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988:, financial expert and director of the Japanese State Opium Monopoly Bureau in Manchuria, was sentenced to life imprisonment. According to the indictment, as tools of successive Japanese governments they: "... pursued a systematic policy of weakening the native inhabitants' will to resist ... by directly and indirectly encouraging the increased production and importation of opium and other narcotics and by promoting the sale and consumption of such drugs among such people." He was
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in the rest of the country to weaken public resistance by using every possible kind of action, including deliberately fueling criminality; fostering drug addiction; sponsoring terrorism, assassinations, blackmail, bribery, opium trafficking, and racketeering; and spreading every kind of corruption in the almost-ungovernable country. The extent of his activities and covert operations is still inadequately understood. According to
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859:, arbitrary confiscation of property, and unabashed extortion became common. Underground brothels, opium dens, gambling houses, and narcotics shops run by Japanese gendarmes competed with the state monopoly syndicate of opium. Many conscientious Japanese officers protested the conditions, but Tokyo ignored them and so they were silenced.
875:, he managed to addict millions of unsuspecting patients, expanding societal degeneration into areas which had been hitherto untouched by the increasing breakdown of Chinese society. The scheme also created a pool of addicted victims desperate to offer any kind of service to secure a daily dose of opium.
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Doihara's activity in China vastly exceeded the normal behaviour of an intelligence officer. As chief of the
Japanese secret services in China, he worked out, put in motion, and oversaw a wide series of activities, systematically exploiting the occupied areas and disrupting Chinese social structure
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to
Manchuria as to give legitimacy to the puppet regime. The plan was to pretend that Puyi had returned to resume his throne due to imaginary popular demand of the people of Manchuria and that although Japan had nothing to do with his return, it could do nothing to oppose the will of the people. To
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throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they were
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was concealed, and by this subterfuge millions of unsuspecting consumers were added to the ever-growing crowds of drug addicts in the crippled country, simultaneously creating huge profits. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization
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After the occupation of
Manchuria, the Japanese secret service, under his supervision, soon turned Manchukuo into a vast criminal enterprise in which rape, child molestation, sexual humiliation, sadism, assault, and murder became institutionalized means of terrorizing and controlling Manchuria's
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by ordering
Lieutenant Suemori Komoto to place and fire a bomb near the tracks at the time when a Japanese train passed through. In the event, the bomb was so unexpectedly weak and the damage of the tracks so negligible that the train passed undamaged, but the Imperial Japanese Government still
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Given the chaotic situation in China, the corruption
Doihara methodically spread did not take long to reach the very top. In 1938, Chiang had eight generals, all in command of Chinese divisions, executed when it was found that they were informers for Doihara's services. This heralded a wave of
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Doihara soon expanded his activity into the still unoccupied parts of China. By using about 80,000 paid
Chinese agents known as Chiang Mao Tao, he funded hundreds of criminal groups, using them for every kind of social disturbance, turnover, assassinations and sabotage inside unoccupied China.
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by rail and then marching through the snow to reinforce the attack. Harbin fell on 5 February 1932. By the end of
February, General Ding Chao retreated into northeastern Manchuria and offered to cease hostilities, ending Chinese formal resistance. Within a month, the
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if he would defect to the new
Manchurian government. Ma pretended that he agreed and flew to Mukden in January 1932, where he attended the meeting on which the state of Manchukuo was founded and was appointed War Minister of Manchukuo and Governor of
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policy in China, including
Manchukuo, was estimated as twenty to thirty million yen per year, while another authority stated during the trial that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at 300 million dollars a year.
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executions of high-ranking
Chinese officials found guilty for every kind of dealing with Doihara during the next six years of the war. To many Westerners in touch with the Chinese leadership, the purges did not have lasting results.
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As a leading intelligence officer, he played a key role to the Japanese machinations that led to the occupation of large parts of China, the destabilization of the country, and the disintegration of the traditional structure of
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together with other members of the Manchurian administration responsible for the Japanese policies there. He was found guilty on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, and 54 and was sentenced to death, while his close colleague
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Xi Qia advance with his forces to take Harbin from General Ding Chao. However, General Ding Chao was able to defeat Xi Qia's forces, and Doihara realized he would need Japanese forces to succeed. Doihara engineered a
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was established under Doihara's supervision who had named himself mayor of Mukden. He then arranged for the puppet government to ask Tokyo to supply "military advice". During the next months 150,000 soldiers, 18,000
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He hired an army of agents and sent them throughout China as representatives of various humanitarian organizations. They established thousands of health centers, mainly in the villages of the districts, for curing
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and 4,000 secret police came into the newly founded protectorate. He used them as an occupying army, imposing slave labour and spreading terror to force the 30 million Chinese inhabitants into abject submission.
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Ma's fame as an uncompromising fighter against the Japanese invaders survived after his defeat and so Doihara made contact with him offering a huge sum of money and the command of the puppet state's
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The peace conspiracy: Wang Ching-wei and the China war, 1937-1941, vol. 67, Harvard East Asian Series, The East Asian Research Center at Harvard University, Harvard University Press, 1972
372:. He was attached to the IJA 2nd Infantry Regiment from 1926 to 1927 and the IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment in 1927. In 1927, he was part of an official tour to China and then attached to the
851:, his activity played a key role in shattering China's ability to confront Japan's expansion by generating chaotic conditions, which prevented any mass reaction in the invaded country.
395:, the Chinese warlord who controlled Manchuria, devising a scheme to detonate Zuolin's train as it traveled from Beijing to Shenyang. After that he was made a military adviser to the
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A section of the Liǔtiáo railway where Suemori Komoto under Doihara's orders planted the bomb that triggered the Japanese invasion in Manchuria. The caption reads "railway fragment".
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Doihara spent most of his early career in various postings in northern China, except for a brief tour in 1921-1922 as part of the Japanese forces in eastern Russia during the
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496:, a woman well-acquainted with the Emperor, who regarded her as a member of the Chinese Imperial Family, he succeeded in bringing him into Manchuria within the deadline.
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After the Battle of Lanfeng, Doihara was attached to the Army General Staff as head of the Doihara Special Agency until 1939, when he was given command of the
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Through the organizations, he soon managed to control a large part of the opium traffic in China, using the money earned to fund his covert operations.
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and commanded the IJA 30th Infantry Regiment. In 1931, he became head of the military espionage operations of the Japanese Army of Manchuria in
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For the key role he played in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he earned the nickname "Lawrence of Manchuria," a reference to
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In early 1932, Doihara was sent to head the Harbin Special Agency of the Kwantung Army, where he began negotiations with General
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The Opium Empire: Japanese Imperialism and Drug Trafficking in Asia, 1895-1945, John M. Jennings, p.102, Praeger, 1997,
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Secret servants: a history of Japanese espionage, p.128, Ronald Sydney Seth, ASIN: B0007DM4XG, Straus and Cudahy, 1957
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During his trial before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. First in the front row from left to right
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before that port froze; therefore, he had to arrive there before 16 November 1931. With the help of the legendary spy
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to diminish reaction to the Japanese plans by using highly-unconventional methods. He became the mastermind of the
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Encyclopedia of War Crimes And Genocide, p.128, Facts on File, Leslie Alan Horvitz & Christopher Catherwood,
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by the Japanese. Ma's position was ambiguous; he continued negotiations while he supported Harbin-based General
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Winning the necessary support from the authorities in Tokyo he persuaded the Japanese tobacco industry
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Last writing of the Class-A War Criminals (Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Hideki Tojo and Akira Muto)
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Mitsui: Three Centuries of Japanese Business, pages 312-313, John G. Roberts, Weatherhill, 1991,
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blamed the Chinese military for an unprovoked attack, invaded and occupied Manchuria. During the
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of Mitsui Zaibatsu to produce special cigarettes bearing the popular to the Far East trademark "
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514:. When Doihara realized his negotiations were not going anywhere, he requested that Manchurian
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604:. However, according to Jamie Bisher, the flattering sobriquet was rather misapplied, as that
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regiments as a junior officer, and returned to school to graduate from the 24th class of the
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Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II
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From 1936 to 1937, Doihara was the commander of the 1st Depot Division in Japan until the
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as head of the Houten Special Agency, the military intelligence service of the Japanese
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.298, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.299, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.299, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,
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818:(one of the most prestigious positions in the Army) and commander in chief of the
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and the sponsor behind many underworld activities in Japanese-occupied China.
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Chinese and Russian populations. Robbery by soldiers and gendarmes of the
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391:. From that post in 1928, it was he who masterminded the assassination of
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Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation
570:, re-establishing the Heilongjiang Provincial Government as part of the
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People executed by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
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649: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945
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and a member of the Supreme War Council he voted his approval of the
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Doihara in a press photo in Tokyo during 1936, by then a Lt. General
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women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the
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Japanese people convicted of the international crime of aggression
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He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian
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Harvest of poppy in Manchukuo used for opium production
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Encyclopedia of espionage, p.315, Ronald Sydney Seth,
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Tales of Real Spies, p.47, Fergus Fleming, EDC, 1998,
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Encyclopedia of espionage, p.316, Ronald Sydney Seth,
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carry out the plan, it was necessary to land Puyi at
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After the end of World War II, he was prosecuted for
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Japanese people convicted of crimes against humanity
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Kempeitai: the Japanese Secret Service, Then and Now
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
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Returning to Japan in 1945, Doihara was promoted to
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to justify their intervention. That resulted in the
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399:Government until 1929. In 1930, he was promoted to
387:, and with this, he managed to take a position in
1381:. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
1357:Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials
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311:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1648:Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II
977:International Military Tribunal of the Far East
826:in 1945, Doihara was commander in chief of the
611:had fought to liberate, not to oppress people.
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581:Doihara commanded IJA 9th Infantry Brigade of
268:, 8 August 1883 – 23 December 1948)
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1350:. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association.
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615:Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War
479:Next, Doihara took the task to return former
1379:Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial
574:and resumed the fight against the Japanese.
407:. The following year, he was transferred to
1688:People executed for crimes against humanity
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1348:Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War
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709:Learn how and when to remove this message
431:While at Tianjin, Doihara, together with
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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741:in North China. There, he served in the
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566:, on 1 April 1932, he led his troops to
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32:This article includes a list of general
16:Japanese officer, war criminal 1883-1948
1497:Newspaper clippings about Kenji Doihara
1307:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
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1580:Inspector General of Military Training
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1346:Hayashi, Saburo; Cox, Alvin D (1959).
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816:Inspector-General of Military Training
577:From 1932 to 1933, the newly promoted
106:Lawrence of Manchuria, a reference to
1528:Commander, IJA Eastern District Army
1473:"Scholar, Simpleton & Inflation"
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647:adding citations to reliable sources
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357:in 1904. He was assigned to various
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886:anti-Bolshevik movement during the
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329:Doihara in army cadet uniform, 1903
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939:His arrest, accused for war crimes
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1359:. University Press of Kentucky.
803:, and commander in chief of the
795:. In 1944, he was appointed the
745:and spearheaded the campaign of
743:Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation
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1607:Commander, IJA 1st General Army
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634:needs additional citations for
317:, and hanged in December 1948.
1265:Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945
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355:Imperial Japanese Army Academy
288:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
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1410:Wasserstein, Bernard (1999).
1286:. Stanford University Press.
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973:Allied occupation authorities
286:, he was instrumental in the
1553:Commander, IJA 7th Area Army
1481:. 1932-04-25. Archived from
1465:The Generals of World War II
907:selling to their customers.
766:Army Aeronautical Department
7:
1611:Sept 1945 – Sept 1945
1501:20th Century Press Archives
1267:. Oxford University Press.
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379:He learned to speak fluent
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1331:. London: Arms and Armor.
1328:Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai
1078:. Routledge. p. 359.
931:Prosecution and conviction
890:and the withdrawal of the
820:Japanese Twelfth Area Army
805:Japanese Seventh Area Army
787:In 1943, Doihara was made
747:Northern and Eastern Henan
731:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
345:Kenji Doihara was born in
1668:Executed military leaders
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1355:Maga, Timothy P. (2001).
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435:engineered the infamous
231:Second Sino-Japanese War
1282:Barrett, David (2001).
1249:Maga, Judgment at Tokyo
992:on 23 December 1948 at
797:Governor of Johor State
778:Japanese Army Air Force
585:. After the seizure of
419:"Lawrence of Manchuria”
313:. He was found guilty,
245:Order of the Rising Sun
53:more precise citations.
1263:Beasley, W.G. (1991).
1074:Bisher, Jamie (2005).
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280:Imperial Japanese Army
181:Imperial Japanese Army
1673:Generals of Manchukuo
1485:on September 30, 2007
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963:Kenji Doihara in 1948
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560:Heilongjiang Province
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389:military intelligence
370:Siberian Intervention
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321:Early life and career
300:Manchurian drug trade
227:Siberian Intervention
187:Years of service
97:Doihara in c. 1941~45
1683:History of Manchuria
1416:. Houghton Mifflin.
1310:. Harper Perennial.
643:improve this article
472:in the northwest of
155:Execution by hanging
1678:People from Okayama
1459:Ammenthorp, Steen.
1006:Japanese war crimes
834:Criminal activities
762:Supreme War Council
758:Japanese Fifth Army
739:Japanese First Army
376:from 1927 to 1928.
151:Cause of death
1375:Minear, Richard H.
969:surrender of Japan
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849:Ronald Sydney Seth
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824:surrender of Japan
789:Commander in Chief
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602:Lawrence of Arabia
503:after he had been
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363:Army Staff College
351:Okayama Prefecture
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315:sentenced to death
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1614:Succeeded by
1587:Succeeded by
1560:Succeeded by
1535:Succeeded by
1513:Military offices
1191:, Doubleday, 1974
1132:, Doubleday, 1974
1130:978-0-385-01609-4
1047:, pp. 88–89.
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134:(aged 65)
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986:Naoki Hoshino
982:
979:as a Class A
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699:November 2022
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663:
660: –
659:
655:
654:Find sources:
648:
644:
638:
637:
632:This section
630:
626:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:T.E. Lawrence
607:
603:
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584:
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579:Major General
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466:Zhang Haipeng
463:
459:
458:Zhang Jinghui
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438:
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413:Kwantung Army
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265:Doihara Kenji
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253:Kenji Doihara
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209:14th Division
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137:Sugamo Prison
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117:8 August 1883
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85:Doihara Kenji
82:
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42:
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35:
30:
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20:
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1600:Gen Sugiyama
1578:
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1487:. Retrieved
1483:the original
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1387:Toland, John
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981:war criminal
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909:
898:armies from
880:White émigré
877:
869:tuberculosis
865:
861:
853:
845:
813:
811:until 1945.
786:
755:
728:
705:
696:
686:
679:
672:
665:
653:
641:Please help
636:verification
633:
599:
597:until 1936.
576:
552:
538:puppet state
531:coming from
498:
481:Qing dynasty
478:
430:
393:Zhang Zuolin
378:
367:
347:Okayama City
344:
339:Zhang Zuolin
304:
292:
284:World War II
272:army officer
252:
251:
235:World War II
223:Battles/wars
132:(1948-12-23)
65:
56:
37:
1643:1883 births
1638:1948 deaths
1045:Fuller 1992
1028:Deacon 1990
505:driven from
501:Ma Zhanshan
103:Nickname(s)
51:introducing
1632:Categories
1489:2008-08-14
1239:0275957594
1012:References
967:After the
916:Golden Bat
737:under the
669:newspapers
529:JirĹŤ Tamon
476:province.
397:Kuomintang
383:and other
307:war crimes
213:Fifth Army
165:Allegiance
34:references
809:Singapore
547:gendarmes
542:Manchukuo
512:Ding Chao
448:Generals
365:in 1912.
190:1904–1945
59:June 2020
1389:(1970).
1377:(1971).
1304:(2001).
1000:See also
904:brothels
896:Japanese
857:Kempetai
483:Emperor
474:Liaoning
442:invasion
409:Shenyang
359:infantry
205:Commands
175:Service/
1503:of the
1499:in the
900:Siberia
892:Entente
791:of the
776:in the
774:general
768:of the
683:scholar
606:Colonel
568:Qiqihar
516:warlord
508:Qiqihar
490:Yingkou
405:Tianjin
401:colonel
309:in the
282:during
278:in the
276:general
274:. As a
199:General
122:, Japan
120:Okayama
47:improve
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1111:
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1060:
990:hanged
920:heroin
912:Mitsui
801:Malaya
685:
678:
671:
664:
656:
533:Mukden
470:Taonan
462:Harbin
450:Xi Qia
259:土肥原 賢二
241:Awards
177:branch
36:, but
1257:Books
873:opium
690:JSTOR
676:books
454:Jilin
141:Tokyo
1547:none
1439:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1058:ISBN
894:and
662:news
587:Rehe
555:army
485:Puyi
464:and
195:Rank
127:Died
114:Born
1505:ZBW
807:in
645:by
589:in
540:of
468:at
460:in
452:in
1634::
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1463:.
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1020:^
996:.
830:.
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256:(
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66:(
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57:(
43:.
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