2754:
regulations affect parties are by intervening in their sources of income and by mandating that they maintain some level of transparency about their funding. One common type of restriction on how parties acquire money is to limit who can donate money to political parties; for example, people who are not citizens of a country may not be allowed to make contributions to that country's political parties, in order to prevent foreign interference. It is also common to limit how much money an individual can give to a political party each election. Similarly, many governments cap the total amount of money that can be spent by each party in an election. Transparency regulations may require parties to disclose detailed financial information to the government, and in many countries transparency laws require those disclosures to be available to the public, as a safeguard against potential corruption. Creating, implementing, and amending laws regarding party expenses can be extremely difficult, since governments may be controlled by the very parties that these regulations restrict.
2113:
2660:. For this reason, in two-party democracies like the United States, proponents of forming new competitive political parties often argue that developing a multi-party system would make the country more democratic. However, the question of whether multi-party systems are more democratic than two-party systems, or if they enjoy better policy outcomes, is a subject of substantial disagreement among scholars as well as among the public. In the opposite extreme, a country with a very large number of parties can experience governing coalitions that include highly ideologically diverse parties that are unable to make much policy progress, which may cause the country to be unstable and experience a very large number of elections; examples of systems that have been described as having these problems include periods in the recent history of
1925:, which allows people to make informed choices with much less mental effort than if voters had to consciously evaluate the merits of every candidate individually. Without political parties, electors would have to individually evaluate every candidate in every election. Parties enable electors to make judgments about just a few groups, and then apply their judgment of the party to its entire slate of candidates. Because it is much easier to become informed about a few parties' platforms than the positions of a multitude of independent candidates, parties reduce the cognitive burden for people to cast informed votes. However, some evidence suggests that over the last several decades, the strength of party identification has been weakening, so this may be a less important function for parties to provide than it was in the past.
2616:
38:
1459:, and they streamline the process of making political decisions by encouraging their members to cooperate. Political parties usually include a party leader, who has primary responsibility for the activities of the party; party executives, who may select the leader and who perform administrative and organizational tasks; and party members, who may volunteer to help the party, donate money to it, and vote for its candidates. There are many different ways in which political parties can be structured and interact with the electorate. The contributions that citizens give to political parties are often regulated by law, and parties will sometimes govern in a way that favours the people who donate time and money to them.
2018:
2414:
1947:
3700:
2987:
3098:
2887:
3188:
3329:
3243:
3138:
1883:
2312:. Liberalism is the ideology that is most closely connected to the history of democracies and is often considered to be the dominant or default ideology of governing parties in much of the contemporary world. Many of the traditional competitors to liberal parties are conservative parties. Socialist, communist, feminist, anarchist, fascist, and nationalist parties are more recent developments, largely entering political competitions only in the 19th and 20th centuries. Environmentalism, multiculturalism, and certain types of fundamentalism became prominent towards the end of the 20th century.
3133:
2704:
3638:
3470:
3733:
2957:
1858:
3253:
2717:
which have more than a certain number of candidates or supporters. A common argument for public funding of political parties is that it creates fairer and more democratic elections by enabling more groups to compete, whereas many advocates for private funding of parties argue that donations to parties are a form of political expression that should be protected in a democracy. Public financing of political parties may decrease parties' pursuit of funds through corrupt methods, by decreasing their incentive to find alternate sources of funding.
3379:
3088:
3036:
3248:
11458:
3465:
1647:
3183:
11422:
3521:
3319:
3569:
11374:
3418:
3374:
3128:
11386:
3423:
2721:
parties which are mostly funded through small donations by individual supporters. Private funding for political parties can also be thought of as coming from internal or external sources: this distinguishes between dues from party members or contributions by candidates, and donations from entities outside of the party like non-members, corporations, or trade unions. Internal funding may be preferred because external sources might make the party beholden to an outside entity.
2892:
11434:
11294:
11350:
1360:
618:
11446:
11308:
3526:
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1870:
shown that party organizations could take advantage of the distribution of voters' preferences over political issues, adjusting themselves in response to what voters believe in order to become more competitive. Beginning in the 1960s, academics began identifying the social cleavages in different countries that might have given rise to specific parties, such as religious cleavages in specific countries that may have produced religious parties there.
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3738:
11362:
3633:
3743:
3516:
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while social cleavages might cause political parties to exist, this obscures the opposite effect: that political parties also cause changes in the underlying social cleavages. A further objection is that, if the explanation for where parties come from is that they emerge from existing social cleavages, then the theory is an incomplete story of where political parties come from unless it also explains the origins of these social cleavages.
11410:
11398:
2502:. Scholars have debated whether or not a country that has never experienced a transfer of power from one party to another can nevertheless be considered a democracy. There have been periods of government exclusively or entirely by one party in some countries that are often considered to have been democratic, and which had no official legal barriers to the inclusion of other parties in the government; this includes recent periods in
2947:
2997:
11470:
3574:
3428:
2162:"drastic reduction of the party's ideological baggage" and the "downgrading of the role of the individual party member". By broadening their central ideologies into more open-ended ones, catch-all parties seek to secure the support of a wider section of the population. Further, the role of members is reduced as catch-all parties are financed in part by the state or by donations. In Europe, the shift of
3093:
2143:. These parties represented large groups of citizens who had not previously been represented in political processes, articulating the interests of different groups in society. In contrast to elite parties, mass parties are funded by their members, and rely on and maintain a large membership base. Further, mass parties prioritize the mobilization of voters and are more centralized than elite parties.
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3046:
3041:
3324:
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1994:, have rigid methods for selecting the next party leader, which involves selection by other party members. A small number of single-party states have hereditary succession, where party leadership is inherited by the child of an outgoing party leader. Autocratic parties use more restrictive selection methods to avoid having major shifts in the regime as a result of successions.
2680:
parties may serve a crucial factor in election outcomes. It is also possible for very large multi-party systems, like India's, to nevertheless be characterized largely by a series of regional contests that realistically have only two competitive parties, but in the aggregate can produce many more than two parties that have major roles in the country's national politics.
1838:. However, these sources allow that a country with multiple competitive parties is not necessarily democratic, and the politics of many autocratic countries are organized around one dominant political party. The ubiquity and strength of political parties in nearly every modern country has led researchers to remark that the existence of political parties is almost a
1986:. Because the leader of a major party is a powerful and visible person, many party leaders are well-known career politicians. Party leaders can be sufficiently prominent that they affect voters' perceptions of the entire party, and some voters decide how to vote in elections partly based on how much they like the leaders of the different parties.
2780:, so that someone who cannot read a party's name on a ballot can instead identify that party by colour or logo. Parties of similar ideologies will often use the same colours across different countries. Colour associations are useful as a short-hand for referring to and representing parties in graphical media. They can also be used to refer to
2375:, called a party system. Some basic features of a party system are the number of parties and what sorts of parties are the most successful. These properties are closely connected to other major features of the country's politics, such as how democratic it is, what sorts of restrictions its laws impose on political parties, and what type of
2239:, and dedicated to the advancement of that person or their policies. While some definitions of political parties state that a party is an organization that advances a specific set of ideological or policy goals, many political parties are not primarily motivated by ideology or policy, and instead exist to advance the career of a specific
2051:
of political parties often are allowed to participate in elections to choose the party leadership. Party members may form the base of the volunteer activists and donors who support political parties during campaigns. The extent of participation in party organizations can be affected by a country's political institutions, with certain
2069:
the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections. In the United States, where both major parties were elite parties, the introduction of
2010:, who may be different people from the party leader. These executive organizations may serve to constrain the party leader, especially if that leader is an autocrat. It is common for political parties to conduct major leadership decisions, like selecting a party executive and setting their policy goals, during regular
2807:
However, associations between colour and ideology can also be inconsistent: parties of the same ideology in different countries often use different colours, and sometimes competing parties in a country may even adopt the same colours. These associations also have major exceptions. For example, in the
2694:
Many of the activities of political parties involve the acquisition and allocation of funds in order to achieve political goals. The funding involved can be very substantial, with contemporary elections in the largest democracies typically costing billions or even tens of billions of dollars. Much of
2050:
Citizens in a democracy will often affiliate with a specific political party. Party membership may include paying dues, an agreement not to affiliate with multiple parties at the same time, and sometimes a statement of agreement with the party's policies and platform. In democratic countries, members
1933:
Political parties are often structured in similar ways across countries. They typically feature a single party leader, a group of party executives, and a community of party members. Parties in democracies usually select their party leadership in ways that are more open and competitive than parties in
1527:
Political parties are distinguished from other political groups or clubs, such as parliamentary groups, because only presidents have control over the political foundations of the party and also they include political factions, or advocacy groups, mostly by the fact that a party is focused on electing
1523:
with a particular political party, the official party organizations that support the election of that party's candidates, and legislators in the government who are affiliated with the party. In many countries, the notion of a political party is defined in law, and governments may specify requirements
2720:
One way of categorizing the sources of party funding is between public funding and private funding. Another dichotomy is between plutocratic and grassroots sources; parties which get much of their funding from large corporations may tend to pursue different policies and use different strategies than
2711:
Common sources of party funding across countries include dues-paying party members, advocacy groups and lobbying organizations, corporations, trade unions, and candidates who may self-fund activities. In most countries, the government also provides some level of funding for political parties. Nearly
2592:
Two-party systems have attracted heavy criticism for limiting the choices that electors have, and much of this criticism has centered around their association with restrictive political institutions. For example, some commentators argue that political institutions in prominent two-party systems like
2211:
Niche parties are a type of political party that developed on the basis of the emergence of new cleavages and issues in politics, such as immigration and the environment. In contrast to mainstream or catch-all parties, niche parties articulate an often limited set of interests in a way that does not
2068:
Political scientists have distinguished between different types of political parties that have evolved throughout history. These include elite parties, mass parties, catch-all parties and cartel parties. Elite parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted
1989:
The number of people involved in choosing party leaders varies widely across parties and across countries. On one extreme, party leaders might be selected from the entire electorate; on the opposite extreme, they might be selected by just one individual. Selection by a smaller group can be a feature
1898:
for candidates and legislators. For example, the existence of political parties might coordinate candidates across geographic districts, so that a candidate in one electoral district has an incentive to assist a similar candidate in a different district. Thus, political parties can be mechanisms for
2729:
There are many ways in which political parties may deploy money in order to secure better electoral outcomes. Parties often spend money to train activists, recruit volunteers, create and deploy advertisements, conduct research and support for their leadership in between elections, and promote their
2095:
first distinguished between elite and "mass" parties, founding his distinction on the differences within the organisational structures of these two types. Elite parties are characterized by minimal and loose organisation, and are financed by fewer larger monetary contributions typically originating
1869:
One of the core explanations for the existence of political parties is that they arise from pre-existing divisions among people: society is divided in a certain way, and a party is formed to organize that division into the electoral competition. By the 1950s, economists and political scientists had
2260:
are one of the major organizing features of political parties, and parties often officially align themselves with specific ideologies. Parties adopt ideologies for a number of reasons. Ideological affiliations for political parties send signals about the types of policies they might pursue if they
1873:
The theory that parties are produced by social cleavages has drawn several criticisms. Some authors have challenged it on empirical grounds, either finding no evidence for the claim that parties emerge from existing cleavages, or arguing that the claim is not empirically testable. Others note that
1518:
Political parties are collective entities and activities that organize competitions for political offices. The members of a political party contest elections under a shared label. In a narrow definition, a political party can be thought of as just the group of candidates who run for office under a
2716:
have some form of public funding for political parties, and about a third have regular payments of government funds that goes beyond campaign reimbursements. In some countries, public funding for parties depends on the size of that party: for example, a country may only provide funding to parties
2440:
Political parties may also temporarily cease to exist in countries that have either only been established recently, or that have experienced a major upheaval in their politics and have not yet returned to a stable system of political parties. For example, the United States began as a non-partisan
2370:
Political parties are ubiquitous across both democratic and autocratic countries, and there is often very little change in which political parties have a chance of holding power in a country from one election to the next. This makes it possible to think about the political parties in a country as
2623:
Multi-party systems are systems in which more than two parties have a realistic chance of holding power and influencing policy. A very large number of systems around the world have had periods of multi-party competition, and two-party democracies may be considered unusual or uncommon compared to
1906:
Parties can also align their member's incentives when those members are in a legislature. The existence of a party apparatus can help coalitions of electors to agree on ideal policy choices, whereas a legislature of unaffiliated members might never be able to agree on a single best policy choice
2753:
Fundraising and expenditures by political parties are typically regulated by governments, with many countries' regulations focusing on who can contribute money to parties, how parties' money can be spent, and how much of it can pass through the hands of a political party. Two main ways in which
2679:
Some multi-party systems may have two parties that are noticeably more competitive than the other parties. Such party systems have been called "two-party-plus" systems, which refers to the two dominant parties, plus other parties that exist but rarely or never hold power in the government. Such
2695:
this expense is paid by candidates and political parties, which often develop sophisticated fundraising organizations. Because paying for participation in electoral contests is such a central democratic activity, the funding of political parties is an important feature of a country's politics.
2161:
to describe the parties that developed in the 1950s and 1960s as a result of changes within the mass parties. The term "big tent party" may be used interchangeably. Kirchheimer characterized the shift from the traditional mass parties to catch-all parties as a set of developments including the
1742:
By the early 19th century, a number of countries had developed stable modern party systems. The party system that developed in Sweden has been called the world's first party system, on the basis that previous party systems were not fully stable or institutionalized. In many
European countries,
2212:
conform to the dominant economic left-right divide in politics, in turn emphasising issues that do not attain prominence within the other parties. Further, niche parties do not respond to changes in public opinion to the extent that mainstream parties do. Examples of niche parties include
2445:. However, it is also possible – albeit rare – for countries with no bans on political parties, and which have not experienced a major disruption, to nevertheless have no political parties: there are a small number of pacific island democracies, such as
2220:
in France. However, over time these parties may grow in size and shed some of their niche qualities as they become larger, a phenonmenon observable among
European Green parties during their transformation from radical environmentalist movements to mainstream centre-left parties.
1899:
preventing candidates with similar goals from acting to each other's detriment when campaigning or governing. This might help explain the ubiquity of parties: if a group of candidates form a party and are harming each other less, they may perform better over the long run than
2192:, who wrote that political parties have turned into "semi-state agencies", acting on behalf of the state rather than groups in society. The term 'cartel' refers to the way in which prominent parties in government make it difficult for new parties to enter, as such forming a
2437:, a ban on political parties has been used as a tool for protecting the monarchy. However, parties are also banned in some polities that have long democratic histories, usually in local or regional elections of countries that have strong national party systems.
1762:, but shifted and strengthened again by the second half of the 19th century. This was not the only country in which the strength of political parties had substantially increased by the end of the century; for example, around this time the Irish political leader
2579:
A democracy's political institutions can shape the number of parties that it has. In the 1950s
Maurice Duverger observed that single-member district single-vote plurality-rule elections tend to produce two-party systems, and this phenomenon came to be known as
2319:. However, a simple left-right economic axis does not fully capture the variation in party ideologies. Other common axes that are used to compare the ideologies of political parties include ranges from liberal to authoritarian, from pro-establishment to
2441:
democracy, and it evolved a stable system of political parties over the course of many decades. A country's party system may also dissolve and take time to re-form, leaving a period of minimal or no party system, such as in Peru following the regime of
2394:
An informative way to classify the party systems of the world is by how many parties they include. Because some party systems include a large number of parties that have a very low probability of winning elections, it is often useful to think about the
2261:
were in power. Ideologies also differentiate parties from one another, so that voters can select the party that advances the policies that they most prefer. A party may also seek to advance an ideology by convincing voters to adopt its belief system.
1540:
is focused on advancing a policy agenda. This is related to other features that sometimes distinguish parties from other political organizations, including a larger membership, greater stability over time, and a deeper connection to the electorate.
1797:
in the mid-20th century, many newly sovereign countries outside of Europe and North
America developed party systems that often emerged from their movements for independence. For example, a system of political parties arose out of factions in the
1494:. Political parties in different countries will often adopt similar colours and symbols to identify themselves with a particular ideology. However, many political parties have no ideological affiliation, and may instead be primarily engaged in
2522:. It can also occur that one political party dominates a sub-national region of a democratic country that has a competitive national party system; one example is the southern United States during much of the 19th and 20th centuries, where the
2467:, power is held entirely by one political party. When only one political party exists, it may be the result of a ban on the formation of any competing political parties, which is a common feature in authoritarian states. For example, the
2138:
in society and mobilized the ordinary citizens or 'masses' in the political process. In Europe, the introduction of universal suffrage resulted in the creation of worker's parties that later evolved into mass parties; an example is the
2734:, in which they distribute material rewards to people in exchange for political support; in many countries this is illegal, though even where it is illegal it may nevertheless be widespread in practice. Some parties engage directly in
1842:
of politics, and to ask why parties appear to be such an essential part of modern states. Political scientists have therefore come up with several explanations for why political parties are a nearly universal political phenomenon.
8580:
1990:
of party leadership transitions in more autocratic countries, where the existence of political parties may be severely constrained to only one legal political party, or only one competitive party. Some of these parties, like the
1833:
Political parties are a nearly ubiquitous feature of modern countries. Nearly all democratic countries have strong political parties, and many political scientists consider countries with fewer than two parties to necessarily be
2475:, and is the only party that can hold seats in the legislature. When only one powerful party is legally permitted to exist, its membership can grow to contain a very large portion of society and it can play substantial roles in
2338:
Though ideologies are central to a large number of political parties around the world, not all political parties have an organizing ideology, or exist to promote ideological policies. For example, some political parties may be
1615:. However, modern political parties are considered to have emerged around the end of the 18th century; they are usually considered to have first appeared in Europe and the United States of America, with the United Kingdom's
2187:
are a type of political party that emerged post-1970s and are characterized by heavy state financing and the diminished role of ideology as an organizing principle. The cartel party thesis was developed by
Richard Katz and
2651:
The presence of many competing political parties is usually associated with a greater level of democracy, and a country transitioning from having a one-party system to having a many-party system is often considered to be
2059:
encouraging higher party membership. Since at least the 1980s, membership in large traditional party organizations has been steadily declining across a number of countries, particularly longstanding
European democracies.
2347:-based organizations, which are largely concerned with distributing goods. Other political parties may be created as tools for the advancement of an individual politician. It is also common, in countries with important
2029:
Much as party leaders who are not in power are usually at least nominally competing to become the head of government, the entire party executive may be competing for various positions in the government. For example, in
8998:
2432:
In some non-partisan countries, the formation of parties is explicitly banned by law. The existence of political parties may be banned in autocratic countries in order to prevent a turnover in power. For example, in
2351:
along ethnic or racial lines, to represent the interests of one ethnic group or another. This may involve a non-ideological attachment to the interests of that group, or may be a commitment based on an ideology like
1962:, who serves as the main representative of the party and often has primary responsibility for overseeing the party's policies and strategies. The leader of the party that controls the government usually becomes the
10025:
2196:
of established parties. As with catch-all parties, the role of members in cartel parties is largely insignificant as parties use the resources of the state to maintain their position within the political system.
2584:. Whether or not this pattern is true has been heavily debated over the last several decades. Some political scientists have broadened this idea to argue that more restrictive political institutions (of which
2568:. Two-party systems are not limited to democracies; they may be present in authoritarian regimes as well. Competition between two parties has occurred in historical autocratic regimes in countries including
1721:
did not all anticipate that
American political disputes would be primarily organized around political parties, political controversies in the early 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the
2588:
is one example) tend to produce a smaller number of political parties, so that extremely small parties systems β like those with only two parties β tend to form in countries with very restrictive rules.
9798:
8614:
7865:
8375:
4041:
2379:
it uses. Even in countries where the number of political parties is not officially constrained by law, political institutions affect how many parties are viable. For example, democracies that use a
2002:
In both democratic and non-democratic countries, the party leader is often the foremost member of a larger party leadership. A party executive will commonly include administrative positions, like a
1921:
Another prominent explanation for why political parties exist is psychological: parties may be necessary for many individuals to participate in politics because they provide a massively simplifying
1825:
slowly spread throughout democracies, political parties expanded dramatically, and only then did a vision develop of political parties as intermediaries between the full public and the government.
6953:
9640:
1428:
Political parties have become a major part of the politics of almost every country, as modern party organizations developed and spread around the world over the last few centuries. Although
8840:
6519:
8572:
9995:
8167:
6518:
Scott
Mainwaring; Mariano Torcal (2005). "Party System Institutionalization and Party System Theory After the Third Wave of Democratization". In Richard S. Katz; William Crotty (eds.).
7773:
2707:
Campaign finance restrictions may be motivated by the perception that excessive or secretive contributions to political parties will make them beholden to people other than the voters.
2096:
from outside the party. Elite parties give little priority to expanding the party's membership base, and its leaders are its only members. The earliest political parties, such as the
7455:
Stephen P. Nicholson; Christopher J. Carman; Chelsea M. Coe; Aidan Feeney; BalΓ‘zs FehΓ©r; Brett K. Hayes; Christopher Kam; Jeffrey A. Karp; Gergo Vaczi; Evan Heit (13 February 2018).
9291:
9860:
8965:
3860:
7622:
2483:. Bans on competing parties can also ensure that only one party can ever realistically hold power, even without completely outlawing all other political parties. For example, in
4292:
The
Frankfurt Declaration of the Socialist International, which almost all social democratic parties are members of, declares the goal of the development of democratic socialism
4220:
2672:. Multi-party systems are often viewed as fairer or more representative than one- or two-party systems, but they also have downsides, like the likelihood that in a system with
8988:
8610:
8345:
2713:
2593:
the United States have been specifically designed to ensure that no third party can become competitive. Criticisms also center around these systems' tendencies to encourage
9324:
4398:
10017:
1519:
party label. In a broader definition, political parties are the entire apparatus that supports the election of a group of candidates, including voters and volunteers who
5245:
Li Cheng; Lynn White (1998). "The
Fifteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: Full-Fledged Technocratic Leadership with Partial Control by Jiang Zemin".
9768:
8023:
5961:"Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties' Policy Shifts, 1976β1998"
2042:
which (among other functions) provides a signal about which members of the party would hold which positions in the government if the party were to win an election.
7835:
7309:
William Roberts Clark; Matt Golder (August 2006). "Rehabilitating Duverger's Theory: Testing the Mechanical and Strategic Modifying Effects of Electoral Laws".
2540:
In several countries, there are only two parties that have a realistic chance of competing to form government. One current example of a two-party system is the
9790:
2644:. Multi-party systems encourage characteristically different types of governance than smaller party systems, for example by often encouraging the formation of
8801:
2745:
for expenses during a campaign. Once a party has crossed a particular spending threshold, additional expenditures might not increase their chance of success.
1638:
was feasible, and held elections that were dominated by individual networks or cliques that could independently propel a candidate to victory in an election.
8606:
8197:
7857:
3045:
10086:
9584:
8544:
Chris W. Bonneau; Damon M. Cann (October 2011). "Campaign Spending, Diminishing Marginal Returns, and Campaign Finance Restrictions in Judicial Elections".
8371:
4033:
7491:
Anthony Heath; Siana Glouharova; Oliver Heath (2005). "India: Two-Party Contests within a Multiparty System". In Michael Gallagher; Paul Mitchell (eds.).
1710:
have been identified as the first modern political party, because they retained a coherent party label and motivating principles even while out of power.
9141:
8758:
6069:
1814:
and immediately became a major political party after Indian independence, foreshadowed the dynamic in many newly independent countries; for example, the
1782:
At the beginning of the 20th century in Europe, the liberalβconservative divide that characterized most party systems was disrupted by the emergence of
9890:
9706:
9558:
8797:
8725:
2091:
is a type of political party that was dominant in the nineteenth century before the introduction of universal suffrage. The French political scientist
9829:
8316:
6939:
1934:
autocracies, where the selection of a new party leader is likely to be tightly controlled. In countries with large sub-national regions, particularly
7102:
6753:
2418:
2121:
9735:
8873:
1448:, though usually democracies have more political parties than autocracies. Autocracies often have a single party that governs the country, and some
9632:
9417:
Korff, Gottfried; Peterson, Larry (Fall 1992). "From Brotherly Handshake to Militant Clenched Fist: On Political Metaphors for the Worker's Hand".
8694:
7804:
4394:
2625:
1951:
8830:
5172:
Jean-François Daoust; André Blais; Gabrielle Péloquin-Skulski (29 April 2019). "What do voters do when they prefer a leader from another party?".
9115:
7378:
6775:
Brian F. Schaffner; Matthew Streb; Gerald Wright (1 March 2001). "Tearns Without Uniforms: The Nonpartisan Ballot in State and Local Elections".
8933:
3252:
1982:, the members of a party frequently have substantial input into the selection of party leaders, for example by voting on party leadership at a
9987:
8159:
7987:
7765:
6870:
Steven Levitsky; Maxwell A. Cameron (19 December 2008). "Democracy Without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori's Peru".
3092:
2526:
had almost complete control, with the Southern states being functionally one-party regimes, though opposition parties were never prohibited.
1620:
9461:
2425:
In a non-partisan system, no political parties exist, or political parties are not a major part of the political system. There are very few
1818:
was a pro-independence party and the first political party in Uganda, and its name was chosen as an homage to the Indian National Congress.
1723:
9283:
4446:
3742:
7920:
Gideon Rahat; Reuven Y. Hazan (2005). "Israel: The Politics of an Extreme Electoral System". In Michael Gallagher; Paul Mitchell (eds.).
3764:
2426:
1429:
1335:
9852:
8955:
6377:
Anna LΓΌhrmann; Juraj Medzihorsky; Garry Hindle; Staffan I. Lindberg (26 October 2020). "New Global Data on Political Parties: V-Party".
3849:
10056:
7615:
1922:
646:
8638:"Typologies of Party Finance Systems: A Comparative Study of How Countries Regulate Party Finance and Their Institutional Foundations"
7526:"The Multi-Party System in Indonesia: Reviewing the Number of Electoral Parties from the Aspects of the National Defense and Security"
6913:
5837:
Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (1995). "Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party".
5680:
Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (1995). "Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party".
4212:
9356:
9727:
Cassel-Picot, Muriel "The Liberal Democrats and the Green Cause: From Yellow to Green" in Leydier, Gilles and Martin, Alexia (2013)
9260:
11275:
9610:
2073:
and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.
1630:
Before the development of mass political parties, elections typically featured a much lower level of competition, had small enough
1388:
9532:
7200:; Jae Woo Hong (December 2006). "Ghana's political parties: How ethno/regional variations sustain the national two-party system".
2776:, recognizing, and remembering the party. This branding is particularly important in polities where much of the population may be
2112:
9314:
2881:
1938:
countries, there may be regional party leaders and regional party members in addition to the national membership and leadership.
1462:
Many political parties are motivated by ideological goals. It is common for democratic elections to feature competitions between
8397:
Meitzner, Marcus (August 2007). "Party Financing in Post-Soeharto Indonesia: Between State Subsidies and Political Corruption".
5991:
4390:
3835:
The formation of national party systems: Federalism and party competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States
2494:
It is also possible for countries with free elections to have only one party that holds power. These cases are sometimes called
2356:. While any of these types of parties may be ideological, there are political parties that do not have any organizing ideology.
9760:
9024:
8349:
4190:
3247:
2615:
6450:
Mark Schneider; Paul Teske (September 1992). "Toward A Theory of the Political Entrepreneur: Evidence from Local Government".
4005:
Metcalf, Michael F. (1977). "The first "modern" party system? Political parties, Sweden's Age of liberty and the historians".
9662:
Suryadinata, Leo (August 2007). "The Decline of the Hegemonic Party System in Indonesia: Golkar after the Fall of Soeharto".
9109:
8989:"Why Boris Johnson and MPs are wearing a wheat sheaf badge on their lapel: The campaign to support British farmers explained"
7748:
6573:
4974:
4354:
Jordan, Donald (1986). "John O'Connor Power, Charles Stewart Parnell and the Centralization of Popular Politics in Ireland".
4168:
3040:
2487:, more than one party is officially permitted to exist and even to seat members in the legislature, but laws ensure that the
2951:
9076:
6214:
Roemer, John E. (June 1994). "The Strategic Role of Party Ideology When Voters are Uncertain About How the Economy Works".
6040:
5808:
Kirchheimer, Otto (1966). 'The Transformation of Western European Party Systems', in J. LaPalombara and M. Weiner (eds.),
8015:
5365:
Trevaskes, Susan (16 April 2018). "A Law Unto Itself: Chinese Communist Party Leadership and Yifa zhiguo in the Xi Era".
1340:
37:
9377:
Alex Marland; Tom Flanagan (December 2013). "Brand New Party: Political Branding and the Conservative Party of Canada".
5872:
Meguid, Bonnie M. (2005). "Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success".
2598:
2399:(the number of parties weighted by the strength of those parties) rather than the literal number of registered parties.
9747:
9232:
8487:
8126:
7970:
7937:
7706:
7508:
7414:
7081:
7049:
7024:
6999:
6819:
6688:
6654:
6601:
6537:
6323:
6291:
6266:
6125:
5735:
Angell, Harold M. (June 1987). "Duverger, Epstein and the Problem of the Mass Party: The Case of the Parti QuΓ©bΓ©cois".
5570:
5444:
5349:
5324:
4429:
4270:
4102:
3921:
2117:
17:
8900:
10701:
10259:
10158:
9050:
7827:
4702:
Adams, James (December 2010). "Review of Voting for Policy, Not Parties: How Voters Compensate for Power Sharing, by
3759:
3515:
2316:
1894:
An alternative explanation for why parties are ubiquitous across the world is that the formation of parties provides
1475:
514:
2741:
Though it may be crucial for a party to spend more than some threshold to win a given election, there are typically
10815:
10684:
9201:
8790:
8189:
5400:
Kroeger, Alex M. (9 March 2018). "Dominant Party Rule, Elections, and Cabinet Instability in African Autocracies".
3937:
Belloni, Frank P.; Beller, Dennis C. (1976). "The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations".
3137:
3097:
2813:
2809:
2549:
2545:
2523:
2323:, and from tolerant and pluralistic (in their behavior while participating in the political arena) to anti-system.
1345:
120:
31:
5462:"The Shadow Cabinet in Westminster Systems: Modeling Opposition Agenda Setting in the House of Commons, 1832β1915"
5089:
3726:
3687:
3170:
991:
11270:
10617:
10518:
10078:
9580:
5127:
Garzia, Diego (3 September 2012). "Party and Leader Effects in Parliamentary Elections: Towards a Reassessment".
3525:
3469:
2767:
2449:, where political parties are permitted to exist and yet parties are not an important part of national politics.
2017:
1675:
1417:. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific
5526:
Weldon, Steven (1 July 2006). "Downsize My Polity? The Impact of Size on Party Membership and Member Activism".
4567:
Boix, Carles; Miller, Michael; Rosato, Sebastian (2013). "A complete data set of political regimes, 1800β2007".
2772:
Nearly all political parties associate themselves with specific colours and symbols, primarily to aid voters in
2656:. Authoritarian countries can include multi-party competition, but typically this occurs when the elections are
2544:, where the national government has for much of the country's history exclusively been controlled by either the
10777:
10411:
9927:
7439:
3373:
3328:
3187:
2140:
1687:
639:
509:
287:
135:
9137:
8754:
6065:
5771:
5586:
Peter Mair; Ingrid van Biezen (1 January 2001). "Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980β2000".
3774:
11490:
10130:
7647:
Dodd, Lawrence C. (September 1974). "Party Coalitions in Multiparty Parliaments: A Game-Theoretic Analysis".
1865:
can arise out of, or be closely connected to, existing segments of society, such as organizations of workers.
996:
524:
9951:
Kumar, Rohit Vishal; Joshi, Radhika (OctoberβDecember 2006). "Colour, Colour Everywhere: In Marketing Too".
9882:
9698:
9554:
8717:
8573:"The 2020 election was the most expensive in history, but campaign spending does not always lead to success"
7953:
Raunio, Tapio (2005). "Finland: One Hundred Years of Quietude". In Michael Gallagher; Paul Mitchell (eds.).
5210:
Kenig, Ofer (30 October 2009). "Classifying Party Leaders' Selection Methods in Parliamentary Democracies".
10937:
10416:
9821:
8308:
3132:
2996:
2252:
2163:
1967:
1886:
It is easier for voters to evaluate one simple list of policies for each party, like this platform for the
1799:
1582:
1381:
779:
273:
105:
76:
7098:
6835:
Northup, Nancy (December 1987). "Local Nonpartisan Elections, Political Parties and the First Amendment".
6745:
4085:
Carles Boix (2009). "The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems". In Carles Boix; Susan C. Stokes (eds.).
2388:
2326:
Party positions for individual political parties are assessed by different published indices, such as the
10932:
8863:
7236:
5461:
3035:
2991:
2986:
2413:
2396:
2384:
1946:
1731:
577:
8686:
8269:
Alexander, Brad (June 2005). "Good Money and Bad Money: Do Funding Sources Affect Electoral Outcomes?".
7796:
11500:
11340:
10907:
10406:
8576:
6812:
Whose North?: Political Change, Political Development, and Self-government in the Northwest Territories
6676:
5437:
The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study
3769:
3737:
3699:
3520:
3087:
2488:
2035:
1751:
divide, or around religious disputes. The spread of the party model of politics was accelerated by the
1718:
1658:
caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the centre.
1549:
The idea of people forming large groups or factions to advocate for their shared interests is ancient.
1327:
110:
81:
9099:
8923:
7162:
Cini, Michelle (2 December 2009). "A Divided Nation: Polarization and the Two-Party System in Malta".
10990:
6987:
4447:"Formation and Impact of Political Parties in 1950s up to Independence (1962): Lessons for Democracy"
3318:
2022:
1605:
1308:
632:
237:
7042:
Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944β1972
6496:
Ganawari, Bharatu G. (2017). "The stability of multi-party system in Indian democracy: A critique".
2387:
tend to have more. The number of parties in a country can also be accurately estimated based on the
10785:
10767:
7454:
6944:
3732:
3637:
3608:
3427:
3417:
3323:
2886:
1862:
1815:
1807:
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Parties can develop from existing divisions in society, like the divisions between lower and upper
1045:
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242:
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University of Maryland-Hewlett Foundation Conference on Parties, Polarization and Policy Demanders
11160:
10947:
10436:
10421:
9453:
3182:
2793:
2689:
2480:
2468:
2327:
1991:
1895:
1763:
1679:
1616:
1374:
1000:
282:
10049:"Coins of the Month β The symbols of the French socialists from the nineteenth century to today"
7858:"Africans increasingly support multiparty democracy, but trust in political parties remains low"
7237:"Introducing authoritarian diasporas: causes and consequences of authoritarian elite dispersion"
6707:
Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2013). "How democracy functions without parties: The Republic of Palau".
6142:
5632:
Schumacher, Gijs (2017). "The Transformation of Political Parties". In van Praag, Philip (ed.).
1974:, and the leaders of other parties explicitly compete to become the head of government. In both
11215:
11200:
9919:
9913:
9528:
6342:
Richard Gunther; Larry Diamond (1 March 2003). "Species of Political Parties: A New Typology".
3642:
3464:
3242:
2789:
2408:
2380:
2240:
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1900:
1887:
1702:) supported a strong monarchy, and these two groups structured disputes in the politics of the
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519:
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The Price of a Vote in the Middle East: Clientelism and Communal Politics in Lebanon and Yemen
7274:
Kornblith, Miriam (July 2013). "Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: Chavismo After ChΓ‘vez?".
4094:
2479:
that are not necessarily directly related to political governance; one example of this is the
11462:
11402:
11319:
10912:
10590:
10401:
9972:
8463:
8446:
7197:
7127:
Coppedge, Michael (1 October 1998). "The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems".
6376:
4244:
The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780β1840
3378:
2956:
2891:
2703:
2645:
2495:
2372:
2230:
2206:
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1172:
1135:
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932:
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Olanrewaju, John S. (28 June 2017). "Political Parties and Poverty of Ideology in Nigeria".
2264:
Common ideologies that can form a central part of the identity of a political party include
11040:
10386:
8092:
6905:
3147:
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1979:
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320:
310:
295:
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Lachat, Romain (December 2008). "The impact of party polarization on ideological voting".
4532:
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3613:
1743:
including Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France, political parties organized around a
8:
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11195:
10335:
10252:
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8928:
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8312:
7383:
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5171:
4476:
3006:
2927:
2797:
2785:
2742:
2585:
2552:. Other examples of countries which have had long periods of two-party dominance include
2184:
2179:
2135:
1975:
1852:
1671:
1529:
1449:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1283:
1263:
1120:
942:
927:
797:
745:
561:
471:
325:
227:
177:
115:
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4554:
Democracy and development: Political institutions and well-being in the world, 1950β1990
4552:
Przeworski, Adam; Alvarez, Michael E.; Cheibub, Jose Antonio; Limongi, Fernando (2000).
3603:
2421:, every member runs and legislates as a political independent with no party affiliation.
1857:
1585:. A few instances of recorded political groups or factions in history included the late
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7616:"Governmental Coalitions in Multiparty Presidentialism: The Brazilian Case (1988β2011)"
7596:
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4371:
4321:
3954:
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2610:
2320:
2257:
2031:
1963:
1903:, so politicians with party affiliations will out-compete politicians without parties.
1822:
1714:
1713:
At the end of the century, the United States also developed a party system, called the
1611:
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consider competition between two or more parties to be an essential part of democracy.
1433:
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10123:
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9933:
9923:
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9743:
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9510:
9438:
9398:
9228:
9198:"Forget Red vs. Blue: The Paradigm for the 21st Century is Orange, Purple, and Green"
9105:
8718:"Ceiling fans, brooms and mangoes: The election symbols of India's political parties"
8667:
8530:
8483:
8426:
8255:
8140:
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6638:
6597:
6569:
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6479:
6319:
6287:
6262:
6243:
6166:
6143:"What Drives Euroskepticism? PartyβPublic Cueing, Ideology and Strategic Opportunity"
6121:
5979:
5960:
5941:
5893:
5858:
5795:
5756:
5701:
5607:
5566:
5547:
5485:
5440:
5421:
5386:
5345:
5320:
5301:
5231:
5193:
5140:
5113:
5074:
4970:
4883:
4743:
Cleavage structures, party systems, and voter alignments: Cross-national perspectives
4727:
4492:
4425:
4375:
4325:
4266:
4259:
4182:
4174:
4164:
4098:
3958:
3917:
3911:
3779:
3411:
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2581:
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1683:
1533:
1085:
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700:
665:
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7295:
6796:
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6200:
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5158:
4626:
4588:
4500:
4065:
Konfederacje a ewolucja mechanizmΓ³w walki politycznej w Rzeczypospolitej XVIII wieku
11474:
11378:
11366:
11000:
10967:
10466:
10330:
10325:
10290:
10079:"ΒΏCoincidencia? ΒΏPor quΓ© estos 3 logos de partidos de izquierda son tan parecidos?"
9671:
9496:
9426:
9386:
9176:
8657:
8649:
8635:
8607:"Let's talk about money: comparative perspectives on political finance regulations"
8553:
8516:
8458:
8406:
8278:
8243:
8114:
8054:
7958:
7925:
7900:
7736:
7656:
7586:
7576:
7537:
7496:
7468:
7357:
7318:
7283:
7248:
7209:
7171:
7148:
7136:
7074:
Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-seven Democracies, 1945β1990
6879:
6844:
6784:
6716:
6630:
6561:
6525:
6459:
6430:
6351:
6223:
6196:
6154:
6032:
5975:
5931:
5923:
5881:
5846:
5783:
5744:
5689:
5595:
5535:
5508:
5473:
5409:
5374:
5289:
5254:
5219:
5181:
5144:
5136:
5101:
5062:
5035:
5006:
4906:
4879:
4870:
McKelvey, Richard D. (1976). "Intransitivities in multidimensional voting bodies".
4852:
4780:
4715:
4663:
4653:
4614:
4576:
4527:
4488:
4363:
4313:
4156:
4090:
4014:
3946:
3894:
3885:
Avnon, Dan (16 November 2007). "Parties laws in democratic systems of government".
3652:
2763:
2673:
2594:
2535:
2442:
2376:
2309:
2293:
2158:
2092:
2070:
2052:
2011:
1983:
1767:
1727:
1707:
1667:
1635:
1567:
discusses the tendency of different types of government to produce factions in the
1559:
1554:
1222:
1167:
1149:
1130:
1115:
882:
812:
730:
544:
300:
154:
27:
Organization coordinating policy priorities and candidates for government positions
7252:
2784:
and alliances between political parties and other organizations; examples include
1510:", in that they wish to attract voters who have a variety of positions on issues.
11426:
11414:
11354:
11222:
11210:
11190:
11124:
11102:
11082:
11077:
11057:
10922:
10902:
10897:
10800:
10760:
10471:
10396:
10320:
10305:
10225:
9739:
9256:
9101:
Order Without Power: An Introduction to Anarchism: History and Current Challenges
8791:"The Symbolism of Ghanaian Political Parties and their Impact on the Electorates"
8106:
8100:
7541:
5787:
4148:
4140:
3422:
3029:
2730:
policy agenda. Many political parties and candidates engage in a practice called
2657:
2653:
2464:
2458:
2348:
2315:
Parties can sometimes be organized according to their ideology using an economic
2003:
1839:
1752:
1437:
1364:
1293:
1288:
1208:
1182:
1177:
1157:
1095:
1055:
1050:
622:
429:
414:
9072:
7962:
7929:
7740:
7565:"The Novel Changes in Pakistan's Party Politics: Analysis of Causes and Impacts"
7500:
7140:
5850:
5693:
5599:
4479:(2006). "Political Context and the Turnout of New Women Voters after Suffrage".
2157:
The term "catch-all party" was developed by German-American political scientist
1646:
11326:
11134:
11052:
10641:
10607:
10558:
10543:
10315:
10220:
10200:
10190:
8960:
8868:
8118:
8110:
8088:
7992:
7889:"O Other, Where Art Thou? Support for Multiparty Politics in the United States"
7692:"Developing Multi-Party Politics: Stability and Change in Ghana and Mozambique"
7581:
7065:
6788:
6634:
6017:
5053:
William Cross; AndrΓ© Blais (26 January 2011). "Who selects the party leader?".
4160:
4152:
3950:
3632:
3479:
3338:
2391:
of a country's electoral districts and the number of seats in its legislature.
2301:
2217:
2152:
2039:
1971:
1794:
1703:
1601:
1586:
1578:
1537:
1090:
1040:
981:
847:
827:
500:
419:
373:
315:
9430:
9390:
8557:
7456:
7213:
6529:
6355:
5885:
5748:
5477:
5413:
5223:
4949:
Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced industrial democracies
4719:
4658:
4641:
4618:
4605:
Svolik, Milan (2008). "Authoritarian reversals and democratic consolidation".
4367:
4317:
4018:
3898:
2619:
On this 2012 Mexican ballot, voters have more than two parties to choose from.
11484:
11180:
11139:
11025:
11005:
10977:
10927:
10892:
10866:
10861:
10854:
10805:
10745:
10585:
10575:
10533:
10456:
10451:
10381:
10340:
10264:
10018:"Uso de cores de partido em prédios públicos gera condenação por improbidade"
9964:
9501:
9484:
8993:
8636:
David L. Wiltse; Raymond J. La Raja; Dorie E. Apollonio (11 September 2019).
8521:
8504:
8247:
8144:
8096:
7861:
7322:
6978:; Hwang, Balbina (2009). "Government and Politics". In Worden, Robert (ed.).
6909:
6720:
6642:
6158:
5927:
5539:
5378:
5185:
5066:
5011:
4995:"Leadership succession in politics: The democracy/autocracy divide revisited"
4994:
4580:
4304:
Minicucci, Stephen (2004). "Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790β1860".
4186:
4136:
4034:"Is the Democratic Party the oldest continuous political party in the world?"
3368:
2541:
2476:
2213:
2129:
1811:
1803:
1655:
1624:
961:
877:
867:
424:
402:
377:
207:
9937:
9791:"Youtuber mistura aberturas de "Game of Thrones" e "Tiger King" em animação"
8231:
7691:
6774:
6618:
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Some scholars argue that the first modern political parties developed in
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7868:from the original on 30 January 2021
7838:from the original on 29 January 2021
7807:from the original on 28 January 2021
7712:from the original on 30 January 2021
7646:
7628:from the original on 19 January 2019
7161:
7105:from the original on 14 January 2021
6916:from the original on 29 January 2021
6756:from the original on 27 January 2021
6046:from the original on 22 January 2021
5466:British Journal of Political Science
5402:British Journal of Political Science
4755:
4388:
4223:from the original on 20 October 2013
4031:
2529:
2452:
2146:
1474:parties; other common ideologies of
9047:"The Classical Symbol of Anarchism"
7407:The Tyranny of the Two-Party System
7164:South European Society and Politics
6872:Latin American Politics and Society
6318:. Clarendon Press. pp. viiβx.
6072:from the original on 12 August 2020
4828:Cox, Gary; Nubbins, Mathew (1999).
4758:Political parties and party systems
4691:. Harper Collins. pp. 114β142.
3866:from the original on 8 October 2020
2427:countries without political parties
2104:, are classified as elite parties.
2045:
1997:
1846:
1806:in the 1970s. The formation of the
1717:. Although the framers of the 1787
1553:mentions the political factions of
1532:is a group of political parties, a
24:
8987:Finnis, Alex (10 September 2020).
8451:Annual Review of Political Science
8445:Scarrow, Susan E. (15 June 2007).
8102:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
7350:Annual Review of Political Science
6884:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00248.x
6657:from the original on 17 March 2021
6423:Annual Review of Political Science
6066:"The purpose of political parties"
5997:from the original on 6 August 2020
5900:
5040:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1993.tb00378.x
4785:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00314.x
4745:. New York Free Press. p. 50.
4520:Annual Review of Political Science
4445:Byamukama, Nathan (October 2003).
4145:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
3887:The Journal of Legislative Studies
2118:Social Democratic Party of Germany
25:
11512:
10260:Restitution and unjust enrichment
10104:
10085:(in Spanish). 20 September 2017.
9953:SCMS Journal of Indian Management
9822:"Libertarians Spoil the Election"
9731:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
9138:"A quick history of the Circle-A"
8697:from the original on 1 April 2021
8014:Francis, Darrell (13 July 2016).
7955:The Politics of Electoral Systems
7922:The Politics of Electoral Systems
7493:The Politics of Electoral Systems
7097:Cohen, Alexander (2 March 2020).
6906:"Freedom in the World 2020: Cuba"
5874:American Political Science Review
4607:American Political Science Review
3760:List of largest political parties
2928:Black flag, or black and red flag
2624:multi-party systems. Many of the
2173:
515:Biology and political orientation
11468:
11456:
11444:
11432:
11420:
11408:
11396:
11384:
11372:
11360:
11348:
11307:
11306:
11292:
10089:from the original on 1 June 2021
10071:
10040:
10010:
9979:
9944:
9905:
9875:
9844:
9813:
9783:
9752:
9721:
9690:
9655:
9625:
9599:
9573:
9547:
9517:
9476:
9445:
9370:
9339:
9306:
9282:Tran, Bich T. (29 August 2019).
9275:
9189:
9156:
9130:
9118:from the original on 1 June 2021
9091:
9065:
9013:
8980:
8947:
8915:
8888:
8855:
8709:
8678:
8629:
8564:
8537:
8496:
8471:
8390:
8364:
8262:
8182:
8151:
8081:
8038:
8007:
7986:Drutman, Lee (19 October 2019).
7979:
7946:
7913:
7906:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00295.x
7880:
7850:
7819:
7795:Rosenfeld, Sam (14 April 2020).
7788:
7764:Drutman, Lee (19 October 2019).
7757:
7724:
7683:
7640:
7607:
7569:Chinese Political Science Review
7556:
7517:
7461:Advances in Political Psychology
7448:
7423:
7398:
7370:
7337:
7302:
7267:
7228:
7190:
7155:
7090:
7058:
7033:
7008:
6968:
6956:from the original on 3 July 2015
6928:
6898:
6863:
6828:
6803:
6768:
5980:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00199.x
5646:
5141:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01443.x
4967:Comparative Political Leadership
4493:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00367.x
4032:Dirr, Alison (24 October 2016).
3741:
3736:
3731:
3698:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3572:
3567:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3468:
3463:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3186:
3181:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3044:
3039:
3034:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2626:largest democracies in the world
2359:
2200:
2076:
1941:
1706:throughout the 18th century The
1502:, the advancement of a specific
1358:
616:
32:Political party (disambiguation)
11271:History of the legal profession
9883:"Peace symbols through history"
9697:O'Hara, Glen (17 August 2020).
8936:from the original on 9 May 2008
8922:Farhi, Paul (2 November 2004),
8829:Malasig, Jeline (16 May 2018).
7015:Clemens, Walter C. Jr. (2016).
6610:
6443:
6417:Hicken, Allen (17 March 2011).
6385:
6370:
6275:
6250:
6207:
6201:10.1016/j.electstud.2008.06.002
6180:
6134:
6058:
6009:
5830:
5815:
5802:
5763:
5728:
5673:
5640:
5579:
5554:
5519:
5492:
5453:
5428:
5393:
5358:
5333:
5308:
5273:
5238:
5165:
5120:
5081:
5046:
5019:
4993:Helms, Ludger (11 March 2020).
4890:
4863:
4836:
4764:
4695:
4687:An economic theory of democracy
4633:
4560:
4507:
4468:
4438:
4413:
4382:
4332:
4297:
4250:
4235:
4205:
4129:
4056:
4025:
4007:Scandinavian Journal of History
3939:The Western Political Quarterly
2768:List of political party symbols
2748:
2107:
1958:Parties are typically led by a
1878:Individual and group incentives
1777:
1737:
1666:in the 18th century, after the
1641:
9986:PΓ’kzΓ’d, PoyΓ’ (December 2020).
9797:(in Portuguese). 18 May 2020.
8954:George, Jane (11 March 2013).
7988:"Let a thousand parties bloom"
7766:"Let a Thousand Parties Bloom"
7614:Marcondes de Freitas, AndrΓ©a.
7377:Blake, Aaron (27 April 2016).
6596:. Cambridge University Press.
5669:(3 ed.). London: Methuen.
4773:Scandinavian Political Studies
4265:. New York: Wiley. p. 1.
3980:
3965:
3905:
3878:
3841:
3811:. University of Chicago Press.
2247:Party positions and ideologies
2170:parties epitomizes this type.
2141:German Social Democratic Party
1929:Structure of political parties
510:Theories of political behavior
136:Political history of the world
13:
1:
10047:Einaudi, Luca (August 2017).
9759:Huber, Eliza (16 July 2020).
9583:. Elephant art. 1 July 2020.
9227:. Westview Press. p. 9.
9200:. United States Green Party.
8509:Comparative Political Studies
7621:. Universidade de SΓ£o Paulo.
7409:. Columbia University Press.
7311:Comparative Political Studies
7253:10.1080/13510347.2020.1866553
6623:Comparative Political Studies
5315:Lewis, Paul Geoffrey (1989).
4569:Comparative Political Studies
4341:The American political system
3914:American democracy in context
3837:. Princeton University Press.
3785:
2317:leftβright political spectrum
1513:
525:Critique of political economy
8503:Cruz, Cesi (7 August 2018).
8271:Political Research Quarterly
7542:10.31014/aior.1991.03.03.204
6982:North Korea: a Country Study
6777:Political Research Quarterly
5788:10.1080/01402380512331341091
4884:10.1016/0022-0531(76)90040-5
4242:Hofstadter, Richard (1970).
2253:List of political ideologies
2164:Christian Democratic parties
2124:to represent German workers.
2064:Types of party organizations
2038:in parliament, and select a
1800:Indian independence movement
1583:Hippodrome of Constantinople
1476:very large political parties
106:Outline of political science
7:
10053:www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk
9857:Town & Country Magazine
9664:Contemporary Southeast Asia
9452:Speedy, Sam (27 May 2017).
9251:Klein, Sarah (April 2018).
8685:Atwill, Nicole (May 2009).
8399:Contemporary Southeast Asia
8307:Levush, Ruth (March 2016).
7963:10.1093/0199257566.001.0001
7930:10.1093/0199257566.001.0001
7741:10.1007/978-3-658-09511-6_1
7501:10.1093/0199257566.003.0007
7141:10.1177/1354068898004004007
6259:Modern Political Ideologies
5851:10.1177/1354068895001001001
5694:10.1177/1354068895001001001
5600:10.1177/1354068801007001001
3807:Aldrich, John (1995). "1".
3753:
2397:effective number of parties
2385:proportional representation
1861:Political parties like the
1829:Causes of political parties
1732:Democratic-Republican Party
1686:, whereas the conservative
1341:Political parties by region
1131:Party convention/conference
10:
11517:
10938:International legal theory
10417:International slavery laws
10412:International human rights
10407:International criminal law
9140:. Rival LA. 10 June 2020.
9021:"Agrarian Party of Russia"
8577:London School of Economics
8478:Corstange, Daniel (2016).
8119:10.4135/9781412965811.n233
7797:"It Takes Three (or More)"
7582:10.1007/s41111-020-00156-z
6789:10.1177/106591290105400101
6635:10.1177/001041407901200101
6521:Handbook of Party Politics
5665:Duverger, Maurice (1964).
4965:Ludger Helms, ed. (2012).
4899:Review of Economic Studies
4872:Journal of Economic Theory
4161:10.4135/9781412965811.n328
4125:. Oxford University Press.
3951:10.1177/106591297602900405
3770:Lists of political parties
2761:
2687:
2683:
2608:
2533:
2456:
2406:
2363:
2250:
2228:
2204:
2177:
2150:
2127:
2080:
1914:
1850:
1719:United States Constitution
1544:
1328:Lists of political parties
111:Index of politics articles
29:
11286:
11263:
11153:
10991:Administration of justice
10976:
10885:
10776:
10655:
10557:
10278:
10146:
9431:10.1017/S0147547900011236
9391:10.1017/S0008423913001108
8757:. Gremillion Consulting.
8558:10.1017/S0022381611000934
7832:E-International Relations
7214:10.1017/S0022278X06002114
7017:North Korea and the World
6988:Federal Research Division
6810:Dickerson, M. O. (1992).
6530:10.4135/9781848608047.n19
6356:10.1177/13540688030092003
6314:Freeden, Michael (1996).
5886:10.1017/S0003055405051701
5749:10.1017/S0008423900049489
5561:Smith, Alison F. (2020).
5478:10.1017/S0007123416000016
5439:. Routledge. p. 13.
5414:10.1017/S0007123417000497
5224:10.1080/17457280903275261
4720:10.1017/S153759271000280X
4659:10.1017/S0043887116000149
4619:10.1017/S0003055408080143
4368:10.1017/S0021121400025335
4318:10.1017/S0898588X04000094
4286:Busky, Donald F. (2000),
4063:Stanek, Wojciech (1996).
4019:10.1080/03468757708578923
3899:10.1080/13572339508420429
2758:Party colours and symbols
1980:parliamentary democracies
1336:Ruling parties by country
1309:National unity government
10768:Basic structure doctrine
10618:Natural and legal rights
10499:Public international law
9502:10.4000/lerhistoria.3560
8522:10.1177/0010414018784062
8248:10.1177/1354068804046910
7893:Social Science Quarterly
7323:10.1177/0010414005278420
6945:South China Morning Post
6721:10.1177/1354068813509524
6282:Heywood, Andrew (2017).
6257:Vincent, Andrew (2009).
6159:10.1177/1465116507073283
6141:Hooghe, Liesbet (2007).
5928:10.1177/1354068812472582
5540:10.1177/1354068806064729
5379:10.1177/0097700418770176
5186:10.1177/1354068819845100
5067:10.1177/1354068810382935
5012:10.1177/1369148120908528
4969:. Springer. p. 78.
4802:. Blackwell. p. 74.
4708:Perspectives on Politics
4581:10.1177/0010414012463905
4356:Irish Historical Studies
2794:traffic light coalitions
1976:presidential democracies
1901:unaffiliated politicians
1863:Romanian Communist Party
1816:Uganda National Congress
1808:Indian National Congress
1690:faction (originally the
1600:factions as well as the
1346:Banned political parties
1046:Leader of the Opposition
1014:Leaders and organization
977:Parliamentary opposition
43:Indian National Congress
10948:Principle of typicality
10422:International trade law
10138:
10024:(in Portuguese). 2015.
9826:The Wall Street Journal
9525:"Hate Symbols Database"
9196:McLarty, Scott (2019).
8546:The Journal of Politics
7040:Mickey, Robert (2015).
6147:European Union Politics
5770:Krouwel, Andre (2003).
5565:. Springer. p. 2.
5513:10.1111/1475-6765.12078
5106:10.1111/1467-9256.12030
4857:10.1111/0952-1895.00141
4798:Tilly, Charles (1990).
4683:Downs, Anthony (1957).
4481:The Journal of Politics
2690:Political party funding
2489:Workers' Party of Korea
2481:Chinese Communist Party
2469:Communist Party of Cuba
2334:Non-ideological parties
2225:Entrepreneurial parties
1992:Chinese Communist Party
1764:Charles Stewart Parnell
1680:constitutional monarchy
520:Political organisations
283:International relations
121:Politics by subdivision
9529:Anti-Defamation League
6677:Schattschneider, E. E.
5776:West European Politics
4813:Hicken, Allen (2009).
4261:The first party system
2936:surrounded by a circle
2708:
2699:Sources of party funds
2620:
2597:and to facilitate the
2496:dominant-party systems
2422:
2409:Non-partisan democracy
2381:single-member district
2373:political institutions
2241:political entrepreneur
2237:political entrepreneur
2125:
2098:Democratic-Republicans
2026:
2023:National Woman's Party
1955:
1891:
1888:United Australia Party
1866:
1659:
1636:direct decision-making
1528:candidates, whereas a
1504:political entrepreneur
50:
10943:Principle of legality
10702:Delegated legislation
10402:Intellectual property
9738:3 August 2020 at the
8654:10.1089/elj.2018.0493
8105:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
7288:10.1353/jod.2013.0050
7198:Minion K. C. Morrison
6566:10.1057/9781403938763
6556:Birch, Sarah (2003).
4830:Legislative leviathan
4339:Kollman, Ken (2012).
4147:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
4121:Jones, J. R. (1961).
3916:. Sage. p. 182.
2706:
2646:coalition governments
2618:
2416:
2231:Entrepreneurial party
2207:Single-issue politics
2115:
2020:
1949:
1911:Parties as heuristics
1896:compatible incentives
1885:
1860:
1649:
1279:Confidence and supply
1136:Leadership convention
987:Official party status
943:Entrepreneurial party
600:Political campaigning
340:Public administration
173:Collective leadership
40:
11491:Comparative politics
11161:Barristers' chambers
11103:Legal representation
11041:Justice of the peace
10387:Financial regulation
9639:. 14 November 2020.
9607:"Green Party Taiwan"
9223:Witte, John (1993).
8113:. pp. 379β380.
7276:Journal of Democracy
7101:. The Conversation.
6752:. 10 February 2011.
6379:V-Dem Briefing Paper
6037:10.5817/PC2017-2-137
5294:10.1353/wp.2008.0002
4477:Wolbrecht, Christina
4219:. 2 September 2013.
4155:. pp. 542β543.
4038:Politifact Wisconsin
3148:Democratic socialism
2798:pan-green coalitions
2725:Uses for party funds
2403:Non-partisan systems
2258:Political ideologies
1917:Party identification
1760:Era of Good Feelings
1664:early modern Britain
1652:A Block for the Wigs
1450:political scientists
1284:Consensus government
1274:Coalition government
1066:Parliamentary leader
873:Classical radicalism
450:Separation of powers
321:Political psychology
296:Comparative politics
274:political scientists
261:Academic disciplines
141:Political philosophy
30:For other uses, see
11196:Election commission
10908:Expressive function
10437:Landlordβtenant law
10336:Consumer protection
9182:10.1257/jep.20.2.97
8929:The Washington Post
8691:Library of Congress
8313:Library of Congress
8196:. 28 October 2020.
8093:"Political Parties"
7384:The Washington Post
6992:Library of Congress
6837:Columbia Law Review
4756:Ware, Alan (1995).
4389:Liddiard, Patrick.
3007:Christian Democracy
2820:
2802:pan-blue coalitions
2790:redβgreen alliances
2743:diminishing returns
2605:Multi-party systems
2586:first past the post
2180:Cartel party theory
2036:Official Opposition
2032:Westminster systems
1853:Cleavage (politics)
1793:During the wave of
1774:political parties.
1672:Glorious Revolution
1530:parliamentary group
1365:Politics portal
1314:Rotation government
1304:Minority government
1299:Majority government
1264:Parliamentary group
1121:Leadership election
798:Christian democracy
623:Politics portal
472:Election commission
443:Government branches
326:Political sociology
178:Confessional system
116:Politics by country
11154:Legal institutions
11021:Lawsuit/Litigation
11011:Dispute resolution
10816:Catholic canon law
10524:State of emergency
10487:Will and testament
10211:Law of obligations
10164:Constitutional law
10154:Administrative law
7474:10.1111/pops.12486
6750:The New York Times
4934:The American Voter
4475:Corder, J. Kevin;
3987:Aristotle (1984).
2819:
2709:
2621:
2611:Multi-party system
2423:
2321:anti-establishment
2126:
2027:
1964:head of government
1956:
1892:
1867:
1823:universal suffrage
1715:First Party System
1660:
1617:Conservative Party
1269:Divided government
1163:Crossing the floor
1109:Internal elections
1081:Party spokesperson
992:Single-issue party
682:Political Spectrum
306:Political analysis
238:Semi-parliamentary
51:
18:Party organization
11501:Political parties
11336:
11335:
10996:Constitutionalism
10918:Law and economics
10756:Act of parliament
10494:Product liability
10447:Legal archaeology
10372:Environmental law
10366:Entertainment law
10206:International law
9887:The History Press
9355:, 20 April 2006,
9111:978-1-60980-472-5
9049:. Anarchism.net.
7750:978-3-658-09510-9
7176:10.1080/714004966
6575:978-1-349-43138-0
6393:"V-Party Dataset"
6189:Electoral Studies
5651:. pp. 65β67.
5649:Political parties
4976:978-1-349-33368-4
4575:(12): 1523β1554.
4170:978-1-4129-6580-4
3780:Testimonial party
3751:
3750:
3412:Star and crescent
3076:Hammer and sickle
2530:Two-party systems
2491:retains control.
2453:One-party systems
2377:electoral systems
2354:identity politics
2147:Catch-all parties
2053:electoral systems
2012:party conferences
1700:English Civil War
1534:political faction
1409:that coordinates
1399:
1398:
1245:
1244:
1061:Political faction
769:
768:
657:
656:
605:Political parties
545:Electoral systems
269:Political science
243:Semi-presidential
155:Political systems
131:Political history
126:Political economy
16:(Redirected from
11508:
11473:
11472:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11449:
11448:
11437:
11436:
11425:
11424:
11413:
11412:
11411:
11401:
11400:
11399:
11389:
11388:
11387:
11377:
11376:
11375:
11365:
11364:
11363:
11353:
11352:
11344:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11297:
11296:
11120:Question of fact
11001:Criminal justice
10331:Construction law
10326:Conflict of laws
10291:Agricultural law
10133:
10126:
10119:
10110:
10109:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10075:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10064:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10033:
10014:
10008:
10007:
10005:
10003:
9983:
9977:
9976:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9898:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9868:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9756:
9750:
9725:
9719:
9718:
9716:
9714:
9694:
9688:
9687:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9648:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9618:
9603:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9568:
9566:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9542:
9540:
9521:
9515:
9514:
9504:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9414:
9403:
9402:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9364:
9343:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9248:
9239:
9238:
9220:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9165:"Purple America"
9160:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9095:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9069:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9017:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8826:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8806:
8795:
8786:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8751:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8713:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8665:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8602:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8552:(4): 1267β1280.
8541:
8535:
8534:
8524:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8442:
8431:
8430:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8338:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8304:
8295:
8294:
8266:
8260:
8259:
8227:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8011:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7864:. 18 June 2018.
7854:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7711:
7696:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7655:(3): 1093β1117.
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7620:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7594:
7584:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7488:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7124:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7012:
7006:
7005:
6986:(5th ed.).
6985:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6938:(30 June 2015).
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6843:(7): 1677β1701.
6832:
6826:
6825:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6742:
6733:
6732:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6681:Party Government
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6589:
6580:
6579:
6553:
6544:
6543:
6515:
6506:
6505:
6493:
6484:
6483:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6311:
6298:
6297:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6113:
6104:
6103:
6091:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6022:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5965:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5939:
5907:
5898:
5897:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5819:
5813:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5717:
5706:
5705:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5629:
5612:
5611:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5180:(2): 1103β1109.
5169:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4779:(1β2): 105β113.
4768:
4762:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4714:(4): 1257β1258.
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4661:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4451:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4264:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4082:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4013:(1β4): 265β287.
4002:
3993:
3992:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3854:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3719:
3702:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3653:Social democracy
3645:
3640:
3635:
3593:
3576:
3571:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3495:
3489:
3472:
3467:
3453:
3447:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3404:
3398:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3348:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3213:
3207:
3190:
3185:
3157:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3117:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3065:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3022:
3016:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2976:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2917:
2911:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2874:Four-leaf clover
2861:
2821:
2818:
2814:Democratic Party
2810:Republican Party
2786:purple alliances
2764:Political colour
2674:plurality voting
2595:insincere voting
2550:Republican Party
2546:Democratic Party
2536:Two-party system
2524:Democratic Party
2465:one-party system
2443:Alberto Fujimori
2349:social cleavages
2310:multiculturalism
2294:environmentalism
2159:Otto Kirchheimer
2093:Maurice Duverger
2046:Party membership
1998:Party executives
1984:party conference
1847:Social cleavages
1768:party discipline
1753:1848 Revolutions
1728:Federalist Party
1708:Rockingham Whigs
1668:Exclusion Crisis
1621:Democratic Party
1602:Dutch Republic's
1587:Roman Republic's
1581:factions at the
1555:Classical Athens
1391:
1384:
1377:
1363:
1362:
1202:
1201:
1168:Party discipline
1150:Party discipline
1116:Primary election
972:Opposition party
883:Social democracy
813:Environmentalism
687:
686:
661:
660:
649:
642:
635:
621:
620:
411:
356:
311:Political theory
301:Election science
291:
277:
55:
54:
21:
11516:
11515:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11506:
11505:
11481:
11480:
11479:
11467:
11457:
11455:
11443:
11431:
11419:
11409:
11407:
11397:
11395:
11385:
11383:
11373:
11371:
11361:
11359:
11347:
11339:
11337:
11332:
11305:
11291:
11282:
11259:
11250:Political party
11223:Legal education
11211:Law enforcement
11191:Court of equity
11149:
11125:Question of law
11078:Practice of law
11058:Judicial review
10972:
10923:Legal formalism
10903:Comparative law
10898:Contract theory
10881:
10801:Legal pluralism
10772:
10761:Act of Congress
10685:Executive order
10651:
10553:
10472:Nationality law
10397:Immigration law
10321:Competition law
10274:
10142:
10137:
10107:
10102:
10092:
10090:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10062:
10060:
10045:
10041:
10031:
10029:
10016:
10015:
10011:
10001:
9999:
9984:
9980:
9949:
9945:
9930:
9910:
9906:
9896:
9894:
9881:
9880:
9876:
9866:
9864:
9849:
9845:
9835:
9833:
9818:
9814:
9804:
9802:
9789:
9788:
9784:
9774:
9772:
9757:
9753:
9740:Wayback Machine
9726:
9722:
9712:
9710:
9695:
9691:
9676:10.1355/CS29-2F
9660:
9656:
9646:
9644:
9631:
9630:
9626:
9616:
9614:
9605:
9604:
9600:
9590:
9588:
9579:
9578:
9574:
9564:
9562:
9553:
9552:
9548:
9538:
9536:
9523:
9522:
9518:
9495:(72): 151β173.
9481:
9477:
9467:
9465:
9450:
9446:
9415:
9406:
9375:
9371:
9362:
9360:
9345:
9344:
9340:
9330:
9328:
9311:
9307:
9297:
9295:
9280:
9276:
9266:
9264:
9257:Goethe-Institut
9249:
9242:
9235:
9221:
9217:
9207:
9205:
9194:
9190:
9161:
9157:
9147:
9145:
9136:
9135:
9131:
9121:
9119:
9112:
9096:
9092:
9082:
9080:
9071:
9070:
9066:
9056:
9054:
9045:
9044:
9040:
9030:
9028:
9019:
9018:
9014:
9004:
9002:
8985:
8981:
8971:
8969:
8952:
8948:
8939:
8937:
8920:
8916:
8906:
8904:
8899:. Datawrapper.
8893:
8889:
8879:
8877:
8860:
8856:
8846:
8844:
8827:
8820:
8810:
8808:
8804:
8793:
8787:
8774:
8764:
8762:
8753:
8752:
8741:
8731:
8729:
8714:
8710:
8700:
8698:
8683:
8679:
8634:
8630:
8620:
8618:
8603:
8596:
8586:
8584:
8569:
8565:
8542:
8538:
8501:
8497:
8490:
8476:
8472:
8443:
8434:
8411:10.1355/cs29-2b
8395:
8391:
8381:
8379:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8340:
8339:
8332:
8322:
8320:
8305:
8298:
8283:10.2307/3595635
8267:
8263:
8228:
8213:
8203:
8201:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8173:
8171:
8156:
8152:
8129:
8089:Basham, Patrick
8086:
8082:
8059:10.2307/1952754
8043:
8039:
8029:
8027:
8012:
8008:
7998:
7996:
7984:
7980:
7973:
7951:
7947:
7940:
7918:
7914:
7885:
7881:
7871:
7869:
7856:
7855:
7851:
7841:
7839:
7824:
7820:
7810:
7808:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7777:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7729:
7725:
7715:
7713:
7709:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7661:10.2307/1959150
7645:
7641:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7612:
7608:
7561:
7557:
7522:
7518:
7511:
7489:
7482:
7467:(S1): 279β304.
7453:
7449:
7442:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7403:
7399:
7389:
7387:
7375:
7371:
7342:
7338:
7307:
7303:
7272:
7268:
7241:Democratization
7233:
7229:
7195:
7191:
7160:
7156:
7125:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7013:
7009:
7002:
6994:. p. 214.
6973:
6969:
6959:
6957:
6933:
6929:
6919:
6917:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6868:
6864:
6849:10.2307/1122744
6833:
6829:
6822:
6808:
6804:
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6744:
6743:
6736:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6658:
6615:
6611:
6604:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6516:
6509:
6494:
6487:
6464:10.2307/1964135
6448:
6444:
6415:
6411:
6401:
6399:
6397:V-Dem Institute
6391:
6390:
6386:
6375:
6371:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6312:
6301:
6294:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6255:
6251:
6228:10.2307/2944707
6212:
6208:
6185:
6181:
6171:
6169:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6114:
6107:
6092:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5963:
5957:
5953:
5908:
5901:
5870:
5866:
5835:
5831:
5820:
5816:
5807:
5803:
5768:
5764:
5733:
5729:
5718:
5709:
5678:
5674:
5663:
5656:
5645:
5641:
5630:
5615:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5559:
5555:
5524:
5520:
5497:
5493:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5433:
5429:
5398:
5394:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5313:
5309:
5278:
5274:
5259:10.2307/2645427
5243:
5239:
5208:
5201:
5170:
5166:
5125:
5121:
5086:
5082:
5051:
5047:
5024:
5020:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4963:
4956:
4945:
4941:
4930:
4926:
4911:10.2307/2297770
4895:
4891:
4868:
4864:
4841:
4837:
4826:
4822:
4811:
4807:
4796:
4792:
4769:
4765:
4754:
4750:
4739:
4735:
4700:
4696:
4681:
4677:
4638:
4634:
4603:
4596:
4565:
4561:
4550:
4541:
4512:
4508:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4387:
4383:
4352:
4348:
4337:
4333:
4302:
4298:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4255:
4251:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4171:
4134:
4130:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4083:
4072:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4003:
3996:
3985:
3981:
3970:
3966:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3910:
3906:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3831:
3816:
3805:
3792:
3788:
3756:
3723:
3717:
3695:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3628:
3597:
3591:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3511:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3460:Bird in flight
3457:
3451:
3445:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3364:
3352:
3346:
3314:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3238:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3178:
3161:
3155:
3121:
3115:
3083:
3069:
3063:
3030:Christian cross
3026:
3020:
3014:
2980:
2974:
2942:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2877:
2865:
2859:
2770:
2762:Main articles:
2760:
2751:
2727:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2613:
2607:
2538:
2532:
2461:
2459:One-party state
2455:
2411:
2405:
2368:
2362:
2336:
2328:V-Party Dataset
2255:
2249:
2233:
2227:
2209:
2203:
2182:
2176:
2155:
2149:
2132:
2110:
2085:
2079:
2066:
2048:
2021:Members of the
2004:party secretary
2000:
1944:
1931:
1919:
1913:
1880:
1855:
1849:
1831:
1780:
1755:around Europe.
1740:
1698:faction of the
1644:
1547:
1516:
1434:several parties
1403:political party
1395:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1294:Hung parliament
1289:Grand coalition
1258:
1257:between parties
1247:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1213:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1183:Party switching
1178:Party-line vote
1158:Conscience vote
1152:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1056:Minority leader
1051:Majority leader
1015:
1007:
1006:
1005:
938:Catch-all party
912:
904:
903:
902:
782:
771:
770:
765:
740:
710:
684:
666:Politics series
653:
615:
610:
609:
540:
539:
530:
529:
487:
486:
477:
476:
445:
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435:
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430:Public interest
415:Domestic policy
405:
398:
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386:
385:
350:
343:
342:
331:
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292:
285:
278:
271:
263:
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158:
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146:
145:
101:
100:
91:
60:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11514:
11504:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11478:
11477:
11465:
11463:Libertarianism
11453:
11441:
11429:
11417:
11405:
11403:European Union
11393:
11381:
11369:
11357:
11334:
11333:
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11299:Law portal
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11163:
11157:
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11137:
11135:Trial advocacy
11132:
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10709:
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10665:Ballot measure
10661:
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10649:
10644:
10642:Legal treatise
10639:
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10608:Letters patent
10605:
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10599:
10598:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10569:
10563:
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10559:Sources of law
10555:
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10544:Unenforced law
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10369:
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10333:
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10323:
10318:
10316:Commercial law
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10282:
10280:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10272:
10267:
10262:
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10240:
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10234:
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10228:
10218:
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10171:
10166:
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10106:
10105:External links
10103:
10101:
10100:
10070:
10039:
10009:
9978:
9943:
9928:
9904:
9874:
9843:
9812:
9782:
9751:
9748:978-1443852838
9720:
9689:
9670:(2): 333β358.
9654:
9624:
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9444:
9404:
9385:(4): 951β972.
9369:
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9233:
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8961:Nunatsiaq News
8946:
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8869:Deutsche Welle
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8648:(3): 243β261.
8628:
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8515:(3): 382β411.
8495:
8489:978-1107106673
8488:
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8405:(2): 238β263.
8389:
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8277:(2): 353β358.
8261:
8242:(6): 619β626.
8236:Party Politics
8211:
8181:
8164:Bloomberg News
8150:
8128:978-1412965804
8127:
8111:Cato Institute
8097:Hamowy, Ronald
8080:
8037:
8006:
7993:Foreign Policy
7978:
7972:978-0199257560
7971:
7945:
7939:978-0199257560
7938:
7912:
7899:(1): 147β159.
7879:
7849:
7818:
7787:
7770:Foreign Policy
7756:
7749:
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7682:
7639:
7606:
7575:(4): 513β533.
7555:
7536:(3): 711β724.
7516:
7510:978-0199257560
7509:
7480:
7447:
7440:
7422:
7416:978-0231110358
7415:
7397:
7369:
7336:
7317:(6): 679β708.
7301:
7266:
7247:(3): 465β483.
7227:
7208:(4): 623β647.
7189:
7154:
7135:(4): 547β568.
7129:Party Politics
7116:
7089:
7083:978-0198280545
7082:
7066:Arend Lijphart
7057:
7051:978-0691149639
7050:
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7026:978-0813167466
7025:
7007:
7001:978-1598044683
7000:
6967:
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6821:978-0774804189
6820:
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6709:Party Politics
6696:
6690:978-1412830508
6689:
6668:
6609:
6603:978-1108404266
6602:
6581:
6574:
6545:
6539:978-0761943143
6538:
6507:
6485:
6458:(3): 737β747.
6442:
6409:
6384:
6369:
6350:(2): 167β199.
6344:Party Politics
6331:
6325:978-0198275329
6324:
6299:
6293:978-1137606044
6292:
6274:
6268:978-1444311051
6267:
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6206:
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6179:
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6127:978-0691194752
6126:
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6083:
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6008:
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5682:Party Politics
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5588:Party Politics
5578:
5572:978-3030417956
5571:
5553:
5534:(4): 467β481.
5528:Party Politics
5518:
5507:(2): 232β248.
5491:
5472:(2): 343β367.
5452:
5446:978-1317929451
5445:
5427:
5392:
5373:(4): 347β373.
5357:
5351:978-1400875870
5350:
5332:
5326:978-0521363693
5325:
5307:
5288:(4): 595β628.
5282:World Politics
5272:
5253:(3): 231β264.
5237:
5218:(4): 433β447.
5199:
5174:Party Politics
5164:
5135:(3): 175β185.
5119:
5080:
5061:(2): 127β150.
5055:Party Politics
5045:
5034:(3): 229β231.
5018:
5005:(2): 328β346.
4982:
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4924:
4905:(4): 695β705.
4889:
4862:
4851:(4): 441β474.
4835:
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4805:
4790:
4763:
4748:
4733:
4694:
4675:
4646:World Politics
4632:
4613:(2): 153β168.
4594:
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4539:
4506:
4467:
4437:
4431:978-0295986463
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4412:
4381:
4346:
4331:
4296:
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4272:978-0471143406
4271:
4249:
4234:
4204:
4169:
4153:Cato Institute
4137:Hamowy, Ronald
4128:
4110:
4104:978-0199566020
4103:
4070:
4055:
4024:
3994:
3979:
3972:Plato (1935).
3964:
3945:(4): 531β549.
3929:
3923:978-1544345222
3922:
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3893:(2): 283β300.
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3604:The white flag
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3480:Libertarianism
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3339:Green politics
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2726:
2723:
2700:
2697:
2688:Main article:
2685:
2682:
2609:Main article:
2606:
2603:
2599:spoiler effect
2582:Duverger's law
2534:Main article:
2531:
2528:
2457:Main article:
2454:
2451:
2407:Main article:
2404:
2401:
2364:Main article:
2361:
2358:
2335:
2332:
2302:fundamentalism
2251:Main article:
2248:
2245:
2229:Main article:
2226:
2223:
2218:National Rally
2202:
2199:
2185:Cartel parties
2178:Main article:
2175:
2174:Cartel parties
2172:
2153:Big tent party
2151:Main article:
2148:
2145:
2128:Main article:
2109:
2106:
2081:Main article:
2078:
2075:
2065:
2062:
2047:
2044:
2040:shadow cabinet
1999:
1996:
1972:prime minister
1966:, such as the
1943:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1915:Main article:
1912:
1909:
1879:
1876:
1851:Main article:
1848:
1845:
1830:
1827:
1795:decolonization
1779:
1776:
1739:
1736:
1704:United Kingdom
1682:as opposed to
1643:
1640:
1579:chariot racing
1546:
1543:
1538:advocacy group
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1218:Dominant-party
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1099:
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1091:Shadow cabinet
1088:
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1073:
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1063:
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1048:
1043:
1041:Lead candidate
1038:
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1016:
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1008:
1004:
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982:Party of power
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895:
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865:
860:
855:
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848:Libertarianism
845:
840:
835:
830:
828:Green politics
825:
820:
815:
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800:
795:
790:
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749:
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733:
731:Radical Centre
728:
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719:
718:
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709:
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685:
680:
679:
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673:Party politics
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541:
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522:
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494:
488:
485:Related topics
484:
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469:
464:
459:
453:
452:
446:
442:
441:
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420:Foreign policy
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367:
362:
357:
344:
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333:
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329:
328:
323:
318:
316:Policy studies
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99:Primary topics
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62:
26:
9:
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2:
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11489:
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11486:
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11471:
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11454:
11452:
11447:
11442:
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11430:
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11406:
11404:
11394:
11392:
11382:
11380:
11370:
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11358:
11356:
11351:
11346:
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11329:
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11182:
11181:Civil society
11179:
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11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11156:
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11146:
11143:
11141:
11140:Trier of fact
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11026:Legal opinion
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11006:Court-martial
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10978:Jurisprudence
10975:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10884:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10867:Statutory law
10865:
10863:
10862:Socialist law
10860:
10856:
10855:Byzantine law
10853:
10852:
10851:
10848:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10807:
10806:Religious law
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10778:Legal systems
10775:
10769:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10747:
10746:Statutory law
10744:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10695:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10677:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10654:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10626:
10623:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10576:Statutory law
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10556:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10534:Transport law
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10479:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10452:Legal fiction
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10382:Financial law
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10341:Corporate law
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10277:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10265:Statutory law
10263:
10261:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10147:Core subjects
10145:
10141:
10134:
10129:
10127:
10122:
10120:
10115:
10114:
10111:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10074:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10043:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10013:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9982:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9947:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9916:
9908:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9878:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9847:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9816:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9786:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9755:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9730:
9724:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9693:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9658:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9628:
9612:
9608:
9602:
9586:
9582:
9576:
9560:
9556:
9550:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9520:
9512:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9479:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9448:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9373:
9358:
9354:
9353:
9348:
9342:
9326:
9322:
9321:
9316:
9309:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9278:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9247:
9245:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9219:
9203:
9199:
9192:
9183:
9178:
9175:(2): 97β118.
9174:
9170:
9166:
9159:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9094:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9052:
9048:
9042:
9026:
9022:
9016:
9000:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8983:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8950:
8935:
8931:
8930:
8925:
8918:
8902:
8898:
8891:
8875:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8858:
8842:
8838:
8837:
8832:
8825:
8823:
8803:
8799:
8792:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8760:
8756:
8750:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8712:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8681:
8673:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8632:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8601:
8599:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8567:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8540:
8532:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8499:
8491:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8465:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8393:
8377:
8373:
8367:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8303:
8301:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8265:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8154:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8084:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8041:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8010:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7982:
7974:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7941:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7916:
7907:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7883:
7867:
7863:
7862:Afrobarometer
7859:
7853:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7822:
7806:
7802:
7801:Boston Review
7798:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7752:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7735:. p. 1.
7734:
7727:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7643:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7602:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7520:
7512:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7487:
7485:
7475:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7443:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7418:
7412:
7408:
7401:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7373:
7364:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7270:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7231:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7123:
7121:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7085:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7053:
7047:
7043:
7036:
7028:
7022:
7018:
7011:
7003:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6984:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6915:
6911:
6910:Freedom House
6907:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6739:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6701:
6692:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6588:
6586:
6577:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6541:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6514:
6512:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6490:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6419:"Clientelism"
6413:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6380:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6336:
6327:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6295:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6110:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6088:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6019:
6012:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5906:
5904:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5408:(1): 79β101.
5407:
5403:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5204:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4987:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4959:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4652:(1): 98β143.
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4599:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4362:(97): 46β66.
4361:
4357:
4350:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4245:
4238:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4059:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
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3342:
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3337:
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3333:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3305:Clenched fist
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
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2654:democratizing
2649:
2647:
2643:
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2542:United States
2537:
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2497:
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2490:
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2478:
2477:civil society
2474:
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2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2415:
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2400:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2360:Party systems
2357:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:clientelistic
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
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2287:
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2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2214:Green parties
2208:
2201:Niche parties
2198:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2130:Mass politics
2123:
2119:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2077:Elite parties
2074:
2072:
2061:
2058:
2057:party systems
2054:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1942:Party leaders
1939:
1937:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:British India
1809:
1805:
1804:Indira Gandhi
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:absolute rule
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1656:James Gillray
1653:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1625:United States
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1612:Staatsgezinde
1608:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:
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1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
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1552:
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1531:
1525:
1522:
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1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
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1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:only have one
1436:while others
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
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1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1366:
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1356:
1355:
1347:
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1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
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1329:
1324:
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1312:
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1226:
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1221:
1219:
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1206:
1204:
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1198:
1197:Party systems
1193:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
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1159:
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1127:
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1105:
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1079:
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1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
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1019:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:International
998:
997:Transnational
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
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975:
973:
970:
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963:
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924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
908:
907:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
878:Republicanism
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:Progressivism
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
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826:
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814:
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806:
804:
801:
799:
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754:
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724:
723:
721:
720:
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699:
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696:
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688:
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678:
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670:
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650:
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643:
638:
636:
631:
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627:
624:
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593:
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574:
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552:
551:
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546:
543:
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523:
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518:
516:
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511:
508:
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502:
498:
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481:
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468:
465:
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460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
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447:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
425:Civil society
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
409:
404:
403:Public policy
401:
400:
396:
390:
389:
379:
375:
371:
370:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
354:
349:
346:
345:
341:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
289:
284:
280:
275:
270:
266:
265:
257:
256:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
223:Parliamentary
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
208:Hybrid regime
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
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150:
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124:
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11391:Conservatism
11325:
11318:
11304:
11290:
11249:
11063:Jurisdiction
11031:Legal remedy
10986:Adjudication
10886:Legal theory
10724:Ratification
10719:Promulgation
10690:Proclamation
10670:Codification
10603:Human rights
10591:Divine right
10581:Constitution
10549:Women in law
10467:Military law
10462:Marriage law
10457:Maritime law
10356:Election law
10296:Aviation law
10286:Abortion law
10238:Property law
10174:Criminal law
10091:. Retrieved
10082:
10073:
10061:. Retrieved
10052:
10042:
10030:. Retrieved
10021:
10012:
10000:. Retrieved
9991:
9981:
9959:(4): 40β46.
9956:
9952:
9946:
9914:
9907:
9895:. Retrieved
9877:
9865:. Retrieved
9856:
9846:
9834:. Retrieved
9825:
9815:
9803:. Retrieved
9794:
9785:
9773:. Retrieved
9764:
9754:
9728:
9723:
9711:. Retrieved
9702:
9692:
9667:
9663:
9657:
9645:. Retrieved
9636:
9627:
9615:. Retrieved
9601:
9589:. Retrieved
9575:
9563:. Retrieved
9549:
9537:. Retrieved
9519:
9492:
9489:Ler HistΓ³ria
9488:
9478:
9466:. Retrieved
9457:
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9418:
9382:
9378:
9372:
9361:, retrieved
9350:
9341:
9329:. Retrieved
9320:The Guardian
9318:
9308:
9296:. Retrieved
9288:The Diplomat
9287:
9277:
9265:. Retrieved
9224:
9218:
9206:. Retrieved
9191:
9172:
9168:
9158:
9146:. Retrieved
9132:
9120:. Retrieved
9100:
9093:
9081:. Retrieved
9067:
9055:. Retrieved
9041:
9029:. Retrieved
9015:
9003:. Retrieved
8992:
8982:
8970:. Retrieved
8959:
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8938:, retrieved
8927:
8917:
8905:. Retrieved
8890:
8878:. Retrieved
8867:
8857:
8845:. Retrieved
8834:
8809:. Retrieved
8763:. Retrieved
8730:. Retrieved
8721:
8711:
8699:. Retrieved
8680:
8645:
8641:
8631:
8619:. Retrieved
8585:. Retrieved
8566:
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8539:
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8454:
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8392:
8380:. Retrieved
8366:
8354:. Retrieved
8321:. Retrieved
8274:
8270:
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8235:
8202:. Retrieved
8184:
8172:. Retrieved
8163:
8153:
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8053:(1): 46β59.
8050:
8046:
8040:
8028:. Retrieved
8019:
8009:
7997:. Retrieved
7991:
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7921:
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7892:
7882:
7870:. Retrieved
7852:
7840:. Retrieved
7831:
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7809:. Retrieved
7800:
7790:
7778:. Retrieved
7769:
7759:
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7726:
7714:. Retrieved
7702:
7698:
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7642:
7630:. Retrieved
7609:
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7400:
7390:17 September
7388:. Retrieved
7382:
7372:
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7349:
7339:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7282:(3): 47β61.
7279:
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7201:
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7167:
7163:
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7128:
7107:. Retrieved
7092:
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7060:
7041:
7035:
7016:
7010:
6981:
6970:
6958:. Retrieved
6943:
6936:Staff writer
6930:
6918:. Retrieved
6900:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6811:
6805:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6758:. Retrieved
6749:
6715:(1): 27β36.
6712:
6708:
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6671:
6659:. Retrieved
6626:
6622:
6612:
6593:
6557:
6520:
6504:(2): 97β102.
6501:
6497:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6426:
6422:
6412:
6400:. Retrieved
6396:
6387:
6378:
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6277:
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6182:
6170:. Retrieved
6150:
6146:
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6117:
6099:
6095:
6074:. Retrieved
6060:
6048:. Retrieved
6028:
6024:
6011:
5999:. Retrieved
5971:
5967:
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5647:Ware, Alan.
5642:
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5370:
5367:Modern China
5366:
5360:
5341:
5335:
5316:
5310:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5250:
5247:Asian Survey
5246:
5240:
5215:
5211:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5100:(1): 23β31.
5097:
5093:
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5058:
5054:
5048:
5031:
5027:
5021:
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4562:
4553:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4487:(1): 34β49.
4484:
4480:
4470:
4458:. Retrieved
4453:
4440:
4421:
4415:
4403:. Retrieved
4384:
4359:
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4334:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4260:
4252:
4243:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4217:Jesse Norman
4216:
4207:
4195:. Retrieved
4144:
4131:
4122:
4086:
4064:
4058:
4048:30 September
4046:. Retrieved
4037:
4027:
4010:
4006:
3989:The Politics
3988:
3982:
3974:The Republic
3973:
3967:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3913:
3907:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3856:
3843:
3834:
3808:
3614:Peace symbol
3309:
3301:Venus symbol
3108:Conservatism
2933:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2806:
2771:
2752:
2749:Restrictions
2740:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2693:
2678:
2650:
2622:
2591:
2578:
2539:
2520:South Africa
2500:particracies
2493:
2462:
2439:
2435:Saudi Arabia
2431:
2424:
2393:
2369:
2366:Party system
2337:
2325:
2314:
2270:conservatism
2263:
2256:
2234:
2210:
2183:
2168:centre-right
2156:
2133:
2108:Mass parties
2086:
2067:
2049:
2028:
2001:
1988:
1960:party leader
1957:
1932:
1920:
1905:
1893:
1872:
1868:
1832:
1820:
1792:
1788:trade unions
1781:
1778:20th century
1757:
1749:conservative
1741:
1738:19th century
1712:
1661:
1651:
1642:18th century
1629:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1577:between two
1568:
1558:
1548:
1526:
1517:
1468:conservative
1461:
1454:
1427:
1407:organization
1402:
1400:
1237:Non-partisan
1076:Party leader
1036:Frontbencher
1031:Caucus chair
967:Ruling party
948:Ethnic party
928:Cartel party
808:Conservatism
756:Centre-Right
736:Centre-Right
672:
664:Part of the
658:
604:
353:street-level
228:Presidential
188:Dictatorship
58:Part of the
52:
46:
11235:Legislature
11166:Bureaucracy
10963:Rule of man
10958:Rule of law
10933:Libertarian
10796:Chinese law
10697:Legislation
10647:Regulations
10635:Law reports
10613:Natural law
10509:Reparations
10504:Refugee law
10427:Jurimetrics
10368:(Media law)
10306:Banking law
10301:Amnesty law
10279:Disciplines
10216:Private law
10083:Tiempo Real
9637:Malta Today
8836:InterAksyon
8457:: 193β210.
8194:OpenSecrets
7356:: 421β439.
7170:(1): 6β23.
6976:Cha, Victor
6878:(3): 1β33.
6783:(1): 7β30.
6661:14 February
6629:(1): 3β27.
6429:: 289β310.
6153:(1): 5β12.
6076:14 February
5594:(1): 5β21.
4878:: 472β482.
4669:10852/59622
4460:14 February
4405:14 February
3870:14 February
3619:White poppy
2852:Agrarianism
2774:identifying
2736:vote buying
2732:clientelism
2485:North Korea
2298:nationalism
2102:Federalists
2089:elite party
2083:Elite party
2008:party chair
1506:, or be a "
1500:clientelism
1488:nationalism
1446:democracies
1444:as well as
1442:autocracies
1419:ideological
1228:Multi-party
1071:Party chair
1021:Backbencher
957:Minor party
953:Major party
933:Competitive
923:Elite party
858:Nationalism
788:Agrarianism
726:Centre-Left
706:Centre-Left
492:Sovereignty
457:Legislature
360:Technocracy
348:Bureaucracy
213:Meritocracy
193:Directorial
11485:Categories
11451:Liberalism
11228:Law school
11108:Prosecutor
11046:Magistrate
10833:Jewish law
10791:Common law
10712:Rulemaking
10707:Regulation
10657:Law making
10596:Divine law
10572:Legal code
10519:Sports law
10442:Law of war
10392:Health law
10377:Family law
10361:Energy law
10311:Bankruptcy
10248:Punishment
10243:Public law
10093:24 January
10032:24 January
10002:24 January
9929:159253192X
9897:24 January
9867:24 January
9836:24 January
9805:24 January
9775:24 January
9765:Refinery29
9713:24 January
9647:24 January
9617:24 January
9591:24 January
9565:24 January
9539:24 January
9468:24 January
9363:24 January
9331:24 January
9298:24 January
9267:24 January
9208:24 January
9148:24 January
9122:24 January
9083:24 January
9057:24 January
9031:24 January
9005:24 January
8972:24 January
8940:24 January
8907:24 January
8880:24 January
8847:24 January
8811:24 January
8765:24 January
8732:24 January
8701:22 January
8621:22 January
8587:22 January
8382:22 January
8356:23 January
8323:22 January
8204:22 January
8174:22 January
8137:2008009151
8030:22 January
7872:22 January
7842:22 January
7811:22 January
7780:22 January
7716:23 January
7632:22 January
7441:0954796616
7109:22 January
7070:Don Aitkin
6950:SCMP Group
6920:20 January
6760:20 January
6172:30 January
6102:(3): 1β16.
6050:17 January
5743:(2): 364.
5150:1814/23834
4845:Governance
4704:Orit Kedar
4526:: 95β110.
4227:19 October
4197:4 December
4179:2008009151
4141:"Whiggism"
3786:References
3536:Monarchism
3438:Liberalism
2845:References
2782:coalitions
2778:illiterate
2266:liberalism
2205:See also:
2190:Peter Mair
2122:was formed
1936:federalist
1836:autocratic
1772:grassroots
1575:Nika riots
1514:Definition
1411:candidates
1255:Coalitions
1173:Party line
962:Mass party
918:Bloc party
893:Syncretism
853:Monarchism
843:Liberalism
780:Ideologies
746:Right-Wing
582:Governance
572:Government
567:Federalism
168:City-state
11496:Elections
11475:Socialism
11379:Communism
11367:Anarchism
11206:Judiciary
11201:Executive
11176:The bench
11113:Solicitor
11088:Barrister
10968:Sociology
10953:Pseudolaw
10893:Anarchist
10850:Roman law
10838:Parsi law
10823:Hindu law
10811:Canon law
10786:Civil law
10739:Concordat
10630:Precedent
10539:Trust law
10514:Space law
10351:Drugs law
10221:Procedure
10159:Civil law
10022:Jusbrasil
9965:0973-3167
9684:153413092
9511:158703576
9439:144046575
9425:: 70β81.
9399:153857522
8531:158712487
8427:154173938
8256:144721738
8145:750831024
8075:145086350
7677:147014497
7601:220833554
7550:224991370
7331:154525800
7261:232245480
7222:154384854
7184:154269904
6892:153626617
6729:144651495
6651:143250203
6643:0010-4140
6480:155041917
6381:(9): 1β4.
6244:145184235
6167:154281437
5894:145304603
5859:143611762
5845:(1): 16.
5796:145308222
5782:(2): 24.
5757:154446570
5702:143611762
5688:(1): 20.
5608:143913812
5548:145573225
5486:155635327
5422:158190033
5387:149719307
5302:154483430
5232:146321598
5194:155675264
5114:143270021
5075:144582117
4728:147390789
4376:156076896
4326:144902648
4187:750831024
3959:144697443
3710:Socialism
3684:Handshake
3505:Porcupine
3361:Sunflower
3167:Handshake
3080:Handshake
3056:Communism
2939:Black cat
2902:Anarchism
2634:Indonesia
2574:Venezuela
2389:magnitude
2345:patronage
2282:anarchism
2278:communism
2274:socialism
2136:cleavages
2071:primaries
1968:president
1923:heuristic
1784:socialist
1606:Orangists
1597:Optimates
1591:Populares
1565:Aristotle
1496:patronage
1480:communism
1472:socialist
1415:elections
1223:Two-party
1209:One-party
1126:Open list
1086:Secretary
898:Third Way
888:Socialism
803:Communism
793:Anarchism
761:Far-Right
691:Left-Wing
562:Unitarism
550:Elections
538:Subseries
467:Judiciary
462:Executive
365:Adhocracy
248:Theocracy
203:Feudalism
183:Democracy
11427:Genocide
11415:Feminism
11355:Politics
11313:Category
11255:Tribunal
11240:Military
11083:Attorney
11053:Judgment
10913:Feminist
10828:Jain law
10625:Case law
10346:Cyberlaw
10253:Corporal
10231:Criminal
10201:Evidence
10191:Doctrine
10169:Contract
10087:Archived
10057:Archived
10026:Archived
9996:Archived
9938:60393965
9891:Archived
9861:Archived
9830:Archived
9799:Archived
9769:Archived
9736:Archived
9707:Archived
9641:Archived
9611:Archived
9585:Archived
9559:Archived
9533:Archived
9531:. 2021.
9462:Archived
9458:Mashable
9357:archived
9325:Archived
9292:Archived
9261:Archived
9202:Archived
9142:Archived
9116:Archived
9077:Archived
9051:Archived
9025:Archived
8999:Archived
8966:Archived
8934:archived
8901:Archived
8874:Archived
8841:Archived
8802:Archived
8759:Archived
8726:Archived
8695:Archived
8672:34113217
8615:Archived
8581:Archived
8419:25798830
8376:Archived
8350:Archived
8317:Archived
8198:Archived
8168:Archived
8091:(2008).
8024:Archived
8020:Observer
7866:Archived
7836:Archived
7805:Archived
7774:Archived
7707:Archived
7623:Archived
7296:36800728
7103:Archived
7072:(1994).
6954:Archived
6914:Archived
6912:. 2020.
6797:17440529
6754:Archived
6679:(1942).
6655:Archived
6364:16407503
6070:Archived
6041:Archived
5992:Archived
5988:30867881
5946:28066152
5159:55189815
5129:Politics
5094:Politics
4627:34430604
4589:45833659
4501:54176570
4399:Archived
4221:Archived
4191:Archived
4139:(2008).
4042:Archived
3861:Archived
3754:See also
3727:Red rose
3688:Red rose
3584:Pacifism
3389:Islamism
3263:Feminism
3229:Swastika
3171:Red rose
2967:Centrism
2840:Examples
2825:Ideology
2658:not fair
2638:Pakistan
2554:Colombia
2504:Botswana
2306:Islamism
2290:feminism
2100:and the
1730:and the
1696:Cavalier
1692:Royalist
1670:and the
1654:(1783),
1632:polities
1619:and the
1609:and the
1570:Politics
1560:Republic
1521:identify
1508:big tent
1492:Islamism
1484:populism
1478:include
863:Populism
838:Islamism
833:Hindutva
823:Feminism
701:Far-Left
590:Ideology
408:doctrine
369:Service
233:Republic
218:Monarchy
198:Federacy
87:Category
67:Politics
47:pictured
11341:Portals
11327:Outline
11264:History
11171:The bar
11145:Verdict
11093:Counsel
11073:Justice
10928:History
10751:Statute
10567:Charter
10529:Tax law
10477:Probate
9992:Jacobin
8663:8189065
8291:3595635
8099:(ed.).
8067:1952754
7999:30 July
7669:1959150
7592:7382323
7149:3276149
6960:30 June
6857:1122744
6472:1964135
6236:2944707
6001:18 June
5937:5180693
5267:2645427
4919:2297770
3308:Letter
3198:Fascism
2932:Letter
2835:Symbols
2830:Colours
2684:Funding
2670:Finland
2558:Uruguay
2548:or the
2516:Senegal
2286:fascism
2025:in 1918
1745:liberal
1623:of the
1557:in the
1545:History
1464:liberal
1457:classes
1425:goals.
818:Fascism
595:Culture
505:Country
163:Anarchy
77:Outline
11245:Police
11216:Agency
11098:Lawyer
10843:Sharia
10734:Treaty
10729:Repeal
10675:Decree
10586:Custom
10482:Estate
10432:Labour
10196:Equity
10063:26 May
9973:969272
9971:
9963:
9936:
9926:
9746:
9733:p. 105
9682:
9509:
9437:
9397:
9231:
9108:
8670:
8660:
8529:
8486:
8425:
8417:
8289:
8254:
8143:
8135:
8125:
8073:
8065:
7969:
7936:
7747:
7705:(36).
7675:
7667:
7599:
7589:
7548:
7507:
7438:
7413:
7329:
7294:
7259:
7220:
7182:
7147:
7080:
7048:
7023:
6998:
6890:
6855:
6818:
6795:
6727:
6687:
6649:
6641:
6600:
6572:
6536:
6478:
6470:
6402:2 June
6362:
6322:
6290:
6265:
6242:
6234:
6165:
6124:
5986:
5944:
5934:
5892:
5857:
5794:
5755:
5700:
5606:
5569:
5546:
5484:
5443:
5420:
5385:
5348:
5323:
5300:
5265:
5230:
5192:
5157:
5112:
5073:
4973:
4917:
4726:
4625:
4587:
4499:
4428:
4374:
4324:
4269:
4185:
4177:
4167:
4101:
3957:
3920:
3718:
3675:Purple
3673:
3667:
3661:
3624:V sign
3592:
3564:Crown
3558:Purple
3556:
3550:
3544:
3494:
3490:Yellow
3488:
3452:
3448:Yellow
3446:
3403:
3397:
3347:
3289:
3283:
3279:Purple
3277:
3271:
3224:Fasces
3212:
3206:
3156:
3116:
3064:
3021:
3017:Orange
3015:
2977:Purple
2975:
2916:
2910:
2860:
2800:, and
2668:, and
2662:Israel
2642:Brazil
2640:, and
2570:Brazil
2564:, and
2518:, and
2512:Mexico
2308:, and
2194:cartel
2120:which
2006:and a
1726:: the
1674:. The
1563:, and
1490:, and
1470:, and
1423:policy
1405:is an
1026:Caucus
778:Major
716:Centre
555:voting
497:Polity
395:Policy
374:Public
288:theory
45:(INC)(
11320:Index
11186:Court
11130:Trial
11036:Judge
10877:Yassa
10680:Edict
10226:Civil
10179:Crime
9680:S2CID
9507:S2CID
9435:S2CID
9395:S2CID
8805:(PDF)
8794:(PDF)
8527:S2CID
8423:S2CID
8415:JSTOR
8287:JSTOR
8252:S2CID
8095:. In
8071:S2CID
8063:JSTOR
7710:(PDF)
7695:(PDF)
7673:S2CID
7665:JSTOR
7626:(PDF)
7619:(PDF)
7597:S2CID
7546:S2CID
7327:S2CID
7292:S2CID
7257:S2CID
7218:S2CID
7180:S2CID
7145:S2CID
6888:S2CID
6853:JSTOR
6793:S2CID
6725:S2CID
6647:S2CID
6476:S2CID
6468:JSTOR
6360:S2CID
6240:S2CID
6232:JSTOR
6163:S2CID
6044:(PDF)
6021:(PDF)
5995:(PDF)
5984:S2CID
5964:(PDF)
5890:S2CID
5855:S2CID
5792:S2CID
5753:S2CID
5698:S2CID
5604:S2CID
5544:S2CID
5482:S2CID
5418:S2CID
5383:S2CID
5298:S2CID
5263:JSTOR
5228:S2CID
5190:S2CID
5155:S2CID
5110:S2CID
5071:S2CID
4915:JSTOR
4724:S2CID
4623:S2CID
4585:S2CID
4497:S2CID
4450:(PDF)
4372:S2CID
4322:S2CID
3955:S2CID
3864:(PDF)
3853:(PDF)
3594:White
3546:White
3508:Torch
3405:Green
3399:Black
3349:Green
3273:White
3234:Runes
3214:Brown
3208:Black
3023:White
2912:Black
2871:Grain
2862:Green
2666:Italy
2630:India
2566:Ghana
2562:Malta
2508:Japan
2463:In a
2447:Palau
1634:that
1551:Plato
911:Types
578:forms
501:State
378:Civil
82:Index
11068:Jury
11016:Fiqh
10872:Xeer
10270:Tort
10186:Deed
10095:2021
10065:2019
10034:2021
10004:2021
9969:SSRN
9961:ISSN
9934:OCLC
9924:ISBN
9899:2021
9869:2021
9838:2021
9807:2021
9777:2021
9744:ISBN
9715:2021
9649:2021
9619:2021
9593:2021
9567:2021
9541:2021
9470:2021
9365:2021
9333:2021
9300:2021
9269:2021
9229:ISBN
9210:2021
9150:2021
9124:2021
9106:ISBN
9085:2021
9059:2021
9033:2021
9007:2021
8974:2021
8942:2021
8909:2021
8882:2021
8849:2021
8813:2021
8767:2021
8734:2021
8703:2021
8668:PMID
8623:2021
8589:2021
8484:ISBN
8384:2021
8358:2021
8325:2021
8206:2021
8176:2021
8141:OCLC
8133:LCCN
8123:ISBN
8107:Sage
8032:2021
8001:2021
7967:ISBN
7934:ISBN
7874:2021
7844:2021
7813:2021
7782:2021
7745:ISBN
7718:2021
7634:2021
7505:ISBN
7436:ISBN
7411:ISBN
7392:2021
7111:2021
7078:ISBN
7046:ISBN
7021:ISBN
6996:ISBN
6962:2015
6922:2021
6816:ISBN
6762:2021
6685:ISBN
6663:2021
6639:ISSN
6598:ISBN
6570:ISBN
6534:ISBN
6404:2023
6320:ISBN
6288:ISBN
6263:ISBN
6174:2021
6122:ISBN
6078:2021
6052:2021
6003:2020
5942:PMID
5567:ISBN
5441:ISBN
5346:ISBN
5321:ISBN
4971:ISBN
4462:2021
4426:ISBN
4407:2021
4267:ISBN
4229:2013
4199:2016
4183:OCLC
4175:LCCN
4165:ISBN
4149:Sage
4099:ISBN
4050:2019
3918:ISBN
3872:2021
3692:Fist
3669:Pink
3609:Dove
3552:Gold
3496:Gold
3454:Gold
3291:Pink
3285:Gold
3175:Fist
3118:Blue
2766:and
2572:and
2473:Cuba
2055:and
1978:and
1688:Tory
1676:Whig
1594:and
1096:Whip
11439:Law
10140:Law
9795:UOL
9672:doi
9497:doi
9427:doi
9387:doi
9352:BBC
9177:doi
8722:CNN
8658:PMC
8650:doi
8554:doi
8517:doi
8459:doi
8407:doi
8279:doi
8244:doi
8115:doi
8055:doi
7959:doi
7926:doi
7901:doi
7737:doi
7657:doi
7587:PMC
7577:doi
7538:doi
7497:doi
7469:doi
7358:doi
7319:doi
7284:doi
7249:doi
7210:doi
7172:doi
7137:doi
6880:doi
6845:doi
6785:doi
6717:doi
6631:doi
6562:doi
6526:doi
6460:doi
6431:doi
6352:doi
6224:doi
6197:doi
6155:doi
6033:doi
5976:doi
5932:PMC
5924:doi
5882:doi
5847:doi
5784:doi
5745:doi
5690:doi
5596:doi
5536:doi
5509:doi
5474:doi
5410:doi
5375:doi
5290:doi
5255:doi
5220:doi
5182:doi
5145:hdl
5137:doi
5102:doi
5063:doi
5036:doi
5007:doi
4907:doi
4880:doi
4853:doi
4781:doi
4716:doi
4706:".
4664:hdl
4654:doi
4615:doi
4611:102
4577:doi
4528:doi
4489:doi
4456:: 7
4364:doi
4314:doi
4157:doi
4091:doi
4015:doi
3947:doi
3895:doi
3720:Red
3663:Red
3358:Sun
3158:Red
3066:Red
2918:Red
2498:or
2343:or
2087:An
1970:or
1840:law
1694:or
1650:In
1421:or
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