749:
411:
423:
594:
636:
686:
842:
471:('After Work'), but extending its influence into the workplace as well through the Beauty of Labour department, the KdF rapidly developed a wide range of activities and quickly grew into one of Nazi Germany's largest organizations. Wardens were posted in every factory and workshop employing more than 20 people. It strove to improve the hygiene of workplaces, by providing toilets, locker rooms, and proper washing facilities. It also looked to improve air quality and reduce noise for workers. The government offered tax incentives as encouragement, and by 1938 the conditions of 34,000 workplaces had improved considerably. This was largely achieved by workers completing renovations while on unpaid overtime.
299:,' and that a common national consciousness would end class conflict and enable all classes to work together for the greater benefit of the nation. A key feature of the people's community was the overall good physical health of the German people, in order to produce a population fit for military service and for work. In addition, it was believed that if workers were given sufficient leisure time and provided with cleaner workplaces morale and productivity would increase, aspects needed of the working class for the rearmament. It initially was intended to focus on controlling evening and weekend leisure time, but after positive reception of KdF train trips, tourism became an important priority.
445:
392:
479:, by 1936 sports and physical training were implemented in factories, and employees under the age of 18 were required to spend time in their workweek performing exercise. The Sports Office also pushed employers to build recreation facilities on work grounds, such as tennis courts, and offered tax incentives as encouragement. Official estimates by the German Labour Front show that by 1939, approximately 3,000 sports facilities were created and over 12 million sports courses were organized through these efforts. Overall, it sought heightened physical and mental health for workers, important aspects for potential citizens living in the 'people's community.'
976:
525:
400:
670:, political and educational lectures, and events dedicated to displaying customs of individual German regions, such as shows of dance groups performing dances from their home regions. Drinking alcohol was prohibited, and the government planted spies on ships instructed to pose as passengers and monitor participants' behavior. Cruise trips were sometimes offered as prizes in KdF competitions, but were largely affordable; an eighteen-day trip to
786:." Seeking also to ensure the heightened physical and mental health of troops, other forms of light KdF entertainment were made available such as art exhibitions and sports. Entertainment by troop-care units was not exclusive to the Wehrmacht, as they were also tasked to put on shows for SS guards in concentration camps and 'Ethnic Germans' living in occupied territory. Germany's troop-care units remain a lightly researched topic.
52:
275:
553:) and was established as the official theatre of KdF, with numerous other KdF theatres opening in major cities. The Adult Education Office similarly used these theatres for showings of propaganda films, alongside the film buses. Employing civilian performers as well as organizing performances of their own orchestras, by 1938 KdF had sponsored and offered ticket packages to performances such as
437:
775:, the troop-care units utilized portable stages and civilian performers such as musicians and actors, hiring them for up to 100 Reichsmarks per day. Many of the hired performers had little experience or were considered third-rate. By the end of 1941 it had become a massive program, as troop-care units had staged over 300,000 performances across every theater of war, including Africa.
483:
workers had the ability to attend. Exhibitions of art created by exclusively German artists, plays, musicals and concerts were organized and admission for workers was either very cheap or free. Some art exhibitions featured art created by workers, oftentimes created in classes organized by the KdF. At all exhibitions, the art was for sale. In some cases, renowned composers such as
338:
German population. Physical education classes and gymnastic events were scheduled on weekends and after working hours, but also included skiing and hiking trips. It also encouraged workers to partake in physical exercise and sports, encouraging employers to provide access to facilities and equipment during work hours and after hours.
513:
expectations of high performance. This was intended to focus the course on the production of joy and improvement of the population's health. Another reason for it may have been that the government sought to prevent opposition between participating groups, and rather promote and encourage cooperation. In 1939, KdF was awarded the
740:, tourism opportunities were suspended and the organization shifted to more domestic activities and troop entertainment; up until this point, KdF had sold more than 45 million package tours and excursions, totaling over 700,000 German travelers. By 1939, it had 7,000 employees and over 135,000 volunteers.
364:
The
Leisure Time Office enabled workers to attend theatres and concerts by organizing local events and offering discounted tickets. It also organized concerts and events to take place in factories. As the Adult Education Office focused more on propaganda and refined education, the Leisure Time Office
246:
KdF was composed of several departments with their own specific goals, with each department organizing different leisure activities. It organized activities such as sporting events on factory floors, art exhibitions, discounted concerts and, most famously and popularly, subsidized holidays and cruise
678:, the equivalent to about four weeks' average salary at the time, and a seven-day trip to Norway cost about 50 Reichsmarks. Although cruises were inexpensive, workers were often greatly underrepresented on these voyages, with most of KdF's cruise participants being from the middle class. Following
482:
The
Leisure Time Office and Adult Education Office, seeking to educate adults in arts and culture as well as to ensure they spend their time profitably, took steps to provide access to events for workers. To do as such, exhibitions, concerts and cultural events were held within factories to ensure
337:
The Sports Office organized tennis, skiing, and likewise sports that the working class were previously unable to partake in. Its main concerns were in building 'everyday joy' and improving the health of the masses, and KdF took a keen interest in building the physicality and bodily strength of the
503:
The Sports Office organized several sports events and classes throughout the operation of KdF. In the summer months, activities such as horse riding, sailing and swimming were offered with KdF emphasizing track and field activities. Gymnastics became an increasingly popular sport for German women
452:
Following its inception, KdF began to provide a wide range of activities at an affordable price, ranging from concerts and theatre trips to weekend trips and holidays. Workers could enter KdF competitions and win prizes that would send them and their families to local events, or on extended trips
512:
per 90 minutes. 'Closed courses' required participants to register for the entire course, cost 80 pfennings per 90 minutes, and often covered more skilled sports such as boxing, golf and rowing. Activities organized early in KdF's existence often deliberately left out competition, training and
601:
The Office for Travel, Hiking, and
Holidays offered various discounted vacation trips, ranging in length from day and weekend trips to one week or upwards of three weeks. Taking travelers via rail and bus to their destinations, within Germany or its occupied and annexed territories, the office
504:
during this time. During the winter, KdF organized activities such as skiing, ice skating and winter hiking. Most of its activities and events occurred on weekends, and its volunteers, who were mostly unsalaried schoolteachers, taught exercise and sports classes. KdF would use local school
947:
The radios were designed to be produced as cheaply as possible, and because the act of listening to non-German radio stations had become a criminal offense, it is speculated that the short reception range was a purposeful feature. Penalties ranged from fines and confiscation of radios to,
631:
where they were ceremonially welcomed. While BĂĽrckel announced that he did not expect all of the travelers to return as Nazis, he did expect them to look him in the eyes and say, "I tried hard to understand you." Many KdF travelers complained of their trips, noting poor travel conditions,
889:
The
Volkswagen was sold to German workers on an installment plan, where buyers of the car made payments and posted stamps in a stamp-savings book, which, when full, would be redeemed for the car. Due to the shift of wartime production, no private citizen ever received a
536:
The
Leisure Time Office offered a variety of different activities and discounts for workers. Offering discounted ticket packages to theatres for films, musicals and plays for workers in cities, KdF also organized events to occur in rural areas by utilizing buses, called
294:
and decided to raise living standards differently to influence the opinion of Nazism, and paid for the program by taking deductions from workers' wages. By providing these luxuries, the government hoped that class divisions would be bridged leading to the building of a
682:, tourism opportunities were suspended and the organization shifted to more domestic activities and troop entertainment; up until this point, KdF had sold more than 45 million package tours and excursions, totaling over 700,000 German travelers.
262:. Official statistics showed that in 1934, 2.3 million people took KdF holidays. By 1938, this figure rose to 10.3 million. With the outbreak of war in 1939, most of the organization's programs were suspended and several projects, such as the
931:– "Goebbels' snout" – by the German public) and was used as the base of a KdF branded radio. Giving poor Germans access to this medium for the first time, it cost 35 Reichsmarks and the option of paying with an installment plan was offered.
375:
Organizing both domestic and international excursions, for the first time workers were able to travel at length. This was achieved by offering discounts on travel and tour packages, sending thousands of
Germans on holidays before 1939.
665:
being considered as its flagship. Through these cruises Nazism was promoted internationally, and KdF travelers therefore were expected to represent its positively by dressing modestly and behaving appropriately. Ship events included
608:(German National Railway). Popular extended holiday destinations included the Alps, the Black Forest, and the coasts of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, but most of the trips booked were overnight or over a weekend. Two weeks after the
289:
as a subset of the German Labour Front whose goal was to provide
Germans with access to once-privileged leisure activities such as cruises and the ownership of motorcars. The government feared that increasing wages would dampen the
453:
either in
Germany or abroad. Many of their events occurring after the work day and on weekends: the government sought not only to create a positive and productive environment, but also to dissuade potential anti-state activities.
410:
797:
was requisitioned in August 1939 and converted to serve as a hospital ship after only six months of operation. The ship would be converted several times to serve different purposes throughout World War II and was bombed by the
643:
Most famously, the office also offered discounted cruise trips to German citizens. Although not initially planned to be a program offered by KdF, the initial successes of the cruises led to six large ships, including the
810:
and converted to serve as a hospital ship. In
November 1940, medical equipment was removed from the ship and it was converted to serve as a barracks ship. Tasked with transporting civilians and military personnel during
926:
The original model was the VE301 and exhibited in August 1933 at the cost of 76 Reichsmarks, the equivalent to two weeks' average salary at the time. A cheaper model was later produced, the DKE38 (sometimes called the
474:
KdF stressed that partaking in sports would encourage physical health and a healthy attitude, and as such the Sports Office began to organize physical education events for workers. Under supervision of the
251:, which concerned itself with physical and sanitary improvements of the workplace. KdF was responsible for the improvement of several factories and sports facilities throughout its operations in the 1930s.
602:
organized activities such as hiking trips and swimming excursions. In most destinations hotelkeepers and some local businesses saw increased profits thanks to the increasing number of tourists, as did the
243:. Through its structure of organized events and promotion of propaganda, it was also intended to prevent dissident and anti-state behavior. By 1939, it had become the world's largest tourism operator.
224:
658:, being built specifically for use by KdF while a further six were chartered. They were first ships to be built specifically for cruises. They were collectively known as the KdF fleet, with the
967:
which showcased the improved conditions of factories. Groups were shown engaging in calisthenics, going on walks through company grounds, and checking out books from the company library.
1016:('Office for Popular Education'). In Nazi Germany, the term "after-work organization" was increasingly applied to the entire area of organized leisure activity, including holidays.
872:. When the German car industry was unable to meet Hitler's demand that the Volkswagen be sold at 1,000 Reichsmarks or less, the project was taken over by the German Labour Front (
1004:('After-work organization') was the "planned" structuring of daily leisure time within KdF's programme, attempted by the Nazis through individual state agencies, including the
782:, stating that soldiers and artists had a special bond through their allegiance to Hitler, and were "an essential part of modern war and human leadership in National Socialist
476:
959:
A number of films were produced to promote KdF, usually showing workers engaging in the many activities offered by the organization. One, for example, was produced by
415:
894:, although after the war, Volkswagen did give some customers a 200 DM discount for their stamp-books. The Beetle factory was then primarily converted to produce the
315:
department was devoted to improvements in the workplace, from general hygiene to reduction of sound pollution. Other departments included the Sports Office (
353:
and KdF began stern cooperation. Plans had been proposed by 1939 to designate KdF as a chamber of culture, but ultimately fell through due to backlash from
541:
equipped with film projectors and loudspeakers as well as organizing productions using mobile stages. With the approval of the propaganda ministry, the
748:
345:. Its goal was to educate Germans on cultural and artistic topics. 'Popular education' programs had been taken over when the government began imposing
2089:
254:
KdF was supposed to bridge the class divide by making middle-class leisure activities available to the masses. It also sought to bolster the German
2114:
342:
714:
914:
An important propaganda tool in Nazi
Germany was the radio, something that Goebbels realized and attempted to utilize. At his request, engineer
1603:
767:
in 1939 the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda created the 'Caring for the Troops' department of KdF, with Goebbels appointing
1685:, Some quantitative aspects of Kraft-durch-Freude-tourism. In: Dritsas, Margerita (ed.): European Tourism and Culture, Athens 2007, p. 125
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1738:
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in the port of Hamburg on 9 March 1945 where the wreckage remained afloat until June 1947, when it was towed to the UK and scrapped. The
422:
379:
The Office for Folklore and Homeland was tasked with organizing smaller Nazi organizations that promoted the 'folklore' and the idea of
934:
Cheaply produced, these radios suffered from a short reception range, but it was deemed acceptable as long as the radios could receive
824:
495:
orchestra in these performances, while at other times concerts would be conducted by local composers and played by local orchestras.
593:
1439:
573:, but over time the performances would be replaced almost entirely by propagandistic pieces. Other notable performances included
1763:
Spode, Hasso (2004). "Fordism, Mass Tourism and the Third Reich: The "Strength through Joy" Seaside Resort as an Index Fossil".
1695:
Spode, Hasso (2004). "Fordism, Mass Tourism and the Third Reich: The "Strength through Joy" Seaside Resort as an Index Fossil".
1186:
Spode, Hasso (2004). "Fordism, Mass Tourism and the Third Reich: The "Strength through Joy" Seaside Resort as an Index Fossil".
685:
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or meeting halls and offer courses people could attend without prior registration, known as 'open courses,' for the price of 30
2026:
1966:
1944:
1898:
1815:
1664:
1639:
1579:
1425:
1370:
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980:
2067:
721:, advertised Germany as a peaceful, idyllic and progressive country, on one occasion even portraying the ministry's boss,
841:
17:
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at a huge cost, partly met by raiding the DAF's accumulated assets and misappropriating the dues paid by DAF members.
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second-class treatment by locals and the KdF alike, and little free time, thanks to the regimentation of activities.
31:
518:
1939:
Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Allen Lane.
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being German for 'People's Car'). This was originally a project undertaken at Hitler's request by the engineer
635:
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trips. One of its largest departments, although sometimes considered a separate organization altogether, was
1387:
942:
772:
484:
349:, but the programs offered by the Adult Education Office were not centralized by KdF until 1936 when the
391:
467:
444:
1914:
368:
The largest and most profitable department was the Office for Travel, Hiking, and Holidays, headed by
856:
KdF's most ambitious programme for German workers was to set up production of an affordable car, the
524:
1233:
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350:
897:
542:
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488:
1318:
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1234:
Hitler's Happy People: Kraft durch Freude's Everyday Production of Joy in the Third Reich.
906:. The few Beetles that were produced went to the diplomatic corps and military officials.
8:
690:
645:
604:
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613:
590:, most musicians and performers utilized by the KdF were used for troop entertainment.
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to the German people and internationally, it was also used to ease the process of the
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The Nazi government also sought to attract tourists from abroad, a task performed by
428:
296:
291:
240:
111:
919:
1991:
1772:
1704:
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1310:
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308:
255:
248:
1982:
Bergerson, Andrew Stuart (2001). "Listening to the Radio in Hildesheim, 1923-53".
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346:
199:
1322:
1121:
Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the 'National Community
1082:
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1825:
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Hinkel described the units in official propaganda as equally essential as the
2103:
2044:"Summary of Report on Strength Through Joy: The Organization of Leisure Time"
1589:
1314:
1298:
1032:
783:
702:
659:
1543:
Hamburger, Ernest (1945). "Significance of the Nazi Leisure Time Program".
1299:""A Family Vacation for Workers: The Strength through Joy Resort at Prora""
881:
878:; DAF). Now working for the DAF, Porsche built a new Volkswagen factory in
790:
570:
259:
215:
132:
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Nazi Germany and Southern Europe, 1933–45: science, culture and politics
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2003:
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380:
286:
279:
207:
145:
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627:, the first five KdF trains with some 2,000 Austrian workers left for
1841:
Strength Through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich
1808:
Strength through joy: consumerism and mass tourism in the Third Reich
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Strength Through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich
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was more concerned with the recreational aspects of spare time.
753:
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Travelers aboard a KdF cruise enjoying an orchestra performance
628:
236:
235:
Set up in November 1933 as a tool to promote the advantages of
103:
2019:
Citizenship and National Identity in Twentieth-Century Germany
1891:
Nazi-Organized Recreation and Entertainment in the Third Reich
1657:
Nazi-Organized Recreation and Entertainment in the Third Reich
1363:
Nazi-Organized Recreation and Entertainment in the Third Reich
717:'). A series of multilingual and colourful brochures, titled
403:
274:
263:
51:
1569:
819:
was sunk on 30 January 1945 while returning to Germany from
477:
National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
436:
285:
On November 27, 1933, Strength through Joy was announced by
1469:"Theater bus of the Nazi organization 'Kraft durch Freude'"
1338:
Nazism 1919–1945: 2. State, Economy, and Society 1933–1939
823:, killing an estimated 9,934. It was one of the deadliest
2093:
258:, something it did successfully up until the outbreak of
1868:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 149–151.
695:
served the Strength Through Joy program during 1937–1939
789:
Several KdF cruise ships were requisitioned into the
623:('Reich Commissioner for Reunification') as well as
1163:
Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich
806:requisitioned in September 1939, was designated as
549:
in Berlin was renamed the 'Theatre of the People' (
232:), the national labour organization at that time.
27:
Party-operated leisure organization in Nazi Germany
771:as its head. The equivalent of the United States'
331:and the Office for Travel, Hiking, and Holidays (
2101:
1843:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–205.
307:KdF had a number of individual departments. The
1634:. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 143–144.
948:particularly later in the war, sentencing to a
715:Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
1866:Art, Ideology, & Economics in Nazi Germany
1522:. New York: Schocken Books. pp. 188–190.
1251:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 106.
793:and converted to serve as hospital ships. The
729:, grinning in an unlikely photo series of the
710:Ministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda
1570:Fernando Clara; Cláudia Ninhos, eds. (2016).
1335:
965:Henkel - ein deutsches Werk in seiner Arbeit,
1497:. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 11.
1495:Theatre in the Third Reich, the Prewar Years
1165:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 99.
1047:
1030:
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1005:
999:
984:
895:
879:
873:
846:
722:
708:
700:
191:
2090:Leisure Time – Life in Nazi Germany 1933–39
1961:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 132.
1010:('Office for After-Work Activity') and the
2046:. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum
2021:. Stanford University Press. p. 158.
1838:
1810:. Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
1602:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1437:
1340:. University of Exeter. pp. 346–347.
1336:Noakes, Jeremy; Pridham, Geoffrey (1984).
1296:
1140:. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
1135:
50:
1981:
1863:
1542:
1365:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 77–78.
621:Reichskommissar fĂĽr die Wiedervereinigung
341:The Adult Education Office was headed by
110:activities and holidays, and creation of
2096:) (from the schoolhistory.co.uk website)
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634:
592:
523:
443:
435:
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398:
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2115:Travel and holiday companies of Germany
1805:
1418:Sport und Schulsport in der NS-Diktatur
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426:Adolf Hitler and Robert Ley aboard the
14:
2102:
2041:
1893:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 142.
1385:
1246:
738:Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union
680:Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union
327:the Office for Folklore and Homeland (
266:holiday resort, were never completed.
1956:
1888:
1762:
1694:
1659:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 28.
1654:
1517:
1360:
1271:
1185:
743:
498:
2016:
1915:"A Memorial to the Wilhelm Gustloff"
1629:
1392:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1297:Baranowski, Shelley (October 2007).
1249:Nazi Exhibition Design and Modernism
1227:
1225:
979:1935 KdF pin depicting the Catholic
202:for 'Strength Through Joy';
456:
24:
2035:
1420:. Brill | Schöningh. pp. 283–330.
1276:. The Penguin Press. p. 475.
1274:The Third Reich in Power 1933–1939
752:A KdF construction located within
25:
2126:
2061:
1959:Media, Persuasion, and Propaganda
1620:, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 142f
1222:
333:Amt Reisen, Wandern, und Urlaub).
707:, one of the secretaries of the
597:Traveling KdF theatre performers
2042:Wilson, Hugh R. (August 1938).
2010:
1975:
1950:
1933:
1907:
1882:
1857:
1832:
1799:
1756:
1739:"Shown here, Goebbels at right"
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1536:
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1486:
1461:
1431:
1410:
1379:
1354:
1329:
1290:
1265:
902:, the German equivalent of the
830:
759:KdF formed 'troop-care units' (
519:International Olympic Committee
269:
1632:Life and Times in Nazi Germany
1240:
1179:
1154:
1129:
1113:
1090:
1070:
395:Dancing class of the KdF, 1933
302:
13:
1:
1041:
970:
909:
825:maritime disasters in history
586:Following the declaration of
386:
383:, but was dissolved in 1934.
329:Amt fĂĽr Volkstum und Heimat),
32:Kanzlei des FĂĽhrers der NSDAP
1839:Baranowski, Shelley (2004).
1806:Shelley, Baranowski (2004).
1388:"Germany and Sports in WWII"
1237:PhD diss., Brown University.
1136:Baranowski, Shelley (2004).
1126:(Oxford: Berg. 1993), p. 160
1078:"Wellness unterm Hakenkreuz"
485:Wilhelm Brueckner-Rueggeberg
440:Travelers aboard a KdF train
7:
1864:Steinweis, Alan E. (1993).
1019:
10:
2131:
1493:Gadberry, Glen W. (1995).
1272:Evans, Richard J. (2005).
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834:
406:, an unfinished KdF resort
29:
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1188:Journal of Social History
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985:
896:
880:
860:, which later became the
847:
763:) in 1935, and after the
723:
701:
414:Poster promoting an N.S.
173:
163:
151:
141:
125:
117:
98:
88:
73:
58:
49:
42:
2110:Nazi Party organizations
2082:Lebendiges Museum Online
2071:('Strength Through Joy')
1957:Soles, Marshall (2015).
1315:10.1177/0266355407082773
1247:Tymkiw, Michael (2018).
922:,' or 'people's radio' (
845:Volkswagens on an empty
416:Reich Symphony Orchestra
323:), Leisure Time Office (
319:Adult Education Office (
43:
30:Not to be confused with
448:Tennis class of the KdF
1574:. London. p. 41.
1416:Bernett, Hajo (2017).
1031:
1012:
1006:
1000:
995:
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853:
756:
709:
696:
640:
598:
547:GroĂźes Schauspielhaus)
533:
449:
441:
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419:
407:
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282:
229:
192:
1984:German Studies Review
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1777:10.1353/jsh.2004.0107
1709:10.1353/jsh.2004.0107
1655:Timpe, Julia (2016).
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1361:Timpe, Julia (2016).
1325:– via ProQuest.
1231:Timpe, Julia. (2013)
1200:10.1353/jsh.2004.0107
1037:('People's Aircraft')
1013:Amt Volksbildungswerk
978:
875:Deutsche Arbeitsfront
844:
751:
688:
638:
596:
527:
447:
439:
425:
413:
402:
394:
313:Schönheit der Arbeit)
277:
241:rearmament of Germany
230:Deutsche Arbeitsfront
218:. It was part of the
2017:Eley, Geoff (2008).
1404:10.1123/cjhs.24.1.52
1001:Feierabendgestaltung
804:MV Wilhelm Gustloff,
532:delivering equipment
38:Strength Through Joy
1630:Pine, Lisa (2016).
981:St. Nikolaus Church
605:Deutsche Reichsbahn
561:William Shakespeare
493:Berlin Philharmonic
489:Wilhelm Furtwängler
461:Borrowing from the
220:German Labour Front
158:German Labour Front
153:Parent organization
106:through subsidized
39:
2077:Kraft durch Freude
2069:Kraft durch Freude
1618:Hitlers Nibelungen
1097:Richard Grunberger
1054:Richard Grunberger
996:
954:capital punishment
950:concentration camp
854:
813:Operation Hannibal
765:invasion of Poland
757:
744:Wartime activities
697:
641:
599:
582:The Land of Smiles
551:Theater des Volkes
534:
499:At home and abroad
450:
442:
434:
420:
408:
397:
351:Reichskulturkammer
297:people's community
292:rearmament process
283:
194:Kraft durch Freude
93:Party organization
44:Kraft durch Freude
37:
18:Kraft durch Freude
2028:978-0-8047-5205-3
1968:978-0-7486-4417-9
1945:978-0-7139-9566-4
1900:978-1-137-53193-3
1817:978-0-521-70599-8
1666:978-1-137-53193-3
1641:978-1-4742-1795-8
1581:978-1-137-55152-8
1444:olympic-museum.de
1440:"The olympic cup"
1426:978-3-657-78747-0
1372:978-1-137-53193-3
1258:978-1-4529-5677-0
1101:The 12-Year Reich
1058:The 12-Year Reich
1026:German labour law
937:Deutschlandsender
929:Goebbels-Schnauze
920:people's receiver
870:Ferdinand Porsche
862:Volkswagen Beetle
837:Volkswagen Beetle
576:Wibbel the Tailor
321:Volksbildungswerk
183:
182:
112:Volksgemeinschaft
16:(Redirected from
2122:
2086:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
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1911:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1745:. Archived from
1735:
1729:
1728:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1621:
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1479:
1465:
1459:
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1456:
1455:
1446:. Archived from
1438:Juergen Wagner.
1435:
1429:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1383:
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1111:
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1088:
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924:Volksempfänger.)
901:
900:
885:
884:
877:
852:
851:
817:Lazarettschiff D
808:Lazarettschiff D
761:Truppenbetreuung
731:Cologne carnival
728:
727:
712:
706:
705:
692:Wilhelm Gustloff
689:The cruise ship
648:Wilhelm Gustloff
614:SS-GruppenfĂĽhrer
457:In the workplace
355:Alfred Rosenberg
325:Amt Feierabend),
309:Beauty of Labour
256:tourist industry
249:Beauty of Labour
227:
214:organization in
197:
84:
82:
69:
67:
66:27 November 1933
62:27 November 1933
54:
40:
36:
21:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2100:
2099:
2084:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2015:
2011:
1996:10.2307/1433157
1980:
1976:
1969:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1921:. 4 August 2020
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1837:
1833:
1818:
1804:
1800:
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1757:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1595:
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1582:
1568:
1564:
1545:Social Research
1541:
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1516:
1512:
1505:
1491:
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1475:
1467:
1466:
1462:
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1373:
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1184:
1180:
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1148:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1103:, pp. 197–198,
1095:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1022:
973:
918:developed the '
912:
839:
833:
800:Royal Air Force
784:Greater Germany
746:
725:Joseph Goebbels
501:
463:Italian fascist
459:
389:
370:Bodo Lafferentz
347:Gleichschaltung
305:
272:
223:
206:) was a German
176:
166:
154:
137:
80:
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12:
11:
5:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2073:
2063:
2062:External links
2060:
2058:
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2027:
2009:
1974:
1967:
1949:
1932:
1906:
1899:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1849:
1831:
1816:
1798:
1771:(1): 127–155.
1755:
1752:on 2018-08-31.
1730:
1703:(1): 127–155.
1687:
1672:
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1551:(2): 227–249.
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1371:
1353:
1346:
1328:
1309:(4): 539–559.
1303:German History
1289:
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1264:
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1178:
1171:
1153:
1146:
1128:
1112:
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1083:Spiegel Online
1069:
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1039:
1038:
1028:
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1018:
1007:Amt Feierabend
972:
969:
940:and the local
916:Otto Greissing
911:
908:
835:Main article:
832:
829:
745:
742:
556:As You Like It
500:
497:
458:
455:
388:
385:
343:Fritz Leutloff
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1172:1-4039-3914-4
1168:
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1147:0-521-83352-3
1143:
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1119:Mason, T.W.,
1116:
1110:
1109:0-03-076435-1
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1073:
1067:
1066:0-03-076435-1
1063:
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1033:Volksflugzeug
1029:
1027:
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1002:
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988:
982:
977:
968:
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720:
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669:
664:
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617:Josef BĂĽrckel
615:
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607:
606:
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591:
589:
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583:
578:
577:
572:
571:R.C. Sherriff
568:
567:
566:Journey's End
562:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
543:Great Theatre
540:
531:
526:
522:
520:
516:
511:
507:
496:
494:
490:
486:
480:
478:
472:
470:
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465:organization
464:
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339:
335:
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330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
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298:
293:
288:
281:
278:Head of KdF,
276:
267:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
226:
221:
217:
213:
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2048:. Retrieved
2037:
2018:
2012:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1958:
1952:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1865:
1859:
1840:
1834:
1807:
1801:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1747:the original
1742:
1733:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1656:
1650:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1616:Anna Rosmus
1612:
1571:
1565:
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1544:
1538:
1520:Nazi Culture
1519:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:
1463:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:the original
1443:
1433:
1417:
1412:
1398:(1): 52–62.
1395:
1391:
1381:
1362:
1356:
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1267:
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831:People's Car
816:
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777:
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550:
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539:TheaterzĂĽge,
538:
535:
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481:
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427:
378:
372:
367:
363:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
306:
284:
270:Organization
260:World War II
253:
245:
234:
216:Nazi Germany
203:
193:
189:Gemeinschaft
188:
185:
184:
175:Volunteers
169:7,000 (1939)
133:Nazi Germany
118:Headquarters
2085:(in German)
1683:Hasso Spode
769:Hans Hinkel
719:Deutschland
676:Reichsmarks
668:masquerades
515:Olympic Cup
418:performance
359:Rudolf Hess
303:Departments
2104:Categories
1826:1055679453
1743:spiegel.de
1454:2006-10-15
1194:(1): 131.
1060:, p. 197,
1042:References
971:After work
910:Propaganda
898:KĂĽbelwagen
866:Volkswagen
795:Robert Ley
736:Following
662:Robert Ley
530:Theaterzug
506:gymnasiums
468:Dopolavoro
429:Robert Ley
387:Activities
381:Lebensraum
317:Sportamt),
287:Robert Ley
280:Robert Ley
210:-operated
146:Robert Ley
81:8 May 1945
77:8 May 1945
1793:143532651
1725:143532651
1598:cite book
1590:961903415
1323:199616586
1216:143532651
892:KdF-Wagen
858:KdF-Wagen
780:Wehrmacht
674:cost 120
625:Gauleiter
610:Anschluss
588:total war
510:pfennings
225:‹See Tfd›
74:Dissolved
59:Formation
2050:21 March
1925:24 April
1919:Feldgrau
1557:40982073
1478:26 April
1319:ProQuest
1020:See also
987:Pfronten
849:autobahn
651:and the
491:led the
228:German:
126:Location
102:Promote
2004:1433157
1785:3790030
1717:3790030
1208:3790030
963:titled
821:Prussia
672:Madeira
619:became
612:, when
517:by the
432:in 1939
212:leisure
165:Staff
108:leisure
99:Purpose
79: (
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991:Allgäu
815:, the
754:Norway
629:Passau
528:A KdF
237:Nazism
200:German
142:Leader
121:Berlin
104:Nazism
2000:JSTOR
1789:S2CID
1781:JSTOR
1750:(JPG)
1721:S2CID
1713:JSTOR
1553:JSTOR
1473:Alamy
1212:S2CID
1204:JSTOR
1123:'
404:Prora
264:Prora
208:NSDAP
2052:2022
2023:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1927:2022
1895:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1822:OCLC
1812:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1604:link
1586:OCLC
1576:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1480:2022
1422:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1062:ISBN
998:The
904:Jeep
655:Goya
579:and
563:and
487:and
357:and
89:Type
2094:PDF
2080:at
1992:doi
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1196:doi
983:in
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952:or
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660:MV
653:MV
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569:by
559:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
