: 3249: 3041: 2945: 2889: 2828: 2787: 2760: 2735: 1961: 1933: 1920: 1857:(born 1930), elder and advocate 704: 283:Kaurna territory extended from 153:(Adelaide clan's former name), 6040:Elliot Price Conservation Park 4899:"Kaurna Night Skies (Part II)" 4472:National Native Title Tribunal 4340:National Native Title Tribunal 4044:Brown, Rosemary (March 1989). 1739:Art Gallery of South Australia 448: 390:A main Kaurna presence was in 1: 6486:Avenue Range Station massacre 6103:Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park 4886:"Kaurna Night Skies (Part I)" 4796:Warburton, Elizabeth (1981). 3823:City of Port Adelaide Enfield 3023:"Passing Of Stevie Goldsmith" 2718:Smith, Pate & Martin 2006 1974: 1689:As of 2023 Buckskin works at 1673:honoured him with an award. 1671:City of Port Adelaide Enfield 1618:South Australian Music Awards 1576: 1521:Kingston Park Coastal Reserve 1114:Indigenous Australian seasons 883:Living Kaurna Cultural Centre 838:for hunting purposes) in the 753:Indigenous land use agreement 695:Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga 543:of shipwrecked people on the 443: 343:forests over the back of the 6397:Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 4939:Indigenous Weather Knowledge 4841:"Tribal War on Native Title" 4255:Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri 4068:University of Adelaide Press 4046:"The Brunskills of Sandford" 2901:Indigenous Weather Knowledge 1979: 1913: 863: 504:north to join other tribes. 370:, extending as far north as 270: 210:Kaurna'war:a (Kaurna speech) 120: 21:Electoral district of Kaurna 7: 6131:Strzelecki Regional Reserve 6096:Mamungari Conservation Park 6082:Innamincka Regional Reserve 6068:Lake Gairdner National Park 6047:Gawler Ranges National Park 6025:Co-managed protected areas: 6000:Indigenous protected areas: 4880:– Guide to online resources 4763:"Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks" 4442:Native Title Claim - Update 4098:Gara, Tom (December 1990). 4017:; Stanton, John E. (1993). 3347:Adelaide Symphony Orchestra 1880: 1816:Other notable Kaurna people 1651:on language revival at the 1399:term also loosely given to 1196:(Point Pearce mission) and 757:South Australian government 387:dispossessed by colonists. 239:In October 1838 two German 198: 185:meaning "men" or "people". 10: 6634: 6505:History of South Australia 6370:Nunga (Aboriginal English) 6166:Yumbarra Conservation Park 6117:Nullarbor Regional Reserve 5917:List of Aboriginal schools 3902: 3258:"The weight of Wangayarta" 2954:"The weight of Wangayarta" 1821:Uncle Major "Moogy" Sumner 1691:Tauondi Aboriginal College 1657:A documentary directed by 1556:Uncle Major "Moogy" Sumner 1533:repatriate their ancestors 1486:term applied to Kaurna of 1367:term, lit. "evil spirits") 1273: 1111: 1107: 801: 708: 202: 18: 6531: 6463: 6441: 6390: 6383: 6354: 6322: 6186: 6179: 6024: 5999: 5936: 5926: 5873: 5618:Poltpalingada Booboorowie 5588: 5489: 5368: 5361: 4988: 4929:. University of Adelaide. 4599:Ross, Betty, ed. (1984). 3663:The Advertiser (Adelaide) 3196:Amery & Buckskin 2009 1226:Tjilbruke Track Committee 806:The Kaurna people were a 711:Native title in Australia 472:South Australian Register 101:. They were known as the 6479:Australian frontier wars 6415:Aboriginal Witnesses Act 6124:Pureba Conservation Park 5896:Gerard Community Council 4382:. University of Adelaide 3937:. University of Adelaide 3763:"Major 'Moogy Sumner AM" 2038:Telfer & Malone 2012 1950:. The other Kaurna word 1871:Tjilbruke Dreaming Track 1454:(horde name), Padnayndie 1246: 1166:Tjilbruke Dreaming Track 721:South Australia Act 1834 295:on the eastern shore of 6276:Western Desert language 4915:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 4737:Tindale, Norman Barnett 4709:Tindale, Norman Barnett 4380:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 4015:Berndt, Catherine Helen 3935:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 3208:Placenaming initiatives 2472:O'Brien & Paul 2013 1735:South Australian Museum 1733:(KWP), and advised the 1731:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 1529:South Australian Museum 1515:Repatriation of remains 1186:South Australian Museum 1126:= hot, heat and warmth) 879:South Australian Museum 743:metropolitan area. The 739:, including the entire 719:. The enactment of the 691:Adelaide Botanic Garden 509:Protector of Aborigines 234:Protector of Aborigines 149:(Murray River people), 117:means "Kaurna people". 6331:Lower Murray languages 5903:Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa 5801:Eileen Yaritja Stevens 4656:. Belair: Kōpi Books. 4060:Clendon, Mark (2015). 3634:University of Adelaide 3576:"Decameron 2.0 Part 2" 3175:Australian of the Year 3112:Chamber Music Adelaide 2841:. Phasai at Deviantart 2050:Charles Stuart: Kaurna 1828:is a widely respected 1782:Lord Mayor of Adelaide 1727:University of Adelaide 1709:Uncle Stevie Goldsmith 1653:University of Adelaide 1289: 1257:Uncle Stevie Goldsmith 511:set up with this aim. 424: 299:, and as far north as 280: 218:Pama–Nyungan languages 6537:By state or territory 6522:Waterloo Bay massacre 6159:Witjira National Park 6033:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes 5703:Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin 5296:Western Desert people 4943:Bureau of Meteorology 4701:City of Charles Sturt 4302:City of Charles Sturt 4011:Berndt, Ronald Murray 3853:(2). Wiley: 158–166. 3847:Geographical Research 3767:SA Environment Awards 3291:. Australia: ABC News 2905:Bureau of Meteorology 2658:newsmaker.com.au 2009 2163:, pp. 66–68, 86. 2062:City of Adelaide 2020 1861:Alitya (Alice) Rigney 1703:Salisbury High School 1633:Salisbury High School 1315:began the process of 1313:Adelaide City Council 1283: 1274:Further information: 1178:Alitya (Alice) Rigney 1112:Further information: 871:1889 Paris Exhibition 709:Further information: 412: 287:at the bottom of the 278: 245:Christian Teichelmann 232:(later third interim 163:Alfred William Howitt 6338:Thura-Yura languages 6248:Ngamini (Yarluyandi) 4927:Mobile Language Team 4514:: CS1 maint: year ( 3604:"Welcome to Country" 2510:, pp. pp=86–87. 1806:Adelaide city centre 1645:Adelaide High School 1641:Le Fevre High School 1637:Kaurna Plains School 1614:Kaurna Plains School 1352:("our own language") 1325:Adelaide city centre 1140:= to wash the earth) 1100:are well known from 400:Adelaide city centre 173:introduced from the 4753:: 5–13 – via 4544:. Wakefield Press. 4177:2015JAHH...18...39H 4136:. pp. 86–105. 3950:Amery, Rob (2016). 3818:"Georgina Williams" 3580:The Barefoot Review 3232:Kaurna place naming 3114:. 26 September 2023 2796:p. 8 (Tindale 1936) 2522:, pp. 104–105. 1887:History of Adelaide 1750:Welcomes to Country 1699:Welcomes to Country 1624:, and many others. 1323:which surround the 965:Rites and mythology 893:Tribal organisation 6550:Northern Territory 6306:Yarli (Malyangapa) 5910:Maralinga Tjarutja 5766:Lowitja O'Donoghue 5100:Maralinga Tjarutja 4494:. SASOSE Council. 4474:. 19 November 2018 4425:. pp. 65–81. 4362:. City of Adelaide 4346:on 15 October 2009 3886:Murray Bridge News 3711:"Ruby Awards 2018" 3394:. 15 February 2023 3368:. 15 February 2023 3220:Placename meanings 3171:"Vincent Buckskin" 2342:, pp. 65, 66. 2115:, pp. 61, 93. 1290: 1270:Kaurna place names 1086:Northern Territory 1064:Fleurieu Peninsula 1028:(conserved in the 1014:Mount Lofty Ranges 959:arranged marriages 949:. The practice of 834:(deliberately lit 832:fire-stick farming 761:federal government 749:traditional owners 523:("King John") and 345:Mount Lofty Ranges 307:. Tindale claimed 289:Fleurieu Peninsula 281: 193:Welcome to Country 131:Fleurieu Peninsula 6595: 6594: 6585:Western Australia 6459: 6458: 6379: 6378: 6175: 6174: 5836:Natasha Wanganeen 5738:Natascha McNamara 5584: 5583: 5055:, (including the 4935:"Kaurna calendar" 4855:"Whitmore Square" 4728:978-0-708-10741-6 4663:978-0-727-01112-1 4327:978-0-7243-8125-8 4269:978-0-727-01112-1 4077:978-1-925-26111-0 4032:978-0-774-80478-3 3974:978-1-925261-25-7 3743:. 20 October 2023 3691:. 8 November 2023 3685:"The Ruby Awards" 3145:Alumni and Giving 2942:, pp. 12–14. 2897:"Kaurna calendar" 2595:Holdfast Bay 2003 2498:, pp. 86–87. 2402:, pp. 70–71. 2378:, pp. 24–28. 2366:, pp. 68–69. 2127:, pp. 64–65. 1892:Matthew Moorhouse 1867:Georgina Williams 1773:After his death, 1762:Adelaide Festival 1684:COVID-19 pandemic 1602:, featuring in a 1335:Alternative names 1286:Onkaparinga River 1230:cultural heritage 1190:The Kaurna People 1182:Georgina Williams 977:as an initiatory 852:Thomas O'Halloran 784:Marble Hill ruins 517:Matthew Moorhouse 167:Norman B. Tindale 145:(Forest People), 91:Aboriginal people 6625: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6524: 6517: 6507: 6500: 6497:Royal Commission 6488: 6481: 6474: 6452: 6434: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6400: 6388: 6387: 6372: 6365: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6323:Language groups: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6017: 6015:Mount Willoughby 6010: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5944: 5934: 5933: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5843:Ginger Wikilyiri 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5689:Stevie Goldsmith 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5505: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5366: 5365: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4893: 4879: 4862: 4850: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4824:City of Adelaide 4815: 4802:City of Burnside 4792: 4786: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4758: 4732: 4704: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4623: 4607: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4555: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4454:on 14 March 2011 4453: 4446: 4436: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4331: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4304:. 7 October 2019 4293: 4291: 4289: 4282:newsmaker.com.au 4273: 4245: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4196: 4170: 4147: 4122: 4104: 4094: 4081: 4056: 4050: 4040: 4037:Internet Archive 4024: 4006: 3988: 3978: 3958: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3445:Screen Australia 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3076: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3053:WOMADelaide 2022 3049:"Kaurna Welcome" 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3029:. 30 August 2017 3019: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2986: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2862:, pp. 5–13. 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2767:Monger, George. 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2438:, pp. 74–5. 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2203: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2008: 1995: 1989: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1827: 1767:The Secret River 1723:language revival 1647:. He works with 1581: 1578: 1500:(horde north of 1341:"Adelaide tribe" 1284:The name of the 1156:Cultural revival 928:to an ancestral 672:W. E. H. Stanner 555:stood firm, and 549:Edward John Eyre 533:George Brunskill 364:Catherine Berndt 249:Clamor Schürmann 222:William Williams 76: 74:[ɡ̊auɳa] 71: 64: 63: 60: 59: 56: 53: 50: 47: 40: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6618:Adelaide Plains 6598: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6564:South Australia 6562: 6555: 6548: 6543:New South Wales 6541: 6536: 6527: 6520: 6510: 6503: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6455: 6448: 6437: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6284:Yankunytjatjara 6274: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5947: 5940: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5829:Gavin Wanganeen 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5661:Kevin Buzzacott 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5508: 5496: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5324:Yankunytjatjara 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4984: 4979: 4949: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4896: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4868:Further reading 4865: 4829: 4827: 4812: 4784: 4771: 4769: 4729: 4696: 4682: 4680: 4664: 4653: 4637: 4635: 4620: 4605: 4589: 4587: 4569: 4567: 4552: 4551:978-186254559-5 4530: 4528: 4525:"Kaurna People" 4507: 4506: 4502: 4477: 4475: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4433: 4432:978-174305499-4 4423:Wakefield Press 4405: 4403: 4402:on 19 July 2011 4385: 4383: 4365: 4363: 4349: 4347: 4328: 4307: 4305: 4298:"Kaurna People" 4287: 4285: 4284:. 24 April 2009 4270: 4242: 4241:978-192153657-1 4211: 4209: 4144: 4143:978-174305499-4 4134:Wakefield Press 4102: 4078: 4048: 4033: 4003: 4002:978-192153657-1 3986: 3975: 3965:10.20851/kaurna 3956: 3940: 3938: 3920: 3918: 3917:on 20 July 2008 3905: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3878: 3874: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3826:. 11 April 2023 3816: 3815: 3811: 3798: 3796: 3795:. 28 April 2021 3793:Onkaparinga Now 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3769:. 1 August 2018 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3636:Staff Directory 3627: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3492:"Decameron 2.0" 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3077: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3055:. 13 March 2023 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3027:SA Native Title 3021: 3020: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2987: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2732:, pp. 3–5. 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2017: 2009: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958:, p. 116). 1938: 1934: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1883: 1823: 1818: 1752:, including at 1711: 1669:. In 2018, the 1609:Love Story 2050 1579: 1573: 1568: 1517: 1512: 1423:for the Kaurna) 1337: 1278: 1272: 1249: 1214: 1158: 1116: 1110: 1090:Flinders Ranges 983:Waterfall Gully 967: 951:milla mangkondi 895: 866: 808:hunter-gatherer 804: 713: 707: 699:Whitmore Square 616: 521:Mullawirraburka 451: 446: 429: 420:Waterfall Gully 368:Kangaroo Island 297:Gulf St Vincent 273: 212:belongs to the 207: 205:Kaurna language 201: 139:Kawanda Meyunna 127:Adelaide Plains 123: 99:South Australia 95:Adelaide Plains 66: 44: 38: 37: 28: 25:Kaurna language 17: 12: 11: 5: 6631: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6508: 6501: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6419: 6410: 6401: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6345:Sign languages 6341: 6334: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6280:Pitjantjatjara 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5889:Aṉangu schools 5885: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5864:Tjayanka Woods 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5794:Tauto Sansbury 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5682:Gladys Elphick 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5647:Shaun Burgoyne 5643: 5640:Peter Burgoyne 5636: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5611:Maringka Baker 5607: 5600: 5592: 5590: 5589:Notable people 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5569:(Point McLeay) 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5506: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5373: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5247:Pitjantjatjara 5243: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4948: 4947: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4894: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4859:SA History Hub 4851: 4846:The Advertiser 4836: 4816: 4810: 4793: 4778: 4759: 4733: 4727: 4705: 4689: 4668: 4662: 4644: 4624: 4618: 4596: 4576: 4556: 4550: 4537: 4520: 4500: 4487: 4464: 4437: 4431: 4412: 4396:"Kaurna Warra" 4392: 4372: 4356: 4332: 4326: 4314: 4294: 4274: 4268: 4250:Jenkin, Graham 4246: 4240: 4225: 4206:SA History Hub 4197: 4148: 4142: 4123: 4095: 4082: 4076: 4057: 4041: 4031: 4007: 4001: 3979: 3973: 3947: 3927: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3872: 3837: 3809: 3780: 3754: 3728: 3717:. 26 June 2019 3702: 3676: 3648: 3620: 3592: 3572:Harris, Samela 3563: 3552:. 10 July 2020 3550:Stage Whispers 3537: 3511: 3483: 3457: 3432: 3405: 3379: 3353: 3330: 3302: 3276: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3157: 3125: 3096: 3066: 3040: 3009: 2972: 2944: 2929: 2917: 2888: 2876: 2874:, p. 115. 2864: 2852: 2827: 2815: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2759: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2327: 2312: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2258: 2243: 2239:Warburton 1981 2231: 2219: 2204: 2202:, p. 312. 2189: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2090: 2078: 2076:, p. 133. 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2015: 1996: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1960: 1932: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840:Gladys Elphick 1817: 1814: 1790:Adelaide Crows 1764:production of 1725:centre at the 1710: 1707: 1600:Festival Plaza 1572: 1569: 1567: 1566:Notable people 1564: 1548:Evanston South 1516: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1495: 1488:Port Wakefield 1477: 1471: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1429: 1424: 1414: 1404: 1390: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1329:North Adelaide 1271: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1248: 1245: 1213: 1210: 1174:Gladys Elphick 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1149:Southern Cross 1141: 1134: 1127: 1109: 1106: 1102:Norman Tindale 1094:Eyre Peninsula 1022:Mount Bonython 999:Port Noarlunga 973:and performed 966: 963: 894: 891: 885:was opened at 865: 862: 840:Adelaide Hills 803: 800: 788:Adelaide Hills 777:Debra Mortimer 737:Port Broughton 706: 703: 687:Ityamai-itpina 615: 612: 596:Eyre Peninsula 541:Maria massacre 493:whooping cough 459:John Hindmarsh 450: 447: 445: 442: 428: 425: 293:Port Wakefield 272: 269: 216:branch of the 203:Main article: 200: 197: 189:Kaurna meyunna 147:Pietta Meyunna 122: 119: 115:Kaurna meyunna 103:Adelaide tribe 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6630: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6192:Adnyamathanha 6189: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874:Organisations 5872: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5822:James Unaipon 5819: 5816: 5815:David Unaipon 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5780:Frances Rings 5777: 5774: 5773:Alitya Rigney 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5759:Lewis O'Brien 5756: 5753: 5752:Betty Muffler 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731:Tjungkara Ken 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675:Nyakul Dawson 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654:Hector Burton 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633:Iris Burgoyne 5630: 5627: 5626:Jack Buckskin 5623: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5532:Killalpaninna 5529: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345:Yawarrawarrka 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142:Ngaanyatjarra 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4997:Adnyamathanha 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4779: 4768: 4767:kaurnaculture 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4634:. 1 July 2009 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4619:0-9594806-2-5 4615: 4611: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4503: 4501:0-646-42821-7 4497: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4361: 4357: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234:. ANU Press. 4233: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4203: 4202:"Pirltawadli" 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4113:(1): 64–105. 4112: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3637: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3500:. 26 May 2022 3499: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3472:. 2 July 2021 3471: 3470:SBS On Demand 3467: 3461: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2884:kaurnaculture 2880: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2837: 2831: 2825:, p. 64. 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2763: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2706:Archived copy 2702: 2696:, p. 73. 2695: 2690: 2684:, p. 71. 2683: 2678: 2671: 2670:ABC News 2009 2666: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2644: 2643:Richards 2020 2639: 2632: 2631:Richards 2018 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2537:, p. 64. 2536: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2486:, p. 86. 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2462:, p. 77. 2461: 2460:Lockwood 2017 2456: 2450:, p. 81. 2449: 2448:Lockwood 2017 2444: 2437: 2436:Lockwood 2017 2432: 2426:, p. 73. 2425: 2424:Lockwood 2017 2420: 2414:, p. 71. 2413: 2412:Lockwood 2017 2408: 2401: 2400:Lockwood 2017 2396: 2390:, p. 69. 2389: 2388:Lockwood 2017 2384: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2364:Lockwood 2017 2360: 2354:, p. 68. 2353: 2352:Lockwood 2017 2348: 2341: 2340:Lockwood 2017 2336: 2334: 2332: 2325:, p. 74. 2324: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2295:, p. 32. 2294: 2289: 2283:, p. 59. 2282: 2277: 2271:, p. 66. 2270: 2269:Lockwood 2017 2265: 2263: 2256:, p. 67. 2255: 2254:Lockwood 2017 2250: 2248: 2241:, p. xv. 2240: 2235: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2215:Wheatley 2009 2211: 2209: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2181: 2175:, p. 86. 2174: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2139:, p. 65. 2138: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2103:, p. 57. 2102: 2097: 2095: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2013:, p. 65. 2012: 2011:Lockwood 2017 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1964: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1919: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1875:NAIDOC Awards 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855:Lewis O'Brien 1853: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Wright Street 1799: 1795: 1794:Showdown game 1791: 1787: 1786:NAIDOC Awards 1783: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Port Adelaide 1692: 1687: 1685: 1682:, during the 1681: 1680: 1679:Decameron 2.0 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667:SBS on Demand 1664: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1571:Jack Buckskin 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492:Buckland Park 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1427:Milipitingara 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1265: 1264:Jack Buckskin 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1212:Organisations 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:Lewis O'Brien 1167: 1163: 1151:, in the sky) 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1104:'s research. 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008:Similar to a 1006: 1004: 1000: 997:beach and at 996: 992: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:scarification 962: 960: 956: 955:wife stealing 952: 948: 944: 938: 936: 931: 927: 926:matrilineally 923: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 875: 872: 861: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 817: 813: 809: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 765:Federal Court 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 722: 718: 717:terra nullius 712: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:Port Adelaide 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660:Adelaide Oval 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 632: 629: 625: 621: 614:1860s–present 611: 609: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584:Native School 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 513:William Wyatt 510: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485:River Torrens 482: 478: 474: 473: 468: 464: 460: 455: 441: 438: 433: 427:Dispossession 423: 421: 417: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 396:River Torrens 393: 392:Tarndanyangga 388: 385: 381: 380:Colonel Light 377: 376:River Torrens 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 325:Hamley Bridge 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:Crystal Brook 298: 294: 290: 286: 277: 268: 266: 262: 261:River Torrens 259:north of the 258: 255:(in the west 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 230:William Wyatt 227: 226:George Gawler 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 196: 194: 190: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 143:Wirra Meyunna 141:(North men), 140: 135: 132: 128: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 69: 62: 35: 30: 26: 22: 6512: 6422: 6413: 6404: 6395: 6299:Yandruwandha 6269:Wangkangurru 6255:Ngarrindjeri 5990:Wati-kutjara 5960: 5956: 5952: 5857:Chad Wingard 5850:Norah Wilson 5808:Moogy Sumner 5710:Ruby Hammond 5668:Vince Copley 5620:(Tom Walker) 5560:Point Pearce 5451:Pipalyatjara 5331:Yardliyawara 5317:Yandruwandha 5198:Ngarrindjeri 5071: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4889: 4858: 4844: 4828:. Retrieved 4797: 4770:. Retrieved 4766: 4750: 4744: 4739:(May 1987). 4713: 4681:. Retrieved 4676: 4649: 4636:. Retrieved 4631: 4601: 4588:. Retrieved 4584: 4568:. Retrieved 4564: 4541: 4529:. Retrieved 4491: 4476:. Retrieved 4456:. Retrieved 4449:the original 4417: 4404:. Retrieved 4400:the original 4384:. Retrieved 4379: 4364:. Retrieved 4348:. Retrieved 4344:the original 4317: 4306:. Retrieved 4286:. Retrieved 4281: 4254: 4230: 4220: 4210:. Retrieved 4205: 4158: 4152: 4128: 4110: 4106: 4090: 4062: 4052: 4035:– via 4020: 3991: 3952: 3939:. Retrieved 3934: 3919:. Retrieved 3915:the original 3889:. Retrieved 3885: 3875: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3828:. Retrieved 3821: 3812: 3804: 3797:. Retrieved 3792: 3783: 3771:. Retrieved 3766: 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3740: 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3714: 3705: 3693:. Retrieved 3688: 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3661: 3651: 3639:. Retrieved 3632: 3623: 3611:. Retrieved 3607: 3583:. Retrieved 3579: 3566: 3554:. Retrieved 3549: 3540: 3528:. Retrieved 3524: 3514: 3502:. Retrieved 3495: 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3469: 3460: 3448:. Retrieved 3444: 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3417: 3408: 3396:. Retrieved 3391: 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3365: 3356: 3345: 3321:. Retrieved 3315: 3305: 3293:. Retrieved 3267:. Retrieved 3261: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3174: 3148:. Retrieved 3144: 3116:. Retrieved 3111: 3087:. Retrieved 3083: 3057:. Retrieved 3052: 3043: 3031:. Retrieved 3026: 3000:. Retrieved 2994: 2963:. Retrieved 2957: 2947: 2920: 2908:. Retrieved 2900: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2860:Tindale 1987 2855: 2843:. Retrieved 2830: 2823:Tindale 1974 2818: 2810: 2793: 2789: 2784:, p. 3. 2777: 2771:. p. 3. 2768: 2762: 2750:. Retrieved 2746: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2694:Tindale 1974 2689: 2682:Tindale 1974 2677: 2665: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2549:, p. 1. 2542: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2308:Tindale 1974 2288: 2276: 2234: 2229:, p. 5. 2222: 2187:, p. 4. 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2088:, p. 2. 2086:Clendon 2015 2081: 2074:Tindale 1974 2069: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2028:, p. 3. 1994:, p. 5. 1987: 1963: 1951: 1948:Ngarrindjeri 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928:Tindale 1974 1922: 1907:Warriparinga 1897:Pirltawardli 1834: 1830:Ngarrindjeri 1819: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1743: 1719:Ngarrindjeri 1712: 1688: 1677: 1675: 1662: 1656: 1629:Warriparinga 1626: 1622:Sydney Swans 1607: 1606:film called 1592: 1582:), a Kaurna/ 1574: 1560: 1537: 1518: 1507: 1497: 1479: 1473: 1465: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1426: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1392: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1361:Kurumidlanta 1360: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1310: 1291: 1250: 1236: 1234: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1206:Ngarrindjeri 1189: 1159: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1117: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1062:), down the 1060:Warriparinga 1056:Bedford Park 1037: 1025: 1007: 990: 987: 975:circumcision 968: 950: 939: 908: 903: 898: 896: 887:Warriparinga 876: 867: 829: 805: 792:Warriparinga 781: 729:native title 726: 714: 705:Native title 676: 668:Henley Beach 649: 637:Botanic Park 633: 628:Point Pearce 624:Point McLeay 617: 608:Ngarrindjeri 600: 592:Port Lincoln 580: 572:Happy Valley 568:Vagrancy Act 567: 564:Pirltawardli 561: 537: 529:Marryatville 506: 481:Murray River 470: 463:Holdfast Bay 456: 452: 434: 430: 413: 389: 374:or even the 357: 341:stringy bark 282: 265:Samuel Klose 241:missionaries 238: 208: 188: 187: 182: 179:Ngarrindjeri 158: 154: 151:Wito Meyunna 150: 146: 142: 138: 136: 124: 114: 102: 86: 82: 78: 33: 31: 29: 6278:(dialects: 6199:Antakirinja 5976:Muldjewangk 5949:'Dreamtime' 5930:and culture 5787:Nura Rupert 5745:Patty Mills 5717:Ruby Hunter 5696:Adam Goodes 5604:Jimmy Baker 5597:Ian Abdulla 5519:(Umeewarra) 5460:(Ernabella) 5362:Communities 5310:Wongkanguru 5268:Tanganekald 5053:Jarildekald 5004:Antakirinja 4811:095938760-9 4772:26 February 4638:19 December 4531:8 September 4458:30 December 4386:28 November 4366:29 November 4350:30 December 4288:19 December 4161:(1): 1–23. 3941:28 November 3921:19 November 3830:20 November 3799:20 November 3773:20 November 3747:20 November 3721:20 November 3695:20 November 3641:14 December 3613:20 November 3608:WOMADelaide 3585:20 November 3556:20 November 3530:20 November 3476:20 November 3398:19 November 3372:19 November 3295:29 December 3244:Sutton 2019 3181:19 November 3150:20 November 3118:20 November 3089:20 November 3084:Adelaide AZ 3059:20 November 3033:20 November 3002:19 November 2925:ED.oSA 1989 2293:Jenkin 1979 2149:Harris 2014 1798:Ruby Awards 1754:WOMADelaide 1659:Dylan River 1580: 1986 1540:burial site 1523:, south of 1462:Jarildekald 1397:Tanganekald 1393:Merildekald 1356:Koornawarra 1350:Jaitjawar:a 1317:dual naming 1092:through to 1088:and in the 1074:Munaitjerlo 1070:Munaitjerlo 1048:glossy ibis 911:patrilineal 857:stringybark 733:Cape Jervis 656:corroborees 652:Womadelaide 566:. The 1847 557:martial law 553:George Grey 525:Kadlitpinna 449:1790s–1860s 285:Cape Jervis 6602:Categories 6557:Queensland 5553:Oak Valley 5480:Yunyarinyi 5352:Yirawirung 5338:Yarluyandi 5275:Thangkaali 5261:Ramindjeri 5177:Ngangaruku 5107:Mardidjali 5093:Malyangapa 5032:Bungandidj 5025:Bodaruwitj 4830:16 October 4308:16 October 4212:7 December 4168:1504.01570 3891:20 October 3669:8 November 3466:"Buckskin" 3441:"Buckskin" 3414:"Buckskin" 3392:Kuma Kaaru 3388:"Our Team" 3366:Kuma Kaaru 3362:"About Us" 2940:Amery 2016 2910:21 October 2872:Amery 2016 2547:Amery 2016 2376:Brown 1989 2323:Amery 2016 2281:Amery 2016 2227:Amery 2016 2185:Amery 2016 2173:Amery 2016 2161:Amery 2016 2137:Amery 2016 2125:Amery 2016 2113:Amery 2016 2101:Amery 2016 2026:Amery 2016 1975:References 1956:Amery 2016 1756:and other 1544:Wangayarta 1419:(Pangkala 1387:Ramindjeri 1306:Munno Para 1294:Cowandilla 1241:Wangayarta 1082:Queensland 1052:blue crane 915:patrilocal 825:Nganguruku 790:, and the 773:Crown land 745:Ramindjeri 444:Population 353:Ramindjeri 257:Park Lands 253:Piltawodli 214:Thura-Yura 175:Ramindjeri 6262:Paakantyi 6213:Barngarla 6180:Languages 5969:Tjilbruke 5961:tjukurrpa 5957:mura-mura 5546:Nepabunna 5517:Davenport 5510:Colebrook 5502:Poonindie 5394:Indulkana 5370:APY Lands 5254:Portaulun 5233:Peramangk 5156:Ngayawang 5114:Meintangk 5065:Karangura 5057:Mulbarapa 5018:Barngarla 4510:cite book 4193:118805294 4119:1034-4438 3867:1745-5863 3450:23 August 3425:23 August 2782:Ross 1984 2730:Ross 1984 2619:NNTT 2018 2607:NNTT 2000 2535:Gara 1990 2520:Gara 2017 2508:Gara 2017 2496:Gara 2017 2484:Gara 2017 1992:Ross 1984 1980:Citations 1952:pangkarra 1914:Footnotes 1902:Tjilbruke 1775:Rob Amery 1649:Rob Amery 1643:; and at 1604:Bollywood 1508:Winnaynie 1467:Ngaiawang 1458:Wakanuwan 1452:Padnaindi 1447:Nganawara 1442:Nantuwaru 1432:Nantuwara 1401:Peramangk 1321:parklands 1194:Bukkiyana 1138:kudlinthi 1098:Tjilbruke 1078:Dreamtime 1044:Tjilbruke 1018:Nuriootpa 1010:Peramangk 947:gene pool 919:exogamous 899:pangkarra 864:Artefacts 836:bushfires 821:Ngaiawang 594:, on the 588:Poonindie 501:dysentery 384:Rapid Bay 372:Noarlunga 349:Peramangk 329:Clarendon 305:Mid North 271:Territory 121:Etymology 39:English: 6578:Victoria 6571:Tasmania 6515:massacre 6241:Ngadjuri 6234:Narungga 5983:Ngiṉṯaka 5928:Religion 5724:Ivaritji 5539:Koonibba 5437:Mintabie 5410:(Fregon) 5408:Kaltjiti 5240:Pilatapa 5219:Ngurunta 5212:Ngintait 5184:Ngaralda 5149:Ngadjuri 5128:Narungga 4923:"Kaurna" 4711:(1974). 4683:1 August 4677:ABC News 4632:ABC News 4492:Gnadjuri 4478:28 April 4252:(1979). 4091:ABC News 2845:29 March 2752:16 March 2559:Whitmore 1881:See also 1849:Ivaritji 1737:and the 1715:Narungga 1663:Buckskin 1584:Narungga 1525:Adelaide 1484:Ngadjuri 1480:Widninga 1417:Midlanta 1377:Meljurna 1371:Medaindi 1365:Pangkala 1302:Morialta 1202:Narungga 1133:= windy) 1026:jureidla 943:adultery 922:moieties 848:kangaroo 812:mulloway 741:Adelaide 679:Ivaritji 620:Willunga 604:Narungga 477:smallpox 437:Lutheran 408:Beaumont 404:Burnside 321:Hoyleton 313:Snowtown 199:Language 155:Tandanya 107:language 36:people ( 6464:History 6292:Wirangu 6206:Arabana 6008:Watarru 5963:, etc.) 5942:Arkaroo 5567:Raukkan 5473:Watarru 5458:Pukatja 5444:Nyapaṟi 5303:Wirangu 5205:Ngawadj 5191:Ngarkat 5170:Ngameni 5121:Mirning 5079:Kokatha 5039:Dhirari 5011:Arabana 4989:Peoples 4791:. 2016. 4585:CityMag 4565:InDaily 4406:19 July 4173:Bibcode 3903:Sources 3504:24 July 3317:CityMag 3263:CityMag 2996:InDaily 2959:CityMag 1810:Jimmy C 1498:Winaini 1383:Merelde 1298:Aldinga 1198:Raukkan 1184:of the 1108:Seasons 1040:Unaipon 1033:Uraidla 1030:toponym 995:Glenelg 991:wiralli 935:puberty 930:totemic 816:redgums 802:Culture 786:in the 664:Glenelg 576:rations 545:Coorong 489:measles 467:Glenelg 416:wurlies 337:Myponga 303:in the 77:; also 6608:Kaurna 6442:Cases: 6355:Words: 6227:Kaurna 5575:Yalata 5525:Gerard 5498:Akenta 5490:Other: 5430:Mimili 5423:Makiri 5282:Wailpi 5226:Nukunu 5163:Ngalia 5086:Kuyani 5072:Kaurna 4826:. 2020 4808: 4725: 4660: 4616: 4590:16 May 4570:16 May 4548: 4498: 4429: 4324: 4266: 4238: 4191: 4140: 4117: 4074: 4029: 3999: 3971: 3865: 3323:9 July 3269:9 July 3177:. 2011 2965:9 July 1746:yidaki 1717:, and 1596:Darwin 1552:elders 1502:Gawler 1436:hordes 1421:exonym 1413:= man) 1345:Coorna 1180:, and 1162:elders 1145:wirltu 1131:waitpi 1124:warlta 1084:, the 1058:area ( 796:Marion 759:, the 697:, and 645:Milang 641:Goolwa 626:, and 497:typhus 360:Ronald 339:. The 333:Gawler 183:kornar 171:exonym 159:Kaurna 87:Gaurna 79:Coorna 68:Kaurna 34:Kaurna 6513:Maria 6220:Dieri 5466:Umuwa 5416:Kaṉpi 5401:Kalka 5387:Iltur 5380:Amaṯa 5289:Warki 5046:Dieri 4785:(PDF) 4697:(PDF) 4654:(PDF) 4606:(PDF) 4452:(PDF) 4445:(PDF) 4260:Rigby 4189:S2CID 4163:arXiv 4103:(PDF) 4049:(PDF) 3987:(PDF) 3957:(PDF) 2839:(PDF) 1940:yerta 1808:, by 1758:WOMAD 1546:, in 1474:Warra 1247:Dance 1222:KACHA 1003:slate 904:yerta 465:(now 317:Blyth 309:clans 181:word 83:Kaura 6384:Laws 6313:Yuyu 5953:muda 5135:Nauo 4832:2020 4806:ISBN 4774:2020 4723:ISBN 4685:2019 4658:ISBN 4640:2017 4614:ISBN 4592:2020 4572:2020 4546:ISBN 4533:2017 4516:link 4496:ISBN 4480:2020 4460:2009 4427:ISBN 4408:2011 4388:2019 4368:2019 4352:2009 4322:ISBN 4310:2020 4290:2017 4264:ISBN 4236:ISBN 4223:2001 4214:2019 4138:ISBN 4115:ISSN 4072:ISBN 4027:ISBN 3997:ISBN 3969:ISBN 3943:2019 3923:2008 3893:2022 3863:ISSN 3832:2023 3801:2023 3775:2023 3749:2023 3741:SAFC 3723:2023 3697:2023 3671:2023 3643:2023 3615:2023 3587:2023 3558:2023 3532:2023 3506:2023 3478:2023 3452:2024 3427:2024 3400:2023 3374:2023 3325:2022 3297:2021 3271:2022 3183:2023 3152:2023 3120:2023 3091:2023 3061:2023 3035:2023 3004:2023 2967:2022 2912:2021 2847:2022 2813:p. 7 2754:2022 2747:ALRC 1944:ruwe 1490:and 1411:meju 1407:Meyu 1327:and 1311:The 1304:and 1235:The 1216:The 1204:and 1024:are 979:rite 913:and 846:and 823:and 693:and 666:and 643:and 435:The 362:and 335:and 247:and 129:and 32:The 4755:BHL 4181:doi 3961:doi 3855:doi 1946:in 1784:'s 1693:in 1016:to 953:or 844:emu 735:to 606:or 382:at 291:to 177:or 97:of 6604:: 6282:, 5959:, 5955:, 4941:. 4937:. 4925:. 4913:. 4901:. 4888:. 4857:. 4843:. 4822:. 4804:. 4800:. 4787:. 4765:. 4751:20 4749:. 4743:. 4721:. 4717:. 4675:. 4630:. 4612:. 4608:. 4583:. 4563:. 4512:}} 4508:{{ 4470:. 4421:. 4378:. 4338:. 4300:. 4280:. 4262:. 4258:. 4204:. 4187:. 4179:. 4171:. 4159:18 4157:. 4132:. 4111:28 4109:. 4105:. 4089:. 4070:. 4066:. 4051:. 4013:; 3967:. 3933:. 3884:. 3861:. 3851:45 3849:. 3820:. 3803:. 3791:. 3765:. 3739:. 3713:. 3687:. 3660:. 3631:. 3606:. 3595:^ 3578:. 3574:. 3548:. 3523:. 3494:. 3468:. 3443:. 3416:. 3390:. 3364:. 3344:. 3333:^ 3314:. 3279:^ 3260:. 3173:. 3160:^ 3143:. 3128:^ 3110:. 3099:^ 3082:. 3069:^ 3051:. 3025:. 3012:^ 2993:. 2975:^ 2956:. 2932:^ 2903:. 2899:. 2801:^ 2745:. 2650:^ 2527:^ 2330:^ 2315:^ 2300:^ 2261:^ 2246:^ 2207:^ 2192:^ 2093:^ 2018:^ 1999:^ 1825:AM 1804:, 1741:. 1729:, 1639:, 1635:; 1620:, 1577:c. 1300:, 1296:, 1176:, 1172:, 906:. 674:. 622:, 531:, 499:, 495:, 491:, 355:. 331:, 327:, 323:, 319:, 315:, 243:, 85:, 81:, 65:, 52:ɑː 6499:) 6495:( 6286:) 5951:( 5504:) 5500:( 5372:: 5059:) 4974:e 4967:t 4960:v 4945:. 4917:. 4905:. 4892:. 4849:. 4834:. 4814:. 4776:. 4757:. 4731:. 4703:. 4687:. 4666:. 4642:. 4622:. 4594:. 4574:. 4554:. 4535:. 4518:) 4504:. 4482:. 4462:. 4435:. 4410:. 4390:. 4370:. 4354:. 4330:. 4312:. 4292:. 4272:. 4244:. 4216:. 4195:. 4183:: 4175:: 4165:: 4146:. 4121:. 4093:. 4080:. 4039:. 4005:. 3977:. 3963:: 3945:. 3925:. 3895:. 3869:. 3857:: 3834:. 3777:. 3751:. 3725:. 3699:. 3673:. 3645:. 3617:. 3589:. 3560:. 3534:. 3508:. 3480:. 3454:. 3429:. 3402:. 3376:. 3350:. 3327:. 3299:. 3273:. 3246:. 3234:. 3222:. 3210:. 3198:. 3185:. 3154:. 3122:. 3093:. 3063:. 3037:. 3006:. 2969:. 2927:. 2914:. 2886:. 2849:. 2756:. 2720:. 2708:. 2672:. 2660:. 2645:. 2633:. 2621:. 2609:. 2597:. 2585:. 2573:. 2561:. 2474:. 2310:. 2217:. 2151:. 2064:. 2052:. 2040:. 1504:) 1494:) 1482:( 1470:) 1460:( 1438:) 1409:( 1403:) 1395:( 1385:( 1363:( 1220:( 422:. 70:: 61:/ 58:ə 55:n 49:ɡ 46:ˈ 43:/ 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index