Kaurna - Knowledge

1546:, and would also be helping to educate the community about what it means to Aboriginal people. The Museum continues to receive further remains of Aboriginal people from overseas museums, in addition to the large amount of remains it already has. While many of these ancestral remains may be returned to Country by their families, who many of these people were is unknown. Due to the large number of remains which continues to grow and that many are unknown, a way to return these ancestors to Country, such as a memorial park, needed to be found. 465:

as 1806, and raided the mainland for Kaurna women, both for the sexual opportunities and the workforce they could supply in skinning the sealers' prey. Wary of Europeans from their experience with sealers, the Kaurna generally stayed aloof when the first colonists arrived. The timing was important. Summer was a period when the Kaurna traditionally moved from the plains to the foothills, so that the initial settlement of the Adelaide area took place without any conflict.

1292: 1004:(crossed sticks that form the radii of a circle) and an inquest was held to determine cause of death. The body was then buried. Children under four years were not buried for some months, but were wrapped and carried by their mothers during the day with the bundle being used as a pillow at night. Burial by bodies of water was common with the use of sandy beaches, sand dunes and banks of rivers. A large number of graves have been found on 1046:), namely his "two ears". There are other traditional stories connected to the two peaks Mt Lofty and Mt Bonython, one story concerning two men and another referring to the two moiety groups of the Kaurna. The general theme of these stories surrounding the two peaks is the importance of community and the notion of unselfishness as a practice which supports community. 287: 451:

areas were subsequently sold or leased. Within ten years, all of the Kaurna and Ramindjeri lands were occupied by Europeans. Wild fauna disappeared as European garden practices were introduced and grazing animals destroyed the bulbs, lilies and tubers that the Kaurna had tended for food. Elders no longer had authority; their entire way of life had been undermined.

278:) translated the Ten Commandments and a number of German hymns into Kaurna, with Schürmann attempting to 'Christianize' and 'civilize' the people. Although they never achieved their goal of translating the entire Bible, their recorded vocabulary of over 2,000 words was the largest wordlist registered by that time, and pivotal in the modern revival of the language. 585:, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Adelaide, but he lacked the means to develop the property or make farming a viable option for the Kaurna. Many Kaurna people worked for the settlers and were well thought of, but the work was seasonal and the rewards inadequate, and their tribal obligations were not understood by their employers. Grey started the use of 546:, reported that the "local Blacks" were harmless, did not steal, and returned borrowed items promptly. Much goodwill was shown on both sides, but as the settler numbers grew, their drunkenness, violence, exploitation and failure to practise the reciprocity expected in Aboriginal culture soured the relationships. 735:

of their descendants of any land therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such natives". Although the Act guaranteed land rights under force of law for the Indigenous inhabitants, it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters, who interpreted the Act to mean "permanently occupied".

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Although Governors Hindmarsh (1836–1838) and Gawler (1838–1841) had orders to extend the protection of British law to the people and their property, the colonists' interests came first; their policy of "civilising" and "protecting" the Indigenous people nonetheless assumed a peaceful transfer of land

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which were "passed" from father to son upon his initiation. Pangkarra always had access to the coastline and ran extensively inland. The coastline was essential for seafood hunting and the inland territories provided food, clothing and protection for the people during bad weather. The pangkarra were

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which enabled the province of South Australia to be established, acknowledged Aboriginal ownership and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would "affect the rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own persons or in the persons

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Rations continued to be supplied in Adelaide and from ration depots in the country. Although the office of Protector was restored in 1861, the government did not play an active role in Aboriginal affairs, leaving their welfare to the missionaries. A Select Committee reported that the race was doomed

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The Kaurna people had to accept colonial domination more quickly than in other regions, and they mostly chose to co-exist peacefully with the settlers. Most, however, resisted the "civilising" policies of the government and the Christian teachings of the missionaries. Being so small in number by the

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The Kaurna may have numbered several thousand before European contact, but were down to about 700 by the time of the formal establishment of the colony in 1836. Initially, contacts began with the arrival of sealers and whalers in the 1790s. Sealers established themselves on Kangaroo Island as early

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and influenza. The groups lost their identities as they merged with others, and the Kaurna and Ramindjeri people were reduced to very few. In the 1840s, Murray River people invaded, stealing women and children, while the government suppressed the Kaurna attempts at self-defence. Some Kaurna moved

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in 1836 were Kaurna speakers. The Berndts' ethnographic study, which was conducted in the 1930s, identified six Ngarrindjeri clans occupying the coast from Cape Jervis to a few kilometres south of Adelaide. The Berndts posited that the clans may have expanded along trade routes as the Kaurna were

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missionaries Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schurmann studied Kaurna language and culture, and were able to inform the authorities of their exclusive ownership of land inherited through the paternal line. Gawler reserved several areas for the Kaurna people, but the settlers protested and these

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in the 1860s. In 1888 a German missionary reported that there was "scarcely one remaining". Some of the Kaurna people settled at Point McLeay and Point Pearce married into local families, and full-blood Kaurna still lived at the missions and scattered in the settled districts in the late 19th

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forests had been largely replaced with grassland. Since the late 1960s, restrictions on foothills subdivision and development have allowed regeneration of native trees and bush to a "natural" condition that would not have existed at the time of European occupation.

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In November 2021, the South Australian Museum apologised to the Kaurna people for having held 4,600 Aboriginal remains over the past 165 years, and buried the first 100 remains of their ancestors at the site. A second round of burials took place in June 2022.

1342:, and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people in 1997. The naming process, which assigned an extra name in the Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003, and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012. 1627:. Kuma Kaaru has since evolved into a hub for many local Aboriginal cultural services, employing 12 people who aim to teach both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people about the language, culture diversity of Aboriginal peoples. They work with schools, the 1016:, the base was also lined with slate which had been covered with a bed of grass. An elderly woman was lying on her side, draped in a fishing net and wrapped in a Kangaroo skin cloak. The grave was topped with a layer of grass covered by marine sponges. 829:

along creeks, with bark extensions as shelters. Sudden downpours could quench their fires, the maintaining of which was old women's work, with deadly consequences. At times they would have to impose themselves on otherwise despised tribes, such as the

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claimed the Kaurna also used this as a weapon against the colonists by lighting fires to deliberately destroy fences, survey pegs and to scatter livestock. Due to this regular burning by the time the first Europeans arrived, the foothills' original

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being. All the children of a marriage would take their mother's moiety as children were considered to have "inherited" their "flesh and blood" from their mothers alone. Marriage within the same moiety was forbidden. Girls became marriageable at

1788:, head of KWP, wrote on his staff web page: "This has been a great loss to the team who relied on Steve for so much - role model, mentor, Kurraka in the Pirltawardli Puppet Show, performer, editorm camera operator, cultural advisor, etc.". 3921: 592:

According to Moorhouse, "almost whole tribes" had disappeared by 1846, and by the 1850s, there were few remaining Kaurna in the Adelaide area. In 1850 the children (mostly from the Murray River area, but including a few Kaurna) at the

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Historical accounts of Kaurna burial rites are unreliable as any gathering of Kaurna was thought to be for a funeral. As soon as a person died the body was wrapped in the clothes they had worn in life. The body was then placed on a

3668: 1823:(James Cochran) with Eizabeth Close, painted in 2018. Uncle Stevie's son Jamie is a well-known yidaki player and dancer with the Taikurtinna group, who has also been honoured by a mural painted by Jimmy C, in Frank's Lane. 951:

Sexual relations were relatively free and uninhibited, regardless of marital status. Kaurna ownership of property was communal; the reproductive organs were seen no differently from any other form of property, and thus

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After a few incidents involving the executions of Aboriginal men after the murders of settlers, sometimes on flimsy evidence, and a blind eye turned to violence against Indigenous people, the situation escalated. The

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spurred an interest in Indigenous culture, by which time the Kaurna traditional culture was no longer practised. Many hundreds of objects were sent to the Paris exhibition and these were never returned to Australia.

389:. This overlaps with a significant portion of the territory claimed by both the Kaurna and the neighbouring Ngarrindjeri to the east. However, linguistic evidence suggests that the Aboriginal people encountered by 700:, known as "Rodney", was one of the leaders of the Kaurna and prominent in the early settlers' accounts. She was responsible for identifying locations of cultural significance in the city, such as the lake in the 879:

Items of Kaurna material culture, such as traditional objects, spears, boomerangs and nets etc. are extremely rare. Interest in collecting and conserving Kaurna culture was not common until their display at the

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The impetus for his work stems from when he was just 19, and having become the second in his family to have finished Year 12, and started at university, received the news that his sister Mary, who had moved to

1811:– the Stevie Gadlabarti Goldsmith Memorial Award Major Moogy Sumner won the inaugural award. "Uncle Stevie's Classroom" continues in KidZone at WOMADelaide. "The Portrait of Stephen Goldsmith" is a mural 144:

as "Rapid Bay tribe", "the Encounter Bay tribe", "the Adelaide tribe", the Kouwandilla tribe, "the Wirra tribe", "the Noarlunga tribe" (the Ngurlonnga band) and the Willunga tribe (the Willangga band).

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The important ceremony also acknowledged 50 years of work and activism that Senior Kaurna Meyunna Woman Georgina Williams has dedicated to her people, her culture and the broader Onkaparinga community.

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were the norm, some women saw it as an opportunity to choose their own partners and actively encouraged a preferred suitor; all Kaurna bands are said to have engaged in the practice regularly.

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The Colonisation Commissioners had promised to protect the Aboriginal people and their property as well as making provision for their subsistence, education and advancement, with the post of

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and their fires at night ... often as many as 500 to 600 would be camped in various places ... some behind the Botanic Gardens on the banks of the river; some toward the Ranges; some on the

530:, who held the post from 1839 to 1856. He reported in 1840 that many Kaurna were friendly and helpful, and that by 1840, about 150 spoke at least some English. Many Kaurna men, such as 3828: 3090: 1569:, and many others, and was supported by the Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation. The memorial site is in the shape of the Kaurna shield, to protect the ancestors now buried there. 1107:

in South Australia. As it is known that the Kaurna shared a common Dreaming with these peoples it is likely they shared the Mura-Muras as well. By way of contrast, the travels of

4452: 498:, lead to many deaths and a rapid population decline, though accurate figures were not recorded. Many contracted other diseases against which they lacked immunity, such as 1623:. He has since established his own traditional dance group, Kuma Karro ("One Blood") in 2008, which has performed nationally and internationally, and has taught dance at 6434: 558:

led to further violent clashes and harsh penalties were imposed to protect the settlers. Missionaries Teichelmann and Schurmann, Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector

4056: 486:(30 January 1842), the Kaurna population numbered around 650. They had suffered a serious drop in numbers in the early 1830s (and possibly again in 1889) due to a 1609:, had committed suicide. Uncle Stevie Goldsmith (see below) invited him to join the Taikurtinna dance group to lift his spirits, and he first danced in public at 562:

questioned the use of a foreign legal code against the Indigenous peoples, and Moorhouse complained of police hostility towards Aboriginal people, but Governor

6155: 4983: 4354: 853:, which the early European settlers spotted before the Kaurna were displaced. These fires were part of a scrub clearing process to encourage grass growth for 778:

judgement, 18 years after lodgement. This was the first claim for a first land use agreement to be agreed to in any Australian capital city. The rights cover

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in 1836. However, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. The phrase

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is held each year in Botanic Park without acknowledgement of the Aboriginal encampments 150 years ago on the same land. There is a tradition of performing

247:), assisted by Williams and Cronk. Gawler actively encouraged the settlers to learn Kaurna, and advocated using the Kaurna names for geographic landmarks. 1175:

and community leaders led a cultural revival, and were responsible for introducing Kaurna perspectives into the SA education curriculum, establishing the

650:, then called the Police Paddocks. In 1874, 18 men and women were arrested and charged as "vagrants", and after a 14 days' imprisonment were sent back to 1877: 1192: 262:, arrived on the same ship as Gawler in 1838, and immediately set about learning and documenting the language. In December 1839, they opened a school at 1031:

as the body of a giant called Nganno (often pronounced Nunoo) who was killed there after attacking their tribe. The peaks of the Mount Lofty Ranges and

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Milla mangkondi. Milla: a noun denoting violence or force. Mangkondi: a verb meaning to touch or grab hold of a woman, more specifically a young woman.

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based at the South Australian Museum, it was renamed as the Kaurna Heritage Committee before growing into KACHA, which encompasses broader issues than

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itself. The mythology of the Mura-Muras, ancestral beings who created landscape features and introduced laws and initiation, can be found in southwest

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people contested the southern portion of the original claim. In March 2018 the determination was made and the Kaurna were officially recognised as the

543: 231:. The first word lists taken down of the Kaurna language date to 1826. A knowledge of Kaurna language was keenly sought by many of the early settlers. 793:

In 2009, a group called Encompass Technology wrote to the Governor of South Australia on behalf of the Kaurna people, asserting sovereignty over the

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as Indigenous groups traded with each other. This devastated their lives in every way. An outbreak of typhoid, due to pollution by Europeans of the

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and James Cronk were the first settlers to gain a working knowledge of the language, and to publish a Kaurna wordlist, which they did in 1840. When

6595: 4495: 4478: 6588: 4097: 538:("Captain Jack") helped the police and new settlers, also sharing their language, culture and beliefs with the missionaries. An early settler in 4591: 980:

Very little is known of Kaurna rites and mythology as colonial written records are fragmentary and rare. Physically, the Kaurna practised chest

6623: 6553: 6460: 6442: 1854: 861:. This tradition led to conflict with the colonists as the fires tended to cause considerable damage to farmland. In an official report, Major 4571: 629:

By 1860 the Kaurna were vastly outnumbered by the colonists, who numbered 117,727. Adults were also relocated from the city to places such as

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Many places around Adelaide and the Fleurieu Peninsula have names either directly or partially derived from Kaurna place names, such as

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around the turn of the century. This huge omission in the history books has been described as "strategic forgetting" by anthropologist

239:, South Australia's third Governor, arrived in October 1838, he gave a speech to the local Indigenous population through a translator, 4723: 4308: 3118: 821:

society, who changed their dwellings according to climatic conditions: in summer they would camp near the coastal springs fishing for

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The extended family groups of the Adelaide Plains, who spoke dialects of a common language, were named according to locality, such as

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said it would be "the first time in Australia that there been a positive outcome within the area of (native title) determination".

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claim on behalf of the Kaurna people. The claim covers over 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of land stretching from

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the neighbouring Ramindjeri tribe asserts a historical territory including the whole southern portion of the Fleurieu Peninsula and

3507: 1487:(means "speech", a name for language), Warrah, Karnuwarra ("hills language", a northern dialect, presumably that of Port Wakefield) 468:

The population again severely declined upon the arrival of Anglo-European colonial settlers with South Australia Governor Captain

6581: 6148: 6085: 1713: 1643: 121: 3001: 6482: 4426:

Lockwood, Christine (2017). "4. Early encounters on the Adelaide Plains and Encounter Bay". In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.).

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The Kaurna people: Aboriginal people of the Adelaide Plains: An Aboriginal studies course for secondary students in years 8-10

3556: 6574: 5892: 5380: 4992: 4969: 4737: 4672: 4659: 4336: 4278: 4086: 4041: 3983: 1862:(c.1849–1929), probably the last person of full Kaurna ancestry, last known speaker of the Kaurna language before its revival 1319:. Some were the names of the Kaurna bands who lived there. There are also a few Kaurna names hybridised with European words. 920:

As all the members of a band were related, marriage between a man and a woman within the same band was forbidden. Bands were

6355: 6120: 6099: 1694: 609:, over 600 kilometres (370 mi) away. Moorhouse resigned as Protector in 1856, and in 1857 the position was abolished. 3856:

Malone, Gavin (10 May 2007). "Ways of Belonging: Reconciliation and Adelaide's Public Space Indigenous Cultural Markers".

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Uncle Stevie established and danced with the Taikurtinna (meaning "family") group, and was an accomplished player of the

809:, and claiming that they were owed nearly $ 50 million in rent. The South Australian Government rejected the claim. 362:

people. Tunkalilla Beach (keinari), 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Cape Jervis, is the traditional boundary with the

6071: 3995:"Chapter 10. Pinning down Kaurna names: Linguistic issues arising in the development of the Kaurna Placenames Database" 4110: 3799: 6507: 6018: 4628: 4510: 1057:

has topographical features that locate it in Kaurna territory. In Tindale's version Tjilbruke is associated with the

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On 1 August 2019, the remains of 11 Kaurna people were laid to rest at a ceremony led by elder Jeffrey Newchurch at

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The Kaurna seasonal calendar is divided into four seasons, roughly equivalent to summer, autumn, winter and spring:

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was practically ubiquitous. The visitation of men from distant tribes was seen as a good opportunity to enhance the

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to extinction. Some Aboriginal people (Kaurna and others) moved around and sometimes visited the city, camping in

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Moorhouse and Grey gave up trying to settle the local Aboriginal people as farmers, and discouraged settlement at

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Clamor Schürmann's Barngarla grammar: A commentary on the first section of a vocabulary of the Parnkalla language

3091:"Stevie Goldsmith's work as a cultural educator remembered in mural by Jimmy C, Elizabeth Close in Adelaide city" 1865: 1498: 1180: 1009: 382: 303: 6050: 4482: 4350: 3614: 1749: 1531: 1312: 335: 311: 4865: 4792: 3962: 6496: 6113: 5570: 5461: 4799: 4765: 4725:

Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names

3833: 3451: 1681: 1628: 1124: 1066: 881: 862: 763: 678: 582: 539: 17: 4851: 4137:

Gara, Tom (2017). "5. The Aboriginal Presence in Adelaide, 1860s–1960s". In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.).

6407: 6272: 5306: 4289:"Kaurna Declare Sovereignty and $ 47.5 Million Dollar Bill for Marble Hill at SA Governor's Open House Day" 4212: 4078: 1012:. Similarly, an unusually complex burial at Kongaratti was found. The grave was rectangular and lined with 794: 275: 31: 3695: 3300:"SA Museum apologises for holding 4,600 Aboriginal remains as first repatriations laid to rest on Country" 928:: a woman always lived with her husband's band following her marriage. Each band was also composed of two 6141: 6106: 6092: 6078: 6057: 5563: 4433: 4144: 3357: 1172: 893: 767: 3892: 6515: 6176: 6127: 5556: 5527: 5512: 4406: 1701: 1606: 1028: 775: 394: 339: 228: 3994: 3531: 3059: 5628: 5447: 4856: 4386: 4270: 3747: 3673: 739: 721: 709: 705: 630: 482: 418: 414: 331: 323: 232: 1286: 6628: 6489: 6425: 6134: 5906: 5577: 5535: 5468: 4684:"Ancestral remains of the Kaurna people returned to country from UK in emotional Adelaide ceremony" 4526: 3476: 3268: 2964: 1881: 1308: 1176: 1005: 731: 674: 581:

restricted their free movement. Teichelmann tried to establish an Aboriginal mission settlement at

477: 347: 274:) where the children were taught to read and write in Kaurna. Schurmann and Teichelmann (and later 4751: 3424: 948:, usually around 12 years of age. Conversely, men were only allowed to marry after the age of 25. 6294: 6286: 5585: 5440: 5433: 5173: 4773: 4756: 3352: 3181: 1745: 1741: 1539: 1512: 1196: 889: 806: 701: 655: 651: 594: 523: 519: 343: 244: 240: 825:. With the onset of winter, they would retire to the woodlands, often using hollowed out fallen 369:

This is the most widely cited alignment of Kaurna territorial boundaries. However, according to

6341: 6290: 6202: 5913: 5811: 5476: 5411: 5390: 4427: 4138: 4025: 3773: 3644: 2847:"Peramangk A Social History of the Aboriginal People of the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges (2011)" 1792: 1737: 1663: 1598: 1083:

is an ancestral being who created the Moon and stars before himself becoming the Sun. The word

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The Kaurna people lived in family groups called bands, who lived in defined territories called

786:, some belongs to the state government and some is private land owned by corporations. Justice 647: 327: 295: 101: 2575: 6532: 6309: 6265: 6169: 5776: 5713: 5542: 4953: 4711: 4312: 3033: 2915: 1958: 1953:

means ("earth, ground, soil, country"), and was regarded by Taplin as equivalent to the word

1323: 838:

to trade goods like their cloaks, quartz flints and red ochre in order to obtain firesticks.

822: 771: 255: 173: 4638: 4072: 712:

has been given her name in honour of the prior occupation of the land by the Kaurna people.

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Hamacher, Duane W. (2015). "Identifying Seasonal Stars in Kaurna Astronomical Traditions".

4021: 3669:"Introducing the Stevie "Gadlabarti" Goldsmith Memorial Award, new to the Ruby Awards 2018" 1816: 1672:

and Glynn McDonald, portraying Buckskin's engagement with his language and culture, titled

1655: 1651: 1647: 1624: 1407: 1335: 925: 696:

in the late 1840s, her name means "gentle, misty rain" in the Kaurna language. Her father,

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was built in the cemetery to accommodate the repatriated remains of Kaurna people, called

8: 6279: 6209: 5327: 4933: 1897: 1760: 1709: 1331: 968:

was also common, for the same reason. Although this custom was hated by some victims, as

267: 4961: 4371:"Kaurna place naming: Recognising Kaurna heritage through physical features of the city" 4187: 490:

epidemic which is thought to have originated in the eastern states and spread along the

259: 6223: 5920: 5278: 5110: 5063: 5014: 4520: 4199: 4173: 4030: 1472: 1235:) is recognised as the representative body for all Kaurna people. Starting life as the 1096: 1074: 1024: 842: 759: 355: 299: 203: 141: 136:

The early settlers of South Australia referred to the various indigenous tribes of the

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and includes "17 parcels of undeveloped land not under freehold". Some of the land is

6251: 6244: 5846: 5748: 5042: 4816: 4733: 4668: 4624: 4556: 4506: 4479:"Native Title Determination Details: SCD2018/001 - Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim" 4437: 4332: 4274: 4246: 4203: 4148: 4125: 4082: 4037: 4007: 3979: 3873: 3869: 3639: 1902: 1772: 1296: 1240: 969: 642:

century, despite the wide belief that the "Adelaide tribe" was extinct by the 1870s.

527: 251: 168:(South Adelaide people), etc. – but they had no common name for themselves. The name 4535: 3502: 6302: 6258: 6216: 5993: 5853: 5699: 5264: 5124: 5028: 4945: 4834: 4812: 4550: 4230: 4191: 4047: 3971: 3865: 2907: 1777: 1733: 1687:

In 2020, he delivered the Kaurna Welcome to Country for the online theatre series,

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to maintain the peace and to persuade the people to send their children to school.

559: 374: 53: 4500: 2581: 1724:

Stephen "Gadlabarti" Goldsmith (died July 2017), known as Uncle Stevie, a Kaurna,

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Wirltutu, the mild warm season, October to December (indicated by the position of

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There are at least two groups of Kaurna traditional dancers in South Australia:

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was applied even where there had been little previous contact with the settlers.

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A World that was: The Yaraldi of the Murray River and the Lakes, South Australia

1542:, said that the museum was "passionate" about working with the Kaurna people to 290:

Approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000)

6522: 6316: 5899: 5874: 5804: 5692: 5657: 5650: 5621: 5520: 5313: 5257: 5021: 4747: 4719: 4613:

Aboriginal and Historic Places around Metropolitan Adelaide and the South Coast

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Aboriginal and Historic Places around Metropolitan Adelaide and the South Coast

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Aboriginal and Historic Places around Metropolitan Adelaide and the South Coast

1850: 1804: 1800: 1610: 1558: 1339: 1184: 1159: 1112: 1104: 1032: 936: 921: 850: 798: 787: 747: 697: 661:

History books about Adelaide have largely ignored the Aboriginal presence, and

658:. Running battles between the police and similar groups continued for decades. 606: 551: 503: 469: 177: 1219:

culture, and gradually started reclaiming Kaurna skills and Dreaming stories.

6612: 6323: 5832: 5825: 5790: 5783: 5762: 5741: 5685: 5664: 5643: 5636: 5355: 5152: 5007: 4260: 4129: 3877: 3582: 1885: 1871: 1812: 1796: 1705: 1689: 1677: 1502: 1050: 981: 727: 693: 670: 669:

and dances dating back to the 1840s, including the "Grand Corroboree" at the

495: 406: 402: 390: 386: 370: 271: 236: 4098:"Kaurna people granted native title rights in Adelaide 18 years after claim" 1077:, and efforts have been made to preserve and commemorate it where possible. 766:

for the area was finalised on 19 November 2018. The agreement was among the

6000: 5867: 5860: 5818: 5720: 5678: 5341: 5208: 4219:(1 June 2017 (updated spelling) ed.). History Trust of South Australia 1917: 1907: 1840: 1831: 1729: 1708:

as a cultural adviser and mentor, and is frequently called upon to perform

1639: 1632: 1566: 1446: 1216: 1188: 1070: 985: 897: 802: 638: 634: 618: 602: 574: 491: 473: 351: 189: 443:

to the settlers. All land was offered up for sale and bought by settlers.

5986: 5797: 5755: 5727: 5706: 5607: 5320: 5145: 4921: 4572:""Our ancestors will be smiling": Kaurna people gain native title rights" 2587: 1941:, pp. 133, 213), an error that has been propagated in other sources. 1808: 1771:

festivals overseas. He also acted on television and stage, including the

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and the creeks that flowed into it, an area that became the site of the

6373: 5490: 5362: 5348: 5285: 5271: 5187: 5117: 5103: 5035: 4592:"Kaurna Yerta is a step closer to finding a home in Tarntanya Adelaide" 1554: 1397: 1316: 1304: 1251: 1092: 1062: 835: 783: 755: 726:

Unlike the rest of Australia, South Australia was not considered to be

666: 363: 263: 185: 4752:"The wanderings of Tjirbruki: a tale of the Kaurna people of Adelaide" 4661:

Valleys of Stone: The Archaeology and History of Adelaide's Hills Face

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Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia

4140:

Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia

3922:"Aboriginal South Australians and Early Government of South Australia" 597:(which had been on Kintore Avenue since 1846) were transferred to the 5979: 5959: 5404: 5243: 5166: 5075: 5067: 4729: 4705:

Kaurna Meyunna Cultural Mapping: A People's Living Cultural Landscape

3398: 3372: 2206: 2204: 1912: 1785: 1659: 1614: 1477: 1411: 1400:

term applied most frequently to the Peramangk but also to the Kaurna)

1236: 1204: 1108: 1088: 1054: 1020: 957: 846: 831: 598: 511: 359: 315: 3975: 1843:

and Kaurna elder, who mostly works to further Ngarrindjeri culture.

1712:. He and his partner Khesanh, whom he met while both were attending 5734: 5549: 5418: 5250: 5229: 5222: 5194: 5159: 5138: 4288: 4178: 1859: 1803:

AFL team, and after his death, the team wore black armbands at the

1725: 1594: 1535: 1494: 1375: 1212: 953: 858: 751: 689: 614: 487: 447: 84: 4240: 4001: 3924:. Parliament of South Australia. 21 September 2006. Archived from 2201: 1250:

represents Kaurna people, and was involved in the creation of the

5952: 5483: 5454: 5215: 5201: 5180: 5131: 5089: 5049: 4551:

Prest, Wilfred; Round, Kerrie; Fort, Carol, eds. (15 July 2001).

3327: 3273: 3006: 2969: 1820: 1697:, and acted in a single-actor play by Alexis West in the series. 1208: 1043: 1040: 945: 932: 929: 688:

The last surviving person of full Kaurna descent, a woman called

586: 555: 499: 4111:"The Life of Ivaritji ('Princess Amelia') of the Adelaide tribe" 3893:"Ngarrindjeri elder Major 'Moogy' Sumner wins NAIDOC Week award" 3323:"'It never gets easier, brother': Wangayarta reburials continue" 1716:, have three children, who have learnt to speak Kaurna at home. 774:

and the Kaurna people, with formal recognition coming after the

5508: 5292: 5236: 5096: 5056: 4242:

The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia

4003:

The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia

3748:"Adelaide Film Festival 2023 throws spotlight on SA made films" 3212: 2664: 2662: 1756: 1732:

man, was a respected cultural adviser. He worked at the Kaurna

1431: 1023:

dreamtime legend, the Kaurna regard the 35 miles from the

826: 507: 358:

have been claimed as a traditional boundary between Kaurna and

181: 4809:

The paddocks beneath: a history of Burnside from the beginning

1390:. ("quarrelsome men", likewise used of northern Kaurna hordes) 992:

and were the southernmost Indigenous language group to do so.

6380: 5426: 5397: 5299: 4800:

Kaurna Warrapintyandi The Southern Kaurna Place Names Project

4710:(Report). With assistance from Matthew Osborne and Tom Gara. 3920: 2593: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2054: 1807:. In 2018, an award was created in his honour as part of the 1768: 1013: 940: 426: 319: 286: 120:

were almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the

62: 4410: 2659: 1065:. The "Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks" have been mapped from the 526:

was followed by the first official appointment in the role,

27:

Original inhabitants of the Adelaide area in South Australia

4501:

Ngadjuri Walpa Juri Lands and Heritage Association (n.d.).

4239:

Hercus, Luise; Hodges, Flavia; Simpson, Jane, eds. (2009).

3236: 2722: 2476: 2066: 68: 6435:

Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981

4658:

Smith, Pam; Pate, F. Donald; Martin, Robert, eds. (2006).

4534:

O'Brien, Lewis Yerloburka; Paul, Mandy (8 December 2013).

4000:. In Hercus, Luise; Hodges, Flavia; Simpson, Jane (eds.). 3224: 3152:"Re-Awakening Kaurna, the language of the Adelaide Plains" 2339: 2165: 1799:, and awarded Male Elder of the Year. He was a fan of the 738:

In 2000, a group called Kaurna Yerta Corporation lodged a

4991: 3993:

Amery, Rob; Buckskin, Vincent (Jack) Kanya (March 2009).

3200: 2946: 2944: 2404: 2368: 2275: 2273: 2260: 2258: 1330:

all of the city squares, each of the parks making up the

1243:

concerns, including rebuilding the language and culture.

854: 59: 30:

For the state electoral district in South Australia, see

3557:"Decameron 2.0 (Episode One: Those Who Make Sacrifices)" 2599: 2512: 2440: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1199:. Much of its Aboriginal Studies curriculum is based on 1087:

was believed by Teichelmann to also refer to the Kaurna

202:, meaning Kaurna people, is often used in greetings and 4387:"Kaurna Placename Meanings within the City of Adelaide" 3267:

Skujins, Angela; Von Einem, Johnny (13 December 2021).

3002:"Buckskin grapples with unwelcome words in his country" 2963:

Skujins, Angela; Von Einem, Johnny (13 December 2021).

2864: 2780:

Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons

2524: 2243: 2221: 2219: 2117: 2042: 1601:

in 2011, is a teacher of Kaurna language and culture.

692:(Amelia Taylor or Amelia Savage) died in 1929. Born in 3536:

Witness Performance – Performance.Discussion.Community

2941: 2582:

Ngadjuri Walpa Juri Lands and Heritage Association n.d

2464: 2452: 2428: 2416: 2392: 2380: 2356: 2329: 2327: 2314: 2312: 2270: 2255: 2129: 3964:

Warraparna Kaurna!: Reclaiming an Australian language

2888: 2827: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2541: 2539: 2500: 2107: 2105: 2078: 2008: 1937:

Tindale incorrectly gives her date of death as 1931 (

935:, the Karuru and Mattari, which traced their descent 65: 2876: 2674: 2647: 2635: 2297: 2216: 2032: 2030: 1266:

Taikurtinna (meaning "family") group established by

1229:

Kaurna Aboriginal Community and Heritage Association

4553:

The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History

4238: 4232:

The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History

4020: 3940: 3218: 2734: 2324: 2309: 2285: 2210: 2177: 2141: 2090: 56: 6156:Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park 4307: 4118:Journal of the Anthropological Society of Adelaide 4029: 3248: 2929: 2551: 2536: 2488: 2231: 2189: 2153: 2102: 2060: 1475:term for Kaurna and also other tribes such as the 1211:(Macleay mission) and experienced some aspects of 176:in 1904, but not widely used until popularised by 2786: 2027: 1273:Kuma Karro ("One Blood"), established in 2008 by 1147:Kudlila, the wet season, from July to September ( 1133:Warltati, the hot season, from January to March ( 6610: 4829: 4287: 3970:. University of Adelaide Press. pp. 12–14. 3266: 2962: 2668: 2623: 2611: 2563: 2072: 1996: 613:1850s, some were absorbed into the neighbouring 4657: 4533: 4369: 4229:Revised version of an entry first published in 3942:"Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives" 3242: 3113: 3111: 2728: 2482: 1299:(pictured) is derived from the Kaurna language. 1140:Parnati, the windy season, from April to June ( 6461:List of native title claims in South Australia 4922:"Home page: the Internet home of Kaurna Warra" 4887:"Aboriginal people of South Australia: Kaurna" 4458:(Report). City of Holdfast Bay. Archived from 4385: 3632: 3230: 2754:"Marriage in Traditional Aboriginal Societies" 1855:Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia 1826: 1565:Uncle Jeffrey Newchurch, Aunty Heather Agius, 1179:and other initiatives. These people included 913:also grouped into larger areas of land called 762:of the land from "Myponga to Lower Light". An 413:. Kaurna people also resided in the suburb of 6163:Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park 4977: 4064:Newsletter of the Burnside Historical Society 3992: 3609: 3607: 3206: 892:contains only 48 items. In September 2002, a 425:At every creek and gully you would see their 4702: 4450: 4331:. Education Dept. of South Australia. 1989. 4165:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 4036:. University of British Columbia UBC Press. 3430:National Film and Sound Archive of Australia 3108: 2605: 2048: 1597:man also known as Vincent Buckskin, who was 3884: 3028: 3026: 3024: 1920:– site of the Living Kaurna Cultural Centre 1759:. He was frequently called upon to deliver 1676:, was released in 2013 and is available on 1561:. It was designed by a group that included 1445:("Kangaroo speakers", applied to northerly 1267: 1053:and Milerum concerns a culture hero called 6065:Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part) 4984: 4970: 4793:"'TJIRBUKI' or 'TJIRBUK' (Blowhole Beach)" 4621:Anthropological Society of South Australia 4496:Kaurna People Native Title Settlement ILUA 4066:. Vol. 9, no. 1. pp. 24–28. 3890: 3604: 3293: 3291: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 1525: 900:in the southern suburbs area of Adelaide. 673:in 1885 and corroborees at the beaches of 472:as Commander-in-chief in December 1836 at 206:or Acknowledgement of Country ceremonies. 116:by the early settlers. Kaurna culture and 4806: 4772: 4405: 4177: 3800:"A mark of respect for Georgina Williams" 3320: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2894: 2716: 2249: 1719: 1287:Kaurna language § Kaurna place names 417:, and an early settler of the village of 4849: 4831:"Welcome and Acknowledgement of Country" 4791: 4637: 4589: 4569: 4425: 4161: 3508:State Theatre Company of South Australia 3021: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2680: 2653: 2641: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2279: 2264: 2225: 2021: 1538:. John Carty, Head of Humanities at the 1290: 1270:and since his death led by his son Jamie 841:Among their customs was the practice of 285: 6149:Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park 4746: 4718: 4590:Richards, Stephanie (7 February 2020). 4070: 3297: 3288: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3137: 3085: 3083: 3081: 2870: 2833: 2704: 2692: 2318: 2096: 2084: 1938: 1853:(1904–1988), founding president of the 1781:, and appeared in many advertisements. 1638:Buckskin has taught Kaurna language at 1254:memorial park and burial site in 2021. 122:British colonisation of South Australia 14: 6611: 6443:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians 4757:Records of the South Australian Museum 4681: 4327: 4259: 4210: 4095: 3855: 3666: 3532:"Decameron 2.0: Legacies of sacrifice" 3347: 3345: 3254: 2999: 2984: 2935: 2303: 2159: 1384:(horde living near Glenelg), Medaindie 1203:(1989). Many Kaurna people grew up in 975: 903: 83: 34:. For the language of the Kaurna, see 6624:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia 5893:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara 4993:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia 4965: 4690:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4570:Richards, Stephanie (21 March 2018). 4054: 3960: 3726:Department of the Premier and Cabinet 3700:Department of the Premier and Cabinet 3529: 3119:"The Seasons // Bowerbird Collective" 2950: 2882: 2810: 2557: 2386: 2333: 2291: 2237: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2036: 1966: 1884:, and who was a finalist in the 2021 1846:Other notable Kaurna people include: 1280: 1158:, the eagle's foot constellation, or 996:has been linked to initiation rites. 322:were found living in the vicinity of 172:was not recorded until 1879, used by 100:and other variations) are a group of 6121:Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area 6100:Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park 4864: 4730:Australian National University Press 4703:Telfer, Karl; Malone, Gavin (2012). 4609: 4477: 4345: 4136: 4108: 3169: 3078: 3000:Willis, Belinda (14 November 2023). 2792: 2740: 2629: 2617: 2569: 2545: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2002: 1642:through the School of Languages; at 1586:Jack Kanya Kudnuitya Buckskin (born 1549:In 2021, a new 2 ha (4.9-acre) 1345: 1171:From the 1970s onwards, a number of 180:in the 1920s. Most likely, it is an 104:whose traditional lands include the 6504:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy 6086:Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park 4889:. State Library of South Australia. 4872:. History Trust of South Australia. 4639:"SA Govt rejects Marble Hill claim" 4409:. kaurna.tripod.com. Archived from 4347:"Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim" 4211:Harris, Rhondda (6 February 2014). 3342: 1965:definitely implies land ownership ( 1791:Goldsmith was honoured at the 2017 1248:Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation 1166: 621:groups, and some married settlers. 24: 6072:Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park 4878: 4850:Wheatley, Kim (20 November 2009). 3581: 3321:Von Einem, Johnny (30 June 2022). 3298:Mullins, Sarah (7 December 2021). 2777: 2594:Parliament of South Australia 2006 1599:Young South Australian of the Year 1274: 1061:; the name actually refers to the 888:The Kaurna collection held by the 780:Adelaide's whole metropolitan area 25: 6640: 4682:Sutton, Malcolm (1 August 2019). 4353:. 25 October 2000. Archived from 4196:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2015.01.04 3667:Peddie, Clare (3 November 2018). 3530:Grbec, Monique (20 August 2020). 2211:Berndt, Berndt & Stanton 1993 1874:(1942–2017), scholar and linguist 1576: 805:Living Kaurna Cultural Centre in 601:Native Training Institution near 421:described the local people thus: 6483:Aborigines' Friends' Association 6374:Aṉangu (Western Desert language) 4908:Curnow, Paul (20 October 2011). 4895:Curnow, Paul (11 October 2011). 3891:Strathearn, Peri (6 July 2021). 3870:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00445.x 3849: 3821: 3792: 3766: 3740: 3714: 3688: 3660: 3575: 3549: 1880:, who did a lot of work for the 1581: 1222: 1049:A legend recounted variously by 624: 480:). According to an entry in the 437: 405:("red kangaroo place") near the 52: 6417:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 4914:Australian Indigenous Astronomy 4901:Australian Indigenous Astronomy 4538:. Government of South Australia 4451:Millar, Glen (12 August 2003). 4096:Eacott, Alina (21 March 2018). 4006:. ANU Press. pp. 202–203. 3640:"Associate Professor Rob Amery" 3523: 3495: 3469: 3444: 3417: 3391: 3365: 3353:"Jack Kanya Kudnuitya Buckskin" 3314: 3260: 3052: 2956: 2900: 2839: 2798: 2771: 2746: 1972: 1944: 1931: 1868:(born 1930), elder and advocate 715: 294:Kaurna territory extended from 164:(Adelaide clan's former name), 6051:Elliot Price Conservation Park 4910:"Kaurna Night Skies (Part II)" 4483:National Native Title Tribunal 4351:National Native Title Tribunal 4055:Brown, Rosemary (March 1989). 1750:Art Gallery of South Australia 459: 401:A main Kaurna presence was in 13: 1: 6497:Avenue Range Station massacre 6114:Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park 4897:"Kaurna Night Skies (Part I)" 4807:Warburton, Elizabeth (1981). 3834:City of Port Adelaide Enfield 3034:"Passing Of Stevie Goldsmith" 2729:Smith, Pate & Martin 2006 1985: 1700:As of 2023 Buckskin works at 1684:honoured him with an award. 1682:City of Port Adelaide Enfield 1629:South Australian Music Awards 1587: 1532:Kingston Park Coastal Reserve 1125:Indigenous Australian seasons 894:Living Kaurna Cultural Centre 849:for hunting purposes) in the 764:Indigenous land use agreement 706:Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga 554:of shipwrecked people on the 454: 354:forests over the back of the 6408:Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 4950:Indigenous Weather Knowledge 4852:"Tribal War on Native Title" 4266:Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri 4079:University of Adelaide Press 4057:"The Brunskills of Sandford" 2912:Indigenous Weather Knowledge 1990: 1924: 874: 515:north to join other tribes. 381:, extending as far north as 281: 221:Kaurna'war:a (Kaurna speech) 131: 32:Electoral district of Kaurna 7: 6142:Strzelecki Regional Reserve 6107:Mamungari Conservation Park 6093:Innamincka Regional Reserve 6079:Lake Gairdner National Park 6058:Gawler Ranges National Park 6036:Co-managed protected areas: 6011:Indigenous protected areas: 4891:– Guide to online resources 4774:"Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks" 4453:Native Title Claim - Update 4109:Gara, Tom (December 1990). 4028:; Stanton, John E. (1993). 3358:Adelaide Symphony Orchestra 1891: 1827:Other notable Kaurna people 1662:on language revival at the 1410:term also loosely given to 1207:(Point Pearce mission) and 768:South Australian government 398:dispossessed by colonists. 250:In October 1838 two German 209: 196:meaning "men" or "people". 10: 6645: 6516:History of South Australia 6381:Nunga (Aboriginal English) 6177:Yumbarra Conservation Park 6128:Nullarbor Regional Reserve 5928:List of Aboriginal schools 3913: 3269:"The weight of Wangayarta" 2965:"The weight of Wangayarta" 1832:Uncle Major "Moogy" Sumner 1702:Tauondi Aboriginal College 1668:A documentary directed by 1567:Uncle Major "Moogy" Sumner 1544:repatriate their ancestors 1497:term applied to Kaurna of 1378:term, lit. "evil spirits") 1284: 1122: 1118: 812: 719: 213: 29: 6542: 6474: 6452: 6401: 6394: 6365: 6333: 6197: 6190: 6035: 6010: 5947: 5937: 5884: 5629:Poltpalingada Booboorowie 5599: 5500: 5379: 5372: 4999: 4940:. University of Adelaide. 4610:Ross, Betty, ed. (1984). 3674:The Advertiser (Adelaide) 3207:Amery & Buckskin 2009 1237:Tjilbruke Track Committee 817:The Kaurna people were a 722:Native title in Australia 483:South Australian Register 112:. They were known as the 6490:Australian frontier wars 6426:Aboriginal Witnesses Act 6135:Pureba Conservation Park 5907:Gerard Community Council 4393:. University of Adelaide 3948:. University of Adelaide 3774:"Major 'Moogy Sumner AM" 2049:Telfer & Malone 2012 1961:. The other Kaurna word 1882:Tjilbruke Dreaming Track 1465:(horde name), Padnayndie 1257: 1177:Tjilbruke Dreaming Track 732:South Australia Act 1834 306:on the eastern shore of 6287:Western Desert language 4926:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 4748:Tindale, Norman Barnett 4720:Tindale, Norman Barnett 4391:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 4026:Berndt, Catherine Helen 3946:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 3219:Placenaming initiatives 2483:O'Brien & Paul 2013 1746:South Australian Museum 1744:(KWP), and advised the 1742:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 1540:South Australian Museum 1526:Repatriation of remains 1197:South Australian Museum 1137:= hot, heat and warmth) 890:South Australian Museum 754:metropolitan area. The 750:, including the entire 730:. The enactment of the 702:Adelaide Botanic Garden 520:Protector of Aborigines 245:Protector of Aborigines 160:(Murray River people), 128:means "Kaurna people". 6342:Lower Murray languages 5914:Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa 5812:Eileen Yaritja Stevens 4667:. Belair: Kōpi Books. 4071:Clendon, Mark (2015). 3645:University of Adelaide 3587:"Decameron 2.0 Part 2" 3186:Australian of the Year 3123:Chamber Music Adelaide 2852:. Phasai at Deviantart 2061:Charles Stuart: Kaurna 1839:is a widely respected 1793:Lord Mayor of Adelaide 1738:University of Adelaide 1720:Uncle Stevie Goldsmith 1664:University of Adelaide 1300: 1268:Uncle Stevie Goldsmith 522:set up with this aim. 435: 310:, and as far north as 291: 229:Pama–Nyungan languages 6548:By state or territory 6533:Waterloo Bay massacre 6170:Witjira National Park 6044:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes 5714:Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin 5307:Western Desert people 4954:Bureau of Meteorology 4712:City of Charles Sturt 4313:City of Charles Sturt 4022:Berndt, Ronald Murray 3864:(2). Wiley: 158–166. 3858:Geographical Research 3778:SA Environment Awards 3302:. Australia: ABC News 2916:Bureau of Meteorology 2669:newsmaker.com.au 2009 2174:, pp. 66–68, 86. 2073:City of Adelaide 2020 1872:Alitya (Alice) Rigney 1714:Salisbury High School 1644:Salisbury High School 1326:began the process of 1324:Adelaide City Council 1294: 1285:Further information: 1189:Alitya (Alice) Rigney 1123:Further information: 882:1889 Paris Exhibition 720:Further information: 423: 298:at the bottom of the 289: 256:Christian Teichelmann 243:(later third interim 174:Alfred William Howitt 6349:Thura-Yura languages 6259:Ngamini (Yarluyandi) 4938:Mobile Language Team 4525:: CS1 maint: year ( 3615:"Welcome to Country" 2521:, pp. pp=86–87. 1817:Adelaide city centre 1656:Adelaide High School 1652:Le Fevre High School 1648:Kaurna Plains School 1625:Kaurna Plains School 1363:("our own language") 1336:Adelaide city centre 1151:= to wash the earth) 1111:are well known from 411:Adelaide city centre 184:introduced from the 4764:: 5–13 – via 4555:. Wakefield Press. 4188:2015JAHH...18...39H 4147:. pp. 86–105. 3961:Amery, Rob (2016). 3829:"Georgina Williams" 3591:The Barefoot Review 3243:Kaurna place naming 3125:. 26 September 2023 2807:p. 8 (Tindale 1936) 2533:, pp. 104–105. 1898:History of Adelaide 1761:Welcomes to Country 1710:Welcomes to Country 1635:, and many others. 1334:which surround the 976:Rites and mythology 904:Tribal organisation 6561:Northern Territory 6317:Yarli (Malyangapa) 5921:Maralinga Tjarutja 5777:Lowitja O'Donoghue 5111:Maralinga Tjarutja 4505:. SASOSE Council. 4485:. 19 November 2018 4436:. pp. 65–81. 4373:. City of Adelaide 4357:on 15 October 2009 3897:Murray Bridge News 3722:"Ruby Awards 2018" 3405:. 15 February 2023 3379:. 15 February 2023 3231:Placename meanings 3182:"Vincent Buckskin" 2353:, pp. 65, 66. 2126:, pp. 61, 93. 1301: 1281:Kaurna place names 1097:Northern Territory 1075:Fleurieu Peninsula 1039:(conserved in the 1025:Mount Lofty Ranges 970:arranged marriages 960:. The practice of 845:(deliberately lit 843:fire-stick farming 772:federal government 760:traditional owners 534:("King John") and 356:Mount Lofty Ranges 318:. Tindale claimed 300:Fleurieu Peninsula 292: 204:Welcome to Country 142:Fleurieu Peninsula 6606: 6605: 6596:Western Australia 6470: 6469: 6390: 6389: 6186: 6185: 5847:Natasha Wanganeen 5749:Natascha McNamara 5595: 5594: 5066:, (including the 4946:"Kaurna calendar" 4866:"Whitmore Square" 4739:978-0-708-10741-6 4674:978-0-727-01112-1 4338:978-0-7243-8125-8 4280:978-0-727-01112-1 4088:978-1-925-26111-0 4043:978-0-774-80478-3 3985:978-1-925261-25-7 3754:. 20 October 2023 3702:. 8 November 2023 3696:"The Ruby Awards" 3156:Alumni and Giving 2953:, pp. 12–14. 2908:"Kaurna calendar" 2606:Holdfast Bay 2003 2509:, pp. 86–87. 2413:, pp. 70–71. 2389:, pp. 24–28. 2377:, pp. 68–69. 2138:, pp. 64–65. 1903:Matthew Moorhouse 1878:Georgina Williams 1784:After his death, 1773:Adelaide Festival 1695:COVID-19 pandemic 1613:, featuring in a 1346:Alternative names 1297:Onkaparinga River 1241:cultural heritage 1201:The Kaurna People 1193:Georgina Williams 988:as an initiatory 863:Thomas O'Halloran 795:Marble Hill ruins 528:Matthew Moorhouse 178:Norman B. Tindale 156:(Forest People), 102:Aboriginal people 16:(Redirected from 6636: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6535: 6528: 6518: 6511: 6508:Royal Commission 6499: 6492: 6485: 6463: 6445: 6438: 6429: 6420: 6411: 6399: 6398: 6383: 6376: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6334:Language groups: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6195: 6194: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6028: 6026:Mount Willoughby 6021: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5955: 5945: 5944: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5854:Ginger Wikilyiri 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5700:Stevie Goldsmith 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5523: 5516: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5377: 5376: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5010: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4904: 4890: 4873: 4861: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4835:City of Adelaide 4826: 4813:City of Burnside 4803: 4797: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4743: 4715: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4634: 4618: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4566: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4530: 4524: 4516: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4465:on 14 March 2011 4464: 4457: 4447: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4342: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4315:. 7 October 2019 4304: 4302: 4300: 4293:newsmaker.com.au 4284: 4256: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4207: 4181: 4158: 4133: 4115: 4105: 4092: 4067: 4061: 4051: 4048:Internet Archive 4035: 4017: 3999: 3989: 3969: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3456:Screen Australia 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3178: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3087: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3064:WOMADelaide 2022 3060:"Kaurna Welcome" 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3040:. 30 August 2017 3030: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2997: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2873:, pp. 5–13. 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2778:Monger, George. 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2449:, pp. 74–5. 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2337: 2331: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2214: 2208: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2025: 2019: 2006: 2000: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1838: 1778:The Secret River 1734:language revival 1658:. He works with 1592: 1589: 1511:(horde north of 1352:"Adelaide tribe" 1295:The name of the 1167:Cultural revival 939:to an ancestral 683:W. E. H. Stanner 566:stood firm, and 560:Edward John Eyre 544:George Brunskill 375:Catherine Berndt 260:Clamor Schürmann 233:William Williams 87: 85:[ɡ̊auɳa] 82: 75: 74: 71: 70: 67: 64: 61: 58: 51: 21: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6629:Adelaide Plains 6609: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6575:South Australia 6573: 6566: 6559: 6554:New South Wales 6552: 6547: 6538: 6531: 6521: 6514: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6466: 6459: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6295:Yankunytjatjara 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5958: 5951: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5840:Gavin Wanganeen 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5672:Kevin Buzzacott 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5591: 5584: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5519: 5507: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5335:Yankunytjatjara 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4995: 4990: 4960: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4907: 4894: 4885: 4881: 4879:Further reading 4876: 4840: 4838: 4823: 4795: 4782: 4780: 4740: 4707: 4693: 4691: 4675: 4664: 4648: 4646: 4631: 4616: 4600: 4598: 4580: 4578: 4563: 4562:978-186254559-5 4541: 4539: 4536:"Kaurna People" 4518: 4517: 4513: 4488: 4486: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4444: 4443:978-174305499-4 4434:Wakefield Press 4416: 4414: 4413:on 19 July 2011 4396: 4394: 4376: 4374: 4360: 4358: 4339: 4318: 4316: 4309:"Kaurna People" 4298: 4296: 4295:. 24 April 2009 4281: 4253: 4252:978-192153657-1 4222: 4220: 4155: 4154:978-174305499-4 4145:Wakefield Press 4113: 4089: 4059: 4044: 4014: 4013:978-192153657-1 3997: 3986: 3976:10.20851/kaurna 3967: 3951: 3949: 3931: 3929: 3928:on 20 July 2008 3916: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3889: 3885: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3837:. 11 April 2023 3827: 3826: 3822: 3809: 3807: 3806:. 28 April 2021 3804:Onkaparinga Now 3798: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3780:. 1 August 2018 3772: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3647:Staff Directory 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3503:"Decameron 2.0" 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3089: 3088: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3066:. 13 March 2023 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3038:SA Native Title 3032: 3031: 3022: 3012: 3010: 2998: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2743:, pp. 3–5. 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2340: 2332: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2217: 2209: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969:, p. 116). 1949: 1945: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1894: 1834: 1829: 1763:, including at 1722: 1680:. In 2018, the 1620:Love Story 2050 1590: 1584: 1579: 1528: 1523: 1434:for the Kaurna) 1348: 1289: 1283: 1260: 1225: 1169: 1127: 1121: 1101:Flinders Ranges 994:Waterfall Gully 978: 962:milla mangkondi 906: 877: 819:hunter-gatherer 815: 724: 718: 710:Whitmore Square 627: 532:Mullawirraburka 462: 457: 440: 431:Waterfall Gully 379:Kangaroo Island 308:Gulf St Vincent 284: 223:belongs to the 218: 216:Kaurna language 212: 150:Kawanda Meyunna 138:Adelaide Plains 134: 110:South Australia 106:Adelaide Plains 77: 55: 49: 48: 39: 36:Kaurna language 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6642: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6519: 6512: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6356:Sign languages 6352: 6345: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6291:Pitjantjatjara 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5956: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5900:Aṉangu schools 5896: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5875:Tjayanka Woods 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5805:Tauto Sansbury 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5693:Gladys Elphick 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5658:Shaun Burgoyne 5654: 5651:Peter Burgoyne 5647: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5622:Maringka Baker 5618: 5611: 5603: 5601: 5600:Notable people 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5580:(Point McLeay) 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5517: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5384: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5258:Pitjantjatjara 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4959: 4958: 4942: 4930: 4918: 4905: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4870:SA History Hub 4862: 4857:The Advertiser 4847: 4827: 4821: 4804: 4789: 4770: 4744: 4738: 4716: 4700: 4679: 4673: 4655: 4635: 4629: 4607: 4587: 4567: 4561: 4548: 4531: 4511: 4498: 4475: 4448: 4442: 4423: 4407:"Kaurna Warra" 4403: 4383: 4367: 4343: 4337: 4325: 4305: 4285: 4279: 4261:Jenkin, Graham 4257: 4251: 4236: 4217:SA History Hub 4208: 4159: 4153: 4134: 4106: 4093: 4087: 4068: 4052: 4042: 4018: 4012: 3990: 3984: 3958: 3938: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3883: 3848: 3820: 3791: 3765: 3739: 3728:. 26 June 2019 3713: 3687: 3659: 3631: 3603: 3583:Harris, Samela 3574: 3563:. 10 July 2020 3561:Stage Whispers 3548: 3522: 3494: 3468: 3443: 3416: 3390: 3364: 3341: 3313: 3287: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3168: 3136: 3107: 3077: 3051: 3020: 2983: 2955: 2940: 2928: 2899: 2887: 2885:, p. 115. 2875: 2863: 2838: 2826: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2770: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2338: 2323: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2269: 2254: 2250:Warburton 1981 2242: 2230: 2215: 2213:, p. 312. 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2101: 2089: 2087:, p. 133. 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2026: 2007: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1971: 1943: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851:Gladys Elphick 1828: 1825: 1801:Adelaide Crows 1775:production of 1736:centre at the 1721: 1718: 1611:Festival Plaza 1583: 1580: 1578: 1577:Notable people 1575: 1559:Evanston South 1527: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1506: 1499:Port Wakefield 1488: 1482: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1440: 1435: 1425: 1415: 1401: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1340:North Adelaide 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1259: 1256: 1224: 1221: 1185:Gladys Elphick 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160:Southern Cross 1152: 1145: 1138: 1120: 1117: 1113:Norman Tindale 1105:Eyre Peninsula 1033:Mount Bonython 1010:Port Noarlunga 984:and performed 977: 974: 905: 902: 896:was opened at 876: 873: 851:Adelaide Hills 814: 811: 799:Adelaide Hills 788:Debra Mortimer 748:Port Broughton 717: 714: 698:Ityamai-itpina 626: 623: 607:Eyre Peninsula 552:Maria massacre 504:whooping cough 470:John Hindmarsh 461: 458: 456: 453: 439: 436: 304:Port Wakefield 283: 280: 227:branch of the 214:Main article: 211: 208: 200:Kaurna meyunna 158:Pietta Meyunna 133: 130: 126:Kaurna meyunna 114:Adelaide tribe 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6641: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203:Adnyamathanha 6200: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885:Organisations 5883: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5833:James Unaipon 5830: 5827: 5826:David Unaipon 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5791:Frances Rings 5788: 5785: 5784:Alitya Rigney 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5770:Lewis O'Brien 5767: 5764: 5763:Betty Muffler 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742:Tjungkara Ken 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5686:Nyakul Dawson 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5665:Hector Burton 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5644:Iris Burgoyne 5641: 5638: 5637:Jack Buckskin 5634: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5543:Killalpaninna 5540: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5356:Yawarrawarrka 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153:Ngaanyatjarra 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5008:Adnyamathanha 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4790: 4779: 4778:kaurnaculture 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4645:. 1 July 2009 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4630:0-9594806-2-5 4626: 4622: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4514: 4512:0-646-42821-7 4508: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4372: 4368: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245:. ANU Press. 4244: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4214: 4213:"Pirltawadli" 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124:(1): 64–105. 4123: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3965: 3959: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3511:. 26 May 2022 3510: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3483:. 2 July 2021 3482: 3481:SBS On Demand 3478: 3472: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2937: 2932: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2895:kaurnaculture 2891: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2848: 2842: 2836:, p. 64. 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2781: 2774: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2717:Archived copy 2713: 2707:, p. 73. 2706: 2701: 2695:, p. 71. 2694: 2689: 2682: 2681:ABC News 2009 2677: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2654:Richards 2020 2650: 2643: 2642:Richards 2018 2638: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2548:, p. 64. 2547: 2542: 2540: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2497:, p. 86. 2496: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2473:, p. 77. 2472: 2471:Lockwood 2017 2467: 2461:, p. 81. 2460: 2459:Lockwood 2017 2455: 2448: 2447:Lockwood 2017 2443: 2437:, p. 73. 2436: 2435:Lockwood 2017 2431: 2425:, p. 71. 2424: 2423:Lockwood 2017 2419: 2412: 2411:Lockwood 2017 2407: 2401:, p. 69. 2400: 2399:Lockwood 2017 2395: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2375:Lockwood 2017 2371: 2365:, p. 68. 2364: 2363:Lockwood 2017 2359: 2352: 2351:Lockwood 2017 2347: 2345: 2343: 2336:, p. 74. 2335: 2330: 2328: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2306:, p. 32. 2305: 2300: 2294:, p. 59. 2293: 2288: 2282:, p. 66. 2281: 2280:Lockwood 2017 2276: 2274: 2267:, p. 67. 2266: 2265:Lockwood 2017 2261: 2259: 2252:, p. xv. 2251: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2226:Wheatley 2009 2222: 2220: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2197: 2192: 2186:, p. 86. 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2150:, p. 65. 2149: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2114:, p. 57. 2113: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2024:, p. 65. 2023: 2022:Lockwood 2017 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1975: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1886:NAIDOC Awards 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866:Lewis O'Brien 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Wright Street 1810: 1806: 1805:Showdown game 1802: 1798: 1797:NAIDOC Awards 1794: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:Port Adelaide 1703: 1698: 1696: 1693:, during the 1692: 1691: 1690:Decameron 2.0 1685: 1683: 1679: 1678:SBS on Demand 1675: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1582:Jack Buckskin 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1503:Buckland Park 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1438:Milipitingara 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1276: 1275:Jack Buckskin 1272: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1223:Organisations 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Lewis O'Brien 1178: 1174: 1162:, in the sky) 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1116: 1115:'s research. 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019:Similar to a 1017: 1015: 1011: 1008:beach and at 1007: 1003: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:scarification 973: 971: 967: 966:wife stealing 963: 959: 955: 949: 947: 942: 938: 937:matrilineally 934: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 911: 901: 899: 895: 891: 886: 883: 872: 869: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 828: 824: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:Federal Court 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 733: 729: 728:terra nullius 723: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:Port Adelaide 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:Adelaide Oval 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 643: 640: 636: 632: 625:1860s–present 622: 620: 616: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595:Native School 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 524:William Wyatt 521: 516: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496:River Torrens 493: 489: 485: 484: 479: 475: 471: 466: 452: 449: 444: 438:Dispossession 434: 432: 428: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 407:River Torrens 404: 403:Tarndanyangga 399: 396: 392: 391:Colonel Light 388: 387:River Torrens 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:Hamley Bridge 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:Crystal Brook 309: 305: 301: 297: 288: 279: 277: 273: 272:River Torrens 270:north of the 269: 266:(in the west 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 241:William Wyatt 238: 237:George Gawler 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 207: 205: 201: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:Wirra Meyunna 152:(North men), 151: 146: 143: 139: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 86: 80: 73: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Kaurna people 6523: 6433: 6424: 6415: 6406: 6310:Yandruwandha 6280:Wangkangurru 6266:Ngarrindjeri 6001:Wati-kutjara 5971: 5967: 5963: 5868:Chad Wingard 5861:Norah Wilson 5819:Moogy Sumner 5721:Ruby Hammond 5679:Vince Copley 5631:(Tom Walker) 5571:Point Pearce 5462:Pipalyatjara 5342:Yardliyawara 5328:Yandruwandha 5209:Ngarrindjeri 5082: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4900: 4869: 4855: 4839:. Retrieved 4808: 4781:. Retrieved 4777: 4761: 4755: 4750:(May 1987). 4724: 4692:. Retrieved 4687: 4660: 4647:. Retrieved 4642: 4612: 4599:. Retrieved 4595: 4579:. Retrieved 4575: 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4502: 4487:. Retrieved 4467:. Retrieved 4460:the original 4428: 4415:. Retrieved 4411:the original 4395:. Retrieved 4390: 4375:. Retrieved 4359:. Retrieved 4355:the original 4328: 4317:. Retrieved 4297:. Retrieved 4292: 4265: 4241: 4231: 4221:. Retrieved 4216: 4169: 4163: 4139: 4121: 4117: 4101: 4073: 4063: 4046:– via 4031: 4002: 3963: 3950:. Retrieved 3945: 3930:. Retrieved 3926:the original 3900:. Retrieved 3896: 3886: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3839:. Retrieved 3832: 3823: 3815: 3808:. Retrieved 3803: 3794: 3782:. Retrieved 3777: 3768: 3756:. Retrieved 3751: 3742: 3730:. Retrieved 3725: 3716: 3704:. Retrieved 3699: 3690: 3678:. Retrieved 3672: 3662: 3650:. Retrieved 3643: 3634: 3622:. Retrieved 3618: 3594:. Retrieved 3590: 3577: 3565:. Retrieved 3560: 3551: 3539:. Retrieved 3535: 3525: 3513:. 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