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insurrection broke out in Cap-HaĂŻtien, provoking an almost general revolt in the country. The revolution quickly broke out in the North, the richest city of the kingdom, Cap-HaĂŻtien, fell under revolutionary control. In
October, the revolutionaries marched on Milot's Sans Souci palace. Suffering from paralysis and seeing that the situation was slipping away from him, the king committed suicide on 8 October 1820, by shooting himself in the heart with a silver bullet during a mass in a church he had built. He is buried in the
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1045:, grandson of the former King Henri, who took power in 1902. An authoritarian, he declared himself president for life and even ended up proposing a new constitutional monarchy with himself as king. But this project provoked a last revolt that turned into a new revolution and forced Nord Alexis to go into exile in 1908. He died two years later, in 1910, at the age of 89.
1419:
was chosen for strategic purposes, i.e. it was both central and elevated, as well as concealed and perfectly autonomous. Furthermore, it allowed the sovereign to control his territory and to protect himself from his internal and external enemies, including the French, who still sought to retake their
870:
In 1818, after PĂ©tion's death, it was his aide-de-camp Jean-Pierre Boyer who succeeded him at the head of the South. King Henri then proposed to Boyer to join him in exchange for the title of marshal. But, as expected, he refused. He even sent several spies to different cities in the North to stir up
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and her daughters went into exile in Italy. Boyer took advantage of the revolution to send his army, present on the border, to the center of the northern kingdom. On 20 October, Boyer had imposed himself by arms, and proclaimed that the north would be joined with the south on 26 October. Finally, he
941:
During the summer of 1820, several riots broke out in the North, and the government then launched a violent repression. As for the king, he suffered a stroke in August 1820, which left him partially paralyzed and considerably weakened his health and disturbed his thinking. In
September 1820, a new
699:
President of the
Republic of the North, then president for life and generalissimo, Henri Christophe wanted to legitimize his power as Dessalines had done by re-establishing the empire. In conflict with the southern republic of PĂ©tion, he succeeded, after several battles, in securing the borders of
1131:
To put an end to his troubles, the king established the "Code Henri", which was composed of a set of laws and promoted education. The Henri Code thus established a so-called royal constitution that sought to appease the opponents of the monarchy. In addition, the king set up a cabinet composed of
707:
The return of
General André Rigaud can also be attributed to the creation of the constitutional monarchy in the North. Rigaud returned to Haiti from France and attempted to overthrow Pétion's republic in the South in 1810. This had consequences in the North, as the North saw the dissention in the
688:
But very soon, some generals, ambitious to seize power, organized a plot against the emperor, who was finally assassinated by the men of
General Alexandre PĂ©tion in an ambush on 17 October 1806, at Pont-Rouge (at the entrance of Port-au-Prince), betrayed by one of his battalion chiefs.
875:, republican ideas circulated more and more in the kingdom. Boyer then sent several great orators from the South to the North with the aim of creating a revolutionary movement. Moreover, in 1820, the harvests were bad and taxes were increasing, a situation favorable to revolutions.
1414:
The king owned nineteen other plantations and had other residences and forts built throughout his kingdom, including the La Ferrière citadel, which was located a few kilometers from the palace and armed with 200 cannons. The geographical location of this royal residence and the
1521:
De la RĂ©publique d'HaĂŻti: Ă®le de Saint-Domingue, considĂ©rĂ©e sous ses diffĂ©rents rapports, ses forces, ses moyens physiques et moraux, et le caractère national de ses habitants : observations faites sur les lieux par M.A. Rouzeau (du Loiret) dans son voyage de 1817 Ă
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South as proof, in the words of the
Councilors of State of northern Haiti, that "republics are fit only for fomenting trouble and bringing about civil war". This then contributed to the creation of the constitutional monarchy in the North under Henri Christophe.
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In the beginning, Henri was not a popular monarch, he was seen as an ambitious soldier who had become a dictator. Moreover, in
January 1812, he had to face a revolt by liberal groups demanding the establishment of a parliament and a fairer constitution.
790:
As for King Henri, he denigrated PĂ©tion by asserting that PĂ©tion embodied the false democracy that masks tyranny. This declaration was borne out when PĂ©tion proclaimed himself president for life of the South, with the right to designate his successor.
696:, which had to go into exile. Alexandre PĂ©tion proclaimed the Republic and became president. But another general, Henri Christophe, broke away and took control of northern Haiti, where he established a separatist government, the State of the North.
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According to the "Henri Code", the king held the bulk of power. However, he would also be assisted by a cabinet of six ministers, the foremost of whom was a chancellor appointed by the king. When he became king, Henry appointed Joseph
Rouanez as
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his new state. Once some stability was established, Christophe established a constitutional monarchy with himself as monarch. He became king of Haiti on 28 March 1811, under the name of Henry I. On 2 June 1811, he was crowned by Grand
Archbishop
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Since Haiti was divided in 1807, tensions arose between the
Haitians of the north and the south. This led to a veritable civil war. The tension with the southerners was further intensified with the establishment of the kingdom of the North.
787:, as president of the Republic of the South, declared to represent the struggle against tyranny, which King Henri would represent. From 1807 to 1820, neither of the two armies managed to cross the border between the two nations.
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the population. At first, this attempt seemed to have no effect on the northern population. But after a last battle fought on the north–south border, in which the king ordered to shoot all the southern officers who were
946:. After his death, his son, Crown Prince Victor-Henry, was proclaimed king by his followers under the name of Henry II. However, Milot was seized by the insurgents and the new king was hanged on 18 October 1820. Queen
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Marie-Louise, and their children – including Victor-Henry Christophe – lived in the palace, along with their staff and the various councillors and ministers, until the fall of the monarchy on 18 October 1820.
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After suffering a stroke and with support for his rule waning, Henri I committed suicide on 8 October 1820. He was buried at the Citadelle Henry. His 16-year-old son and heir,
569:, built to protect the Kingdom from possible French invasions. He created a noble class and appointed four princes, eight dukes, 22 counts, 37 barons, and 14 chevaliers.
1215:. The power of the king was much higher than that of the chancellor; the monarch was thus the true head of the government, and the chancellor only his personal advisor.
1211:, and also granted him the title of Duke de Morin. Rouanez died in 1812, and was subsequently replaced by Julien Prévost, who served as chancellor until the fall of the
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was also built, as well as numerous annexes: barracks, a hospital, ministries, a printing shop, a mint, a school, an art academy, and abfarm, etc. King Henri, his wife
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In 1811, the North became a hereditary monarchy. It was there that it entered into war with the South even though the fighting did not go beyond the borders.
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various ministers to help him administer the kingdom. Stability then returned in the North, and Henri was recognized as king by the northern population.
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From 1791 to 1804, the Haitian Revolution against the French colonists raged. After the failure of the French expedition of 1803, General
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1391:" that he promoted to develop the island's economy. As a result, the North accumulated wealth faster than the South. Henri built the
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Following the assassination of Emperor Jacques I, the country was split. Parallel with the government of Christophe in the north,
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whose titles, ecu, and currencies were intended to be transmitted hereditarily. This nobility system was largely inspired by
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https://search-ebscohost-com.spot.lib.auburn.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=175349405&site=ehost-live
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1041:(Faustin I) in 1849–1859. There have been attempts to re-establish the monarchy, however. One such case was that of
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on 28 March 1811 when he proclaimed himself King Henri I after having previously ruled as president of the
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Work on the Sans Souci palace was completed in 1813. In addition to the main body, a chapel with a large
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Daut, Marlene L. "NAPOLEON’S MAN IN HAITI. (Cover Story)." History Today 74, no. 3 (March 2024): 64–75.
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former colony. In fact, the French made an attempted landing on Haiti in 1814–1815 as ordered by King
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After the episode of the reign of Henri Christophe, no other true monarchy arose in Haiti until the
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2019:
1941:
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1313:. The conferred titles mostly corresponded to majorates, which in this case were vast territories.
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538:, in the northern part of the country. This was Haiti's second attempt at monarchical rule, as
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2007:
1987:
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1424:, sending three commissioners to Haiti, which were quickly rebuked by King Henry I of Haiti.
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543:
200:
595:, who reunited the two parts of the nation after the deaths of Henri I and his son in 1820.
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Afterwards, his generals marched on the capital, abolished the Empire and expelled the
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proclaimed himself president for life and then "supreme chief" of the whole island.
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1539:Études sur l'histoire d'Haïti suivies de la vie du général J.M. Borgella
557:
During his reign, Henri built six castles, eight palaces (including the
1936:
1399:
and created a nobility distributing titles, pensions, and decorations.
1359: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1208:
913: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2548:
1568:"Inside the Kingdom of Haiti, 'the Wakanda of the Western Hemisphere'"
1494:"Inside the Kingdom of Haiti, 'the Wakanda of the Western Hemisphere'"
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576:, was murdered 10 days later at the Sans-Souci Palace by rebels.
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as Emperor Jacques I from 1804 until his assassination in 1806.
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1403:
1212:
1664:
1594:"When France extorted Haiti – the greatest heist in history"
1289:
With an edict dated 5 April 1811, King Henry proclaimed a
711:
587:, ruled over the south of the country as President of the
681:
On 8 October 1804, Dessalines was crowned emperor in
144:
233:
The Kingdom of Haiti in the northwest of Hispaniola
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
118:State in northwestern Hispaniola from 1811 to 1820
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2408:
1454:, reportedly crowned "Faustin II of La Gonave"
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2803:States and territories disestablished in 1820
2394:
1649:
1475:Memoirs of Napoleon, His Court and Family ...
591:until his death in 1818. He was succeeded by
1472:d'), Laure Junot Abrantès (duchesse (1836).
130:
1444:, a religious establishment located in the
1257:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1174:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1092:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1001:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
838:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
750:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
642:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
574:Jacques-Victor Henri, Prince Royal of Haiti
2798:States and territories established in 1811
2401:
2387:
1656:
1642:
227:
2735:List of the last monarchs in the Americas
1395:in Milot and the Belle-Rivière palace in
1375:Learn how and when to remove this message
1277:Learn how and when to remove this message
1194:Learn how and when to remove this message
1112:Learn how and when to remove this message
1021:Learn how and when to remove this message
929:Learn how and when to remove this message
858:Learn how and when to remove this message
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770:Learn how and when to remove this message
662:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1542:(in French). DĂ©zobry, Magdeleine et Cie.
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953:
548:
498:
1535:
1517:
1471:
1053:
712:Conflict with the Republic of the South
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1637:
1875:List of revolutions and coups d'Ă©tat
1629:Constitution of the Kingdom of Haiti
1591:
1565:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1357:adding citations to reliable sources
1328:
1255:adding citations to reliable sources
1222:
1172:adding citations to reliable sources
1139:
1090:adding citations to reliable sources
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999:adding citations to reliable sources
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911:adding citations to reliable sources
882:
878:
836:adding citations to reliable sources
803:
748:adding citations to reliable sources
715:
640:adding citations to reliable sources
607:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
2423:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies
13:
1695:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
1663:
1218:
14:
2814:
2788:Former countries in the Caribbean
1622:
1566:Daut, Marlene (23 January 2019).
1492:Daut, Marlene (23 January 2019).
1482:
678:proclaimed Haiti's independence.
2730:List of monarchs in the Americas
2467:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1333:
1305:'s nobility, it did not include
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1344:needs additional citations for
898:needs additional citations for
530:) was the state established by
31:needs additional citations for
1811:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
1592:Daut, Marlene (30 June 2020).
1585:
1559:
1546:
1529:
1511:
1465:
1397:Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite
542:had previously ruled over the
1:
2710:Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76)
1458:
1048:
685:under the name of Jacques I.
603:
477:Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)
396:• Death of King Henry I
2783:1811 establishments in Haiti
1387:The king used the "agrarian
962:
285:semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
1427:
795:The Revolution of the North
702:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Brelle
10:
2819:
2410:Monarchies in the Americas
1536:Ardouin, Beaubrun (1860).
1297:, but it also showed some
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2722:
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2492:
2416:
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2095:
1983:
1974:
1892:
1883:
1784:Unification of Hispaniola
1675:
1617:Flags of the World: Haiti
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2611:colonies in the Americas
1897:Administrative divisions
187:Bottom: Flag (1814–1820)
2750:Araucania and Patagonia
2619:Courland and Semigallia
1324:
676:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
561:), the Royal Chapel of
540:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
506:of the Kingdom of Haiti
382:• Proclamation of
222:"Reborn from the ashes"
2745:Afro-Bolivian monarchy
1833:2010s cholera outbreak
1794:Post-imperial Republic
1525:(in French). F. Didot.
1321:
959:
800:Reasons for the revolt
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527:
519:
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185:Top: Flag (1811–1814)
145:
131:
2500:Indigenous monarchies
2457:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1843:Crisis (2018–present)
1441:Royal Chapel of Milot
1320:Citadelle Laferrière.
1319:
1301:; for instance, like
1136:Organization of power
957:
948:Marie-Louise Coidavid
552:
544:First Empire of Haiti
502:
249:Common languages
214:Ex cineribus nascitur
2660:Barbados (1966–2021)
2256:Citadelle Laferrière
2223:Water and sanitation
1962:World Heritage Sites
1707:Atlantic slave trade
1518:Rouzeau, A. (1818).
1353:improve this article
1295:British institutions
1251:improve this section
1168:improve this section
1086:improve this section
1054:Difficult beginnings
995:improve this section
944:Citadelle Laferrière
907:improve this article
832:improve this section
744:improve this section
636:improve this section
585:free person of color
567:Citadelle Laferrière
356:• Lower Chamber
344:• Upper Chamber
40:improve this article
2607:European monarchies
2427:Antigua and Barbuda
2047:Chamber of Deputies
2030:Commanders-in-chief
361:Chamber of Deputies
2740:Kingdom of Redonda
2670:Guyana (1966–1970)
2665:Brazil (1822–1889)
2328:The Unknown Maroon
2142:Telecommunications
1744:Haitian Revolution
1727:Colonial governors
1700:Colonial governors
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1043:Pierre Nord Alexis
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555:
508:
55:"Kingdom of Haiti"
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2313:Sans-Souci Palace
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2054:Political parties
1998:Foreign relations
1970:
1969:
1870:List of massacres
1860:COVID-19 pandemic
1838:Hurricane Matthew
1452:Faustin E. Wirkus
1446:Sans Souci Palace
1393:Sans Souci palace
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879:Uprising and fall
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593:Jean-Pierre Boyer
589:Republic of Haiti
559:Sans-Souci Palace
553:San-Souci Palace.
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307:• 1811–1820
279:absolute monarchy
264:Roman Catholicism
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1981:
1980:
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1823:2004 coup d'Ă©tat
1818:1991 coup d'Ă©tat
1806:Duvalier dynasty
1717:Peace of Ryswick
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1598:The Conversation
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1498:The Conversation
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1434:History of Haiti
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1299:French influence
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785:Alexandre PĂ©tion
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581:Alexandre PĂ©tion
532:Henri Christophe
516:Kingdom of Hayti
512:Kingdom of Haiti
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386:as King Henry I
384:Henri Christophe
326:(not proclaimed)
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127:Kingdom of Haiti
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2793:Former kingdoms
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2308:National anthem
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2020:Law enforcement
1966:
1902:Arrondissements
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1865:2021 earthquake
1828:2010 earthquake
1799:U.S. occupation
1690:TaĂno chiefdoms
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1153:This section
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1102:February 2024
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1071:This section
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1035:Second Empire
1025:
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1011:February 2024
1004:
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980:This section
978:
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919:February 2024
912:
908:
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896:This section
894:
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848:February 2024
841:
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817:This section
815:
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792:
788:
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771:
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760:February 2024
753:
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745:
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729:This section
727:
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709:
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684:
679:
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666:
663:
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652:February 2024
645:
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631:
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621:This section
619:
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428:
426:
425:ISO 3166 code
422:
418:
414:
413:Haitian livre
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
390:28 March 1811
389:
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96:February 2024
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2760:
2682:
2246:Coat of arms
2213:Social class
2183:Demographics
2114:Central bank
2008:Human rights
1988:Constitution
1763:
1754:First Empire
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1571:
1561:
1548:
1538:
1531:
1520:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1474:
1467:
1439:
1413:
1401:
1386:
1371:
1362:
1351:Please help
1346:verification
1343:
1288:
1273:
1264:
1249:Please help
1237:
1205:
1190:
1181:
1166:Please help
1154:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1108:
1099:
1084:Please help
1072:
1032:
1017:
1008:
993:Please help
981:
940:
925:
916:
905:Please help
900:verification
897:
869:
854:
845:
830:Please help
818:
789:
781:
766:
757:
742:Please help
730:
706:
698:
691:
687:
680:
673:
658:
649:
634:Please help
622:
578:
571:
556:
515:
511:
509:
504:King Henri I
446:Succeeded by
445:
440:
419:(as of 1813)
371:19th century
319:• 1820
213:
211:Motto:
210:
201:Coat of arms
120:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2484:Netherlands
2462:Saint Lucia
2432:The Bahamas
2124:Foreign aid
2109:Agriculture
2013:LGBT rights
1932:Environment
1927:Earthquakes
1922:Departments
1853:2022 crisis
1577:20 February
1503:20 February
1478:R. Bentley.
1422:Louis XVIII
1291:noble class
683:Cap-HaĂŻtien
441:Preceded by
335:Legislature
287:(1812–1820)
281:(1811–1812)
2767:Categories
2323:Television
2288:Literature
2131:(currency)
2037:Parliament
2003:Government
1937:Hispaniola
1459:References
1389:caporalism
1209:chancellor
1049:Government
604:Background
565:, and the
338:Parliament
271:Government
66:newspapers
2598:Talamanca
2303:Mythology
2271:Languages
2218:Squatting
2188:Education
2152:Transport
2059:President
1993:Elections
1885:Geography
1777:1820–1849
1772:1806–1820
1768:Republic
1448:in Haiti.
1238:does not
1155:does not
1073:does not
982:does not
963:Posterity
873:prisoners
819:does not
731:does not
623:does not
518:(French:
260:Religion
243:Cap-Henri
162:1811–1820
2629:Portugal
2576:Neo-Inca
2539:Garabito
2363:Category
2203:Religion
2025:Military
1976:Politics
1957:Wildlife
1848:Gang war
1685:Timeline
1669:articles
1428:See also
1311:viscount
1303:Napoleon
409:Currency
324:Henry II
283:Unitary
252:French,
2723:Related
2703:1864–67
2698:1822–23
2694:Mexico
2688:1849–59
2683:1811–20
2678:1804–06
2588:Miskito
2549:Toyopán
2479:Denmark
2452:Jamaica
2447:Grenada
2417:Current
2347:Outline
2261:Cuisine
2233:Culture
2166:Society
2147:Tourism
2137:Poverty
2129:Gourde
2097:Economy
1942:Islands
1764:Kingdom
1734:Slavery
1712:Maroons
1677:History
1603:3 March
1417:citadel
1307:marquis
1259:removed
1244:sources
1176:removed
1161:sources
1094:removed
1079:sources
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