Khotyn Uprising - Knowledge

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Bolsheviks." Soviet authors ignored all talk of contributions by the Whites and their Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia. This connection had already been brought up in 1919 by Major McLaren. In their interviews with Romanian officials, both he and Gachikevich dismissed all accounts of Bolshevik agitation. During their stay in Khotyn, McLaren and Boxhall had resided with the Krupenskys. According to Stănescu, this was an additional proof of continuity between Russian loyalism and the rebels of 1919, over a shared agenda of "keeping these territories inside Russia, even if it were a Soviet Russia". Researchers of various backgrounds, including Șornikov and Ludmila Rotari, have returned focus on the rebellion's connection with Russian monarchism. According to Șornikov, the Whites and the communists had maintained the exact same policy on the Bessarabian question, seeing Khotyn as an integral component of Russia. Zhurari had unwittingly served Romanian interests by relocating to Tiraspol, instead of forming his unit in Bessarabia itself, but as Șornikov notes, had later built his force into one highly threatening for the Romanian grip on Bessarabia.

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refugees, and changed the chronological setting to argue that at least some of the flights had taken place before the uprising; this allowed them to claim that any participation from across the Dniester was in fact also Bessarabian, rather than Ukrainian. Within this setting, a dispute ensued between the official historiographers of Soviet Moldavia and Soviet Ukraine, after the former included references to Khotyn into Moldavian history textbooks of the early 1950s. Unusually, these commented on the both Khotyn and Tatarbunar as "weak, isolated, ill-prepared, and mismanaged" uprisings. The standard view was wholly replaced in 1960s works, which depicted Khotyn as a "major revolt". In 1970–1978, a large-scale effort was made to collect and publish documents on the uprising from the various Soviet archives.

1880: 120: 1711:, approved of the violence, having issued orders that the peaceful civilians be protected, whereas "no pity, no tolerance should be displayed" toward rebels. General Schina's initial proclamations called on local Russians and Moldovans to act as "Christians and good Romanians for there is no sweeter, gentler and more protective country on this earth than the land of Romanians." When confronted with reports of rebel atrocities, Schina pressured Davidoglu to "corral every village, all Bolshevik gangs and rebellious inhabitants"; if rebel activities continued, he was to set whole localities on fire. 1542:

V. Lisak, and I. I. Mardariev. Three days later, one of the groups involved issued an appeal to the international community, including both Soviet Russia and the UNR, which referred to the sufferings of the "Bessarabian people" and to the Directorate as a legitimate government of Bessarabia. A similar text warned that all those "campaigning against the Directorate and against freedom from the Romanian yoke" would be shot, alongside rioters and looters. The Directors had by then deposed and arrested Khotyn's Mayor, Gachikevich (or Gocicherie), ordering the city population to pay them 1.5 million

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revolt described as related to the Red Army's clashes with the UNR and the Allied intervention forces. A 1976 monograph advanced the claim that Bolsheviks prepared the revolt to coincide with the Red Army's advance into Podolia, but that they could not control its timing. These narratives also contradicted themselves in claiming that UNR agents had "infiltrated the leadership of the revolt", accounting for its ultimate failure. Potylchak argues that such sources also distort the truth by arguing that Romanians intervened in order to assist the UNR.

1637:, could not afford to become embroiled in conflict with Romania". An explicit order from the UNR General Staff banned the Podolia Army Corps from intervening to assist the uprising. In his memoirs, however, Doroshenko hints that the UNR's 60th Infantry Regiment was moved to Zhvanets specifically in order to help the rebel expedition, or at least to cover its retreat in case of a Romanian counterattack. Stănescu claims that the UNA directly assisted the rebels with constructing a makeshift bridge at Ocnița. Major M. McLaren of the 2201:, followed by at least 224 new Soviet citizens in 1940–1941. While in Bukovina the NKVD began a purge of Ukrainian elites, many of whom fled with the Romanian Army, Ukrainians around Khotyn appear to have welcomed the change of borders, with reports that Romanian garrisons had been humiliated by civilians during the eviction. Similar incidents occurred in other parts of Bessarabia, and, before 1941, Romanian Army folklore enshrined in public memory the claim that Jews were the main culprits, despite evidence to the contrary. 1715:

by Potylchak, boasted that seven rebel villages were burned to the ground, with as many as 5,000 insurgents killed; Potylchak himself counts 22 villages destroyed and 11,000 victims, including arbitrary executions of 165 railwaymen and 500 unarmed civilians. He also notes that estimates of 15,000 and higher are probably exaggerated. The latter claim is qualified in Smele's account: "Ukrainian sources suggest that at least 15,000 of those who did not flee were slaughtered by the Romanians." Similar numbers are advanced by

1695:, who had taken over from Davidoglu. However, Davidoglu could not be replaced in time, and, with his aide Ressel, was the one to actually take Khotyn; they had already received orders to quell any incursion or revolt "with the greatest violence, including the complete destruction of any locality". Davidoglu is therefore widely seen as responsible for the bloody interlude which followed. Although Giurcă believes that Davidoglu acted "within the confines of wartime regulations", fellow generals, including 1585: 1743:. According to Giurcă, they favored the UNR and "Ukrainian Bolshevik troops", with reports which exaggerated the scale of repression and victimized non-Romanians, in particular Jews caught between the two sides. Petala, who was ordered to investigate Davidoglu, suggested that the McLaren group were of "doubtful good faith". Likewise, Stănescu reads the British report as a "complete denaturation", with "Bolsheviks" being depicted as "victims of Romanian repressions." 1243: 126: 5214: 165: 150: 140: 2381:] and created troubles among the Ruthenian population in Hotin county; Romanian general Poetaș was killed during these fights. But aside from this insurrection, which had been long in preparation, and supported by gangs moving in from the Ukraine, there was no other movement against the union, which represented the will of an uncontested majority." Brătianu sees a direct link between the Khotyn events and the 1406:, made random attacks on Romanian border guards across the Dniester. Following one such killing, Romanian artillery shelled Stara Ushytsia on December 24. UNR officials initially agreed with Davidoglu that these were "bandit" raids. They became reluctant when Romanians presented them with an ultimatum to hand in those responsible, and were further alienated when Romanian troops beat up an UNR border guard at 2397:

sympathetic to the rebels. Potylchak also proposes a critical view of post-Soviet Ukrainian readings of Khotyn, in that it fails to account for the popular and spontaneous nature of the struggle and instead overemphasizes Mayevski's alleged contribution. Another Ukrainian scholar, V. Kroytor, is openly critical of the UNR's "excessively cautious and inconsistent" behavior in respect to Romanian maneuvers.

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day, its representatives issued orders for the returning rebels to disarm, and pledge to assist with the investigation into their activities. Podolia's Commissioner declared his conviction that Romanians had no aggressive intent, and acknowledged that they were justified to be in a "nervous mood", with ultimatums as an ultimate "bluff". On February 8, Davidoglu's men machine-gunned the urban center of

1804:, killing two. Before the end of the month, they destroyed all bridges on the upper Dniester, to ensure that communications between Ukrainian groups were rendered more difficult. While Petala asked to command an expeditionary force that would establish a bridgehead in Podolia, Prezan continued to discuss the matter with UNR authorities, warning them to disarm any groups still hiding on the Dniester. 1750:. The occupiers, he recalled, had engaged in widespread looting and "barbaric" beatings. He recalled witnessing one botched execution, in which a suspected robber was left to agonize for hours, as well as the shooting of 53 peasants in Nedăbăuți. According to his reports, several boys and old men were shot during robberies condoned by Davidoglu, while a man of unspecified age, Nikita Zankovsky, was 1784: 1230:, including Austria, could impose these borders on their defeated adversaries. The Romanian presence in Bessarabia, which coincided with the start of a working alliance between the UNR and the Central Powers, stood as a "clue that too are out of the war with the Central Powers." Trilateral peace negotiations began in February, when Austria announced Romanian diplomats that the 1317:, which made some efforts to extend itself into Hotin County and the "four parishes" of Soroca. A branch of the Ukrainian Army, including a 2nd Cavalry Division under Commandant Kolesnikov, was established in Khotyn, whose civilian authorities argued that Marghiloman had willingly renounced his claims to the area. On May 26, judge Oleksa Suharenko was appointed Khotyn's 1302:. Under the resulting regime, parts of Hotin that were either annexed or occupied by Austria were exploited, as a breadbasket for the peoples of Austria-Hungary. This tactic, which was enforced with Marghiloman's acquiescence, led to severe shortages by June 1918. Within months, the Hungarian military administration dissolved all soviets and offices answering to the 2432:

the Dniester, but that only the latter of the two was Soviet-sponsored. In 2017, Romanian military historian Alexandru Madgearu made a note that, despite being embraced by "several historians", any claim that the revolt was Bolshevik-instigated had been proven counterfactual. Kroytor suggests that the UNR's hesitation to assist pushed Khotyn rebels to join the

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Uprising was an attempt by the Bolsheviks to destabilize the country and spread its ideology further into Europe. Against the background of anti-Bolshevik sentiments among the major states, such an 'interpretation' of events was an extremely successful diplomatic and propaganda step." Popenko also notes that this approach came to be favored by the

2170:. The border between these two Soviet entities was settled on August 2, 1940 (effectively on November 4), when the southern third of Hotin County was recognized as part of the Moldavian SSR. The northern regions, which remained under Ukrainian administration, had a Ukrainian plurality of 41.6%, and were amalgamated with Bukovinian areas into 1391:. UNR sources describe late 1918 as marked by a "terror policy", including "shootings of mostly innocent people, the torture of women, children and the elderly, looting, bullying and violence against women a broad system of denunciation". Ukrainian peasants on the Romanian side of the border were additionally troubled by the newly adopted 1530:, for fear that guerrillas were in control of all surrounding villages. Both Noua Suliță and Nedăbăuți fell to the rebels shortly after, and a Redcoats brigade, under General Mihai Schina, made repeated attempts to regain them. In the ensuing confusion, various targeted attacks killed Romanian Army officers, including Gheorghe Madgearu in 1903:. The region was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR; this new regime quickly restored the Bessarabian Brigade, but purged it of political suspects. During the early days of May, Antonov considered plans for immediately "freeing Bessarabia" by invading through Khotyn. He was finally dissuaded from ordering it by Romanian successes on the 1824:, stepped in to repel Kotovsky's partisans, and reoccupied Tiraspol. Zhurari's men declared their neutrality, but nevertheless found themselves labeled as enemy troops by the French army command; they then joined the intervention forces and participated in political repression, executing among others the father of Bolshevik leader 2389:. His diaries initially referred to the rebels as "Bolsheviks", before noting that they were "in fact soldiers". However, in 1995, Stănescu referred to the Khotyn affair as "orchestrated by the Bolshevik government", and suggests that all rebel "commissions and committees" had "direct links with the Bolshevik army". 2114:. A controversy erupted in 1925–1926, when Hotin peasant Ioan Mosoloc was sentenced to 5 years of servitude for participation in the 1919 revolt. On retrial, he was able to prove that he had been entirely absent from Bessarabia during the events, and that statements to the contrary had been fabricated by the hostile 919:, which also began a hunt for armed peasants. Critics of the intervention count 11,000 or more as killed during arbitrary shootings and shelling of localities on both banks of the Dniester, with 50,000 expelled. Romanian Army sources acknowledge that the repression was violent, while they may dispute the body count. 1970:, maintained a claim to both Bessarabia and the Ukraine, accusing Romania and the UNR of colluding with each other to partition the area. Also working under Denikin's watch, N. A. Zelenetskiy began forming the 14th Infantry Division and 14th Artillery Brigade, specifically for the recovery of Bessarabia. 1376:. On November 20, Izbytskyi registered his protest with General Davidoglu and Redcoats Colonel Gheorghe Moruzzi, reaffirming his belief that Khotyn city was a "territory of the Ukrainian state". He had by then been ordered to leave the county, and was issuing his official acts from across the river, in 2094:

prison in 1924. In late 1921, Romanian troops captured a "Bodnarciuc gang", which had been active in northern Bessarabia, and which, they alleged, "maintained strong links with well-organized gangs from across the Dniester, who were themselves Bessarabians crossed over during the revolution of 1919."

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By contrast, Coroiu reports that the one robber to be executed in Khotyn was a Romanian sergeant, caught looting despite an explicit ban. McLaren's account also conflicted with a testimony by Khotyn's deposed mayor, who had been imprisoned alongside the British officers. Gachikevich argued that local

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Some such reports concentrate on looting, since Romanian troops were generally ill-prepared for a wintertime action, lacking any winter clothing. Nicolae Coroiu of the 37th Regiment recalls that Davidoglu informed his soldiers to shoot down any armed homeowners and burn down their houses, then "dress

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As early as January 19, the rebels had formed a Bessarabian Directorate, stemming from the Bessarabian National Union, with both of them provisionally located in Kamianets. At that moment in time, the Directorate is known to have comprised five men: Tokan, Ivan Stepanovych Dunger, M. F. Liskun, Evhen

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On February 2, guerrilla units made a futile attempt to return at Khotyn through Atachi, prompting another retaliatory bombardment by Romanian artillery units, which consequently became a systematic response to any perceived agitation. This approach led to conciliatory displays by the UNR. That same

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Stănescu, relying on "Romanian military documents", notes that "during the aggression they initiated, the Bolsheviks had about 300–400 dead, with several localities whose population had supported them in their actions being destroyed in whole or in part." Other Romanian military records, republished

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was imposed in neighboring Bukovina, before troops from there could be marched into Hotin County; "already on February 1, the insurgent forces were pushed back over the Dniester, and internal rebellions were repressed". A force still answering to the Khotyn Directorate was able to cross the Dniester

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Historian Mitru Ghițiu proposes that any Moldovan resistance to communism was casually silenced by Soviet writers: "the issue was never even up for discussion, with authorities fearing that any glimpse of the truth could bring into question the Romanian's 'boundless joy' at being 'liberated' by the

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Khotyn was ceded by the Austrians on the evening of November 10. Soon after taking over, the Romanian garrison was joined by the 3rd Border Guards Regiment, responding to "alarmist claims" about "Bolshevik" concentrations on the Dniester. A one-kilometer exclusion zone was enforced around the city,

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voted in favor of the county's reunification with Russia, voicing their fear that the Romanian Army's presence in Bessarabia would end with annexation. As his final act in government, Marghiloman ordered his troops to take Hotin and Bukovina, together. The 1st Romanian Cavalry Division, part of the

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Though present in both Romanian and Soviet interpretations, any claims of Soviet participation in the Khotyn revolt are reviewed with skepticism by van Meurs, who notes that the movement was local. He proposes that both the Hotin revolt, and the May 1919 skirmish in Tighina had support from across

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Activists were already disunited: right-wingers proposed to create a "Republic of Little Bukovina", centered on Khotyn and opened to annexation by the UNR; leftists urged instead for the formation of a "Bessarabian Democratic Republic", which, as historian Ion Gumenâi argues, would have implicitly

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Romanian Army historian Ion Giurcă sees Davidoglu as ill-suited for the task of maintaining order, in that he failed to anticipate the subsequent incursion. Stănescu similarly notes that Davidoglu and his aide, Colonel Carol Ressel, "did not consolidate positions", despite being informed of troop

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in 1940. Nartsov reported the mainstream view, according to which 50,000 peasants had fled into newly conquered Soviet territory during the Romanian backlash, but, as noted by van Meurs, his count was later "revised as 50,000 casualties." Soviet authors then claimed that an additional 30,000 were

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from ca. 1920 as a primary source. Such reviews also highlighted the connections between Khotyn and Tatarbunar, but ascribed them a different meaning, as samples of "heroic struggle" by the "Bessarabian workers." As noted by van Meurs, the proletarian component was spuriously highlighted, and the

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Romanians were still pained by echoes of Davidoglu's action, and knew that the Conference could recognize Ukrainian demands in Hotin County. As noted by Ukrainian historian Yaroslav Popenko: "From the very first days of the conference, Romanian diplomats had been active in arguing that the Khotyn

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of the 1980s as having "reduce the uprising to solely a 'Bolshevik revolt', and minimize the anti-Ukrainian actions" undertaken in its wake. In his reading, the quashing of the uprising signified a "colonial expansion", to which the UNR could only oppose "neutrality", despite being fundamentally

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relied on civilian support, and on several occasions returned into Podolia to raid UNR garrisons for cannons and supplies. Some accounts suggest that members of the UNR's 7th Infantry Regiment had crossed into Bessarabia by the hundreds from January 22. However, these troops had been demobilized

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notes that "the uprising had an international character: both Ukrainians and Moldovans fought in the rebels' ranks." The first attested partisan leader was a Moldovan, known as Gheorghe or Grigore Bărbuță. The representation of ethnicities other than Ukrainians is nevertheless qualified by other

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in June 1919—thus effectively contributing to the destruction of Ukrainian independence. Even under these circumstances, UNR spies, who remained active in Podolia as it fell to the Soviets, reported that the population of Hotin County remained anti-Russian, whereas "the majority of Bessarabia's

1327:, situated across the Dniester; he never took charge, as he was soon replaced by a P. Izbytskyi. The Austrian authorities ultimately consented to Izbytskyi's arrival, but stripped him of any real power. By July 1918, Romanians grew alarmed about reports that Hetmanate representatives, including 1482:, counting 1/8 Romanians or Moldovans in the former, and 3/16 in the latter. Examples noted by the author include Nikifor Adazhyi, D. S. Ciobanu, and I. S. Lungu. Historian M. C. Stănescu additionally describes Leonid Yakovych Tokan (or Toncan) as a Romanian by origin and a priest by training. 2350: 1560:

functioned as an extension of Soviet Russia. The latter current was illustrated by Iosip Voloshenko-Mardariev, a schoolteacher-turned-activist. Șornikov summarizes this clash of visions within the movement as a "split of patriotic forces into Whites and Reds", with partisans of

2281:(UPA), which fought against the Soviets, formed a partisan unit in Khotyn, under Dmytro "Pavlenko" Kozmenko. The period also witnessed the emergence of an anti-communist partisan movement in the Moldavian SSR, with collaboration between Moldovans (or Romanians) and the UPA at 1911:. Atachi's inhabitants remained exceptionally hostile to Romanian rule, and Soviet soldiers felt encouraged to fire on Romanian positions during May 30; suspicions arose in Romanian circles that an "international battalion" was being trained to invade Bessarabia from Mohyliv. 1410:. However, on January 5, they refused to acknowledge an appeal by the "Bessarabian National Union", which asked for intervention in support of Hotin County refugees. Instead, Khotyn's inhabitants found support from the Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia, which reunited 1875:

received a letter of protest from a self-proclaimed delegation of Bessarabians, which included S. M. Wolkenstein and H. M. Kudik as Khotyn delegates. This text affirmed commitment not the UNR, but to Russia, depicting Romania as an "invader", and its culture as "Asian".

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changed the course of politics in the region. The unification of Bessarabia with Romania became effective the same month, when regional autonomy was dissolved. In Hotin County, control had remained notional until late autumn: on October 22, 1918, a majority of the

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Zhurari sealed a pact with the Red Army and was allowed to leave Tiraspol unharmed; some of his men returned to Bessarabia, while others were admitted into the Red Army. Both groups may have played a part in the Bolshevik attempt to seize Tighina, on May 27, 1919

2013:, with Romania having repeatedly refused them entry. From that moment on, the Soviets could form their own networks in Khotyn; a Romanian diplomatic cable from June 1920 claims that 200 recruiters for the Red Army were active in the county. From October, the 2090:. Prosecution of the 1919 rebels was pursued over several years. Rebels captured before January 23 were treated with more leniency, and made subject to trials by military courts. Examples include Alexei Borodaty and M. V. Bulkat, the latter of whom died in 1719:, who concludes that "according to official Romanian data, more than 5,000 were killed", and that "15,000 people suffered in one form or another". Scholars I. P. Fostoy and V. M. Podlubny also report 160 railway workers being killed, one of them through 2058:(PȚB), which canvassed among the Jewish and Ukrainian populace. The group was the only one to submit a list, which had support from some 62% of registered voters (an additional 7.6% cast blank votes). All of the county's first representatives in the 1871:: on February 4, their "general assembly" in Zhvanets pleaded with the Entente to demand the immediate withdrawal of Romanian troops from Hotin County. Other circles in the Ukraine also embraced the cause. On February 12, the British legation in 1494:. Historian Wim van Meurs describes this attempt as "Bessarabian peasants attempt to capture the bridge across the Dniester in order to smuggle arms into Bessarabia." These reinforcements succeeded in taking over a string of villages, including 1863:, veterans of the Khotyn Uprising formed a Bessarabian Brigade, which restated its alliance with Russia and commitment to Bolshevism. It nevertheless refused to do battle against the UNR, and was disarmed by envoys from Husiatyn in early April. 1621:

G. I. Mayevski also contributed to this expedition remains a topic of contention. Historian Ion Gumenâi sees him as an actual commander of the rebel troops; a similar verdict was advanced by a collective of authors from the State Archives of

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Two days earlier, most of Davidoglu's units had been dispersed to chase the rebels in surrounding villages, which, as Giurcă notes, only gave impetus to an "uprising of the hostile population". The fall of Khotyn came as he had retreated to

1985:, these units were moved to assist against the advancing Red Army. Gepetskiy's men were still preparing for an attack on Bessarabia, and collected 12 million rubles for this goal. These were confiscated by Kotovsky and the Red Army, which 1866:

As many as 50,000 peasants from around Khotyn, and some 4,000 to 10,000 armed rebels, crossed the Dniester, settling in either UNR or Soviet territories. Meanwhile, those refugees who still rejected communism appealed for support from the

1380:. In his own proclamation from Khotyn, Davidoglu insisted that "Bessarabia was a Romanian province until 1812, and it remains Romanian land today and forever", warning those who disagreed with him that they could leave for Podolia. 1754:

in front of his family. Similar accounts mention other acts of cruelty, including at Rucșin, where Major Popescu shot 12 captives after forcing them to dig their own grave, also killing any disabled men he found in civilian homes.

2375:: "not one uprising took place in Bessarabia that was not directly organized and supervised by communist partisans sent in from areas across the Dniester. An attack of some importance took place in late December 1918 [ 1738:

held responsible for assisting the partisans with their raid on Ocnița. The measures were observed by McLaren and two other British officers touring the UNR; one of them is identified by Stănescu as Lieutenant Edwin Boxhall of

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with an undisclosed allegiance. Ukrainian officials strongly disavowed rebels when they transported 6 Romanian prisoners into UNR territory. Their reaction was not registered by the Romanian Army, who responded by capturing 16

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and "Little Bukovina" reportedly forming a majority of the Directorate. On January 25, this council, presided upon by Ivan F. Liskun and Tokan, claimed control over 100 localities in Hotin County, and all of what became the

1966:. As Șornikov notes, he still prioritized the Bessarabian takeover ahead of all other issues, and effectively had a truce with communist partisans. The All-Russian National Center, functioning in the White-held city on 1467:, which was to analyze the issue of Bessarabia and Khotyn. Romanian rule was still consolidating when the armed rebellion began. Scholar Svetlana Suveică notes that the earliest signs of trouble came on the day set for 5202: 2319:, before being liquidated by the Soviets in 1947–1949. Subversive actions were still carried out to 1949 by partisan commander Ivan Menzak, who attempted to use Khotyn as a base for reestablishing a UPA presence in 1843:, had effectively declared war on Romania by stating a Ukrainian Bolshevik claim to both Bessarabia and Bukovina. By contrast, UNR Directors openly rejected "territorial maximalism", in hopes to obtain weapons from 2174:. As noted by van Meurs, this arrangement was due to Ukrainian officials using their "political clout", as a "strong Ukrainian involvement" had underpinned the Soviet moves of 1940. Approval was obtained from the 2082:

Veterans of Kotovsky's Bolshevik partisan units reunited for a conference in Soviet territory, 1922. The image reportedly includes two Ukrainian participants in the Khotyn Uprising: Ya. Barchuk and P. Oliynyk

369: 2039:. These groups also made efforts to find and punish landowner Moșan, who stood accused of having organized violent retribution after the 1919 uprising. In August 1921, they attacked Moșan's manor outside 1807:

Zhurari's Whites in Tiraspol attempted to provide assistance to the rebels, but moved in too late. In early February, they reportedly acted as negotiators between armed Bolsheviks, led by the Bessarabian

2023:, took over the task of destabilizing the Romanian presence. By 1921, they had organized a network of small-scale guerrilla units, which crossed the Dniester for hit-and-run attacks on Romanian targets. 1989:

in February 1920. These units included various veterans of Filipchuk's army in Khotyn, including Shynkarenko and M. I. Nyagu, both of whom had command roles. Shynkarenko was later called up to fight the

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Overall, Liskun's incursion was quickly rejected by the returning Romanian Army. In the early stages of the rebellion, it acted out on its previous warnings, repeatedly shelling the Podolian villages of

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invited civilians, including those of Hotin, to "stand guard on the old border, as your grandparents and ancestors before you". On April 14, 1918, Romanian and RDM officials set up a border crossing at

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authors. Among those whose names were later advanced as "leaders of the revolt", very few were ethnically Romanian or Moldovan. Van Meurs analyzes two lists, respectively provided by V. Lungu and the

1029:. By 1900, Ukrainians were a likely majority of the area's population, although no definitive count exists. According to historian Nicolae Enciu, in 1918 there were 121 all-Ukrainian villages, 52 all- 1759:

Jews appreciated the restoration of order, and that Romanians "caused no harm, other than a few incidents on the city's outskirts." His report was backed by similar statements from two of Khotyn's

1025:" families had been colonized into the area by Russia. Immigration continued at a steady pace, and was in large part a private enterprise, with hired hands needed for the "immense estates" of 5195: 632: 2043:, killing several members of his family. Meanwhile, the anti-communist segment of the Ukrainian diaspora was strengthened by some 400 UNR refugees, some of whom found work at Hotin County's 888:, though whether or not the UNR covertly supported it, beyond formally reneging it, is a matter of dispute. The role of Bolsheviks, which has been traditionally highlighted in Romanian and 5180: 5105:

Mykola V. Stopchak, "Політика директорії УНР у стосунках з Польщею і Румунією в роки української національно-демократичної революції 1917–1920 рр. в сучасній вітчизняній історіографії",

5282: 5188: 362: 5348: 2269:, which attempted sabotage and assassination. Several were shot in retaliation during 1941–1942—including a participant in the 1919 revolt—and 148 were imprisoned. In August 1944, 4997:Воєнна історія Поділля та Буковини: Науковий збірник: Матеріали Всеукраїнської наукової військово-історичної конференції 25-26 листопада 2009 р. в м.Кам'янець-Подільський: збірник 4909: 1072:, Dimitrie A. Ouatul. Russian dominance was again being challenged during World War I, when the northern areas of Hotin were a devastated battlefield, along with the neighboring 1234:

was largely irrelevant to the Central Powers: "the question is to be solved directly between Romania, which occupies it militarily, and the Ukrainian and Moldavian republics".

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The UNR was dissolved upon the conclusion of its war with Russia in late 1921, leaving Khotyn and Bessarabia to be governed by Romania, directly on its closed border with the

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garrisons. This group then formed a "Directorate", acting as Khotyn's unrecognized government. It aimed to change the status of the county, or of all Bessarabia, ahead of the

612: 5641: 5498: 5476: 1283:. UNR–Romanian relations grew more hostile over those days, with rumors emerging that the Ukrainian side had formally protested against the Romanian presence in Bessarabia. 355: 1664: 1947:. Such agitation largely ceased in June, when the Romanian government allowed N. N. Kozlov and A. A. Gepetskiy to recruit Bessarabian White officers for service in the 1364:

food was requisitioned, and the population was ordered to hand in all weapons and ammunition. Davidoglu also announced the swift and exemplary execution of a man from

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Aurelian Lavric, "Problema graniței ucraineano–moldovenești: repercusiuni asupra comunității moldo-românilor din afara granițelor României și Republicii Moldova", in

1270:; under the terms of an armistice, the Romanian Army held on to the remaining areas, including 8 villages in Hotin. Early the following month, the Bukovinan Romanian 2156: 1956: 1550:

further argues that the rebels committed war crimes against Romanian captives, including hanging or eviscerating regular soldiers and lynching a local chief of the

2385:, "also involving a foreign population." The non-communist orientation of at least part of the Uprising was attested as early as 1919 by another Romanian scholar, 1061: 1703:

up in the clothes of the offending parties." Coroiu recalls however that his troops did not shoot to kill, allowing wounded civilians to flee for safety. General

5303: 915:, but remained internally divided into pro-UNR and pro-Bolshevik factions. Within days, the Directorate was toppled by the returning Romanian Army under General 2141:

regime bid on subverting traditional loyalties in Bessarabia, dividing the region into larger administrative units that straddled old borders into Bukovina and

5651: 5252: 1907:, and by supply inadequacies. Ukrainian–Romanian skirmishes continued over several months, just as the Peace Conference began analyzing the eastern borders of 1345: 2163: 955: 5210: 2415:; as noted by Suveică, Soviet monographs on the revolt achieved this goal by relying on autobiographical writings contributed by the rebels, and by citing 1251: 5004: 1126:(UNR) issued claims to the whole of Bessarabia or to Khotyn area as early as July 1917, but also maintained friendly relations with the RDM and Romania. 5086: 1581:). A man by the name of Filipchuk was general commander of this force, with Konstantin Shynkarenko serving under him, as leader of Dăncăuți's regiment. 1460: 1021:, during which time it was recognized by all parties as being distinct from Bessarabia-proper. A census conducted five years later reported that 7,000 " 1189: 2070:

officials in the region reportedly viewed all Hotin deputies as "more than suspicious", in that they endorsed the notion of an autonomous Bessarabia.

1596:, which had placed itself under the command of a Bessarabian sailor, Georgy Muller. I. Liskun had reached the area after having served as governor of 5466: 4880: 1531: 1203: 988: 2197:, which had seen Shynkarenko being sidelined by the Soviets and narrowly escaping execution; several Khotyn refugees were shot at that stage by the 5631: 5581: 2002: 1111:. Inculeț himself noted that the region, including Khotyn, needed to be defended from Romanian and Ukrainian separatism, and remain attached to a 5541: 5353: 5030:

Oleksandr Rusnak, Mykola Ilkiv, Mykola Holovlov, "New Seal of District Chief: To the Centenary of Ukrainian Authority in Khotyn Region [

1115:. He cited "devastation in the land of Hotin" as one of the main reasons for establishing a regional government. Ten cohorts of the newly formed 587: 4731: 2424: 2183: 1995: 1387:

heard reports according to which "all peasant, provincial, county and even district congresses" supported the notion that Khotyn belonged in a

4189: 1951:(VSYuR), which secured a base in Odessa and pushed Antonov's forces out of the region. Various members of the Salvation Committee proposed to 1746:

Interrogated by the Romanian side, McLaren noted that Khotyn had been shelled by the Romanians until a civilian delegation had declared it an

1641:, who was mistakenly arrested by the rebels as a Romanian spy, reports that no UNA troops were on show, though noting the passing presence of 5646: 4995:, "Українсько–румунський прикордонний конфлікт у Подністров'ї 1919 року: витоки та передумови", in Oleksandr Valentynovych Potylchak (ed.), 1740: 1436: 1223: 1170: 1158: 1812:, and the UNR authorities, allowing the latter to withdraw peacefully from Tiraspol. Kotovsky was then pushed out by French troops of the 1626:, who suggest that Mayevski distributed arms to the Bessarabian Directorate. Potylchak favorably quotes academic and UNR political figure 5666: 5656: 5626: 2316: 2286: 2098:

Romanian authorities in Hotin became widely known for their mismanagement and embezzlement, with wide-ranging consequences: in 1923, the

1660: 1161:, where it helped neutralize Bolshevik centers. In the event, the UNR agreed to recognize the RDM, but made specific claims to Hotin and 522: 2019: 1770:. The McLaren issue was escalated to General Prezan, who asked and obtained that the three British envoys be expelled from Bessarabia. 1667:. During this interval, Davidoglu's troops were joined by various units, including the entire 37th Infantry Regiment, which moved from 2014: 1675:. On January 28–30, the regrouped units, under Colonel Victor Tomoroveanu, forced rebels out of Noua Suliță, Nedăbăuți, Dăncăuți and 4854:

I. P. Fostoy, V. M. Podlubny, "Політичні репресії проти населенняпівнічної Буковини і Хотинщиниу 1918–1985 роках", in V. I. Pavlyuk

2187: 2103: 1955:

that they stage instead a takeover of Bessarabia, and Denikin promised to assist them after first "finish off" the UNR. In August,

622: 1973:

Denikin's successes also rekindled partisan activity in Podolia. VSYuR's Gagauz was able to recruit some 13,000 veterans from the

5257: 4985:

Yaroslav Popenko, "Румунська дипломатія у боротьбі за Бессарабію на Паризькій мирній конференції (січень — травень 1919 р.)", in

2367:

Suveică notes that Romanian and Western European perspectives on the Khotyn Uprising converge on the claim that it was at most a

1852: 1727:

in 1925. Romanian losses, meanwhile, amounted to 369; this includes 159 killed in action, 93 wounded, and a further 117 missing.

1294:. Although Marghiloman went into the negotiations promising that "under no circumstances would we lose Hotin", the act ceded 600 1116: 379: 2240:, with many more killed by the Romanian Army on the way there. The Governorate was also set to welcome the entire Ukrainian and 1546:

within three days. Most of this burden fell on the local Jews, whom the rebels openly threatened with violence. Romanian writer

5611: 2130: 1977:, who were then distributed to garrisons along the Dniester, ostensibly preparing to "liberate Bessarabia" upon the end of the 1962:

While acting as head of the VSYuR counterintelligence in Odessa, Gepetskiy permitted Bolsheviks to assemble, despite Denikin's

1939:. Whites, unlike communists, were generally spared by the Romanian Army, but the authorities still intervened when, in June, a 1556:. Jews felt solidarity with the Romanian soldiers and border guards, some of whom were allowed to hide in Khotyn's synagogues. 1919:, who advised the UNR to settle its border issues with Romania, viewing the latter as the "final bulwark against Bolshevism". 1569:. The rebel force grew from 2,000 to 30,000 recruits. Styled "Bessarabian People's Army", it formed three regiments: cavalry ( 1383:

In December, the UNR was reestablished, and its leaders resumed their observation of Romanian activities in Hotin County. Its

5308: 5174: 5123: 5056: 4971:

S. V. Oliynyk, "Українська галицька армія на Кам'янеччині", in O. M. Zaval'nyuk, O. B. Komarnits'kyy, L. V. Bazhenov (eds.),

4959: 4942: 4896: 4810: 4750: 1464: 912: 5363: 2273:, and the 1940 borders restored. However, northern Hotin remained an irredenta of the Moldavian SSR, with republican leader 5368: 4836:

Tetiana Dubitska, "Система управління та економічні заходи австро-угорських властей на окупованій Хотинщині у 1918 р.", in

1699:, criticized his random killing of civilians, noting that it enshrined Romania's negative image as a "country of savages". 2102:

was under investigation for hoarding all pigs out of Hotin and selling them in Bukovina for personal gain. Reports by the

1959:, who served as UNR diplomatic representative in Romania, made a futile effort to reconcile the Directorate with Denikin. 5471: 2270: 1708: 1060:, in particular the rival Krupensky and Lisovsky families; in 1900, it was dominated by members of the former, including 5576: 5383: 5358: 4763: 2443:

and the Whites, though these suggest that Bessarabians were generally pro-Russian, rather than specifically Bolshevik.

2433: 2423:

The earliest author to include Khotyn into the Soviet pantheon was Rakovsky, in 1925; his account was expanded upon by

2095:

Bărbuță's aide S. Foșu was finally captured in 1929, and sentenced to death for his participation in Poetaș's killing.

1103:, which left Bessarabia and Khotyn with an uncertain status. Bessarabia formally reorganized itself into an autonomous 1088:. His attempt to reassert control was ineffectual, as previously disenfranchised social groups began forming their own 976: 659: 5505: 2256:. Ukrainian culture was still banned under Antonescu, and its advocates were forced to assimilate or be marginalized. 2244:

population of Bessarabia, in exchange for any Romanian-speakers on that side. Antonescu and his favorite demographer,

5510: 5298: 5153: 5107:

Naukovi Zapysky. Vinnyts'koho Derzhavnoho Pedahohichnoho Universytetu Imeni Mykhayla Kotsyubyns'koho. Seriya Istoriya

5081: 4992: 4831: 2126: 1472: 751: 674: 637: 597: 5591: 5561: 5048: 2137:

was finally set up regionally, with Shulim Abramovich Kryvyi emerging as its chief organizer in 1939. In 1938, the

1813: 1207: 1199: 1026: 837: 4964:

Gabriel Moisa, "Între mica și marea istorie. Nicolae Coroiu: un destin sub vremurile Primului Război Mondial", in

1395:, which returned some land to owners that local soviets had dispossessed, and made other plots subject to ransom. 5488: 5456: 2371:, and that it could never canvass for support outside its ethnic Ukrainian base. As argued by Romanian historian 1206:, argued that there were no Hotin representatives on show in March 1918, when this legislature voted in favor of 1177: 679: 669: 592: 527: 512: 4906:

Memorii, Vol. II: (Însemnări zilnice maiu 1917–mart 1920). Războiul național. Lupta pentru o nouă viață politică

5606: 5601: 5571: 5566: 2059: 2055: 2051: 1123: 1085: 861: 642: 182: 119: 91: 5045:Державний архів Чернівецької області. Довідник.Особові фонди і колекції Державного архіву Чернівецької області 3139:

Potylchak, p. 208. See also Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 20; Meltyukhov, pp. 64–65; Smele, p. 97; Stănescu, p. 23

1879: 5636: 5586: 5272: 5000: 2393: 1478: 1335: 1104: 885: 582: 532: 30: 5137:

Constantin Ungureanu, "Bucovina în timpul primului război mondial. Proiecte de dezmembrare teritorială", in

5661: 5621: 5328: 5267: 5247: 1948: 1916: 1615:. Towards its very end, the uprising was apparently led by an UNR politician, I. Siyak. Whether or not UNR 943: 922:

Participants in the revolt were generally alienated by the UNR's inaction, dividing themselves between the

768: 721: 567: 542: 500: 398: 38: 4843:

I. P. Fostoy, "Визначні політичні і громадські діячі, репресовані тоталітарним режимом", in V. I. Pavlyuk

5262: 2152: 2122: 2066:

stood for the Romanians, Iancu Melic-Melicsohn for the Jews, and Pavel Kitaigorodski for the Ukrainians.

4978:

Vitalie Ponomariov, "Zakorodul și activitatea subversivă comunistă din Basarabia în anii 1920–1921", in

3886:

Potylchak, pp. 209–210. See also Basciani, p. 134; Meltyukhov, p. 66; Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, pp. 122–123

2315:, active south of the Moldavian–Ukrainian border, attempted to establish contacts with both the UPA and 5616: 2222: 2138: 1904: 1896: 1601: 1303: 1291: 1134: 1018: 1013: 869: 726: 455: 5128:"For the 'Bessarabian Cause'. The Activity of Odessa Committee for Saving Bessarabia (1918–1920)", in 1349: 275: 5393: 5318: 2175: 1127: 810: 716: 627: 5343: 5158:

Valeriy Vlasenko, Vadim Guzun, "Konstantin Mațievici — omul de știință și diplomatul ucrainean", in

1783: 1259: 903:

After days of guerrilla activities by peasants, a large contingent of trained partisans crossed the

5596: 5556: 5551: 5536: 5531: 5435: 4865:

Mitru Ghițiu, "Unele aspecte din mișcarea de rezistență antisovietică în Basarabia postbelică", in

2290: 2278: 2237: 2134: 2110:. Officials intended to subvert the trend by closing down Russian-language education and enforcing 1982: 1963: 1900: 1884: 1832: 1634: 1202:

expressed a contrary wish, declaring that Khotyn needed to be included in the UNR. A UNR diplomat,

1185: 980: 897: 763: 746: 617: 607: 34: 5116:

Basarabia în primul deceniu interbelic (1918–1928): modernizare prin reforme. Monografii ANTIM VII

4788: 1499: 1372:, on the Dniester's left bank, pacified by Romanian troops by request of the Ukrainian mission in 1262:, on behalf of Austria, that same month. Hungarians controlled the county down to (and including) 1254:

effectively meant that the UNR renounced its claims in northern Bessarabia to Austria. The former

5418: 5073: 2311: 2107: 1986: 1974: 1816:, and found himself crossing into Bessarabia, where he managed to chase Romanian soldiers out of 1763:, Samuel Haiss and Nahiev Ițikovici, the former of whom also expressed his thanks in a letter to 1267: 947: 741: 647: 450: 5277: 4755: 2437:

population" was won over by communism. The latter claim is partly backed by records of both the

2372: 1547: 5481: 5461: 5428: 5408: 1767: 1392: 1384: 1181: 1041: 984: 972: 664: 577: 3121:

Gumenâi, p. 81; Meltyukhov, pp. 64–65; Potylchak, p. 208; Șornikov, pp. 81–82; Stănescu, p. 23

1611:

after disagreements with the Directorate, and had embraced Bolshevik ideals, rallying under a

1162: 1037:, though accounts differ on their number, from a vast majority to a fifth of the inhabitants. 907:

from UNR territory, and, on January 23, managed to capture the city, creating confusion among

5423: 5403: 5338: 4734:, "The Romanian Population Exchange Project Elaborated by Sabin Manuilă in October 1941", in 2400: 2182:, but not from the Moldovan population. This reportedly contradicted fundamental laws of the 2155:

also came with targeted persecution, including the attempted expulsion of all Jews living in

2115: 1868: 1724: 1561: 1535: 1287: 1219: 1142: 939: 889: 602: 562: 425: 2248:, viewed the Dniester as a defensible frontier, but agreed to relinquish northern Hotin and 2129:. In May 1933, Vasily Gotinchan attempted to establish a local chapter of the pro-communist 1130: 440: 5333: 2382: 2294: 2249: 2217: 2213: 2208:; at the time, Romania was under a dictatorial government led by Davidoglu's former rival, 2205: 1847:; these were promised, but never actually arrived. In March 1919, the Directorate moved to 1468: 1324: 1231: 1069: 1000: 696: 420: 4872:

Ion Giurcă, "Ofițeri englezi implicați în evenimentele de la Hotin din ianuarie 1919", in

2236:

during the subsequent push-back. All surviving returnees were then expelled into camps in

2162:

This episode ended in 1940, as most of Khotyn was annexed to the Ukrainian SSR during the

864:(UNR). The revolt was carried out by armed locals, mainly Ukrainian peasants, assisted by 8: 5546: 5451: 5378: 2368: 2078: 1856: 1612: 1411: 1377: 1313:

In April, the UNR itself was replaced by a more Austrian- and White-friendly regime, the

1081: 711: 475: 347: 87: 5373: 4934: 2336: 1486:

movements near Mohyliv. On January 19, Podolian irregulars crossed into Hotin County at

892:

alike, is similarly debated. The Khotyn Uprising is therefore ambiguously linked to the

5413: 4947: 4823: 2320: 2179: 2125:, prompting renewed activities by communist agents, but also agitation the antisemitic 1840: 1821: 1723:. They note that the 11,000 total can be traced to an estimate first publicized by the 1716: 1328: 1298:

of land to Austrian Bukovina, including parts of the county, alongside the neighboring

1153:

and UNR loyalists—the latter helped Romanian authorities by repressing the former. The

1100: 1093: 946:, coalescing various White entities, sketched out an attempt to invade Bessarabia, but 841: 801: 706: 552: 517: 495: 480: 169: 83: 2147: 1310:. Faced with such constraints, local Ukrainians began organizing into partisan units. 1214:

resolutions made specific reference to unified Bessarabia as extending "from Hotin to

934:, whose forces came to include Khotyn veterans. Such incidents secured Bessarabia for 102:

Romanian military victory; expulsion of the rebels, shelling of rebel bases in Ukraine

46: 5170: 5149: 5119: 5077: 5052: 4955: 4938: 4913: 4892: 4827: 4806: 4792: 4746: 3067:Șornikov, pp. 81–82. See also Madgearu, pp. 16–17; Meltyukhov, p. 64; Stănescu, p. 25 2416: 2171: 2099: 2063: 1991: 1978: 1801: 1731: 1730:

Some murders of civilians are described in Romanian sources. According to Lieutenant

1704: 1627: 1369: 1353: 1194: 1073: 916: 893: 849: 787: 731: 547: 465: 415: 230: 220: 3193:

Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122. See also Fostoy, p. 595; Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 21

1080:, which envisioned annexing Khotyn upon defeating Russia and Romania. Following the 2282: 2260: 2142: 1809: 1792: 1720: 1295: 1112: 1089: 1057: 1034: 931: 736: 701: 689: 684: 557: 235: 2901:, p. 41. See also Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 19; Meltyukhov, p. 60; Stănescu, p. 22 2245: 1584: 5323: 5098: 4815: 2111: 2067: 2027:

raids in mid 1921 resulted in the targeted murders of officials and clergymen in

1934: 1908: 1860: 1817: 1788: 1764: 1388: 1352:

Regiment and the 40th Infantry Regiment, both of which were placed under General

1314: 1077: 1046: 1004: 996: 935: 927: 572: 460: 5061:

Ruslan Șevcenco, "Rezistența antisovietică în RSS Moldovenească: anul 1944", in

4283:

Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 41–42, 44–45, 51, 89–90. See also Fostoy, pp. 597–598

4187:

V. T., "Un proces interesant. Jandarmii falsifică depozițiile unor martori", in

1851:, and failed to maintain a grip on Podolia. The area came to be governed by the 1592:

One of the first units to cross into Bessarabia was the garrison of a Ukrainian

1463:, Zhurari and his Committee planned for the rebellion to ignite just before the 5226: 5038:

Naukovyy Visnyk Chernivets'koho Universytetu Imeni Yuriya Fed'kovycha. Istoriya

4838:

Naukovyy Visnyk Chernivets'koho Universytetu Imeni Yuriya Fed'kovycha. Istoriya

2408: 2274: 2232: 1835:

into the UNR's territory, which also led to the establishment of a subordinate

1825: 1692: 1684: 1600:

the previous month. As reported in Ukrainian sources, he had deserted from the

1415: 1403: 1227: 1166: 1138: 992: 881: 490: 485: 470: 410: 225: 154: 149: 139: 2216:. Shortly before this formal reoccupation, Romanian troops in Atachi tried to 1108: 975:, with reports that Ukrainians had settled there before the lands fell to the 5525: 4901: 3175:

Madgearu, pp. 16–17. See also Basciani, p. 133; Smele, p. 97; Stănescu, p. 23

2386: 2209: 2167: 2145:. As a result, Hotin County was dissolved, and its territory was assigned to 2032: 2006: 1967: 1952: 1836: 1696: 1676: 1647: 1593: 1299: 1154: 908: 339: 4780: 2306: 2227: 2087: 1566: 1527: 1523: 1511: 1456: 1008: 951: 857: 435: 75: 5023:

Ludmila Rotari, "Relațiile Ucrainei cu România în perioada 1917—1920", in

4917: 2439: 2305:

and managed to kill the two Soviet officers managing intelligence work in

1552: 1495: 1360:

Izbytskyi advised the local militia not to oppose the Romanian incursion.

5012: 4820:

Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944

4796: 2412: 2404: 2392:

Potylchak views Romanian historiography in both the royal period and the

2194: 2010: 1518:, rebellion erupted in Khotyn itself, chasing out the Romanian garrison. 1146: 2289:

reported neutralizing pockets of resistance maintained by the far-right

1633:

Scholar Jonathan Smele argues that the UNR, "at a critical point of the

4885:

România Mare votează. Alegerile parlamentare din 1919 "la firul ierbii"

2044: 2040: 1672: 1638: 1623: 1538:. The latter assassination is directly attributable to Bărbuță's unit. 1271: 1150: 1022: 954:

continued to back partisans in Hotin County during the interwar, until

877: 825: 821: 445: 79: 2407:

authors focused on claims that the revolt was indicative of a brewing

1887:, as depicted by the Bolshevik poster artist Nikolay Pomanskiy in 1919 5096:

M. C. Stănescu, "Hotin — ianuarie 1919. Răscoală sau agresiune?", in

4774: 2302: 2028: 1844: 1747: 1735: 1606: 1578: 1515: 1503: 1420: 1399: 1373: 1368:"who incited the soldiers to Bolshevism". The incursion also touched 1141:, intended to bring the new regime to his side. By January 1918, the 1030: 873: 430: 211: 125: 5063:

Enciclopedica. Revista de Istorie a Științei și Studii Enciclopedice

4929:

Alexandru Madgearu, "Studiu introductiv", in Alexandru D. Madgearu,

2298: 2212:. From September 4, 1941, Hotin County was attached to the Romanian 2121:

During the early 1930s, the region was more heavily impacted by the

1263: 1242: 836:. It occurred on January 7–February 1, 1919, less than a year after 5398: 5388: 5070:

The 'Russian' Civil Wars, 1916–1926. Ten Years That Shook the World

2265: 2253: 2241: 1892: 1848: 1642: 1507: 1444: 1440: 1425: 1407: 1398:

Reports by UNR Podolian officials noted that by December "gangs of

1319: 1280: 923: 904: 829: 2133:, but was apprehended and put on trial. A Ukrainian branch of the 1668: 5230: 5222: 5213: 4888: 4743:

La difficile unione. La Bessarabia e la Grande Romania, 1918–1940

4147:"Cum au fost stârpite niște bande de hoți. Pentru Basarabia", in 2091: 2036: 1751: 1680: 1604:(UNA) when ordered not to lead his troops over the Dniester. His 1574: 1570: 1365: 1092:

and refusing to abide by central laws. These soviets decreed the

1052: 1017:

in 1714. The city was finally absorbed into Russia following the

865: 853: 833: 164: 3085:

van Meurs, pp. 290–291. See also Fostoy, p. 595; Stănescu, p. 25

1859:), though military control was resumed after a counter-coup. In 51:

Map of the uprising on January 22, 1919, before the invasion of

5089:, "Белые и красные на Днестре: саботаж гражданской войны?", in 3544:

Popenko, p. 11. See also Meltyukhov, pp. 65–65; Șornikov, p. 86

2357: 1944: 1872: 1617: 1597: 1491: 1215: 942:

as a guarantee against communist revolution. In late 1919, the

845: 254: 52: 2062:

were PȚB members, but represented three distinct ethnicities:

1348:, moved into the former region; it was spearheaded by the 3rd 1165:. Meanwhile, rival claims on the region were made by both the 926:

and the Whites. The Khotyn Uprising was closely followed by a

5494:

2019 disputes regarding the military cemetery in Valea Uzului

4771:

Impresiuni și păreri personale din timpul războiului României

4616:

van Meurs, pp. 76–77, 289–291. See also Suveică (2010), p. 65

4391:

Prodanyk, p. 35. See also Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 105, 109

2166:; the core areas of Bessarabia, meanwhile, formed a separate 1943:

Gagauz was caught preaching revolution to the inhabitants of

1820:. A French–Romanian division-strength force, assisted by the 1760: 1543: 1487: 1448: 1276: 971:

The Ukrainian claim to Khotyn (or Hotin) extends back to the

2277:

suggesting its reincorporation in 1946. From late 1944, the

1192:

as their delegates to the Bessarabian people's assembly, or

5218: 3148:

Giurcă, p. 15. See also Iorga, pp. 149–150; Stănescu, p. 23

2342:

Soviet-era monument to the Heroes of the uprising in Khotyn

2198: 1831:

The Khotyn Uprising coincided with the final stages of the

1040:

Under Russian rule, Hotin County was incorporated with the

5167:

Unirea din 1918 în presa din regiunea Moldovei (Basarabia)

5018:Підпілля ОУН на Буковині: 1943–1951. Документи і матеріали 2875:

Giurcă, p. 14. See also Meltyukhov, p. 60; Stănescu, p. 22

1630:

denying that the revolt had any assistance from Mayevski.

377: 5032: 3616:

Potylchak, p. 209. See also Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 123

3292:

Potylchak, p. 208. See also Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122

2377: 1414:

associated with the Whites. With funds received from the

1173:, both of which fomented dissent among local Ukrainians. 5477:

2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project

4975:, pp. 126–135. Kamianets-Podilskyi: Medobory-2006, 2013. 4860:Реабілітовані історією. Чернівецька область. Книга перша 4851:, pp. 437–598. Chernivtsi: Knyha Pamyati Ukrayiny, 2007. 4849:Реабілітовані історією. Чернівецька область. Книга перша 4634:

Stopchak, p. 346. See also Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 123

2204:

A re-annexation by Romania occurred in 1941, as part of

4862:, pp. 16–135. Chernivtsi: Knyha Pamyati Ukrayiny, 2007. 4337:

Deletant, pp. 151–154; Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 75–78

2230:. More than 1,000 "slow-moving" Jews where shot by the 1691:

From January 28, the intervention was nominally led by

1588:

Insurgency leader Ivan F. Liskun, photographed ca. 1930

1084:, Ouatul became Commissar for Khotyn, appointed by the 815: 5027:, Vol. XII, Issues 1–2, January–April 2001, pp. 51–65. 4736:

Annali dell'Istituto Storico Italo-germanico in Trento

2732:

Dubitska, p. 65. See also Meltyukhov, pp. 44–45, 52–53

1237: 4075:

Meltyukhov, pp. 110–120; Ponomariov, pp. 103, 108–110

2411:, with Romanian authorities depicted as irredeemably 2301:. In 1945, UPA partisan Oleksandr Sokoliansky raided 2164:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina

5146:

The Bessarabian Question in Communist Historiography

4952:Бессарабский вопрос между мировыми войнами 1917—1940 4924:

History and Politics. Revistă de Istorie și Politică

2186:, which were still in place before the passage of a 2106:

signaled that Hotin inhabitants remained profoundly

1734:, his colleague, Captain Mociulschi, shot a railway 1490:, disarming Romanian border guards and moving in on 1331:, were seeking to annex Bessarabia in its entirety. 5005:

Kamyanets-Podilsky Ivan Ohienko National University

2919:

Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 19–20; Meltyukhov, p. 60

2285:, just south of the demarcation line. In 1944, the 1286:In early May, a new Romanian government, headed by 1279:, east of Hotin area and further downstream on the 860:, on the unofficial border between Romania and the 4973:Поділля у добу Української революції 1917–1921 рр. 4535:Suveică (2010), pp. 34, 65; van Meurs, pp. 289–291 1679:, reaching Anadol; other groups retook Rucșin and 1180:, opponents of the UNR in Hotin County had chosen 5642:Battles involving the Ukrainian People's Republic 3715:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 20–25; Șornikov, p. 82 2480:Brătianu, pp. 43, 53–54, 63–64; Cazacu, pp. 62–63 2226:, a matter which caused tension between them and 1306:, only delegating authority to the reestablished 5523: 2669:Gumenâi, pp. 80–81. See also Cazacu, pp. 240–242 2009:, just north of Khotyn. They surrendered to the 1688:back into Podolia, reportedly "without losses". 4084:Ponomariov, pp. 109–110; Suveică (2010), p. 251 4760:La Bessarabie, droits nationaux et historiques 3355:Potylchak, pp. 208–209. See also Rotari, p. 60 2723:Cancicov, pp. 406, 409, 447; Ungureanu, p. 130 1119:were ordered to resume control of the region. 1003:of 1710–1711, prompting the Ottomans to annex 844:. The city it was centered on is now known as 795: 16:Ukrainian-led insurrection in Bessarabia, 1919 5652:Romanian involvement in the Russian Civil War 5467:2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas 5196: 4874:Document. Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române 4803:Zemstva Basarabiei. Aspecte istorico-juridice 3184:Gumenâi, p. 81; Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122 2597:Cazacu, pp. 232, 250. See also Vrabie, p. 159 1064:. Its control was looser from 1912, when the 1033:, and 16 mixed. Khotyn town was populated by 824:-led insurrection in the far-northern tip of 363: 5148:. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1994. 4048:Fostoy, p. 596; Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 41 3850:Basciani, pp. 133–134; Meltyukhov, pp. 74–75 1424:Zhurari began the training of guerrillas at 999:began its incursions into Moldavia with the 4931:Note din războiul de reîntregire a neamului 3751:Giurcă, p. 17. See also Stănescu, pp. 25–26 2001:The Red Army allowed VSYuR survivors under 1671:to Noua Suliță, and the machine-gunners of 1198:. In December, Ukrainian soldiers from the 1107:(RDM), headed by the former Russian envoy, 1099:The Provisional Government fell during the 930:, carried out by the Bessarabian Bolshevik 5203: 5189: 4346:Achim, pp. 594, 603, 606, 610–611, 614–617 370: 356: 2651:Brătianu, p. 133. See also Gumenâi, p. 81 2624:Cancicov, pp. 204, 225, 259, 266–267, 272 2193:The Soviet annexation occurred after the 144:Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia 4785:Moldova dintre Prut și Nistru, 1812—1918 4373:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 72–75, 78, 88 4247:Lavric, p. 124. See also Prodanyk, p. 28 2287:People's Commissariat for State Security 2077: 1878: 1782: 1583: 1435: 1241: 1159:its subsequent incursion into Bessarabia 5632:Republicanism in the Kingdom of Romania 4876:, Vol. IV, Issues 2–4, 2001, pp. 14–18. 3760:Stănescu, p. 26. See also Giurcă, p. 17 1853:Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party 1839:. On January 25, the latter's Premier, 1266:, as well as the northern extremity of 5524: 4700:Madgearu, p. 17; Suveică (2010), p. 65 2804:Fostoy, pp. 594–595; Potylchak, p. 208 2252:to a Ukrainian state, in exchange for 1471:—January 7, 1919. Ukrainian historian 5184: 5162:, Vol. III, Issue 3, 2015, pp. 20–45. 2561:Basciani, pp. 98, 106; Gumenâi, p. 81 2271:Bessarabia was retaken by the Soviets 1922: 1791:, destroyed by Romanian troops after 1653: 1157:sought both RDM and UNR approval for 351: 5647:Battles involving the Volunteer Army 4999:, pp. 204–214. Kamianets-Podilskyi: 2356:Banner commemorating Stan Poetaș at 2017:'s office for foreign infiltration, 1917:Allied intervention forces in Russia 1526:, and planning further moves toward 5582:Battles of the Ukrainian–Soviet War 5472:2012 Romanian constitutional crisis 5118:. Chișinău: Editura Pontos, 2010. 4805:. Chișinău: Editura Pontos, 2009. 3481:Moisa, pp. 160–162; Stănescu, p. 24 2317:anti-communist partisans in Romania 2054:, Hotin County became a hub of the 1981:. In November, following Denikin's 1709:Chief of the Romanian General Staff 1238:Austrian–Romanian–Ukrainian dispute 13: 5667:Uprisings of the Russian Civil War 5657:Massacres of the Russian Civil War 5627:History of the Cossacks in Ukraine 5542:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 5384:1990 ethnic clashes in Târgu Mureș 5364:Timișoara student movement of 1956 5359:Bucharest student movement of 1956 5258:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan 4764:Nicolae Iorga Institute of History 4607:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, pp. 123–124 3769:Giurcă, pp. 17–18; Stănescu, p. 26 3652:Meltyukhov, p. 66; Stănescu, p. 25 3427:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, pp. 123–124 3202:Meltyukhov, p. 65; Șornikov, p. 82 2218:expel the entire Jewish population 1901:conquered most of Podolia by April 1778: 1133:, who still hoped to maintain the 1007:and reconstruct the corresponding 292:60th Infantry Regiment (observing) 14: 5678: 5369:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 5010:Dmytro Prodanyk, "Передмова", in 4993:Oleksandr Valentynovych Potylchak 3283:Fostoy, p. 595; Meltyukhov, p. 65 2127:National-Christian Defense League 1964:large-scale offensive into Russia 1473:Oleksandr Valentynovych Potylchak 1402:", assisted by the Ukrainians of 1076:. The latter was an extension of 856:; in 1919, it was the capital of 129:Ukrainian and Moldovan insurgents 5212: 5093:, Issue 4 (38), 2014, pp. 78–98. 5049:State Archive Service of Ukraine 5043:Halyna Rynzhuk, Andrey Avdeyev, 4738:, Vol. XXVII, 2001, pp. 593–617. 4712: 4703: 4694: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4220:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, pp. 58–59 4214: 4205: 4196: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4141: 4138:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 25–26 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3733:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 25–26 3727: 3724:Fostoy & Podlubny, pp. 20–25 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 2349: 2335: 2073: 1514:; on January 23, after reaching 979:. The city then belonged to the 175: 163: 148: 138: 124: 118: 45: 5506:2020 Ditrău xenophobic incident 5394:Bridge of Flowers demonstration 4968:, Issue XLV, 2015, pp. 149–164. 4745:. Rome: Aracne Editore, 2007. 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2891: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2507:Brătianu, p. 133; Cazacu, p. 76 1987:retook Tiraspol without a fight 876:, with some support from local 593:Southern Front counteroffensive 5511:2023 Romanian teachers' strike 5299:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt 5283:1888 Romanian Peasants' revolt 5001:Ministry of Defence of Ukraine 4982:, Vol. XXXV, 2017, pp. 95–116. 4319:Deletant, pp. 83, 305, 318–319 4202:Basciani, pp. 235–236, 259–260 2759:Cancicov, pp. 405–406, 408–409 2633:Cancicov, pp. 266–267, 273–274 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 1246:Map of the Hotin issue in 1918 1086:Russian Provisional Government 966: 1: 5273:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 5139:Revista de Istorie a Moldovei 5132:, Vol. VI, 2014, pp. 139–169. 5109:, Vol. 18, 2010, pp. 344–350. 4883:, Andrei Florin Sora (eds.), 4724: 4355:Achim, pp. 601, 604, 611, 616 3400:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122 3310:Rinzhuk & Avdeyev, p. 122 2360:Ethnographic Museum, May 2018 2184:Moldavian Autonomous Republic 1479:Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia 1292:peace with the Central Powers 1105:Moldavian Democratic Republic 961: 886:Ukrainian War of Independence 752:Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict 31:Ukrainian War of Independence 5349:Ghimeș Valley peasant revolt 5329:1920 Romanian general strike 5268:Moldavian Revolution of 1848 5141:, Issue 3/2014, pp. 120–138. 4987:Kyyivsʹki Istorychni Studiyi 4926:, Issue 2/2011, pp. 123–135. 4869:, Vol. 2, 1995, pp. 141–148. 4364:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 77 3643:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 26 3211:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 20 2959:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 20 2928:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 19 2848:Fostoy & Podlubny, p. 17 2383:1924 rebellion at Tatarbunar 2259:Under the Antonescu regime, 1949:Armed Forces of South Russia 1431: 1137:against encroachment by the 985:grew out of a Hungarian fief 956:annexing Bessarabia entirely 944:Armed Forces of South Russia 39:Southern Russia intervention 7: 5457:2012–2015 unrest in Romania 5263:Wallachian uprising of 1821 5040:, Issue 2, 2018, pp. 38–49. 4989:, Issue 2, 2017, pp. 10–17. 4840:, Issue 2, 2018, pp. 64–74. 4571:van Meurs, pp. 289, 292–293 4490:Potylchak, pp. 204, 212–213 4102:Vlasenko & Guzun, p. 32 4003:Suveică (2014), pp. 163–165 3985:Vlasenko & Guzun, p. 31 3004:Potylchak, pp. 207–208, 210 2777:Ungureanu, pp. 129–130, 134 2056:Bessarabian Peasants' Party 1773: 1650:from Tiraspol as hostages. 1577:), and self-defense units ( 1534:and General Stan Poetaș in 1443:and wooden bridge over the 1124:Ukrainian People's Republic 1122:Also newly proclaimed, the 948:lost ground to the Red Army 862:Ukrainian People's Republic 848:(Хотин), and is located in 816: 183:Ukrainian People's Republic 92:Ukrainian People's Republic 66:7 January – 1 February 1919 10: 5683: 5169:. Iași: Asachiana, 2018. 5065:, Issue 1/2016, pp. 50–59. 2897:Potylchak, p. 206; Rusnak 2223:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 2139:National Renaissance Front 1899:, advanced southwards and 1897:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko 1304:Central Council of Ukraine 1178:elections of November 1917 1113:Russian Federated Republic 285:3rd Border Guards Regiment 5612:Romania–Ukraine relations 5577:Battles involving Romania 5489:2017–19 Romanian protests 5444: 5291: 5238: 4910:Editura Națională Ciornei 4879:Ion Gumenâi, "Hotin", in 4151:, December 10, 1921, p. 2 3931:Suveică (2010), pp. 64–65 3913:Oliynyk, pp. 135, 140–141 2326: 2015:Ukrainian Communist Party 805: 389: 316: 296: 262: 188: 110: 58: 44: 28: 23: 5379:1989 Romanian Revolution 4193:, January 30, 1926, p. 6 2450: 2291:National Christian Party 2279:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 2238:Transnistria Governorate 2135:Romanian Communist Party 1855:(allegedly answering to 1833:Soviet Russian offensive 1323:by authorities from the 1149:had divided itself into 1027:Moldo-Bessarabian boyars 1019:Bucharest Treaty of 1812 981:Principality of Moldavia 838:Bessarabia's integration 828:region, nestled between 382:of the Russian Civil War 5592:Massacres of Ukrainians 5562:20th-century rebellions 5419:September 1991 Mineriad 5102:, July 1995, pp. 22–26. 5074:Oxford University Press 4954:. Moscow: Veche, 2010. 4933:, pp. 7–31. Bucharest: 4598:van Meurs, pp. 276, 290 4553:van Meurs, pp. 290, 293 4093:Ponomariov, pp. 109–110 3994:Șornikov, pp. 91–93, 95 3472:Potylchak, pp. 208, 210 2471:Brătianu, pp. 53, 63–64 2220:from Hotin County into 2052:November 1919 elections 1975:Ukrainian Galician Army 1957:Konstantyn A. Matsevych 1602:Ukrainian People's Army 1393:land reform legislation 1096:of all landed estates. 884:. It forms part of the 870:Ukrainian People's Army 250:Col. Victor Tomoroveanu 5482:2015 Romanian protests 5462:2012 Romanian protests 5429:February 1999 Mineriad 5409:February 1990 Mineriad 5344:Grivița strike of 1933 5233:and predecessor states 4773:, Vol. II. Bucharest: 4589:van Meurs, pp. 183–184 4580:van Meurs, pp. 289–290 4508:Potylchak, pp. 204–205 3904:Suveică (2014), p. 150 3787:Potylchak, pp. 211–212 3778:Potylchak, pp. 209–210 3364:Potylchak, pp. 208–209 3076:van Meurs, pp. 290–291 2977:Potylchak, pp. 206–207 2968:Potylchak, pp. 205–206 2083: 1888: 1814:58th Infantry Regiment 1796: 1768:Ferdinand I of Romania 1589: 1465:Paris Peace Conference 1452: 1260:Royal Hungarian Honvéd 1247: 1182:Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu 1062:Alexander N. Krupensky 1042:Bessarabia Governorate 973:Principality of Halych 913:Paris Peace Conference 796: 791: 633:Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav 282:37th Infantry Regiment 280:40th Infantry Regiment 234:Gen. Stan Poetaș 205:Konstantin Shynkarenko 189:Commanders and leaders 5607:Ukrainian irredentism 5602:History of Bessarabia 5572:Rebellions in Ukraine 5567:Rebellions in Romania 5424:January 1999 Mineriad 5404:January 1990 Mineriad 5354:Legionnaire rebellion 5339:Lupeni strike of 1929 5309:1918 Bucharest strike 5304:Romanian Fleet mutiny 4769:Vasile Th. Cancicov, 4526:Suveică (2010), p. 34 4463:Brătianu, pp. 165–166 4445:Suveică (2010), p. 34 4328:Deletant, pp. 150–151 4238:Basciani, pp. 333–334 4229:Basciani, pp. 342–343 4178:Basciani, pp. 175–176 4066:Basciani, pp. 165–166 3922:Meltyukhov, pp. 79–81 3049:Suveică (2010), p. 65 2786:Meltyukhov, pp. 52–53 2642:Cancicov, pp. 273–274 2401:Soviet historiography 2261:pro-Soviet resistance 2176:Moldavian SSR Premier 2104:Ministry of Education 2081: 1882: 1786: 1725:International Red Aid 1587: 1562:Ukrainian nationalism 1439: 1288:Alexandru Marghiloman 1245: 1163:Cetatea Albă counties 1145:spread out along the 1143:Imperial Russian Army 1068:presidency went to a 890:Soviet historiography 817:Khotyns'ke povstannya 563:Vyoshenskaya Uprising 317:Casualties and losses 245:Col. Gheorghe Moruzzi 5637:Communism in Romania 5587:Massacres in Romania 5334:Tatarbunary Uprising 5319:Ținutul Sării revolt 5278:Republic of Ploiești 4775:Atelierele Universul 4756:Gheorghe I. Brătianu 4652:Șornikov, pp. 88, 89 4481:Stănescu, pp. 22, 25 4265:van Meurs, pp. 87–88 3823:Șornikov, pp. 82, 83 3166:Stănescu, pp. 22, 24 2579:Cazacu, pp. 186, 194 2373:Gheorghe I. Brătianu 2214:Bukovina Governorate 2206:Operation Barbarossa 2060:Assembly of Deputies 1635:Soviet–Ukrainian War 1548:Constantin Kirițescu 1412:Russian nationalists 1325:Podolian Governorate 1258:was occupied by the 1232:Bessarabian question 1070:Romanian nationalist 1001:Pruth River Campaign 987:, before becoming a 898:Ukrainian–Soviet War 792:Răscoala de la Hotin 660:Rostov–Novocherkassk 272:1st Cavalry Division 157:(logistical support) 35:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5662:Romanian war crimes 5622:Podolia Governorate 5452:2006 Ferentari riot 5436:1993 Hădăreni riots 5020:), 2012, pp. 27–49. 4887:, pp. 80–89. Iași: 4718:Șornikov, pp. 87–88 4427:Ghițiu, pp. 143–147 4382:Lavric, pp. 127–128 4310:Deletant, pp. 17–20 4039:Fostoy, pp. 595–596 4030:Șornikov, pp. 94–95 4021:Șornikov, pp. 93–94 3976:Șornikov, pp. 88–89 3967:Șornikov, pp. 87–88 3958:Șornikov, pp. 86–88 3841:Șornikov, pp. 85–86 3832:Șornikov, pp. 83–85 3598:Stănescu, pp. 24–25 3238:Stănescu, pp. 23–24 3157:Stănescu, pp. 23–24 3112:Stănescu, pp. 22–23 3022:Șornikov, pp. 80–81 2937:Iorga, pp. 108, 122 2795:Dubitska, pp. 67–69 2741:Vrabie, pp. 308–309 2696:Cazacu, pp. 307–309 2489:Brătianu, pp. 71–72 2434:45th Rifle Division 2263:was mounted by the 1885:Denikin's offensive 1857:Mykhailo Hrushevsky 1469:Old-Style Christmas 1378:Kamianets-Podilskyi 1336:Germany's armistice 1186:Nicolae Cernăuțeanu 1101:November Revolution 1082:February Revolution 1050:. Its assembly, or 868:deserters from the 806:Хотинське повстання 797:Revolta de la Hotin 623:Voronezh–Kastornoye 501:Allied intervention 88:Podolia Governorate 5414:June 1990 Mineriad 5160:Caiete Diplomatice 5112:Svetlana Suveică, 4948:Mikhail Meltyukhov 4824:Palgrave Macmillan 4741:Alberto Basciani, 4472:Iorga, pp. 149–150 4120:Gumenâi, pp. 84–89 4111:Gumenâi, pp. 84–86 2552:Coadă, pp. 243–244 2543:Coadă, pp. 214–217 2394:national communism 2321:Right-bank Ukraine 2312:Arcașii lui Ștefan 2180:Tihon Konstantinov 2084: 1889: 1883:The two stages of 1841:Christian Rakovsky 1797: 1741:Naval Intelligence 1717:Mikhail Meltyukhov 1654:Violent repression 1590: 1453: 1334:In November 1918, 1329:Oleksander Shulhyn 1248: 1208:union with Romania 1131:Ion I. C. Brătianu 1056:, overrepresented 568:Alexandrovsky Fort 518:Katerynoslav March 170:Kingdom of Romania 84:Kingdom of Romania 5617:History of Khotyn 5519: 5518: 5175:978-606-9047-00-2 5130:Archiva Moldaviae 5124:978-9975-51-070-7 5057:978-966-8225-60-4 4960:978-5-9533-5010-5 4943:978-973-32-1045-0 4897:978-973-46-7993-5 4811:978-9975-72-286-5 4751:978-88-548-1248-2 4643:Potylchak, p. 209 4562:Potylchak, p. 204 4499:Potylchak, p. 212 3895:Potylchak, p. 209 3805:Potylchak, p. 210 3796:Potylchak, p. 209 3679:Giurcă, pp. 15–17 3634:Meltyukhov, p. 66 3607:Potylchak, p. 209 3526:Giurcă, pp. 14–15 3499:Potylchak, p. 209 3463:Potylchak, p. 211 3409:Potylchak, p. 208 3319:Potylchak, p. 208 3229:Giurcă, pp. 17–18 3103:Giurcă, pp. 14–15 3058:Potylchak, p. 208 2995:Potylchak, p. 207 2986:Potylchak, p. 207 2857:Potylchak, p. 206 2839:Iorga, pp. 29, 43 2570:Ungureanu, p. 121 2462:Potylchak, p. 205 2417:Soviet propaganda 2250:Cernăuți counties 2188:1941 Constitution 2172:Chernivtsi Oblast 2151:. The passage of 2064:Daniel Ciugureanu 1992:Basmachi movement 1979:Russian Civil War 1802:Mohyliv-Podilskyi 1732:Gheorghe Eminescu 1705:Constantin Prezan 1628:Dmytro Doroshenko 1451:(1915 photograph) 1370:Mohyliv-Podilskyi 1354:Cleante Davidoglu 1296:square kilometers 1290:, agreed to sign 1218:". Following the 1074:Duchy of Bukovina 977:Hungarian Kingdom 917:Cleante Davidoglu 894:Russian Civil War 850:Chernivtsi Oblast 814: 777: 776: 732:Dagestan uprising 608:Advance on Moscow 548:Hryhoriv Uprising 523:Northern Caucasus 513:Voronezh–Povorino 346: 345: 247:Col. Carol Ressel 243:Gen. Mihai Schina 231:Cleante Davidoglu 221:Constantin Prezan 106: 105: 5674: 5502: 5374:Brașov Rebellion 5217: 5216: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5068:Jonathan Smele, 5025:Revista Istorică 4980:Revista Danubius 4935:Editura Militară 4789:Viața Romînească 4719: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4517:Stopchak, p. 346 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4454:Brătianu, p. 146 4452: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4301:Brătianu, p. 197 4299: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4169:Basciani, p. 182 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3859:Stopchak, p. 346 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3382:Stopchak, p. 348 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3130:van Meurs, p. 76 3128: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3013:Stopchak, p. 346 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2768:Cancicov, p. 436 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2714:Cancicov, p. 321 2712: 2706: 2705:Cancicov, p. 286 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2369:peasants' revolt 2353: 2339: 2153:antisemitic laws 2143:Western Moldavia 2131:Liberation Party 2123:Great Depression 1822:Polish Blue Army 1810:Grigory Kotovsky 1793:Grigory Kotovsky 1250:On March 3, the 1220:Eleven Days' War 1210:; nevertheless, 1190:Constantin Iurcu 1128:Romanian Premier 1117:Bessarabian Army 1058:Russian nobility 1035:Bessarabian Jews 1011:into a distinct 932:Grigory Kotovsky 842:Romanian Kingdom 819: 809: 807: 799: 737:Tambov Rebellion 727:Northern Taurida 712:Ulagay's Landing 558:Chapan rebellion 384: 372: 365: 358: 349: 348: 240: 181: 179: 178: 168: 167: 153: 152: 143: 142: 128: 123: 122: 60: 59: 49: 21: 20: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5597:Greater Romania 5557:Battles in 1919 5552:Peasant revolts 5537:1919 in Ukraine 5532:1919 in Romania 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5496: 5440: 5324:Bender Uprising 5314:Khotyn Uprising 5287: 5253:Săbăoani revolt 5240: 5234: 5211: 5209: 5179: 5144:Wim van Meurs, 5099:Magazin Istoric 5072:. Oxford etc.: 4881:Bogdan Murgescu 4816:Dennis Deletant 4801:Ludmila Coadă, 4727: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709:Șornikov, p. 79 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4679:Stănescu, p. 25 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625:Madgearu, p. 17 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544:Șornikov, p. 79 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436:Prodanyk, p. 44 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418:Prodanyk, p. 38 4417: 4413: 4409:Șevcenco, p. 58 4408: 4404: 4400:Șevcenco, p. 53 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292:Prodanyk, p. 28 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160:Stănescu, p. 23 4159: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057:Șornikov, p. 95 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012:Șornikov, p. 93 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877:Oliynyk, p. 136 3876: 3872: 3868:Oliynyk, p. 139 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814:Stănescu, p. 25 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688:Stănescu, p. 25 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670:Stănescu, p. 25 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589:Stănescu, p. 24 3588: 3584: 3580:Stănescu, p. 24 3579: 3575: 3571:Stănescu, p. 23 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517:Stănescu, p. 24 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490:Stănescu, p. 24 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445:Stănescu, p. 23 3444: 3440: 3436:Oliynyk, p. 135 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373:Oliynyk, p. 135 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337:Șornikov, p. 82 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274:Șornikov, p. 82 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247:Stănescu, p. 26 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094:Stănescu, p. 25 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031:Șornikov, p. 82 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534:Stănescu, p. 26 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2329: 2148:Ținutul Suceava 2112:Romanianization 2076: 2068:Romanian Police 1935:Bender Uprising 1928: 1909:Greater Romania 1905:Hungarian Front 1861:Dunaivtsi Raion 1781: 1779:Raid on Tighina 1776: 1656: 1434: 1389:Greater Ukraine 1256:Khotinsky Uyezd 1252:Treaty of Brest 1240: 1204:Otto Eichelmann 1200:10th Army Corps 1135:Moldavian Front 1078:Austria-Hungary 1047:Khotinsky Uyezd 1005:Khotyn Fortress 997:Imperial Russia 989:tributary state 969: 964: 950:. The emerging 936:Greater Romania 928:raid on Tighina 784:Khotyn Uprising 780: 779: 778: 773: 742:Perekop–Chonhar 717:Obytichnyi Spit 573:Bender Uprising 538:Khotyn Uprising 385: 381: 378: 376: 337: 330: 328: 324:50,000 expelled 323: 291: 283: 281: 279: 273: 248: 246: 244: 242: 236: 233: 228: 223: 208: 206: 204: 203:Leonid Y. Tokan 202: 200: 198: 196: 176: 174: 162: 147: 137: 130: 117: 94: 50: 24:Khotyn Uprising 17: 12: 11: 5: 5680: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5248:Bobâlna revolt 5244: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5227:civil disorder 5208: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5178: 5177: 5165:Diana Vrabie, 5163: 5156: 5142: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5103: 5094: 5087:Piotr Șornikov 5084: 5066: 5059: 5047:. Chernivtsi: 5041: 5028: 5021: 5008: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4966:Revista Crisia 4962: 4945: 4927: 4920: 4899: 4877: 4870: 4867:Analele Sighet 4863: 4852: 4841: 4834: 4813: 4799: 4778: 4767: 4753: 4739: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4661:Ghițiu, p. 141 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4274:Lavric, p. 129 4267: 4258: 4256:Lavric, p. 127 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4211:Fostoy, p. 566 4204: 4195: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3949:Popenko, p. 13 3942: 3940:Popenko, p. 11 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3508:Gumenâi, p. 82 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3391:Gumenâi, p. 81 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3328:Fostoy, p. 595 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3265:Fostoy, p. 595 3258: 3256:Gumenâi, p. 81 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3040:Gumenâi, p. 81 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2890: 2877: 2868: 2866:Cazacu, p. 331 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2819: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2750:Vrabie, p. 344 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2660:Gumenâi, p. 81 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2606:Cazacu, p. 250 2599: 2590: 2588:Fostoy, p. 594 2581: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2516:Gumenâi, p. 81 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2409:class conflict 2355: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2275:Nikita Salogor 2233:Einsatzgruppen 2075: 2072: 2003:Nikolai Bredov 1983:defeat at Orel 1927: 1921: 1869:Entente Powers 1826:Pavel Tcacenco 1787:The bridge at 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1693:Nicolae Petala 1685:state of siege 1655: 1652: 1573:), artillery ( 1461:Piotr Șornikov 1433: 1430: 1416:Volunteer Army 1404:Stara Ushytsia 1239: 1236: 1228:Central Powers 1167:White movement 1139:Central Powers 993:Ottoman Empire 968: 965: 963: 960: 940:Entente Powers 938:, seen by the 882:White Russians 872:and groups of 775: 774: 772: 771: 766: 760: 759: 755: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 693: 692: 687: 677: 672: 670:North Caucasus 667: 662: 656: 655: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 613:Nizhyn–Poltava 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 509: 508: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 407: 406: 402: 401: 395: 394: 390: 387: 386: 380:Southern Front 375: 374: 367: 360: 352: 344: 343: 332: 325: 319: 318: 314: 313: 308: 303: 299: 298: 294: 293: 286: 269: 265: 264: 263:Units involved 260: 259: 258:G. I. Mayevski 251: 226:Nicolae Petala 216: 201:Ivan F. Liskun 191: 190: 186: 185: 172: 160: 159: 158: 155:Volunteer Army 145: 113: 112: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 42: 41: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5679: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5154:0-88033-284-0 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5082:9780190233044 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4908:. Bucharest: 4907: 4903: 4902:Nicolae Iorga 4900: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4833: 4832:1-4039-9341-6 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4762:. Bucharest: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4676: 4670:Giurcă, p. 16 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4150: 4144: 4135: 4129:Iorga, p. 267 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3742:Moisa, p. 163 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3706:Giurcă, p. 16 3703: 3697:Giurcă, p. 16 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3661:Moisa, p. 162 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3562:Moisa, p. 162 3559: 3553:Moisa, p. 162 3550: 3541: 3535:Giurcă, p. 15 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3454:Giurcă, p. 16 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3346:Rotari, p. 60 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3301:Iorga, p. 150 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3220:Giurcă, p. 17 3217: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2910:Giurcă, p. 14 2907: 2900: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2678:Rotari, p. 53 2675: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2615:Rotari, p. 52 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2525:Giurcă, p. 18 2522: 2513: 2504: 2498:Cazacu, p. 78 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2387:Nicolae Iorga 2384: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2359: 2352: 2338: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:Sabin Manuilă 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210:Ion Antonescu 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:Moldavian SSR 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:anti-Romanian 2105: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2074:Later history 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050:Ahead of the 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:Nova Ushytsia 2005:to move into 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1968:Rostov-on-Don 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1953:Anton Denikin 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:Ukrainian SSR 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1697:Ion Antonescu 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1651: 1649: 1648:Free Cossacks 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:armored train 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Transnistrian 1455:According to 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:Hertsa region 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1268:Soroca County 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Soviet Russia 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1171:Soviet Russia 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Romanian Army 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1094:socialization 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 909:Romanian Army 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 812: 803: 798: 793: 789: 785: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 757: 756: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 653: 652: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 588:Mamontov Raid 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 506: 505: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 456:Transcaucasia 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 404: 403: 400: 397: 396: 392: 391: 388: 383: 373: 368: 366: 361: 359: 354: 353: 350: 341: 340:Free Cossacks 336: 333: 326: 321: 320: 315: 312: 309: 307: 304: 301: 300: 295: 290: 287: 284: 277: 270: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 252: 249: 241: 239: 232: 227: 222: 217: 214: 213: 209: 197:Georgy Muller 193: 192: 187: 184: 173: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 135: 134: 133: 132:Supported by: 127: 121: 115: 114: 109: 101: 98: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 54: 48: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 5445:21st century 5313: 5292:20th century 5241:20th century 5166: 5159: 5145: 5138: 5129: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5090: 5069: 5062: 5044: 5037: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5011: 4996: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4951: 4930: 4923: 4905: 4884: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4819: 4802: 4784: 4781:Petru Cazacu 4770: 4759: 4742: 4735: 4732:Viorel Achim 4714: 4705: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4188: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4148: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3625:Smele, p. 97 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3418:Smele, p. 97 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2947: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2814: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2687:Iorga, p. 28 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2425:Naum Nartsov 2422: 2399: 2391: 2376: 2366: 2310: 2309:. The group 2307:Khotyn Raion 2264: 2258: 2231: 2228:Nazi Germany 2221: 2203: 2192: 2161: 2146: 2120: 2097: 2088:Soviet Union 2085: 2049: 2024: 2018: 2000: 1972: 1961: 1940: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1913: 1890: 1865: 1830: 1806: 1798: 1757: 1745: 1729: 1713: 1701: 1690: 1657: 1632: 1616: 1605: 1591: 1567:Khotyn Raion 1558: 1551: 1540: 1520: 1484: 1477: 1454: 1447:, seen from 1419: 1397: 1382: 1362: 1357: 1340: 1333: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1285: 1255: 1249: 1211: 1195:Sfatul Țării 1193: 1175: 1121: 1098: 1065: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1012: 1009:Hotin County 970: 952:Soviet Union 921: 902: 858:Hotin County 783: 781: 675:Novorossiysk 537: 436:Steppe March 335:unknown dead 334: 322:≈11,000 dead 310: 305: 288: 271: 268:≈3 regiments 253: 237: 218: 210: 194: 131: 116: 111:Belligerents 76:Hotin County 29:Part of the 5497: [ 5036:]", in 5016:, Vol. 19 ( 5013:Litopys UPA 5007:etc., 2009. 2830:. pp. 40–41 2817:. pp. 40–41 2413:reactionary 2405:Moldovenist 2195:Great Purge 2116:Gendarmerie 2011:Polish Army 1536:Călărășeuca 1528:Noua Suliță 1385:Directorate 1147:Siret River 1109:Ion Inculeț 967:Before 1918 638:3rd Kharkiv 628:Khopyor–Don 603:Perehonivka 583:2nd Kharkiv 399:1st Kharkiv 331:117 missing 289:none active 5547:1919 riots 5526:Categories 5239:Before the 4822:. London: 4725:References 4688:Șornikov, 2045:sugar mill 2041:Stălinești 1923:VSYuR and 1752:bayonetted 1721:immolation 1639:Royal Navy 1624:Chernivtsi 1346:Fifth Army 1272:Ion Nistor 1151:Bolsheviks 962:Background 878:Bolsheviks 826:Bessarabia 747:2nd Crimea 680:Azerbaijan 648:2nd Donbas 618:Orel–Kursk 543:1st Donbas 451:1st Crimea 446:March Days 421:Donbas-Don 329:93 wounded 195:G. Bărbuță 80:Bessarabia 5399:Mineriads 5076:, 2016. 5051:, 2017. 4937:, 2017. 4918:493897808 4912:, 1930. 4891:, 2019. 4826:, 2006. 4190:Dimineața 2440:Siguranța 2303:Zarozhany 1996:Turkestan 1941:Polkovnik 1845:Bucharest 1748:open city 1736:signalman 1677:Cliscăuți 1661:Nahoriany 1607:Haidamaka 1553:Siguranța 1532:Volcineți 1524:Nedăbăuți 1504:Naslavcea 1496:Arionești 1459:academic 1432:Unfolding 1421:Polkovnik 1400:Moldovans 1374:Bucharest 1315:Hetmanate 1023:Ruthenian 958:in 1940. 874:Moldovans 840:into the 822:Ukrainian 811:romanized 802:Ukrainian 476:Tsaritsyn 431:Ice March 212:Polkovnik 199:Filipchuk 5389:Golaniad 5223:protests 4858:(eds.), 4847:(eds.), 4797:10132102 4787:. Iași: 2293:outside 2266:Komsomol 2254:Pokuttya 2029:Dăncăuți 2025:Zakordot 2020:Zakordot 1925:Zakordot 1895:, under 1893:Red Army 1849:Husiatyn 1774:Revivals 1643:Cossacks 1613:red flag 1579:Dăncăuți 1516:Secureni 1508:Pocrovca 1445:Dniester 1441:Zhvanets 1426:Tiraspol 1408:Zhvanets 1358:Starosta 1350:Redcoats 1320:Starosta 1281:Dniester 1222:against 1031:Romanian 983:, which 924:Red Army 905:Dniester 896:and the 830:Bukovina 820:) was a 788:Romanian 707:Lankaran 643:4th Kiev 598:3rd Kiev 553:Binagadi 533:2nd Kiev 496:Dibrivka 481:Kurdamir 441:Iași–Don 426:1st Kiev 416:Shamkhor 342:captured 327:159 dead 297:Strength 278:Regiment 276:Redcoats 207:I. Siyak 71:Location 5231:Romania 4889:Polirom 4777:, 1921. 4766:, 1943. 2950:, p. 41 2946:Rusnak 2888:, p. 41 2884:Rusnak 2826:Rusnak 2813:Rusnak 2295:Tîrnova 2283:Medveja 2242:Lipovan 2100:prefect 2092:Craiova 1818:Tighina 1795:'s raid 1789:Tighina 1500:Codreni 1366:Lipcani 1341:Zemstvo 1308:Zemstvo 1176:In the 1090:soviets 1066:Zemstvo 1053:Zemstvo 991:of the 866:Cossack 854:Ukraine 834:Podolia 813:: 769:Georgia 722:Armenia 697:Ochakov 528:Ukraine 466:Goychay 311:unknown 306:unknown 302:30,000+ 238:† 215:Zhurari 5173: 5152: 5122: 5080: 5055: 4958: 4941: 4916: 4895: 4856:et al. 4845:et al. 4830: 4809: 4795: 4749: 4690:passim 4149:Opinia 2948:et al. 2899:et al. 2886:et al. 2828:et al. 2815:et al. 2358:Soroca 2327:Legacy 2299:Ocnița 2157:Zelena 2037:Rașcov 2033:Poiana 1945:Comrat 1873:Odessa 1761:rabbis 1681:Rașcov 1665:Kozliv 1618:Ataman 1598:Odessa 1575:Anadol 1571:Rucșin 1544:rubles 1510:, and 1492:Soroca 1488:Atachi 1449:Atachi 1264:Ocnița 1226:, the 1216:Ismail 1212:Sfatul 1188:, and 846:Khotyn 702:Anzali 690:Sarvan 685:Yalama 411:Mughan 255:Ataman 180: 99:Result 53:Khotyn 37:; the 33:; the 5501:] 5219:Riots 5091:Rusyn 4791:, . 2451:Notes 1933:(see 1673:Bălți 1669:Bacău 1277:Otaci 1044:, as 764:Anapa 665:Odesa 578:Odesa 486:Livny 471:Sochi 461:Kuban 229:Gen. 224:Gen. 219:Gen. 5225:and 5171:ISBN 5150:ISBN 5120:ISBN 5078:ISBN 5053:ISBN 4956:ISBN 4939:ISBN 4914:OCLC 4893:ISBN 4828:ISBN 4807:ISBN 4793:OCLC 4747:ISBN 2403:and 2297:and 2199:NKVD 2035:and 1891:The 1765:King 1683:. A 1663:and 1512:Rudi 1169:and 1014:raya 880:and 832:and 782:The 758:1921 654:1920 507:1919 491:Baku 405:1918 393:1917 274:3rd 63:Date 5229:in 5033:sic 2378:sic 1994:in 794:or 338:16 5528:: 5499:ro 5221:, 5003:, 4950:, 4904:, 4818:, 4783:, 4758:, 2323:. 2190:. 2178:, 2159:. 2118:. 2047:. 2031:, 1998:. 1828:. 1707:, 1506:, 1502:, 1498:, 1428:. 1418:, 1356:. 1184:, 995:. 900:. 852:, 808:, 804:: 800:; 790:: 90:, 86:; 82:, 78:, 5204:e 5197:t 5190:v 1937:) 786:( 371:e 364:t 357:v

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Index