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2622:, and with its army controlling the majority of the disputed territories, were willing to negotiate. The Soviets made two offers: one on 21 September and the other on 28 September. The Polish delegation made a counteroffer on 2 October. On the 5th, the Soviets offered amendments to the Polish offer, which Poland accepted. The Preliminary Treaty of Peace and Armistice Conditions between Poland on one side and Soviet Ukraine and Soviet Russia on the other was signed on 12 October, and the armistice went into effect on 18 October. Ratifications were exchanged at
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2193:, then replaced the UPR. Skoropadsky annulled the previous legal status and all laws of the UPR. Under his government, new banks, government departments and a standing army were all created, and the Ukrainian language was introduced into schools. The Central Rada politicians refused to cooperate with Skoropadsky, and he was unpopular with the workers, who felt suppressed by the actions of his regime. A body known as the
473:
809:
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The war resulted in the absorption of
Ukrainian populations into the newly created Soviet Union and the Second Polish Republic. Soviet historical tradition viewed the Bolshevik victory as the liberation of Ukraine from occupation by the armies of Western and Central Europe, including that of Poland.
2629:
Meanwhile, Petliura's
Ukrainian forces, which now numbered 23,000 soldiers and controlled territories immediately to the east of Poland, planned an offensive in Ukraine for 11 November but were attacked by the Bolsheviks on 10 November. By 21 November, after several battles, they were driven into
2417:
to evacuate Odessa within 72 hours. Similarly, on 30 April, the French evacuated
Sevastopol. According to Kenez, "The French withdrew not in order to avoid defeat, but in order to avoid fighting. They had no plans for evacuation. The French left behind enormous stores of military material. They
3451:
2453:. According to Chamberlin, April was the greatest Soviet military success in Ukraine, "The Soviet regime was now at least nominally installed all over Ukraina, with the exception of the portion of the Donetz Basin which was held by Denikin." Yet in May, the Soviets had to deal with the
1671:, declaring Ukrainian autonomy on 23 June 1917 (stating that "Ukraine should have the right to order their own lives in their own land”), issuing recognition agreements between the Central Rada and the Provisional Government in Petrograd on 16 July, and announcing the creation of the
3848:[The vastly disproportionate number of Ukrainian victims raises the question whether the Soviet leadership was targeting not just the peasants in general with the famine it caused, but specifically the Ukrainian peasants and thereby the foundations of the Ukrainian nation.]
3845:
Der weit überproportionale Anteil an ukrainischen Opfern wirft die Frage auf, ob die sowjetische Führung mit der von ihr herbeigeführten
Hungersnot nicht nur allgemein die Bauern, sondern spezifisch die ukrainischen Bauern und damit die Basis der ukrainischen Nation treffen
2133:
was signed on 9 February. In return for much needed food supplies and agricultural products, Germany and
Austria promised to provide the UPR with military assistance against the Bolsheviks. The Allied Powers reacted against the treaty and suspended relations with the UPR.
168:
2235:
captured Kyiv after a two-week siege. Skoropadskyi chose to abdicate, fleeing to
Germany, and his government surrendered to the Directorate the next day. On 14 December, the Directory's troops entered the city, taking over the institutions introduced by the Hetmanate.
1628:
as its leader. Hrushevsky believed that the time had come for greater
Ukrainian autonomy within Russia. That month, 100,000 supporters went on the streets of Kyiv in support of the Central Rada. The new government, which claimed jurisdiction over five Ukrainian
2158:
in April 1918. Crimea, although occupied by the
Germans, was not annexed by the UPR. Despite these victories, civil disturbances continued throughout Ukraine, where local communists, peasant self-defence groups, and insurgents refused to submit to the Germans.
2128:
On 12 January the
Central Powers, recognized the UPR delegation. Independence of the UPR was proclaimed in the Fourth Universal on 25 January 1918. On 1 February the plenary session was attended by the Kharkiv ‘Soviet Ukrainian government. The
2600:, took advantage of the situation and started a new offensive in southern Ukraine. Under the combined circumstances of their military defeat in Poland, the renewed White offensive, and disastrous economic conditions throughout the
2200:
After the defeat of
Germany on the Western Front in November 1918, most of the German troops stationed Ukraine had no wish to remain there in support of the Hetmanate, Skoropadskyi, in an effort to appease the Allies, signed the
2007:
region from Ukraine. In January, the Bolsheviks moved through Ukraine, with the aim of taking Kyiv, and the Central Rada began to lose control of the urban centres as the workers' support for the Bolsheviks increased. The
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2223:
Skoropadskyi declared martial law, and mobilised his troops to quell the rebellion. The Directorate army initially succeeded in securing most of Ukraine, but were then decisively defeated by remaining German forces. The
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with the Central Powers, which formally ended hostilities on the Eastern Front. Russia agreed to recognize the previous UPR treaty, to sign a peace treaty with Ukraine, and to define the Russian/Ukrainian border.
2571:
to capture central and southern Ukraine from Bolshevik control. Initially successful, the offensive reached Kyiv on 7 May 1920. However, the Polish-Ukrainian campaign ended in total failure: in late May, the
4108:
2723:" which strove for Ukrainian independence. It lasted from 1919 to 1922, making it the last territory held by armed supporters of an independent Ukrainian state before the incorporation of Ukraine into the
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1554:
1979:
The Central Rada's authority didn't extend beyond the urban centres, and following the proclamations, it was faced with external attacks and an internal workers' uprising. The Central Rada
1772:
2207:
4083:, comprising 263 photographs mounted on 48 pages, is a photo-documentary of the German occupation and their military advances through southern Ukraine in the spring and summer of 1918.
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continued to maintain control over some of its military forces; in October 1921, it launched a series of guerrilla raids into central Ukraine that reached as far east as the modern
4408:
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2314:(WUNR) in Eastern Galicia, which wished to unite with the UPR; while the Poles of Eastern Galicia—who were mainly concentrated in Lviv—gave their allegiance to the newly formed
2959:
Austria-Hungary and the UPR secretly agreed to unify areas of eastern Galicia and Bukovyna where the Ukrainians predominated. But in July 1918 Austria annulled this agreement.
2146:, which resulted in the Bolshevik forces being driven out of Ukraine. Kyiv was taken on 1 March by a force of 450,000 German troops. Two days later the Bolsheviks signed the
4094:
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2665:—the western part of Ukraine—while Poland recognized the larger central parts of Ukrainian territory, as well as eastern and southern areas, as part of Soviet Ukraine.
2499:
By winter, the tide of war reversed decisively, and by 1920 all of Eastern and central Ukraine except Crimea was again in Bolshevik hands. The Bolsheviks also defeated
4393:
2318:. Both sides became increasingly hostile with each other. On 22 January 1919, the Western Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic signed an
2202:
2759:(USSR) as a federation of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Transcaucasia. The Ukrainian Soviet government was nearly powerless in the face of a centralized monolith
1950:
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Soon after the Battle of Warsaw the Bolsheviks sued for peace with the Poles. The Poles, exhausted and constantly pressured by the Western governments and the
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2051:, a Bolshevik-organized workers' armed revolt that started on January 29—Kyiv was captured by the Bolsheviks on 9 February, following their victory in the
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to fight the Red Army together. Just like the former alliance with Germany, this move partially sacrificed Ukrainian sovereignty: Petliura recognised the
4801:
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2901:, became widely popular in Ukraine at the time. Because of their patriotic content, they were banned by the Soviets during much of the 20th century.
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1852:
1609:, arresting them and their families. The region was cleared of Russophiles when Austria recaptured Galicia from the Russians later in the war.
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Simultaneously, the collapse of the Central Powers affected Galicia, which was populated by Ukrainians and Poles. The Ukrainians proclaimed a
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On 13 March, Ukrainian troops and the Austro-Hungarian Army secured Odesa. The Ukrainian People's Army took control of the Donets Basin, and
3750:
96:
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4754:
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2798:, but it was not affected by famine. In the late 1930s the internal borders of the Ukrainian SSR were redrawn with no significant changes.
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afflicted the Soviet Union and claimed several million lives; the famine disproportionally affected Ukraine in what is known as the
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had consolidated power in the Soviet Union. Thus a campaign of cultural repression started, cresting in the 1930s when a massive
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embarked on an ambitious scheme without clear goals, without an understanding of the consequences and with insufficient forces."
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and seized a cache of military supplies, but on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed.
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fell to the West Ukrainians, but after it was retaken three weeks later by the Polish forces, the WUPR government moved to
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units either allied with the Bolsheviks or joined the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A notable exception was the
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between the USSR and Nazi Germany in August 1939, in which the Red Army allied with Nazi Germany to invade Poland and
2421:
A new, swift Bolshevik offensive overran most of Eastern and central Ukraine in early 1919. Kyiv—under the control of
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of the WUNR was defeated by Polish forces in the Polish–Ukrainian War and Eastern Galicia was annexed to Poland; the
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by the Ukrainian People's Republic against the Bolsheviks. The conflict can be viewed within the framework of the
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on 3 December 1917, the Central Rada expressed its desire for peace, and on 28 December an armistice was signed.
1867:
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described as "no war no peace"—and invaded Ukraine and other countries of Eastern Europe that were formed under
1605:, and newspapers and cultural organisations were shut down by the authorities. The Austrians in turn persecuted
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continued to fight for the Russians, but were keen to return home, following promises by the Central Rada that
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and conquered Ukraine completely within the first year of the conflict. Following the Soviet victory on the
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Having secured peace on the Western front, the Bolsheviks immediately moved to crush the remnants of the
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The war was fought between different governmental, political and military forces. Belligerents included
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1648:. As it became clearer that such promises were never going to be fulfilled, many began to support the
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2012:, which was created on 18 January, was one of a number of temporary bodies formed by the Bolsheviks.
1996:
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1203:
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197:
3373:]. Vol. 1. Kyiv: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of History of Ukraine.
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or state apparatus, and it had to appeal to the population to mobilise. In late December 1917 the
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3482:[The Directorate's Anti-Hetman Uprising: Opposition movement or anti-state uprising?].
3430:[The coup of 29 April 1918: reasons and course of P. Skoropadskyi's seizure of power].
2925:
2720:
2689:
2650:
2634:
2613:
2537:
2426:
2315:
2220:, rose up against Skoropadsky, followed by an uprising on 16 November 1918 by the Directorate.
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2009:
1637:. Ukrainians from Moscow and Petrograd returned to Kyiv to aid the work of the new government.
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364:
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3191:. Translated by Fagan, Gus. Edmonton; Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press.
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4265:
3428:"Державний переворот 29 квітня 1918 р.: причини та перебіг захоплення влади П.Скороспадським"
2920:
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This article is about the 1917 to 1921 conflict. For the conflict during 2014–present, see
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During the First World War, Ukraine was in the front lines of two of the main combatants,
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The Emergence of Ukraine: Self-determination, Occupation, and War in Ukraine, 1917–1922
2897:" ("Look, a village at the foot of the mountain") that were adapted or wriiten for the
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2433:
again on 5 February, and the exiled Soviet Ukrainian government was re-instated as the
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3511:[Uprising against hetman Skoropadskyi: The Directory won, but Ukraine lost].
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3192:
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3098:
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3000:
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On 28 April, the Central Rada was disbanded by the Germans, and the following day, a
2171:
1967:
1962:
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5190:
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4731:
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4493:
3822:
3509:"Повстання проти гетьмана Скоропадського: Директорія виграла, але Україна втратила"
2873:
2752:
2712:
2653:. According to this treaty, the Bolsheviks recognized Polish control over Galicia (
2458:
2087:
1933:
1879:
1682:
1310:
1119:
1109:
1008:
975:
955:
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in 1917; Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers swearing an oath in 1919; Anarchist
5225:
5076:
4626:
4503:
4160:
3949:
3925:. Stamford, Connecticut: The Ukrainian Museum and Library of Stamford. p. 13
3541:
3480:"Антигетьманське повстання Директорії: опозиційний рух чи заколот проти держави?"
3340:
2910:
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The Central Rada was supported by Ukrainian officers and their men. Those at the
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Almost immediately after the defeat of Germany, Lenin's government annulled the
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3398:[100th anniversary of the Hetman coup: how Skoropadsky came to power].
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2764:
2704:
2685:
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2441:(UPR) was forced to retreat into Eastern Galicia along the Polish border, from
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The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War
1991:—initially also called the Ukrainian People's Republic—in the eastern city of
1500:
between 1919 and 1920. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the
1488:
in Ukraine, lasted from March 1917 to November 1921 and was part of the wider
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Unequal Brothers: Russians and Ukrainians from the Middle Ages to the Present
3400:
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2500:
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2212:, which stipulated that Ukraine would be part of a future federal Russia. An
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Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
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1999:
had established his headquarters. Their intention was initially to cut off
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which pushed the Polish army almost completely out of Ukraine, except for
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3753:[Knives were consecrated at the commemoration of the chieftain].
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on 2 November 1920. Long negotiations of the final peace treaty ensued.
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4352:
4001:[August 31, 1919: How Galicians and Denikians liberated Kiev].
3892:
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Ungleiche Brüder: Russen und Ukrainer vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart
3396:"100-ліття гетьманського перевороту: як Скоропадський прийшов до влади"
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Again facing imminent defeat, the UPR turned to its former adversary,
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in Galicia. In yet another reversal, in August 1920 the Red Army was
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2028:
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Immediately after the alliance was signed, Polish forces joined the
1660:, disarming deserting Russian soldiers and officers. In the eastern
31:
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from 1944 to 1945—was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR, as were
2697:
2677:
2604:—these together forced the Bolsheviks to seek a truce with Poland.
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there were frequent strikes by Bolshevik-infiltrated trade unions.
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276:
215:
2484:, "Denikin's advance in the Ukraine was most spectacular. He took
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started, when fighting broke out between Ukrainian forces and the
860:
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In 1922 the commitments made by the Central Powers were annulled.
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2020:
1992:
1055:
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211:
4029:"The French army and intervention in Southern Russia, 1918–1919"
3999:"31 серпня 1919 року. Як галичани з денікінцями Київ звільняли"
3707:
2850:
2688:
in November 1920. After its military and political defeat, the
2287:. As both the Ukrainians and the Poles claimed the region, the
2024:
3650:
Red Advance, White Defeat: Civil War in South Russia 1919–1920
3371:
Essays on the History of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921
2307:. In January 1919, the two Ukrainian states decided to merge.
4893:
2801:
The political status of Ukraine remained unchanged until the
2553:
2489:
2450:
2388:
2036:
1492:. It saw the establishment and development of an independent
2649:. This effectively ended Poland's alliance obligations with
3181:
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In 1922, the Russian Civil War was coming to an end in the
2585:
2493:
2296:
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1617:
808:
223:
3091:
Borderland : A Journey Through the History of Ukraine
2849:. The final expansion of Ukraine took place in 1954, when
2271:
In October 1918 Ukrainians announced the formation of the
244:(4 years, 8 months, 1 week and 3 days)
3537:"Pavlo Skoropadskyi – Hetman of the Ukrainian State 1918"
2891:" ("Oh, the guilder rose in the meadow, bent down") and "
3589:
3587:
1534:
forces. They struggled for control of Ukraine after the
3951:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
3833:] (in German). München: C.H.Beck oHG. p. 168.
3652:. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing. p. 39.
3472:
2807:
incorporate Volhynia and Galicia into the Ukrainian SSR
2771:
initially enjoyed a titular nation position during the
2696:. On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured
2556:
and agreed to Ukraine's role in Piłsudski's dream of a
1616:
in March 1917, political and cultural organisations in
4079:(The advances of Flight Squadron 27 in Ukraine). This
4073:
Der Vormarsch der Flieger Abteilung 27 in der Ukraine
4053:"The beginning of the Civil War and war intervention"
3584:
3282:"The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18"
2796:
very little autonomy, both politically and culturally
2142:
The German and Austro-Hungarian armies then launched
1276:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
4590:
3677:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 209–219.
3529:
3366:Нариси історії української революції 1917–1921 років
3328:
2162:
1712:
3599:
2794:. The Polish-controlled part of Ukraine, there was
2239:
1678:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3156:
3150:
3148:
1577:of 1917–1922, as well as the closing stage of the
3791:
3563:
3275:
3273:
3271:
1633:, was recognised as the government of Ukraine in
1565:Modern Ukrainian historians consider it a failed
5303:
3852:
3779:"Gerashchenko offers a National Park "Cold Yar""
3218:. London; New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
3163:. Vol. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company.
2137:
3666:
3416:
3145:
2892:
421:
222:command in Berdiansk in 1919; Polish troops in
3387:
3268:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
2197:was formed to overthrow Skoropadsky's regime.
469:
376:
16:Eastern European military conflict (1917–1921)
4576:
4102:
3907:
3743:
3675:The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921, Volume Two
3643:
3641:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2333:
1698:
1459:
3771:
2982:
2607:
2506:
1924:Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army
4118:Modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution
4035:(in French). Editions Ehess. Archived from
3422:
3356:
3205:
3154:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
2330:of 1919 granted Eastern Galicia to Poland.
2181:against the UPR government was staged. The
4583:
4569:
4540:Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia
4109:
4095:
3880:
3727:
3672:
3638:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3175:
3111:
3013:
2580:staged a large counter-offensive south of
2375:The defeat of Germany had also opened the
2117:Following Bolshevik negotiations with the
1705:
1691:
1466:
1452:
3916:"Songs of Ukrainian World War I Soldiers"
3626:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
3572:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
3500:
3393:
3316:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
3301:
3279:
3256:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
3133:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
3055:The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine
1624:, and in April the 900 delegates elected
489:
340:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
5437:20th-century military history of Ukraine
5422:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
3913:
3821:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3071:
2988:
2516:
2366:
2275:(WUPR) from the Austrian territories of
2243:
2218:Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party
2166:
2101:
509:
355:
4844:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
4787:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
4130:Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)
3751:"На вшануванні отамана освячували ножі"
3721:
3232:
3211:
2941:Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic
2809:. In June 1941, Germany and its allies
1919:Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army
841:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
5304:
4899:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
4448:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
4307:Central Executive Committee of Ukraine
4210:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
3693:Entry at Internetowa encyklopedia PWN.
3593:
3564:Balan, B.; Shulhyn, O.; Zhukovsky, A.
3454:[Anti-Hetman Uprising, 1918].
3362:
3052:
2680:overran Crimea. Wrangel evacuated the
2651:Petliura's Ukrainian People's Republic
2156:Crimea was cleared of Bolshevik forces
2097:
1496:, most of which was absorbed into the
1286:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
391:
4564:
4090:
3799:"Russian-Ukrainian war never stopped"
3647:
3620:"Struggle for Independence (1917–20)"
3617:
3557:
3506:
3438:
3307:
3182:Dornik, Wolfram; et al. (2015).
3127:"Struggle for Independence (1917–20)"
3124:
2936:Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet
2461:and the advance of Denikin's forces.
1686:
1521:forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary
406:
4727:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
3914:Wolynetz, Lubow (25 November 2018).
3605:
3247:
3088:
2841:between 1939 and 1944, and again of
2755:, and the Communists proclaimed the
1601:activists in Russia were treated as
275:Most of Ukraine is conquered by the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
5322:Aftermath of World War I in Ukraine
4690:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
4220:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
3611:
3394:Shurkhalo, Dmytro (29 April 2018).
3155:Chamberlin, William Henry (1935a).
2825:greatly contributed, the region of
2757:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2741:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2729:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2435:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2312:Western Ukrainian People's Republic
2273:Western Ukrainian People's Republic
2259:depicted during the Siege of Lwów (
1498:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
279:, resulting in the creation of the
13:
4812:Council of the People's Commissars
4240:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
4235:Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
3941:
3807:. 12 December 2014. Archived from
3280:Tynchenko, Yaros (23 March 2018).
2995:(3rd ed.). Toronto; Buffalo:
2867:
2106:The north-western boundary of the
2055:. The Rada ministers retreated to
1989:Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
1981:lacked a disciplined standing army
1675:(UPR) was created on 20 November.
14:
5448:
5402:Russia–Ukraine military relations
4545:All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets
4360:Ukrainian Social Democratic Party
4225:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
4020:
3861:Mikhail Bulgakov: The White Guard
3624:Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
3570:Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
3452:"Протигетьманське Повстання 1918"
3449:
3336:"Germany Takes Control of Crimea"
3314:Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
3254:Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
3159:The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921
3131:Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
2857:from Russia with the approval of
2672:. After a final offensive on the
2526:parade celebrating recent victory
2385:mixed forces under French command
2253:Eaglets – Defense of the Cemetery
2163:Hetmanate (April – November 1918)
1667:The Central Rada proclaimed four
1306:Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine
5332:Ukraine in the Russian Civil War
4822:Military Revolutionary Committee
4256:West Ukrainian People's Republic
3787:(in Ukrainian). 19 October 2016.
3691:[Polish-Bolshevik War].
3250:"Brest-Litovsk, Peace Treaty of"
2882:, which was serialised in 1925.
2524:saluting the Polish Army in the
2383:, and in mid-December 1918 some
2240:West Ukrainian People's Republic
2226:Siege Corps of the Sich Riflemen
2082:, who marched his troops across
1679:Outbreak of fighting (1917–1918)
1435:
1236:West Ukrainian People's Republic
1181:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
927:
884:
872:
859:
847:
833:
822:
807:
796:
772:
760:
738:
724:
712:
699:
682:
669:
657:
645:
633:
620:
601:
589:
577:
564:
551:
525:
511:
491:
471:
457:
441:
423:
408:
393:
378:
357:
342:
331:West Ukrainian People's Republic
323:
310:
196:
187:
176:
167:
30:
5417:Poland in the Russian Civil War
5317:Ukrainian independence movement
4717:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
4536:All-Ukrainian National Congress
3976:Ukraine: An Illustrated History
3815:
3715:League of Nations Treaty Series
3514:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3457:Institute of History of Ukraine
3310:"Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21"
2962:
2560:in Central and Eastern Europe.
2415:Philippe Henri Joseph d'Anselme
2086:to the Don to join forces with
2047:on 30 January—but aided by the
242:7 March 1917 – 17 November 1921
65:"Ukrainian War of Independence"
41:needs additional citations for
5327:History of Ukraine (1918–1991)
5251:German Revolution of 1918–1919
4792:Russian Provisional Government
4409:Polish Democratic Center Party
4007:(in Ukrainian). 31 August 2012
3981:University of Washington Press
2953:
2322:in Kyiv. By October 1919, the
2043:on 4 February. Slowed by the
1541:The war ensued soon after the
1106:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1061:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1:
5312:Ukrainian War of Independence
4916:Socialist Revolutionary Party
4663:Ukrainian War of Independence
4424:Socialist Revolutionary Party
3759:(in Ukrainian). 21 April 2010
2975:
2630:Polish-controlled territory.
2138:Expulsion of Bolshevik forces
2131:first Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2112:first Treaty of Brest Litovsk
2049:Kiev Arsenal January Uprising
1894:Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt
1584:
1480:Ukrainian War of Independence
1226:Ukrainian War of Independence
133:Ukrainian War of Independence
4827:Russian Constituent Assembly
4722:Red Army invasion of Georgia
4707:Estonian War of Independence
4371:Soviet of Peasants Deputies
4322:Ukrainian Socialist Parties
3739:. pp. 831–833, 872–874.
3717:, vol. 4, pp. 8–45
3673:Chamberlin, William (1935).
3363:Smoliy, Valery, ed. (2011).
2734:
2554:Polish annexation of Galicia
2550:military agreement in Warsaw
2470:Armed Forces of South Russia
2371:French troops in Odesa, 1919
2293:Polish Military Organisation
2017:Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov
1545:, when the Bolshevik leader
1221:Ukraine after the Revolution
216:District Executive Committee
7:
5342:Ukrainian People's Republic
5271:Workers' Councils in Poland
4869:Ukrainian People's Republic
4712:Latvian War of Independence
4382:Soviet of Soldiers Deputies
4194:Crimean Regional Government
4166:Ukrainian People's Republic
4156:Ukrainian People's Republic
3948:Courtois, Stéphane (1999).
3737:University of Toronto Press
3488:(in Ukrainian). 16 May 2023
2997:University of Toronto Press
2904:
2592:and forced to retreat. The
2439:Ukrainian People's Republic
2216:on 14 November, led by the
1746:Central Powers intervention
1673:Ukrainian People's Republic
1652:. In the south of Ukraine,
1646:land would be redistributed
1361:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1321:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
1231:Ukrainian People's Republic
946:Trypillian–Cucuteni culture
318:Ukrainian People's Republic
210:): Members of the Yuzovka (
10:
5453:
5291:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
4933:General Jewish Labour Bund
4802:Pro-independence movements
4420:Russian Socialist Parties
4379:Soviet of Workers Deputies
4287:Central Council of Ukraine
3689:"Wojna polsko-bolszewicka"
3432:Ukrainian Historic Journal
2744:
2738:
2611:
2510:
2337:
2334:Resumed hostilities (1919)
1985:Communist Party of Ukraine
1482:, also referred to as the
1296:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
1266:Communist Party of Ukraine
1216:Ukraine during World War I
18:
5337:Modern history of Ukraine
5261:Hungarian Soviet Republic
5238:
5176:
5138:
5105:
5037:
4994:
4966:
4948:
4941:
4879:
4779:
4650:
4637:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
4609:
4602:
4550:Labor Congress of Ukraine
4532:
4456:
4405:Polish Socialist Parties
4385:Jewish Socialist Parties
4374:Ukrainian Peasant Society
4315:
4279:
4248:
4215:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
4202:
4189:Crimean People's Republic
4181:
4149:Ukrainian national states
4148:
4125:
3973:Magocsi, Paul R. (2007).
3731:, ed. (1963). "Ukraine".
3212:Luckett, Richard (1987).
2894:Hei vydno selo pid horoyu
2888:Oi u luzi chervona kalyna
2872:The war was portrayed in
2658:
2608:End of hostilities (1921)
2507:Polish involvement (1920)
2480:on 30 June. According to
2404:
1997:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
1726:
1211:Modern history of Ukraine
787:
541:
300:
234:
161:
137:
132:
5256:Bavarian Soviet Republic
5246:Revolutions of 1917–1923
3956:Harvard University Press
3735:. Vol. I. Toronto:
2989:Subtelny, Orest (2000).
2946:
2916:Ukrainian Death Triangle
2847:parts of interwar Poland
2811:invaded the Soviet Union
2411:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey
2344:Ukrainian Death Triangle
2295:. On 1 November, Polish
2059:. Muravyov then engaged
2015:Bolshevik forces led by
1929:Great Siberian Ice March
1076:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1071:Principality of Moldavia
4673:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
4365:Ukrainian Radical Party
4271:Kuban People's Republic
4182:Crimean national states
4135:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3053:Plokhy, Serhii (2016).
2899:Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
2803:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2354:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2324:Ukrainian Galician Army
2303:and soon afterwards to
2148:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1620:created a council, the
1508:between 1922 and 1991.
1281:Ukraine in World War II
813:Ukrainian Galician Army
802:Ukrainian People's Army
208:clockwise from top left
5412:Wars involving Germany
5397:Russian–Ukrainian wars
5286:Slovak Soviet Republic
5266:Hungarian–Romanian War
4968:Provisional Government
4414:Polish Socialist Party
4230:Odessa Soviet Republic
4033:Cahiers du monde russe
3733:A Concise Encyclopedia
2926:Second Winter Campaign
2893:
2855:transferred to Ukraine
2837:from 1919 to 1939, of
2721:Kholodnyi Yar Republic
2614:Second Winter Campaign
2533:
2395:, and months later at
2372:
2328:Paris Peace Conference
2316:Second Polish Republic
2268:
2195:Directorate of Ukraine
2189:as its self-appointed
2174:
2114:
2070:Most of the remaining
2010:Odessa Soviet Republic
1863:Armenia and Azerbaijan
1532:Second Polish Republic
1513:Ukrainian nationalists
1251:Directorate of Ukraine
542:Commanders and leaders
5407:Wars involving France
5392:Polish–Ukrainian wars
4958:Nicholas II of Russia
4469:Volodymyr Vynnychenko
4338:Socialists-Sovereigns
4266:Kholodny Yar Republic
3648:Kenez, Peter (2004).
2921:First Winter Campaign
2715:), a local man named
2558:Polish-led federation
2540:; and in April 1920,
2520:
2370:
2348:First Winter Campaign
2247:
2191:Hetman of all Ukraine
2170:
2144:Operation Faustschlag
2105:
1502:constituent republics
5352:Conflicts in Ukraine
5347:Wars of independence
5276:Polish–Ukrainian War
4678:Polish–Ukrainian War
4668:Ukrainian–Soviet War
4302:Constituent Assembly
3729:Volodymyr Kubiyovych
3618:Zhukovsky, Arkadii.
3308:Zhukovsky, Arkadii.
3125:Zhukovsky, Arkadii.
2829:—formerly a part of
2767:. In the new state,
2590:defeated near Warsaw
2578:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
2409:). Yet, on 2 April,
2340:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2289:Polish–Ukrainian War
2214:anti-Hetman Uprising
2027:on 10 January 1918,
1826:Ukrainian-Soviet War
1607:Galician Russophiles
1517:Ukrainian anarchists
1485:Ukrainian–Soviet War
1126:Khmelnytsky Uprising
1094:Early modern history
1046:Principality of Kiev
50:improve this article
4928:Union of October 17
4747:Kronstadt rebellion
4742:Workers' Opposition
4617:February Revolution
4474:Vsevolod Holubovych
4464:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
4027:J. Kim Munholland.
3566:"Hetman government"
3507:Shurkhalo, Dmytro.
3089:Reid, Anna (2000).
2931:Ukrainian Air Force
2827:Carpathian Ruthenia
2763:apparatus based in
2447:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2098:German intervention
2039:on 30 January, and
1741:Allied intervention
1736:Left-wing uprisings
1626:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
1614:February Revolution
1612:In response to the
1567:war of independence
1555:expeditionary group
1536:February Revolution
1331:Russo-Ukrainian War
1191:Carpathian Ruthenia
991:Chernyakhov culture
892:Royal Romanian Army
584:Yevhen Petrushevych
558:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
21:Russo-Ukrainian War
5196:Stepan Petrichenko
5120:Alexander Kerensky
4632:October Revolution
4592:Russian Revolution
4499:Volodymyr Zatonsky
4484:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
3888:"Mikhail Bulgakov"
3485:The Ukrainian Week
3424:Hai-Nyzhnyk, Pavlo
3287:The Ukrainian Week
2992:Ukraine: a History
2674:Isthmus of Perekop
2633:On 18 March 1921,
2534:
2532:, Kyiv, 8 May 1920
2522:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
2492:on August 23, and
2373:
2269:
2265:Polish Army Museum
2179:German-backed coup
2175:
2115:
2080:Mikhail Drozdovsky
1731:October Revolution
1658:anarchist activity
1597:. During the war,
1543:October Revolution
1494:Ukrainian republic
1442:Ukraine portal
1384:Historical regions
986:Zarubintsy culture
706:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
652:Christian Rakovsky
5427:National revivals
5387:Conflicts in 1921
5382:Conflicts in 1920
5377:Conflicts in 1919
5372:Conflicts in 1918
5367:Conflicts in 1917
5299:
5298:
5281:Polish–Soviet War
5234:
5233:
5168:Alexander Antonov
5163:Maria Spiridonova
5092:Felix Dzerzhinsky
5009:Alexander Kolchak
4986:Alexander Guchkov
4775:
4774:
4702:Polish–Soviet War
4685:Finnish Civil War
4658:Russian Civil War
4558:
4557:
4489:Noman Çelebicihan
4316:Political parties
4249:Other territories
4174:
4004:Ukrayinska Pravda
3990:978-02959-8-723-1
3965:978-06740-7-608-2
3840:978-3-406-80042-9
3823:Kappeler, Andreas
3380:978-966-00-1145-8
3225:978-07102-1-298-6
3198:978-1-894865-40-1
3064:978-04650-9-346-5
3006:978-08020-8-390-6
2862:Nikita Khrushchev
2782:However, by 1928
2620:League of Nations
2513:Polish–Soviet War
2464:On 25 June 1919,
2449:, and finally to
2362:German protection
2187:Pavlo Skoropadsky
2172:Pavlo Skoropadsky
2003:'s forces in the
1987:set up the rival
1976:
1975:
1718:Russian Civil War
1575:Russian Civil War
1490:Russian Civil War
1476:
1475:
1373:Topics by history
1356:COVID-19 pandemic
1316:Orange Revolution
1291:Volhynia genocide
1176:Habsburg monarchy
1136:Cossack Hetmanate
901:
900:
664:Alexander Yegorov
640:Grigory Petrovsky
608:Oleksander Hrekov
596:Mykhailo Pavlenko
296:
295:
156:Russian Civil War
148:Polish–Soviet War
126:
125:
118:
100:
5444:
5362:1920s in Ukraine
5357:1910s in Ukraine
5191:Maria Nikiforova
5087:Nikolai Bukharin
5057:Grigory Zinoviev
5024:Nikolai Yudenich
4946:
4945:
4807:Petrograd Soviet
4737:Tambov Rebellion
4732:Left SR uprising
4607:
4606:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4524:Maria Nikiforova
4504:Georgiy Pyatakov
4494:Yukhym Medvediev
4331:independent left
4168:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3994:
3969:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3920:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3868:. 7 January 2010
3856:
3850:
3849:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3811:on 26 June 2023.
3795:
3789:
3788:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3545:. 24 August 2018
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3447:
3436:
3435:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3277:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3248:Borschak, Elie.
3245:
3230:
3229:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3086:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3011:
3010:
2986:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2896:
2874:Mikhail Bulgakov
2833:before 1919, of
2713:Kyiv Governorate
2663:western Volhynia
2660:
2459:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
2408:
2234:
2211:
2110:, as set by the
2088:Mikhail Alekseev
2078:military leader
2061:Romanians forces
1721:
1719:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1581:of World War I.
1468:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1404:Economic history
1311:Cassette Scandal
1116:Zaporozhian Host
1110:Kiev Voivodeship
1016:Early East Slavs
976:Bosporan Kingdom
956:Catacomb culture
931:
921:
903:
902:
890:
888:
887:
880:: 190,000 (peak)
876:
863:
855:: 40,000 (peak)
851:
843:: 103,000 (peak)
839:
837:
836:
826:
811:
804:: 100,000 (peak)
800:
779:Ernest Broșteanu
777:
776:
765:
764:
753:
743:
742:
741:
729:
728:
717:
716:
708:
704:
703:
687:
686:
674:
673:
662:
661:
650:
649:
638:
637:
629:
627:Stanisław Kosior
625:
624:
606:
605:
594:
593:
582:
581:
573:
569:
568:
556:
555:
531:
529:
528:
521:
517:
515:
514:
501:
497:
495:
494:
481:
477:
475:
474:
463:
461:
460:
447:
445:
444:
433:
429:
427:
426:
418:
414:
412:
411:
403:
399:
397:
396:
388:
384:
382:
381:
367:
363:
361:
360:
352:
348:
346:
345:
329:
327:
326:
316:
314:
313:
236:
235:
200:
191:
180:
171:
130:
129:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5230:
5226:Peter Kropotkin
5172:
5134:
5101:
5077:Semyon Budyonny
5033:
4990:
4962:
4937:
4875:
4864:Tsentralna Rada
4771:
4646:
4627:Kornilov affair
4598:
4589:
4559:
4554:
4528:
4452:
4311:
4275:
4244:
4198:
4177:
4161:Ukrainian State
4144:
4121:
4115:
4076:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4039:on 10 June 2007
4026:
4023:
4010:
4008:
3997:
3991:
3972:
3966:
3947:
3944:
3942:Further reading
3939:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3841:
3820:
3816:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3646:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3542:British Library
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3448:
3439:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3341:New York Herald
3334:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3278:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3246:
3233:
3226:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3153:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3123:
3112:
3105:
3087:
3072:
3065:
3057:. Basic Books.
3051:
3014:
3007:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2911:Unification Act
2907:
2885:Songs such as "
2879:The White Guard
2870:
2868:Popular culture
2788:man-made famine
2761:Communist Party
2749:
2743:
2737:
2717:Vasyl Chuchupak
2709:Cherkasy Oblast
2703:In the current
2616:
2610:
2598:General Wrangel
2542:Józef Piłsudski
2515:
2509:
2496:on August 31."
2399:and Nikolayev (
2387:were landed at
2350:
2336:
2249:Wojciech Kossak
2242:
2228:
2205:
2203:Federal Charter
2183:Ukrainian State
2165:
2140:
2100:
2045:Battle of Kruty
2035:on 23 January,
1977:
1972:
1831:Western Ukraine
1773:Eastern Karelia
1722:
1717:
1715:
1714:Theaters of the
1713:
1711:
1681:
1595:Austria-Hungary
1591:Imperial Russia
1587:
1559:Southern Russia
1557:to Ukraine and
1549:dispatched the
1472:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1379:Name of Ukraine
1374:
1366:
1365:
1241:Ukrainian State
1206:
1196:
1195:
1146:Sloboda Ukraine
1096:
1086:
1085:
1081:Crimean Khanate
1051:Kingdom of Rus'
1011:
1001:
1000:
951:Yamnaya culture
941:
919:
912:
897:
885:
883:
868:
857:
834:
832:
831:
818:
815:: 70,000 (peak)
783:
771:
767:Józef Piłsudski
759:
755:
749:
745:H. von Eichhorn
739:
737:
736:
735:
723:
711:
698:
697:
691:
681:
680:
668:
656:
644:
632:
619:
618:
612:
600:
588:
576:
563:
562:
550:
537:
526:
524:
512:
510:
505:
504:
492:
490:
485:
484:
472:
470:
465:Ukrainian State
458:
456:
442:
440:
439:
438:
424:
422:
409:
407:
394:
392:
379:
377:
370:
358:
356:
343:
341:
336:
335:
324:
322:
311:
309:
290:Western Ukraine
284:
271:
254:
243:
230:
229:
228:
227:
203:
202:
201:
193:
192:
183:
182:
181:
173:
172:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5450:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5432:White movement
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5206:Semen Karetnyk
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5130:Boris Sokoloff
5127:
5125:Boris Savinkov
5122:
5117:
5115:Viktor Chernov
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5082:Yakov Sverdlov
5079:
5074:
5069:
5067:Mikhail Frunze
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5047:Vladimir Lenin
5043:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4996:White movement
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4981:Pavel Milyukov
4978:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4797:White movement
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4760:Central Powers
4757:
4751:Interventions
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4479:Symon Petliura
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:Makhnovshchina
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4069:
4049:
4022:
4021:External links
4019:
4018:
4017:
3995:
3989:
3970:
3964:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3906:
3879:
3851:
3839:
3814:
3790:
3770:
3742:
3720:
3706:
3680:
3665:
3659:978-0974493459
3658:
3637:
3610:
3608:, p. 102.
3598:
3596:, p. 212.
3583:
3556:
3528:
3517:(in Ukrainian)
3499:
3471:
3460:(in Ukrainian)
3450:Boiko, Olena.
3437:
3415:
3404:(in Ukrainian)
3386:
3379:
3355:
3327:
3300:
3267:
3231:
3224:
3204:
3197:
3174:
3144:
3110:
3103:
3095:Westview Press
3070:
3063:
3012:
3005:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2869:
2866:
2843:Czechoslovakia
2835:Czechoslovakia
2739:Main article:
2736:
2733:
2705:Cherkasy Raion
2686:Constantinople
2682:Volunteer Army
2670:White Movement
2647:Soviet Ukraine
2639:Treaty of Riga
2609:
2606:
2569:Kyiv offensive
2565:Ukrainian army
2546:Symon Petliura
2530:1920 offensive
2508:
2505:
2476:, followed by
2423:Symon Petliura
2335:
2332:
2285:Transcarpathia
2241:
2238:
2164:
2161:
2139:
2136:
2119:Central Powers
2099:
2096:
2092:Volunteer Army
2076:White Movement
2053:Battle of Kiev
2025:Yekaterinoslav
2023:, followed by
2001:Alexey Kaledin
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:South Caucasus
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1586:
1583:
1571:Southern Front
1547:Vladimir Lenin
1528:Volunteer Army
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:Rail transport
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1339:Crimean crisis
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:Makhnovshchina
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1204:Modern history
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1161:Russian Empire
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:Rus' Khaganate
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
937:
936:
933:
932:
924:
923:
914:
913:
906:
899:
898:
896:
895:
894:: 4,000 (peak)
881:
869:
853:Volunteer Army
844:
819:
817:
816:
805:
793:
790:
789:
785:
784:
782:
781:
769:
756:
734:
733:
721:
709:
694:
692:
679:
678:
676:Mikhail Frunze
666:
654:
642:
630:
615:
613:
611:
610:
598:
586:
574:
571:Symon Petliura
560:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
536:
535:
522:
506:
503:
502:
486:
483:
482:
467:
453:
451:
449:Makhnovshchina
437:
436:
435:
434:
419:
404:
373:
371:
369:
368:
353:
337:
334:
333:
320:
306:
303:
302:
298:
297:
294:
293:
273:
267:
266:
260:
256:
255:
252:
250:
246:
245:
240:
232:
231:
205:
204:
195:
194:
186:
185:
184:
175:
174:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
152:Southern Front
135:
134:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5449:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:International
5237:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Viktor Bilash
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:Nestor Makhno
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Mark Natanson
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Yakov Blumkin
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Joseph Stalin
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5029:Lavr Kornilov
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:Pyotr Krasnov
5017:
5015:
5014:Anton Denikin
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Pyotr Wrangel
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4642:Junker mutiny
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Nestor Makhno
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:Major figures
4455:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Minor Council
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:Soviet states
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3867:
3866:Penguin Books
3863:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3716:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3503:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3434:(4): 132–164.
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3403:
3402:
3401:Radio Svoboda
3397:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3344:. 18 May 1918
3343:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3106:
3104:0-8133-3792-5
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:Soviet leader
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:Eastern Front
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:Joseph Stalin
2780:
2778:
2777:Ukrainization
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:(then in the
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:Soviet Russia
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2501:Nestor Makhno
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:Ekaterinoslav
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:—fell to the
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2123:Brest-Litovsk
2120:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:quickly took
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:Central Asian
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:Nestor Makhno
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1579:Eastern Front
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:White Russian
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:War in Donbas
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Ukrainian SSR
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Little Russia
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:White Croatia
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:Early history
1005:
1004:
997:
996:Hunnic Empire
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
935:
934:
930:
926:
925:
922:
916:
915:
910:
905:
904:
893:
882:
879:
875:
871:
870:
867:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
845:
842:
830:
829:
825:
820:
814:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
794:
792:
791:
786:
780:
775:
770:
768:
763:
758:
757:
754:
752:
746:
732:
731:Pyotr Wrangel
727:
722:
720:
719:Anton Denikin
715:
710:
707:
702:
696:
695:
693:
690:
689:Nestor Makhno
685:
677:
672:
667:
665:
660:
655:
653:
648:
643:
641:
636:
631:
628:
623:
617:
616:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:
592:
587:
585:
580:
575:
572:
567:
561:
559:
554:
549:
548:
546:
545:
540:
534:
523:
520:
508:
507:
500:
488:
487:
480:
468:
466:
455:
454:
452:
450:
432:
431:Ukrainian SSR
420:
417:
405:
402:
390:
389:
387:
375:
374:
372:
366:
354:
351:
339:
338:
332:
321:
319:
308:
307:
305:
304:
299:
291:
287:
282:
281:Ukrainian SSR
278:
274:
269:
268:
264:
261:
258:
257:
251:
248:
247:
241:
238:
237:
233:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
199:
190:
179:
170:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:Eastern Front
136:
131:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
5211:Fedir Shchus
5153:Boris Kamkov
5097:Alexei Rykov
5062:Leon Trotsky
4849:Green armies
4839:Black Guards
4662:
4072:
4061:. Retrieved
4059:(in Russian)
4056:
4041:. Retrieved
4037:the original
4032:
4011:25 September
4009:. Retrieved
4002:
3975:
3950:
3929:26 September
3927:. Retrieved
3922:
3909:
3899:25 September
3897:. Retrieved
3891:
3882:
3872:25 September
3870:. Retrieved
3860:
3854:
3844:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3809:the original
3802:
3793:
3782:
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3754:
3745:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3692:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3649:
3630:25 September
3628:. Retrieved
3623:
3613:
3601:
3576:15 September
3574:. Retrieved
3569:
3559:
3549:15 September
3547:. Retrieved
3540:
3531:
3521:15 September
3519:. Retrieved
3512:
3502:
3492:15 September
3490:. Retrieved
3483:
3474:
3464:15 September
3462:. Retrieved
3455:
3431:
3418:
3408:29 September
3406:. Retrieved
3399:
3389:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3348:29 September
3346:. Retrieved
3339:
3330:
3320:28 September
3318:. Retrieved
3313:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3285:
3260:28 September
3258:. Retrieved
3253:
3214:
3207:
3184:
3177:
3158:
3137:25 September
3135:. Retrieved
3130:
3090:
3054:
2991:
2984:
2964:
2955:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2819:World War II
2800:
2781:
2773:nativization
2750:
2725:Soviet Union
2702:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2617:
2602:Russian SFSR
2596:, now under
2594:White forces
2562:
2535:
2498:
2488:on July 31,
2463:
2420:
2374:
2358:Leon Trotsky
2351:
2320:Act of Union
2309:
2270:
2257:Lwów Eaglets
2252:
2222:
2199:
2176:
2153:
2141:
2127:
2116:
2072:Russian Army
2069:
2014:
1978:
1944:Yakut revolt
1838:South Russia
1820:
1763:North Russia
1666:
1662:Donets Basin
1639:
1631:governorates
1622:Central Rada
1611:
1603:enemy agents
1588:
1563:
1540:
1510:
1506:Soviet Union
1483:
1479:
1477:
1414:Shipbuilding
1394:Christianity
1261:Soviet Union
1225:
1066:Golden Horde
858:
846:
821:
750:
479:South Russia
386:Russian SFSR
301:Belligerents
207:
138:Part of the
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
5221:Fanya Baron
5201:Lev Chernyi
5052:Lev Kamenev
4976:Georgy Lvov
4950:Monarchists
4399:Poalei Zion
4297:Directorate
4280:Parliaments
4171:Directorate
4120:(1917–1920)
4077:(in German)
3979:. Seattle:
3695:(in Polish)
3594:Plokhy 2016
2821:, to which
2747:Prometheism
2694:Kyiv Oblast
2690:Directorate
2637:signed the
2482:Peter Kenez
2427:Directorate
2305:Stanyslaviv
2229: [
2206: [
2084:Novorossiya
1041:Kievan Rus'
918:History of
878:Polish Army
865:German Army
270:Territorial
144:World War I
5306:Categories
5178:Anarchists
5039:Bolsheviks
4909:Mensheviks
4904:Bolsheviks
4854:Red Guards
4697:Heimosodat
4610:Revolution
4509:Yuri Gaven
4441:Mensheviks
4436:Bolsheviks
4389:Fareynikte
4353:Borotbists
4063:8 November
4043:8 November
3893:Britannica
3763:23 October
3699:27 October
3293:14 October
2976:References
2823:Ukrainians
2769:Ukrainians
2745:See also:
2612:See also:
2511:See also:
2457:of Otaman
2393:Sevastopol
2338:See also:
2065:Bessarabia
1868:Azerbaijan
1843:Bessarabia
1768:Heimosodat
1669:Universals
1656:began his
1650:Bolsheviks
1585:Background
1424:Television
1419:Technology
1326:Euromaidan
1171:New Russia
1151:Right bank
939:Prehistory
220:Black Army
150:, and the
76:newspapers
5107:Right SRs
4832:elections
4651:Civil War
4622:July Days
4596:Civil War
4140:Act Zluky
4081:portfolio
3923:The Sower
3804:Gazeta.ua
3784:Ukrinform
3756:Gazeta.ua
3606:Reid 2000
3169:313563398
2876:'s novel
2792:Holodomor
2779:periods.
2735:Aftermath
2719:led the "
2659:Halychyna
2655:Ukrainian
2548:signed a
2472:captured
2443:Vinnytsia
2401:Ukrainian
2377:Black Sea
2029:Zhmerynka
1909:2nd Kazan
1904:1st Kazan
1802:Petrograd
1797:Lithuania
1635:Petrograd
1599:Ukrainian
1538:of 1917.
1334:(outline)
1301:Chernobyl
1271:Holodomor
1141:Left bank
1021:Onoghuria
263:Bolshevik
5140:Left SRs
4921:Left SRs
4817:Red Army
4765:Siberian
4514:Béla Kun
4394:The Bund
4169:(led by
3825:(2023).
3426:(2011).
2905:See also
2753:Far East
2698:Korosten
2678:Red Army
2582:Zhytomyr
2574:Red Army
2431:Red Army
2413:ordered
2406:Mykolaiv
2301:Ternopil
2281:Bukovina
2255:(1926).
2057:Zhytomyr
2041:Nikolaev
2033:Vinnitsa
1995:, where
1968:Basmachi
1939:Mongolia
1914:1st Perm
1814:Southern
1752:Northern
1348:timeline
1186:Bukovina
1131:The Ruin
1101:Cossacks
981:Sarmatia
961:Cimmeria
909:a series
907:Part of
828:Red Army
788:Strength
277:Red Army
249:Location
226:in 1920.
214:) First
106:May 2012
4942:Figures
4881:Parties
3846:wollte.
2839:Hungary
2831:Hungary
2727:as the
2624:Liepāja
2576:led by
2567:in the
2528:in the
2486:Poltava
2474:Kharkov
2466:Denikin
2397:Kherson
2379:to the
2356:—which
2277:Galicia
2185:, with
2021:Poltava
1993:Kharkiv
1958:Bukhara
1899:Siberia
1887:Eastern
1873:Armenia
1858:Georgia
1853:Ossetia
1821:Ukraine
1787:Estonia
1780:Western
1758:Finland
1573:of the
1551:Antonov
1504:of the
1399:Judaism
1389:Banking
1056:Cumania
1036:Khazars
971:Scythia
966:Taurica
920:Ukraine
751:†
533:Romania
499:Germany
350:Germany
288:seizes
272:changes
265:victory
253:Ukraine
212:Donetsk
154:of the
90:scholar
4889:Kadets
4780:Groups
4755:Allied
4603:Events
3987:
3962:
3837:
3656:
3377:
3222:
3195:
3167:
3101:
3061:
3003:
2851:Crimea
2765:Moscow
2676:, the
2661:) and
2635:Poland
2538:Poland
2455:mutiny
2437:. The
2381:Allies
2346:, and
1880:Tambov
1807:Poland
1792:Latvia
1530:, and
1523:, the
1519:, the
1156:Danube
911:on the
889:
838:
747:
530:
519:Poland
516:
496:
476:
462:
446:
428:
413:
398:
383:
365:Poland
362:
347:
328:
315:
286:Poland
259:Result
146:, the
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
4894:Nabat
4326:USDLP
3919:(PDF)
3829:[
3369:[
3189:(PDF)
2947:Notes
2641:with
2490:Odesa
2451:Rivne
2389:Odesa
2233:]
2210:]
2037:Odesa
1963:Khiva
1934:Chita
1642:front
97:JSTOR
83:books
4594:and
4429:Left
4348:UPSR
4343:UPSF
4065:2007
4057:RKKA
4045:2007
4013:2023
3985:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3931:2023
3901:2023
3874:2023
3835:ISBN
3765:2022
3701:2006
3654:ISBN
3632:2023
3578:2023
3551:2023
3523:2023
3494:2023
3466:2023
3410:2023
3375:ISBN
3350:2023
3322:2023
3295:2018
3262:2023
3220:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3165:OCLC
3139:2023
3099:ISBN
3059:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2853:was
2775:and
2645:and
2586:Lviv
2544:and
2494:Kyiv
2391:and
2297:Lviv
2283:and
2263:). (
2261:Lviv
2031:and
1618:Kyiv
1593:and
1478:The
1120:Sich
401:UNRR
239:Date
224:Kyiv
69:news
2817:of
2707:of
2684:to
2468:'s
2445:to
2425:'s
2121:at
2108:UPR
2090:'s
2063:in
2005:Don
1553:'s
416:URR
142:of
52:by
5308::
4055:.
4031:.
3983:.
3958:.
3954:.
3921:.
3890:.
3864:.
3843:.
3801:.
3781:.
3640:^
3622:.
3586:^
3568:.
3539:.
3440:^
3338:.
3312:.
3284:.
3270:^
3252:.
3234:^
3147:^
3129:.
3113:^
3097:.
3093:.
3073:^
3015:^
2999:.
2864:.
2731:.
2657::
2503:.
2403::
2364:.
2342:,
2279:,
2251:,
2231:uk
2208:uk
2094:.
2067:.
1561:.
1515:,
283:,
4584:e
4577:t
4570:v
4173:)
4110:e
4103:t
4096:v
4067:.
4047:.
4015:.
3993:.
3968:.
3933:.
3903:.
3876:.
3767:.
3703:.
3662:.
3634:.
3580:.
3553:.
3525:.
3496:.
3468:.
3412:.
3383:.
3352:.
3324:.
3297:.
3264:.
3228:.
3201:.
3171:.
3141:.
3107:.
3067:.
3009:.
2267:)
1706:e
1699:t
1692:v
1467:e
1460:t
1453:v
1350:)
1346:(
1122:)
1118:(
1112:)
1108:(
292:.
206:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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