1205:, framed in mixed Franco-Romanian divisions, which made it necessary to increase the French forces by about seven or nine regiments. Both the support units and the artillery or the financing of these units would have to be borne by France. In December, he warned again of the likelihood of failure if the forces assigned to the campaign proved too meager, a view shared by Franchet d'Espèrey, who preferred to arm local anti-Bolshevik forces and limit French involvement to advisers. Finally the French Government, wishing to demobilize units and with other regions to attend to, did not approve of Berthelot's plan, and only sent part of a French division and some Greek units. The inclusion of these was due to Clemenceau's desire to use Allied rather than French troops wherever possible and to the availability of relatively fresh Greek forces, provided in exchange for promises of favourable consideration of Greek territorial claims at the
455:
428:
279:
126:
290:
346:
335:
233:
487:
364:
245:
1193:, from whose forces Berthelot's forces were to come and who was on bad terms with Clemenceau, severely criticized the intervention plans. According to Franchet d'Espèrey, the forces planned for the operation were insufficient, part of the units that had to march to the east were very weak and some, like the Senegalese, would not be able to stand the harsh climate of the region. He also warned of the discouragement and weariness of the war that had spread among some units. Soon Berthelot began to share Franchet d'Espèrey's scepticism about the campaign: instead of the planned twelve divisions, he was only able to obtain three, and one of them was weakened by the spread of influenza in its ranks.
465:
418:
138:
1472:, on an inspection visit on 20 March, concluded, like D'Anselme, that withdrawal was inevitable. While assuring the Volunteers that his intention was to stay in the city, on 23 March he asked Paris to withdraw. Separately, the French and Greek commands prepared for the evacuation, while the French command officially followed stating their intention to defend it. The French did not communicate their withdrawal plans with their Greek allies — nearly half of the city's forces, while the French only represented a third — nor with Denikin's supporters. On 29 March, Clemenceau announced to Franchet d'Espèrey that the Allies had approved the retreat.
312:
1476:
392:
381:
37:
150:
259:
198:
1301:
1505:
1449:
fight. On 9 March, however, Hryhoriv again attacked
Kherson, and this time the Greek defenders decided to evacuate the town. The attackers seized armored train and control of railway station and port, while the defenders took refuge in the citadel. Thanks to the bombardment of French ships and the assault of a Greek company, the Allies managed to retake the port and break the encirclement of the citadel. That same night the evacuation began and the next day the allied ships left the city, which remained in the hands of the besiegers.
1562:
intervention and the next day some participated in a large demonstration in favor of the Soviet
Government. The French naval command sent troops ashore who fired into the crowd, causing two deaths and a dozen wounded. The next day, the immediate departure of the ships to France was agreed, which began on 23 April. On the 21st, Franchet d'Espèrey finally ordered the evacuation, which ended on the 28th, after an extension of the truce. The French anti-Bolshevik strategy moved from military intervention to the establishment of a "
1265:
1466:
Bolsheviks could count on the uprising of some fifty thousand city workers. Lacking in food due to not controlling rural areas, the growing population of the city — nearly a million people — was in a dire situation, with provisions for only ten days and dependent on Allied supply by sea. Last minute French attempts to install a
Ukrainian-Russian government under clear control of the allied military commanders failed and only served to increase the hostility of the population towards the occupying forces.
1396:
campaign was not limited to the troops, but also affected the officers. Added to this dispiriting situation was the lack of reinforcements; six weeks after landing in Odesa, Berthelot complained that he had barely three thousand men to dominate the whole of
Ukraine. Berthelot requested twenty new divisions, nine of them "trusted" French . The rejection of the intervention by the French left in the Parliament, and the refusal of the Americans and British to deploy large forces as recommended by Marshal
1340:. The latter had been willing to accept practically all of the French demands except for the resignation of Petliura, but this was not enough for an agreement to be reached between the Entente and the former. In addition, the weaker that the Directorate became, the less the French were interested in forming an agreement with it. The talks, however, had made it possible to expand the perimeter under French control around Odesa and facilitate the control of a strip of territory that reached the
1414:
1453:
the German garrison nor the local population. Unable to defend the perimeter of the city and fearful of suffering a popular uprising, the French commanders agreed with a local communist delegate for a peaceful evacuation, which took place between 14 and 16 March without incident. Hryhoriv's troops entered the latter at the same time as the
Germans —the last to leave the city— embarked to abandon it. A large quantity of German and allied weapons fell into the hands of Hryhoriv.
1039:
162:
301:
175:
1143:
475:
438:
323:
210:
1554:. On 14 April, the Bolsheviks reached Sevastopol, where the French and Russian commanders maintained tense relations. On 16 April, the French naval artillery repelled an assault on the city and allowed a truce to be signed the next day, that was to last until 25 April. During the truce, the evacuation would be prepared and the government of the city would be handed over to the local
1488:
2 April, gave rise to panic and the concentration of a large number of citizens on the docks, eager to embark on the French ships. In all, thirty thousand soldiers and fifty thousand civilians left Odesa. The
Bolsheviks did not interfere with the evacuation. Part of the allied forces, as well as others hostile to the Bolsheviks, retreated overland to
1387:
unfavourable: they continued to maintain their pre-war habits of arrogance and irresponsibility, they were a small force and overstaffed. The perception of the
Russian officers of the French expeditionary force was also negative: they found French commanders arrogant and criticized their contacts with their political rivals in the region.
1248:, who surrounded it. British and French warships docked at the port (17 December), but no troops landed. The presence of these ships, however, encouraged Polish and Russian officers to create volunteer units. With the arrival of Directorate forces in the outskirts of the city on 24 December, these units took refuge in the port, under
1182:, that the Allies were willing to employ twelve divisions in southern Russia and collaborate with their forces in the fight against the Bolsheviks. These promises were based on informal information that Berthelot had received in France before leaving on his mission and were exaggerated, although they fed the illusions of the
1487:
On 1 April, the
Government of Paris ordered D'Anselme to withdraw from Odesa, which fell to Hryhoriv's meager forces — some two thousand men — who captured a large quantity of weapons. The evacuation took place between 3 and 7 April. The first rumors about the departure of the Allies, which spread on
1448:
allowed an allied counterattack at
Kherson and the repulsion of a new assault. The next day, however, a new attack by Hryhoriv's forces managed to break through the city's defenses, aided by an uprising of the population. Two French companies sent to the city to hold the defense on 8 March refused to
1390:
Likewise, the military intervention did not receive the sympathy of the population. According to D'Anselme, most of the population of the area was pro-Bolshevik and hostile to his forces. The rejection of the population further sank the spirit of the Allied troops. Algerian units refused to embark at
1331:
and
Kherson, was controlled by the Allies. D'Anselme negotiated the peaceful surrender of Kherson and Mykolaiv with Petliura's delegates. These conversations disgusted Denikin, even though D'Anselme reminded him that his orders stated that he must cooperate with all anti-Bolshevik forces and that the
1465:
were defeated by the more numerous Bolsheviks. Although the Allies had 25,000 men in Odesa and another 4,000 from the Volunteer Army — the former very discouraged and the latter considered to have no real military value — Hryhoriv's forces were estimated at 30-40,000 men and it was believed that the
1085:
had refused payment of the Russian debt. During the first year of Bolshevik rule, French aid to its enemies was limited to funding and the dispatch of some military advisers. This was not, however, Clemenceau's original plan, which provided for the sending of various allied units to Russia once the
1452:
With Kherson captured, Hryhoriv concentrated his units on Mykolaiv, which he had failed to take on 7 March. The defending forces, five hundred Greeks and two weak French companies, were even smaller than those that had been defeated at Kherson. The defenders could not count on the collaboration of
1133:
to limit the German advance. Noulens and the ministry proposed, on the contrary, to support the anti-Bolshevik groups bent on overthrowing the Bolshevik government. In the late summer of 1918, Paris adopted the position hostile to Moscow that its diplomats recommended. Clemenceau decided to send a
1363:
The French plan depended on the collaboration of all the anti-Bolshevik forces in the area, which was not achieved. The general hostility of the population, the resistance of the Bolsheviks, the mutinies of their own troops, the lack of supplies and the disunity of the anti-Bolshevik forces first
1395:
when they were told they were leaving for Odesa; the commanders feared a mutiny by the demoralized troops. The Bolsheviks also launched an intense propaganda campaign to undermine the already dwindling desire of the French soldiers to fight in Russia. The pessimism and lack of enthusiasm for the
1456:
The Allies then concentrated on the defense of Odesa, the destination of numerous refugees and Hryhoriv's growing forces. One after another, the main French officials advised the Government to evacuate the city. On 16 March, Berthelot requested relief. Although Clemenceau ordered the city to be
1292:
The initial objective of the French Government was to achieve the military defeat of the Bolsheviks and at the same time gain a zone of influence in the area that could bring economic benefits. Once Odesa was under control, General Borius, in command of the French forces that had occupied it,
1013:
with hostility. The anti-Bolsheviks, for their own part, were unable to forge an alliance, separated by deep differences that caused the French frustration. The defeats at Kherson and Mykolaiv in March convinced the French commanders of desirability of reaching an agreement with the Bolshevik
1686:
According to D'Anselme's chief of staff, nine-tenths of Denikin's forces were officers, and these lacked a popular base. D'Anselme himself noted the poor desire to fight for these forces and the existence of nine White admirals to control the port of Odesa. Franchet d'Espèrey reported that:
1386:
In addition, relations between the Volunteer Army and the French commanders were tense. They considered it excessively reactionary, lacking popular sympathy and forces in the area to become the core of an anti-Bolshevik army. Various French officers' impressions of Denikin's supporters were
1355:, who was opposed to the rapprochement with France and abandoned his loyalty to the Directorate to go over to the Bolsheviks, controlled the interior. The French and their allies were unable to expel him from his positions during the operations they carried out during the month of February.
1561:
With the withdrawal approved by Paris, riots broke out on French ships docked in the port on 19 April, the same day that the administration was to pass into the hands of the Soviets according to the truce agreement. The mutineers demanded their return to France and the end of the military
1443:
French setbacks encouraged Hryhoriv's forces to storm Mykolaiv and Kherson — which had refused to surrender on the night of the 1 March — between 3 and 5 March. But a German armored train, French naval artillery, and Greek units repelled the onslaught. On 6 March, the arrival of two Greek
1400:, complicated the sending of the reinforcements requested by Berthelot. Clemanceau had to promise in Parliament to limit the intervention to the occupation of a territory where the anti-Bolshevik forces could regroup, without the Allied forces entering into combat with the Soviet forces.
1008:
With troops short and demoralized, unwilling to risk their lives in Russia for a cause they did not understand, the French commanders saw little future for the campaign. Bolshevik forces seemed numerous, well commanded and supported by the population that had received those of the
1200:
and for this it would have three French and as many Greek divisions, in addition to a Romanian contingent that would be sent to him later. Berthelot, who considered these forces insufficient to guarantee the success of the mission, suggested the inclusion of fifteen Romanian
1619:
Denikin's General Staff had prepared a beautiful plan to reconquer Russia that required eighteen Allied divisions and ammunition and so on for half a million Russian soldiers that he intended to recruit under the protection of the Allied
1662:
The Poles contributed three thousand men and the Romanians, two thousand five hundred, viewed with suspicion by the Ukrainian population due to the territorial disputes between the different groups, despite the military value of these
1364:
convinced the French military commanders and then their Government of the inconvenience of continuing the military intervention in the region. From direct intervention, the French moved on to a strategy of containment and aid to the
1436:, barely one hundred and fifty French, seven hundred Greeks and some Russian officers of dubious military value defended the city . Hryhoriv's forces surrounding the city numbered between ten and twelve thousand men. For its part,
355:
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units and, with the help of Polish and Russian officers and after heavy fighting, expelled them from the city. The Germans remained neutral in the conflict, while they tried with relative success to abandon the city. The German
1496:, covering the Allied rear during the retreat west. Denikin, only informed of the French retreat after it had already occurred, accused the French commanders of cowardice and of having left the city unnecessarily.
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782:
1196:
After several weeks without receiving further instructions about his mission, Berthelot finally obtained more instructions on 21 November: the operation was to go beyond the occupation of
1440:
had a German garrison of twelve thousand men, but of dubious loyalty to the Allies; German soldiers had no intention of engaging the Bolsheviks in conjunction with their former enemies.
1512:
was abandoned by the allied forces after agreeing to a truce that facilitated the evacuation in mid-April, once the local forces were unable to defend Crimea from the Bolshevik forces.
1543:, who were supported by mutinous French soldiers. The French troops, many of them colonial, were also unenthusiastic about the campaign and there were incidents both in Crimea as in
512:
1077:, approved a loan of one hundred million francs to finance anti-Bolshevik activities in Russia. Clemenceau's idea was to use control of the grain-rich Ukraine and the industry of
762:
3514:
1170:
from the two territories, but also to "carry out the economic encirclement of Bolshevism and bring about its downfall." Berthelot had to use the allied units deployed in the
1653:
Munholland, on the other hand, states that there were only short skirmishes and that the Withdrawal of the Directorate units was agreed between them and the French command.
1550:
On 3 April, Bolshevik forces entered the peninsula after overcoming little resistance from the Volunteers. On 8 April, the Crimean government had to evacuate its capital,
505:
3494:
1743:
Kirițescu, Constantin; Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României - Ediția a III-a, vol. II; Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989. ISBN 973-29-0048-2
1375:, became evident again in Ukraine and caused great frustration to the French military commanders. The quarrels between the different groups, which included anyone from
1332:
deals with the Directorate they were not political, but only military. Negotiations with the Directorate continued unsuccessfully until February, when the Bolsheviks
1528:, which were also not well regarded by the local population. The French commanders again considered the five or six thousand Volunteers of little value as troops.
1178:, who considered Berthelot too pro-Romanian, and to assure him of the seriousness of the French plans, the French general told Denikin's representative, General
3444:
1166:—a veteran of the Romanian Front— at the head of a military mission that covered Romania and Ukraine. His mission was not only to ensure the withdrawal of the
3454:
3434:
305:
3439:
1535:, the Allies had 5,000 men, including 2,000 Greeks with little desire to continue fighting under French command. It was, however, the Greek units of the
981:. Thanks to the arrival of reinforcements throughout December 1918 and January 1919, the Allies managed to take control of various cities in Ukraine and
350:
737:
1224:—were finally deployed in Ukrainian territory. The ground troops were joined by an allied squadron made up of French, British and Greek ships.
3524:
1558:. Again, the shortage of troops for defense, the hostility of the bulk of the population and the low morale of the soldiers advised retreat.
1273:
1174:
in a military intervention that combined political and economic objectives, in the style of colonial expeditions. To allay the suspicions of
3449:
1098:. These troops were to facilitate the establishment of a new Russian Government, favourable to the political and economic interests of the
1014:
authorities and ending the expedition. This was approved at the end of March and carried out at the beginning of the following month. The
951:
237:
3519:
672:
3499:
1563:
3082:"L'intervention française à Odessa (décembre 1918 - mars 1919) vue à travers l'action du « Consul de France », Emile Henno"
1217:
1129:, advocated the total rupture of relations with the Bolshevik government, while the military commanders defended the agreement with
3504:
3489:
966:, but lacking in forces and sympathy among the local population, it was a failure that ended with the evacuation of the territory.
772:
1432:
began to advance towards the coast, defended with insufficient forces. By early March, he was at the gates of the main cities. In
1240:—a city with a very mixed population, barely a fifth Ukrainian and a large number of Russians and Jews— to replace the retreating
529:
28:
1603:
Berthelot had headed the French military mission in Romania in 1916-1917 and the Russians and Romanians disputed the control of
1206:
3179:
1457:
defended and D'Anselme began to reinforce his perimeter on 13 March, on 16 March the besiegers tightened the close by taking
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249:
1324:
809:
294:
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3214:
3142:
1516:
The situation in Crimea, where the Allies had deployed 2,500 men in early April, was similar to that in Ukraine. The
1212:
Indeed, the Greek authorities promised the participation of forty-two thousand men, framed in three divisions of the
1082:
901:
824:
787:
747:
3392:
Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20
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However, the coastal cities were cut off from the rest of Ukraine by the forces of the Directorate and the various
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military expedition to Russia, despite the scepticism of the military commanders about its chances of success.
974:
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792:
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82:
1531:
By the middle of the month and thanks to the arrival of reinforcements originally intended for the defense of
1469:
1190:
1333:
1282:
1025:, had succeeded in expelling the Allied forces from the occupied coastal cities in late 1918 and early 1919.
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1327:
as of January. He ordered the German 15th Division to maintain order in Mykolaiv. This city, together with
1233:
918:
871:
717:
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548:
214:
1517:
1107:
1057:
On 23 December 1917, the British and French governments had divided the region into zones of operations:
202:
180:
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3459:
1297:, as military governor of the city, which intensified the impression that the French were backing him.
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1106:, the French high command in Paris had outlined plans to intervene in Russia in order to maintain the
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declared it under French protection. He appointed General Grishin-Almazov, a local representative of
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1158:
The first indication of the French government's intentions to intervene in the south of the former
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1461:, sixty kilometers to the northeast. In various battles, the few Allied forces and those of the
3081:
1308:
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977:, they soon had to leave the initial offensive plan and adopt a defensive strategy against the
814:
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154:
149:
36:
1616:
According to a member of the British military mission at Denikin's headquarters, in December:
1094:
had ended. The allied expeditionary force was to serve as the unifying nucleus of the Russian
3268:
3201:. Vol. 20: Revolutions and interventions in Hungary and its neighbor states, 1918–1919.
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130:
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1420:, one of the cities occupied by the Allies between late 1918 and early 1919, which fell to
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42:
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in March 1918, the French Foreign Ministry, supported by its former ambassador to Russia,
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in December 1917. Short on personnel, officers and supplies, demoralized and receptive to
8:
3321:
2218:
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Some soldiers had spent eighteen to twenty-four months at the front without rest permits.
1315:
While Polish, Russian, and Romanian contingents remained in Odesa, Greek units landed in
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1371:
The disunity of the anti-Bolshevik formations, which had already been made clear at the
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142:
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3361:
Snook, David (1989). "British Naval Operations in the Black Sea 1918–1920, Part I".
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At the end of February, while Berthelot's envoy requested reinforcements in Paris,
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1492:, which was temporarily defended from any Bolshevik assault by units of the Greek
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Denikin's army is more of a nuisance than a help... It has all the faults of the
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and prevent areas of strategic economic interest from falling into German hands.
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1244:. The unit was soon cut off from the rest of the country by the forces of the
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to try to recover the losses of French investors in Russia, after the new
1038:
2780:
1227:
1154:, was left in command of the military intervention in Ukraine and Crimea.
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Between the volunteers and the people there is a true and savage hatred.
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on behalf of the anti-Bolshevik forces, partly for economic reasons.
3395:
3310:"The allies in Russia, 1917–20: Intervention as seen by the whites"
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1304:
1286:
1202:
998:
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978:
78:
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Battles of the Russian Civil War involving the Czechoslovak Legion
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The leaders of the mutiny, however, faced court-martial in France.
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1341:
1316:
1066:
986:
939:
74:
3269:"The French army and intervention in Southern Russia, 1918–1919"
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1062:
1058:
1015:
982:
70:
3163:
Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920: The Defeat of the Whites
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Colonel Freydenberg, D'Anselme's Chief of Staff, stated that:
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that were in charge of putting down the workers' uprisings in
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No French soldier who has saved his life on the Marne or in
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protection. The city was left in the hands of units led by
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was in a similar situation to the 7th, captured at Odesa.
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on 25 December. Joint command was left to French General
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2011:
1956:
1383:, prevented the drafting of a common political program.
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2076:
1861:
2867:
2756:
2480:
2318:
1228:
Situation of the region on the eve of the intervention
2306:
1830:
1311:
handed over to Allied military control in early 1919.
1276:, landed in the city a week after the arrival of the
2177:
2093:
3495:Battles involving the Armed Forces of South Russia
3515:Battles involving the Ukrainian People's Republic
1162:was the appointment on 7 October 1918 of General
1021:, formally submitted to the Bolshevik command of
3426:
1640:The third ended up being used in the capture of
171:
1256:, who maintained an uneasy truce with Denikin.
1712:would want to lose it in the fields of Russia.
1069:remained on the French side. In addition, the
3445:Romanian involvement in the Russian Civil War
3127:The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution
958:. The intervention was an involvement in the
513:
3196:
3022:
3007:
2974:
2943:
2918:
2891:
2861:
2845:
2814:
2790:
2746:
2727:
2700:
2684:
2656:
2627:
2602:
2586:
2549:
2514:
2498:
2416:
2340:
2284:
2247:
2228:
2120:
2070:
2049:
2037:
2001:
1946:
1930:
1918:
1897:
1824:
1805:
1793:
1774:
1759:
942:between December 1918 and April 1919 on the
16:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
3435:French involvement in the Russian Civil War
1049:who decided to intervene militarily in the
3440:Greek involvement in the Russian Civil War
3266:
3038:
3026:
2995:
2978:
2962:
2947:
2922:
2906:
2849:
2833:
2818:
2802:
2774:
2750:
2731:
2715:
2688:
2672:
2660:
2644:
2606:
2590:
2574:
2553:
2534:
2518:
2502:
2474:
2458:
2439:
2420:
2401:
2386:
2374:
2288:
2267:
2232:
2212:
2171:
2124:
2022:
2005:
1989:
1973:
1950:
1934:
1876:
1855:
1033:
520:
506:
35:
3455:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
3231:
2355:
2140:
2087:
1503:
1474:
1412:
1299:
1263:
1141:
1037:
3307:
3197:Király, Béla K.; Pastor, Peter (1988).
3124:
3079:
2876:
2786:
2762:
2486:
2470:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2263:
2224:
2156:
2136:
1985:
1851:
1836:
1319:. Other Allied units fanned out across
29:Southern Front of the Russian Civil War
3427:
3389:
3199:War and society in East Central Europe
3360:
3159:
3054:
2530:
2259:
2200:
2152:
2108:
501:
3525:Battles involving the Volunteer Army
3273:Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique
3450:Crimea during the Russian Civil War
13:
3520:Campaigns of the Russian Civil War
1268:French soldiers deployed in Odesa.
14:
3536:
1001:, some ceded by agreement by the
1644:and not in the Russian campaign.
1307:, one of several towns that the
1216:, although only two of them—the
485:
473:
463:
453:
436:
426:
416:
390:
379:
362:
344:
333:
321:
310:
299:
288:
277:
257:
243:
231:
208:
196:
173:
160:
148:
136:
124:
57:18 December 1918 – 30 April 1919
3505:Poland in the Russian Civil War
3490:Odessa in the Russian Civil War
3048:
1717:
1699:
1680:
1666:
1656:
1647:
1634:
1625:
1610:
1597:
1259:
1137:
743:Southern Front counteroffensive
3172:University of California Press
1737:
1272:A French expeditionary force,
1:
3500:History of Greece (1909–1924)
1730:
1344:, without the need to fight.
1232:In November 1918, the German
1113:Following the signing of the
1028:
952:Allied intervention in Russia
902:Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict
969:French-led forces landed in
932:Southern Russia intervention
22:Southern Russia Intervention
7:
3267:Munholland, J. Kim (1981).
1573:
1518:Crimean Regional Government
265:Ukrainian People's Republic
83:Ukrainian People's Republic
10:
3541:
1408:
1023:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko
1003:Central Council of Ukraine
340:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko
3330:10.1080/09546540308575766
3207:Columbia University Press
1580:North Russia intervention
1499:
1424:'s forces in early March.
1403:
1358:
938:military intervention in
539:
483:
402:
270:
108:
49:
34:
26:
21:
3308:Shmelev, Anatol (2003).
3135:Harvard University Press
3131:Cambridge, Massachusetts
3080:Fieschi, Pascal (2016).
3055:Allen, W. E. D. (1963).
3023:Király & Pastor 1988
3008:Király & Pastor 1988
2975:Király & Pastor 1988
2944:Király & Pastor 1988
2919:Király & Pastor 1988
2892:Király & Pastor 1988
2862:Király & Pastor 1988
2846:Király & Pastor 1988
2815:Király & Pastor 1988
2791:Király & Pastor 1988
2747:Király & Pastor 1988
2728:Király & Pastor 1988
2701:Király & Pastor 1988
2685:Király & Pastor 1988
2657:Király & Pastor 1988
2628:Király & Pastor 1988
2603:Király & Pastor 1988
2587:Király & Pastor 1988
2550:Király & Pastor 1988
2515:Király & Pastor 1988
2499:Király & Pastor 1988
2417:Király & Pastor 1988
2341:Király & Pastor 1988
2285:Király & Pastor 1988
2248:Király & Pastor 1988
2229:Király & Pastor 1988
2121:Király & Pastor 1988
2071:Király & Pastor 1988
2050:Király & Pastor 1988
2038:Király & Pastor 1988
2002:Király & Pastor 1988
1947:Király & Pastor 1988
1931:Király & Pastor 1988
1919:Király & Pastor 1988
1898:Király & Pastor 1988
1825:Király & Pastor 1988
1806:Király & Pastor 1988
1794:Király & Pastor 1988
1775:Király & Pastor 1988
1760:Király & Pastor 1988
1694:and none of its virtues.
1672:According to D'Anselme:
1590:
1520:had requested help from
1071:Prime minister of France
1047:prime minister of France
532:of the Russian Civil War
3390:Wright, Damien (2017).
3232:Mawdsley, Evan (1987).
3125:Hunczak, Taras (1977).
3102:10.3406/casla.2016.1142
2303:, pp. 95, 339–340.
1274:Army of the Danube (AD)
1242:Austro-Hungarian forces
1115:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1034:First actions in Russia
3057:The Ukraine: a history
1714:
1696:
1677:
1622:
1513:
1484:
1425:
1312:
1309:Directorate of Ukraine
1269:
1207:Paris Peace Conference
1189:For his part, General
1155:
1054:
783:Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav
271:Commanders and leaders
41:Greek soldiers of the
3363:Warship International
3285:10.3406/cmr.1981.1903
3234:The Russian Civil War
3160:Kenez, Peter (1977).
3065:Russell & Russell
2605:, pp. 324, 343;
1706:
1688:
1673:
1617:
1585:Siberian intervention
1507:
1479:French evacuation of
1478:
1416:
1303:
1267:
1246:Ukrainian Directorate
1145:
1117:peace treaty between
1102:. Shortly before the
1096:anti-Bolshevik forces
1041:
946:shores of the former
713:Vyoshenskaya Uprising
3322:Taylor & Francis
3314:Revolutionary Russia
1568:hostile to communism
1083:Bolshevik government
810:Rostov–Novocherkassk
43:5/42 Evzone Regiment
2977:, p. 350-351;
1949:, p. 338-339;
1325:Philippe d 'Anselme
1180:Dmitry Shcherbachev
1150:, a veteran of the
962:on the side of the
773:Voronezh–Kastornoye
651:Allied intervention
2052:, p. 284-285.
1514:
1485:
1470:Franchet d'Espèrey
1426:
1313:
1270:
1191:Franchet d'Espèrey
1156:
1104:October Revolution
1075:Georges Clemenceau
1055:
1043:Georges Clemenceau
956:October Revolution
718:Alexandrovsky Fort
668:Katerynoslav March
373:(From February 18)
317:Konstantinos Nider
295:Philippe d'Anselme
94:Bolshevik victory
3465:Conflicts in 1919
3460:Conflicts in 1918
3181:978-0-520-03346-7
1051:Russian Civil War
975:Soviet propaganda
960:Russian Civil War
950:, as part of the
927:
926:
882:Dagestan uprising
758:Advance on Moscow
698:Hryhoriv Uprising
673:Northern Caucasus
663:Voronezh–Povorino
496:
495:
374:
104:
103:
98:Allied evacuation
3532:
3421:
3386:
3357:
3304:
3263:
3228:
3193:
3156:
3121:
3076:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3020:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2981:, p. 60-61.
2972:
2966:
2960:
2951:
2941:
2926:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2822:
2812:
2806:
2805:, p. 56-57.
2800:
2794:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2675:, p. 54-55.
2670:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2610:
2600:
2594:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2557:
2547:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2443:
2437:
2424:
2414:
2405:
2399:
2390:
2389:, p. 47-48.
2384:
2378:
2372:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2282:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2150:
2144:
2134:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1859:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1744:
1741:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1703:
1697:
1692:old Russian Army
1684:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1564:cordon sanitaire
1430:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
1422:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
1353:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
1351:. The main one,
1086:fighting in the
1019:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
979:Bolshevik forces
887:Tambov Rebellion
877:Northern Taurida
862:Ulagay's Landing
708:Chapan rebellion
534:
522:
515:
508:
499:
498:
490:
489:
488:
478:
477:
476:
468:
467:
458:
457:
441:
440:
439:
431:
430:
421:
420:
397:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
395:
394:
384:
383:
372:
369:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
367:
366:
365:
359:
349:
348:
347:
338:
337:
336:
326:
325:
324:
315:
314:
313:
304:
303:
302:
293:
292:
291:
282:
281:
263:
261:
260:
248:
247:
246:
236:
235:
234:
213:
212:
211:
201:
200:
199:
183:
179:
177:
176:
165:
164:
153:
152:
141:
140:
129:
128:
51:
50:
39:
19:
18:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3425:
3424:
3410:
3252:
3217:
3182:
3145:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3039:Munholland 1981
3037:
3033:
3027:Munholland 1981
3025:, p. 351;
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2996:Munholland 1981
2994:
2985:
2979:Munholland 1981
2973:
2969:
2963:Munholland 1981
2961:
2954:
2948:Munholland 1981
2946:, p. 350;
2942:
2929:
2923:Munholland 1981
2921:, p. 350;
2917:
2913:
2907:Munholland 1981
2905:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2850:Munholland 1981
2848:, p. 348;
2844:
2840:
2834:Munholland 1981
2832:
2825:
2819:Munholland 1981
2817:, p. 344;
2813:
2809:
2803:Munholland 1981
2801:
2797:
2789:, p. 341;
2785:
2781:
2775:Munholland 1981
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2751:Munholland 1981
2749:, p. 344;
2745:
2738:
2732:Munholland 1981
2730:, p. 345;
2726:
2722:
2716:Munholland 1981
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2689:Munholland 1981
2687:, p. 343;
2683:
2679:
2673:Munholland 1981
2671:
2667:
2661:Munholland 1981
2659:, p. 343;
2655:
2651:
2645:Munholland 1981
2643:
2634:
2626:
2613:
2607:Munholland 1981
2601:
2597:
2591:Munholland 1981
2589:, p. 346;
2585:
2581:
2575:Munholland 1981
2573:
2560:
2554:Munholland 1981
2552:, p. 343;
2548:
2541:
2535:Munholland 1981
2533:, p. 308;
2529:
2525:
2519:Munholland 1981
2517:, p. 342;
2513:
2509:
2503:Munholland 1981
2501:, p. 343;
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2475:Munholland 1981
2473:, p. 337;
2469:
2465:
2459:Munholland 1981
2457:
2446:
2440:Munholland 1981
2438:
2427:
2421:Munholland 1981
2419:, p. 346;
2415:
2408:
2402:Munholland 1981
2400:
2393:
2387:Munholland 1981
2385:
2381:
2375:Munholland 1981
2373:
2362:
2354:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2289:Munholland 1981
2287:, p. 342;
2283:
2274:
2268:Munholland 1981
2266:, p. 335;
2262:, p. 308;
2258:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2233:Munholland 1981
2231:, p. 342;
2227:, p. 334;
2223:
2219:
2213:Munholland 1981
2211:
2207:
2199:
2178:
2172:Munholland 1981
2170:
2163:
2155:, p. 307;
2151:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2125:Munholland 1981
2123:, p. 285;
2119:
2115:
2107:
2094:
2086:
2077:
2069:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2023:Munholland 1981
2021:
2012:
2006:Munholland 1981
2004:, p. 345;
2000:
1996:
1990:Munholland 1981
1988:, p. 332;
1984:
1980:
1974:Munholland 1981
1972:
1957:
1951:Munholland 1981
1945:
1941:
1935:Munholland 1981
1933:, p. 338;
1929:
1925:
1917:
1904:
1896:
1883:
1877:Munholland 1981
1875:
1862:
1856:Munholland 1981
1854:, p. 331;
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1576:
1566:" of countries
1502:
1411:
1406:
1373:Iaşi Conference
1361:
1262:
1230:
1164:Henri Berthelot
1148:Henri Berthelot
1146:French General
1140:
1036:
1031:
928:
923:
892:Perekop–Chonhar
867:Obytichnyi Spit
723:Bender Uprising
688:Khotyn Uprising
535:
531:
528:
526:
492:
486:
484:
474:
472:
462:
452:
437:
435:
425:
415:
389:
378:
371:
363:
361:
360:
353:
351:Anatoly Skachko
345:
343:
342:
334:
332:
322:
320:
319:
311:
309:
308:
300:
298:
297:
289:
287:
286:
284:Henri Bertholot
276:
258:
256:
244:
242:
232:
230:
209:
207:
197:
195:
174:
172:
159:
147:
135:
123:
85:
45:in Odessa, 1919
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:1919 in France
3482:
3480:1918 in France
3477:
3475:1919 in Russia
3472:
3470:1918 in Russia
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3423:
3422:
3408:
3387:
3358:
3305:
3264:
3250:
3229:
3215:
3194:
3180:
3157:
3143:
3122:
3086:Cahiers slaves
3077:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3012:
3010:, p. 351.
3000:
2983:
2967:
2952:
2927:
2911:
2896:
2894:, p. 325.
2881:
2879:, p. 342.
2866:
2864:, p. 329.
2854:
2838:
2823:
2807:
2795:
2793:, p. 329.
2779:
2767:
2765:, p. 341.
2755:
2736:
2720:
2705:
2703:, p. 344.
2693:
2677:
2665:
2649:
2632:
2630:, p. 343.
2611:
2595:
2579:
2558:
2539:
2523:
2507:
2491:
2489:, p. 337.
2479:
2463:
2444:
2425:
2406:
2391:
2379:
2360:
2358:, p. 130.
2345:
2343:, p. 342.
2339:, p. 95;
2329:
2327:, p. 338.
2317:
2305:
2293:
2272:
2252:
2250:, p. 349.
2237:
2217:
2205:
2203:, p. 308.
2176:
2161:
2159:, p. 334.
2145:
2143:, p. 129.
2139:, p. 90;
2129:
2113:
2111:, p. 307.
2092:
2090:, p. 129.
2075:
2073:, p. 323.
2054:
2042:
2040:, p. 284.
2027:
2010:
1994:
1978:
1955:
1939:
1923:
1921:, p. 338.
1902:
1900:, p. 337.
1881:
1860:
1841:
1839:, p. 264.
1829:
1827:, p. 348.
1810:
1808:, p. 347.
1798:
1796:, p. 346.
1779:
1777:, p. 342.
1764:
1762:, p. 285.
1745:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1698:
1679:
1665:
1655:
1646:
1633:
1624:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1526:Volunteer Army
1501:
1498:
1483:in April 1919.
1463:Volunteer Army
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1366:White movement
1360:
1357:
1261:
1258:
1254:Symon Petliura
1229:
1226:
1184:Volunteer Army
1168:Central Powers
1160:Russian Empire
1152:Romanian Front
1139:
1136:
1127:Joseph Noulens
1123:Central Powers
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
964:White movement
948:Russian Empire
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
910:
909:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
843:
842:
837:
827:
822:
820:North Caucasus
817:
812:
806:
805:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
763:Nizhyn–Poltava
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
658:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
556:
552:
551:
545:
544:
540:
537:
536:
530:Southern Front
525:
524:
517:
510:
502:
494:
493:
482:
481:
480:
470:
460:
444:
443:
433:
423:
405:
404:
400:
399:
386:Symon Petliura
375:
330:
273:
272:
268:
267:
254:
253:
252:
250:Soviet Ukraine
240:
219:
218:
217:
205:
189:White movement
185:
184:
181:Czechoslovakia
169:
157:
145:
133:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
99:
91:
87:
86:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3537:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3409:9781911512103
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3251:9780049470248
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3216:9780880331371
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3144:9780674920095
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:(in French).
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3041:, p. 62.
3040:
3035:
3029:, p. 61.
3028:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2998:, p. 61.
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2965:, p. 60.
2964:
2959:
2957:
2950:, p. 60.
2949:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2925:, p. 59.
2924:
2920:
2915:
2909:, p. 59.
2908:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2852:, p. 57.
2851:
2847:
2842:
2836:, p. 57.
2835:
2830:
2828:
2821:, p. 57.
2820:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2777:, p. 56.
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2753:, p. 56.
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2734:, p. 55.
2733:
2729:
2724:
2718:, p. 55.
2717:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2691:, p. 54.
2690:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2663:, p. 53.
2662:
2658:
2653:
2647:, p. 53.
2646:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2609:, p. 52.
2608:
2604:
2599:
2593:, p. 52.
2592:
2588:
2583:
2577:, p. 52.
2576:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2556:, p. 52.
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2537:, p. 52.
2536:
2532:
2527:
2521:, p. 51.
2520:
2516:
2511:
2505:, p. 51.
2504:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2477:, p. 51.
2476:
2472:
2467:
2461:, p. 51.
2460:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2442:, p. 50.
2441:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2423:, p. 49.
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2404:, p. 49.
2403:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2377:, p. 48.
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2356:Mawdsley 1987
2352:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2315:, p. 95.
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2291:, p. 47.
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2270:, p. 47.
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2235:, p. 47.
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2215:, p. 43.
2214:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2174:, p. 47.
2173:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2141:Mawdsley 1987
2138:
2133:
2127:, p. 46.
2126:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:Mawdsley 1987
2084:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2025:, p. 46.
2024:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2008:, p. 45.
2007:
2003:
1998:
1992:, p. 45.
1991:
1987:
1982:
1976:, p. 45.
1975:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1953:, p. 44.
1952:
1948:
1943:
1937:, p. 44.
1936:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1879:, p. 44.
1878:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1858:, p. 44.
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1736:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1659:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:13th Division
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:Anton Denikin
1519:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1494:13th Division
1491:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:expelled them
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:15th Division
1279:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Anton Denikin
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Soviet Russia
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:Eastern Front
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Mamontov Raid
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
655:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:Transcaucasia
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
546:
542:
541:
538:
533:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
503:
500:
491:30,000–40,000
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
450:
449:
448:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
413:
412:
411:
407:
406:
401:
398:
393:
388:
387:
382:
376:
370:
357:
352:
341:
331:
329:
328:Anton Denikin
318:
307:
306:Ioan Pătrașcu
296:
285:
280:
275:
274:
269:
266:
255:
251:
241:
239:
238:Soviet Russia
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
220:
216:
206:
204:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
182:
170:
168:
163:
158:
156:
151:
146:
144:
139:
134:
132:
127:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
112:
107:
97:
96:
95:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3391:
3369:(1): 36–50.
3366:
3362:
3317:
3313:
3279:(1): 43–66.
3276:
3272:
3233:
3198:
3162:
3126:
3089:
3085:
3056:
3049:Bibliography
3034:
3003:
2970:
2914:
2877:Hunczak 1977
2857:
2841:
2810:
2798:
2787:Hunczak 1977
2782:
2770:
2763:Hunczak 1977
2758:
2723:
2696:
2680:
2668:
2652:
2598:
2582:
2526:
2510:
2494:
2487:Hunczak 1977
2482:
2471:Hunczak 1977
2466:
2382:
2337:Hunczak 1977
2332:
2325:Hunczak 1977
2320:
2313:Hunczak 1977
2308:
2301:Hunczak 1977
2296:
2264:Hunczak 1977
2255:
2225:Hunczak 1977
2220:
2208:
2157:Hunczak 1977
2148:
2137:Hunczak 1977
2132:
2116:
2045:
1997:
1986:Hunczak 1977
1981:
1942:
1926:
1852:Hunczak 1977
1837:Hunczak 1977
1832:
1801:
1739:
1719:
1707:
1701:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1649:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1599:
1560:
1549:
1530:
1515:
1508:The port of
1486:
1468:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1427:
1389:
1385:
1370:
1362:
1346:
1314:
1291:
1271:
1260:Intervention
1234:7th Division
1231:
1214:I Army Corps
1211:
1195:
1188:
1157:
1138:French plans
1112:
1056:
1007:
968:
931:
929:
825:Novorossiysk
650:
586:Steppe March
446:
445:
409:
408:
377:
222:
221:
215:South Russia
187:
186:
115:
114:
109:Belligerents
93:
27:Part of the
3242:Unwin Hyman
3096:: 161–172.
1377:monarchists
1278:Directorate
1092:Middle East
788:3rd Kharkiv
778:Khopyor–Don
753:Perehonivka
733:2nd Kharkiv
549:1st Kharkiv
410:In Ukraine:
354: [
3429:Categories
3418:1023368302
3383:8014468800
3324:: 87–107.
3301:5546942436
3118:7290969875
2531:Allen 1963
2260:Allen 1963
2201:Allen 1963
2153:Allen 1963
2109:Allen 1963
1731:References
1620:divisions.
1605:Bessarabia
1552:Simferopol
1541:Sevastopol
1510:Sevastopol
1490:Bessarabia
1381:socialists
1321:Sevastopol
1029:Background
995:Sevastopol
954:after the
897:2nd Crimea
830:Azerbaijan
798:2nd Donbas
768:Orel–Kursk
693:1st Donbas
601:1st Crimea
596:March Days
571:Donbas-Don
447:In Crimea:
224:Bolsheviks
67:Sevastopol
3375:0043-0374
3354:145442425
3346:760303529
3338:0954-6545
3293:0008-0160
3260:974120622
3225:830834449
3190:797257452
3153:310782079
3110:1283-3878
3073:578666051
1545:Constanța
1459:Berezivka
1446:companies
1393:Constanța
1203:regiments
944:Black Sea
626:Tsaritsyn
581:Ice March
3396:Solihull
3203:New York
3168:Berkeley
3061:New York
1574:See also
1438:Mykolaiv
1329:Tiraspol
1305:Mykolaiv
1287:Mykolaiv
1236:reached
1220:and the
1121:and the
1090:and the
999:Tiraspol
991:Mykolaiv
857:Lankaran
793:4th Kiev
748:3rd Kiev
703:Binagadi
683:2nd Kiev
646:Dibrivka
631:Kurdamir
591:Iași–Don
576:1st Kiev
566:Shamkhor
403:Strength
79:Mykolaiv
62:Location
1663:forces.
1556:soviets
1434:Kherson
1418:Kherson
1409:Ukraine
1349:otamans
1342:Dnieper
1317:Kherson
1295:Denikin
1172:Balkans
1100:Entente
1088:Balkans
1079:Donetsk
1067:Ukraine
1011:Entente
987:Kherson
971:Ukraine
940:Ukraine
934:was an
919:Georgia
872:Armenia
847:Ochakov
678:Ukraine
616:Goychay
167:Romania
75:Kherson
3416:
3406:
3400:Helion
3381:
3373:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3299:
3291:
3258:
3248:
3238:Boston
3223:
3213:
3188:
3178:
3151:
3141:
3116:
3108:
3071:
1710:Verdun
1500:Crimea
1404:Defeat
1359:Status
1250:allied
1065:, and
1063:Donbas
1059:Crimea
1045:, the
1016:Otaman
983:Crimea
936:Allied
852:Anzali
840:Sarvan
835:Yalama
561:Mughan
432:15,000
422:23,000
262:
203:Crimea
178:
155:Poland
143:Greece
131:France
117:Allies
90:Result
71:Odessa
3350:S2CID
3320:(1).
3094:Paris
3092:(1).
1642:Izmir
1591:Notes
1533:Odesa
1481:Odesa
1336:from
1238:Odesa
1198:Odesa
1131:Lenin
914:Anapa
815:Odesa
728:Odesa
636:Livny
621:Sochi
611:Kuban
479:5,000
469:2,000
459:3,000
442:4,000
358:]
3414:OCLC
3404:ISBN
3379:OCLC
3371:ISSN
3342:OCLC
3334:ISSN
3297:OCLC
3289:ISSN
3256:OCLC
3246:ISBN
3221:OCLC
3211:ISBN
3186:OCLC
3176:ISBN
3149:OCLC
3139:ISBN
3114:OCLC
3106:ISSN
3069:OCLC
1398:Foch
1338:Kyiv
1222:13th
997:and
930:The
908:1921
804:1920
657:1919
641:Baku
555:1918
543:1917
77:and
54:Date
3326:doi
3281:doi
3098:doi
1524:'s
1379:to
1285:at
1218:2nd
3431::
3412:.
3402:.
3398::
3394:.
3377:.
3367:26
3365:.
3348:.
3340:.
3332:.
3318:16
3316:.
3312:.
3295:.
3287:.
3277:22
3275:.
3271:.
3254:.
3244:.
3240::
3236:.
3219:.
3209:.
3205::
3184:.
3174:.
3170::
3166:.
3147:.
3137:.
3133::
3129:.
3112:.
3104:.
3090:14
3084:.
3067:.
3063::
3059:.
3015:^
2986:^
2955:^
2930:^
2899:^
2884:^
2869:^
2826:^
2739:^
2708:^
2635:^
2614:^
2561:^
2542:^
2447:^
2428:^
2409:^
2394:^
2363:^
2348:^
2275:^
2240:^
2179:^
2164:^
2095:^
2078:^
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