2597:, /t/, varies when he deals with different groups of people suggest not only some of gay people's speech features, but also the multiplicity of a person's social identity. Furthermore, Podesva also examined the relationship between the California Vowel Shift (CVS) and the gay identity, again by investigating intra-speaker patterns in a single individual, Regan, as opposed to inter-speaker variation, and found that Regan, who is a self-identified gay Asian American, realized CVS differently depending on the context, whether it be a "boys' night out", "dinner with friend", or "meeting with supervisor". This cross-situational patterns are critical in the sense that an individual's speech styles can change not only across time, but also across space, depending on which social identity the individual is attempting to engage in under a given situation. Overgeneralizations of social identity, however, overlook this intra-speaker variability.
2655:". Their identity is distinct from a Western gay or transgender identity, though many hijras have male sexual partners. There is a distinctive mode of speech often attributed to hijras, but it is stereotypical, and frequently derogatory. It is often the standard for Hijras to adopt feminine mannerisms, feminine gender agreement when addressing the self or other Hijaras, and pronouns, depending on context and their interlocutors, to create solidarity or distance. They also use stereotypically male elements of speech, such as vulgarity. Hijras often refer to themselves as masculine in the past tense and females in the present. Their combined use of masculine and feminine speech styles can be seen as reflecting their ambiguous sexual identities and challenging dominant sexuality and gender ideologies. Thus, hijras use grammar as a form of resistance against gender roles.
1773:" had a statistically significant correlation with phonetic variation like lower median pitch and faster rate of speech, though mostly for straight women, somewhat for bisexual women, and not at all for lesbians. The study's author theorized that the straight women, aware of the study's purpose, may have been attempting to express their affinity with lesbians by adopting their stereotype of a lower pitch. Another experiment found that listeners indeed were able to accurately judge female speakers on a scale from "least" to "most likely to be a lesbian" (the slight lesbian and bisexual differences approaching statistical significance), perceiving the straight women as significantly more feminine, bisexual speakers as only slightly more, and lesbians as correlated with lower median pitch, wider pitch range, lower second formant, and more use of
2538:. First of all, we commonly consider typical examples as the better examples of a category. For instance, in the category of fruits, apples and oranges are typical examples. It is common practice that we engage in reasoning by making inferences from typical to non-typical examples. As a matter of fact, an enormous amount of our knowledge about categories of things is organized in terms of typical cases. We constantly draw inferences on the basis of that kind of knowledge. Second, salient examples, which are familiar and memorable, are unconsciously used in our understanding of things. For instance, if one's best friend is a vegetarian and they do not know any others well, they will tend to generalize from their best friend to other vegetarians. This is what Tversky and Kahneman referred to as the "
2546:, think of two mutually unrelated events. The theory assumes that the likelihood of the co-occurrence of the two events is lower than that of the occurrence of either, ignoring the fact that the two events are actually unrelated to one another. To understand this with regards to lavender linguistics, just because two individuals are both self-identified bisexual males does not necessarily mean that they must engage in the same linguistic patterns and social styles. The failure to capture this asymmetry between prototypical and non-prototypical cases results in ineffective study of lavender linguistics. Typical and salient examples are just two kinds of metonymic models. Others include social stereotypes, ideal cases, paragons, generators, and submodels.
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and straight people. When averaged across the 40 listeners, ratings for individual talkers showed some overlap between LGBT and straight people. For example, the two men who were tied with the most-gay average ratings included one self-identified straight man, and one self-identified gay man. While there are group level differences between LGBT and straight people in the gay soundness of their voices, overlap does exist, providing a serious challenge to a simple model in which speech differences were the inevitable consequence of sexual orientation. The fact that there is no clean cut between the linguistic patterns of LGBT and straight people suggests that too many generations in the study of language and gender can be dangerous.
2345:(e.g. adolescent males often use the term 'fag' to police one another, which challenges their sexual orientation through gender performance, and reinforces the avoidance of the 'abject' or femininity). 'Masculine' speech is associated with non-feminine sounding speech and because some gay men may not wish to identify with straight masculine speech in some contexts, they may access other speech styles to convey their identity (because the possibilities have two options, 'masculine' or 'feminine,' to be not-'masculine' is often associated with 'feminine'). The boundary between 'masculine' and 'feminine' is maintained by cultural norms and societal orders, that do not permit masculinity to include femininity, the abject.
2459:"Exploratory switching" can be used to determine whether an interlocutor shares the speaker's identity. For example, a gay man might use certain key words and mannerisms generally known by the community as a test to see whether they are recognized by the interlocutor. This allows the gay man to establish solidarity with a community member previously unknown to him without having to disclose his orientation to a heterosexual and potentially hostile person. However, inconsistency of language use between different sub-groups of the LGBTQ community, along with the existence of non-members who may be familiar with a gay mode of speech, can make such exploratory switching unreliable.
2593:. Also, because social identities are not static, speech styles are actively subject to change, such that one's speech styles have different social meanings across time. Similarly, it is possible for an individual to engage in multiple identity practices simultaneously, and move from one identity to another unconsciously and automatically, and thus the term polyphonous identity. Podesva (2004) is a paper that studies recordings of a gay medical student, whom he called "Heath", as he moved through different situations in the course of his everyday life. The fact that Heath's pronunciation of the
1740:, especially in "fun" or casual social situations. Many gay speech characteristics match those that other speakers use when trying to speak especially clearly or carefully, including (over-)enunciating and widening the vowel spaces in the mouth. The notion that some gay male speech entirely imitates women's speech is inaccurate, though certain vocal qualities are certainly shared between the two speech styles. Research has also shown unique speech of gay men in other languages, such as
25:
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not and cannot exist" because of methodological problems, researchers should study "language and desire" through examining repression in the context of linguistics, considering both what is said and what is not or cannot be said. Kulick addresses the need for consideration of the role of sexuality in sexual identity, unlike some lavender linguists who neglect sexuality in favor of linguistic features that might be more likely than sexuality to legitimize gay identity.
2385:. Speakers may have a shared interest, and respond to a mutual situation, and through communicating regularly they may develop certain speech norms. The innovative speech norms that LGBTQ people may use within their communities of practice can be spread through institutions like schools where person of many classes, races, and genders come together. These particular speech traits may be spread through the adoption of use by people with association to LGBTQ identities.
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gender diversity. Some changes that trans advocates promote include using inclusive gender labels (e.g., 'hello everyone' as opposed to 'hello ladies and gentlemen' or 'students' as opposed to 'boys and girls') and respecting the linguistic choices of transgender people. Related to research on advocating for inclusive forms is research that explores the process of discursive self determination for transgender people, what Zimman calls "linguistic self-identification".
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1788:: stereotypical women's language (e.g. hypercorrect grammar), stereotypical nonstandard forms associated with the (male) working class (e.g. contractions), stereotypical gay male lexical items, and stereotypical lesbian language (e.g. flat intonation, cursing). Sometimes lesbians deliberately avoid stereotypical female speech, according to Queen, in order to distance themselves from "normative" heterosexual female speech patterns. Because femininity is a
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demonstrate or conceal gay identity in a particular environment. Likewise, lesbians may foreground lesbian identity in some contexts but not in others. Podesva discusses an example of code-switching where a gay lawyer is being interviewed about anti-gay discrimination on the radio, so he balances the need to sound recognizably gay and the need to sound recognizably educated, since "gay speech" tends to be associated with frivolity and lack of education.
1766:, but he noted too that differences between lesbians and straight women are "even more subtle" than differences between gay and straight men. In one English-language experiment, listeners were unable to identify female speakers as either lesbian or straight based solely on voice. At the same time, lesbian speech studies have long been neglected, making introductory research difficult. Another study showed that speakers' self-assessed "familiarity with
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2630:, but the concept of bakla identity does not map cleanly to Western male homosexuality. With baklas, as with other non-Western sexual minority groups, sexual identity is very closely related to gender identity. Baklas often assume female attributes and dress like women. They also use female terms for themselves and occasionally for their body parts, and are sometimes referred to and refer to themselves as not being "real men".
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2439:, a mostly lesbian group, and Ladies of Harley, a mostly heterosexual group, have demonstrated shared experiences. Though the two cultures differ, both have a focus on female bonding and motorcycles and have a shared female biker language. Their shared language helps to establish their shared identity in a largely male-dominated domain and to mark boundaries between them and traditional femininity.
2637:, which is influenced by Spanish and English loan words. This code mostly consists of lexical items, but also includes sound changes such as to . Some baklas who move to the United States continue to use this code, but others abandon it, regarding it as a Filipino custom that is out of place abroad and replacing it with aspects of American gay culture.
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language use of a group, but rather the generally recognized stereotypical speech of that group. In the language of drag performers, language play is also marked by juxtaposition of contradictory aspects such as very proper language mixed with obscenities, adding to the queens' and kings' deliberate disruption of cultural and linguistic norms.
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of the feature to index nonbinary identities. Additionally, Rechsteiner and
Sneller found that nonbinary speakers produce (ING) at rates unlike either male or female speakers; however, nonbinary speakers used (ING) at rates similar to other nonbinary speakers, suggesting the presence of a distinct nonbinary linguistic community.
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Studies of a speech community that presuppose the existence of that community may reproduce stereotypes that fail to accurately depict the social reality of variance among subgroups within a community and overlapping identities for individuals. Furthermore, studies of gay male language use often look
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People may also use code-switching to comment on society or for entertainment. Black drag performers often use stereotypical "female white
English" to disrupt societal assumptions about gender and ethnicity and to express criticisms of these assumptions. Imitations do not necessarily represent actual
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People often are members of multiple communities, and which community they want to be most closely associated with may vary. For some gay men, the primary self-categorization is their identity as gay men. To achieve recognition as such, gay men may recognize and imitate forms of language that reflect
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may use vocabulary that includes members and excludes non-members to establish social identity and solidarity and to exclude outsiders. As these social groups are particularly likely to be viewed negatively by outsiders, the use of a private language can serve to keep membership in the group a secret
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Language use can also mimic culturally dominant forms or stereotypes. Performing identity can only work as long as the indexes used are conventional and socially recognized, which is why stereotypes are sometimes adopted. Community members can establish their affiliation with the group through shared
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One study showed gay pornographic imagery to men and asked them to discuss the imagery, finding that conversations between gay men used more slang and fewer commonly-known terms about sexual behavior than conversations where both participants were heterosexual males or where the pair consisted of one
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For example, in the west, parodies of gay styles employ resources that are heard as hyper-feminine, supporting that gay speech is feminine. However, because many speech varieties associated with 'masculinity' are learned and not biological, certain gay men may be using a wider variety of speech than
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parade). Like other minorities, lesbians are slowly reclaiming a word that was once used to hurt them in the past. This even had legal repercussions, in that the "Dykes on Bikes" group was formally known as the "Women's
Motorcycle Contingent" since they were refused the right to register under their
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Discursive practices that are relevant to transgender communities are also major topics of research within trans linguistics. Research on inclusive language reforms and linguistic activism has addressed ways that transgender communities have advocated for language change that recognizes the range of
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Building off work in trans linguistics that has explored the social construction of gender through different phonetic features, some sociophonetic work has looked at the voices of nonbinary people specifically. Gratton (2016) looked at (ING) production and how nonbinary participants used variations
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Some research has focused on language change over time in the terminology used to talk about transgender people and communities. In the early twentieth century, the work of German sexologist Magnus
Hirschfeld introduced two terms that were popularly used for transgender people throughout the 1900s:
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Linguistic research on the language of transgender communities has explored the gendered phonetic aspects of the voice, specific gendered lexical items (pronouns, identity labels, terms of address), as well as specific discursive practices within trans communities (pronoun introductions, coming out
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and straight people are not mutually exclusive. Munson et al. (2006), for instance, examined the gradient nature of perceived sexual orientation by having 40 listeners rate 44 talkers' sexual orientation on a five-point equally appearing interval scale. The 44 talkers included equal number of LGBT
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suggests that the idea of the homogeneous speech community could perhaps be more accurately replaced by one of a queer community based on community spirit or a queer cultural system, since language use varies so greatly. Kulick proposes, instead of studying speech communities that he concludes "do
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does not necessarily exist as such. Kulick points out that the LGBTQ community is not homogeneous, nor is its language use. Features of "gay speech" are not used consistently by gay individuals, nor are they consistently absent from the speech of all heterosexual individuals. Further, Kulick takes
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is a community that shares linguistic traits and tends to have community boundaries that coincide with social units. Membership in speech communities is often assumed based on stereotypes about the community as defined by non-linguistic factors. Speakers may resist culturally dominant language and
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dissociates gay men from heterosexual norms and designates them in opposition to heterosexual masculinity. The reason for using female pronouns and the frequency of use may vary, however. For example, they may be used only in jest, or may be used more seriously to stabilize a group of gay men and
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Non-binaryâinclusive language includes terms besides pronouns, and depending on the language, other aspects of the language such as suffixes are also used differently. In
Romance languages like French and Spanish, for example, affixes of nouns, adjectives and participles with gender agreement are
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Faggot, often shortened to fag, is a usually pejorative term used chiefly in North
America primarily to refer to a gay man or boy. Some gay men have reclaimed the term as a neutral or positive term of self-description. Alongside its use to refer to gay men in particular, it may also be used as a
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argues that the search for a link between sexual identity categories and language is misplaced, since studies have failed to show that the language gay men and lesbians use is unique. Kulick argues that though some researchers may be politically motivated to imagine an LGBTQ community that is a
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scholars discuss code switching in terms of race, but as discussed, language also forms gender & sex through systemic designs that influence social concepts. Choices of slang use among gay men depend on the audience and context, and shift depending on situational needs such as the need to
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people may perform gender in a unique way through language. While a majority of research on nonbinary people has focused on lexical issues, there is growing research on phonetic features of nonbinary voices as well as discursive and language ideological issues related to nonbinary language.
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devices to index and exaggerate orientations and identities, but others may deliberately avoid stereotypical speech. Gender is frequently indexed indirectly, through traits that are associated with certain gender identities. In this way, for example, speaking forcefully is associated with
1658:. Anna Livia and Kira Hall have noted that while research in the 1960s and 1970s on the difference between men's and women's speech made the implicit assumption that gender was the relevant way to divide the social space, there is still considerable room for linguistic research based on
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by using cooperative all-female talk, which is marked by less distinct turns and a more collaborative conversational environment. Often the conversational bond between women overrides their sexual identities. However, the content of lesbian discourse can separate those who use it from
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The development of gay identity may differ for men and women. For many women, regardless of orientation, female identity is more important than sexual identity. Where gay men feel a need to assert themselves against male heterosexual norms, lesbians may be more concerned about
2294:, discursively constructed and represented. This shared identity can in some cases be strengthened through shared forms of language use and used for political organizing. Language can be used to negotiate relations and contradictions of gender and sexual identities, and can
2316:, which men often pick speech styles that reflect the culturally defined standards of masculinity. Gay men may be associated with "femininity" in their speech styles because others perceive that their speech performance does not conform with their gender.
1928:. In the decades following the move to "transgender" as the most widely used community label, terminology used to refer to gender diverse communities has continued to expand, especially given the rapid pace of language shift in online trans communities.
2331:. Conversely, lesbian women already have a wider variety of speech available, yet refrain from using a distinctive style of speech. Masculinity, and speech associated with a heterosexual male, is constrained by cultural expectations for men to avoid '
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ways of speaking, acting, and thinking. Such discourses may in turn reproduce or modify social relationships. Sometimes, however, such a code may fall out of use when it becomes widely known and therefore no longer exclusive, as occurred with
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Other discursive practices that have been studied in trans communities are coming out stories, pronoun introductions, relationship to medical discourses, discourses of the voice and masculinity, and media representations of trans identities.
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styles for lesbians in contrast with socially identifiable stereotypically gay male speech. However, lesbians may have more slang than gay males, with one article listing nearly eighty common lesbian slang words for sexual acts and organs.
2266:. In the 1980s, however the LGBTQ community was increasingly viewed as an oppressed minority group, and scholars began to investigate the possibility of characterizing gay language use in a different way, influenced in part by studies of
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with LGBT communities. "Language", in this context, may refer to any aspect of spoken or written linguistic practices, including speech patterns and pronunciation, use of certain vocabulary, and, in a few cases, an elaborate alternative
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Specialized dictionaries that record gay and lesbian slang tend to revolve heavily around sexual matters, which may reflect the publications' methodological assumptions about the hyper-sexuality of conversations among LGBT people.
1689:, some of which adhere to stereotypes. Studies have repeatedly confirmed that male American English speakers are recognized as gay by their speech at rates above chance. Relevant features include what is popularly known as a
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people shows that they often use creative tactics to avoid specific physical or gender-specific characteristics of genital terms, including using certain words for specific genitalia. They also use certain pronouns as
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changed, as well as pronouns and articles. Depending on the language and sociolinguistic factors, there are different approaches to undo the grammatical binary when speaking about people. For
Spanish, the morphemes
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has several functions. Besides referencing to an unspecific person as in "the ideal student never forgets their homework", it is also used for specific people as in "Jayden forgot their homework". Singular
2116:. Research shows a wide variety of different forms used to avoid the binary. Kris Knisely states that using a comprehensible non-binary inclusive form has advantages in foreign language education.
2188:, "dyke" has become a symbol for increasing acceptance of the lesbian movement and identity. Lesbians themselves use it to further solidarity and unity among their community. Examples include
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1814:. This framework not only seeks to research the linguistic features and practices of transgender people, but to foreground the knowledge and experiences of trans communities and researchers.
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are learned, rather than assigned at the time of birth. With that said, identities emerge in a time series of social practice, through the combined effects of structure and agency. Because
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Most studies of lesbian speech patterns focus on conversational patterns, as in Coates and Jordan (1997) and
Morrish and Saunton (2007). Women draw on a variety of discourses, particularly
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became more widely used to refer to people who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth. Histories of the word transgender often attribute the coining of the term to
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1890:(HRT), concluding that all ten underwent a drop in fundamental frequency in the early stages of HRT but that social factors also affected many of the changes in voice and mannerisms.
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Carew, Lisa; Dacakis, Georgia; Oates, Jennifer (2007). "The
Effectiveness of Oral Resonance Therapy on the Perception of Femininity of Voice in Male-to-Female Transsexuals".
1777:. However, no direct correlations between these phonetic variables and sexual orientation were found, perhaps with listeners identifying other features that were not tested.
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Cameron, Deborah (1997). "Performing Gender
Identity: Young Men's Talk and the Construction of Heterosexual Masculinity". In Johnson, Sally; Meinhof, Ulrike Hanna (eds.).
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issue with frequently circular definitions of queer speech. He argues that speech patterns cannot be labelled LGBTQ language simply because they are used by LGBTQ people.
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Although they have contact with other gay cultures through technology, bakla culture remains fairly distinct. They have their own rapidly shifting linguistic code called
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heterosexual and one homosexual male. Methodological issues of this study may include that the findings reflect homophobia among the heterosexual participants.
3022:; McDonald, E. C.; DeBoe, N. L.; White, A. R. (2006). "The acoustic and perceptual bases of judgments of women and men's sexual orientation from read speech".
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confirmed such features among lesbians as the use of lower pitch and more direct communication styles found in previous studies, plus more backed variants of
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pejorative term for a "repellent male" or to refer to women who are lesbian. Its use has spread from the United States to varying extents elsewhere in the
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Mack, Sara (2011). "A sociophonetic analysis of /s/ variation in Puerto Rican Spanish". 11th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.
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Podesva, Robert J.; Roberts, Sarah J.; Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn (2001). "Sharing Resources and Indexing Meanings in the Production of Gay Styles".
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Barrett, Rusty (1995). "Supermodels of the World, Unite! Political Economy and the Language of Performance Among African-American Drag Queens". In
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argues that analyses have been too simplistic and that a uniquely lesbian language is constructed through the combination of sometimes-conflicting
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Coates, Jennifer; Jordan, Mary Ellen (1997). "Que(e)rying Friendship: Discourses of Resistance and the Construction of Gendered Subjectivity". In
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Manalansan, Martin F. IV. (1997). "'Performing' the Filipino Gay Experiences in America: Linguistic Strategies in a Transnational Context". In
2341:); power differences amongst the genders may lead to speakers adopting different speech styles that conform with their identities, or expected
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and that 83% of lesbians knew the sign. This compared to zero heterosexual men and only one out of eleven heterosexual women knowing the sign.
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as gay to the exclusion of other subgroups of the LGBTQ community, and hence may draw misleading conclusions about the community as a whole.
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According to many language scholars, it is misleading to assume that all sex and gender roles are the same as those that are salient within
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said of nuns in cloisters, that they have developed their own slang (amusing but of course genteel) can, on the whole, be said of lesbians.
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or that the linguistic styles associated with given groups will be like the styles associated with similarly identified Western groups.
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the social identity of gay men, or which are stereotypically considered to be characteristic to gay men. For example, the use of female
1654:, called for scholarship to move toward a fuller and more nuanced study of LGBTQ language use, especially through the foundation of the
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Cromwell, Jason (1995). "Talking About Without Talking About: The Use of Protective Language Among Transvestites and Transsexuals". In
2262:), using a quite different basis from that used by modern studies on this topic. One of these early views was that homosexuality was a
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Early studies in the field of LGBT linguistics were dominated by the concept of distinct "lavender lexicons" such as that recorded by
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Morgan, Ruth; Wood, Kathleen (1995). "Lesbians in the Living Room: Collusion, Co-Construction, and Co-Narration in Conversation". In
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sessions targeted at lip spreading and forward tongue carriage, ten transfeminine individuals demonstrated a general increase in the
2219:, until 2006 when they finally were able to trademark the name, having persuaded the Office that "dyke" was not an offensive word.
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can vary in meaning, indicating either someone whose pronouns the speaker or writer does not know, or someone who is known to use
2585:, which was traditionally employed as a sociolinguistic framework in the study of language and gender, is not as reliable as the
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Studies have also been done into whether words used within the gay community are understood by heterosexuals. A study of Deaf
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Milani, Tomasso M. (14 Jan 2017). "Language and Sexuality". In GarcĂa, Ofelia; Flores, Nelson; Spotti, Massimiliano (eds.).
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approach reversed this theory to suggest that the way we talk is a part of identity formation, specifically suggesting that
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3567:"Trans self-identification and the language of neoliberal selfhood: Agency, power, and the limits of monologic discourse"
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Shared ways of speaking can be used to create a single, cohesive identity that in turn help organize political struggle.
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is variable and not fixed. In the early 20th century sexuality-related theories about language were common (for example,
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which are not gendered or which indicate a nonbinary gender. English examples of neopronouns go back to the 1800s with
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Voices in Transition: Testosterone, Transmasculinity, and the Gendered Voice among Female-to-Male Transgender People
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In a particular example of how this process of language community formation happens in a specific LGBTQ community,
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relates to speech in that people may consciously or unconsciously modify their speech styles to conform with their
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on expressing sexual identity through language. The former term derives from the longtime association of the color
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Lumby, Malcolm E. (1976). "Code Switching and Sexual Orientation: A Test of Bernstein's Sociolinguistic Theory".
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4120:'On November 13th, the Women's Motorcycle Contingent formally won the legal right to trademark "DYKES ON BIKES."
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Van Borsel, John; De Bruyn, Els; Lefebvre, Evelien; Sokoloff, Anouschka; De Ley, Sophia; Baudonck, Nele (2009).
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through more subtle creation of solidarity, and not necessarily resisting "gender-typical" linguistic behavior.
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value F0, meaning an overall higher vocal pitch, thus more closely approximating the desired vocal frequency of
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Changing speech styles can indicate which identity individuals want to put forward as primary at a given time.
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4322:"When Gay Was Not Okay with the APA: A Historical Overview of Homosexuality and its Status as Mental Disord"
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Knisely, Kris A. (2020). "Le français non-binaire: Linguistic forms used by non-binary speakers of French".
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is often used to describe the switching of languages or language styles, within a sentence or conversation.
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3450:"How we got here: Short-scale change in identity labels for trans, cis, and non-binary people in the 2000s"
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Zimman, Lal (2 September 2020). "Transgender Language, Transgender Moment: Toward a Trans Linguistics". In
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4816:; Babel, Molly (2007). "Loose Lips and Silver Tongues, Or, Projecting Sexual Orientation Through Speech".
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3918:"Resisting the Gender Binary: The Use of (ING) in the Construction of Non-binary Transgender Identities"
2033:. Nonbinary people may also use different words for traditionally gender-expressing relationships (e.g.
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but also with confidence and authority. Similarly, LGBTQ speech has a relationship with the speaker's
2270:. There was a shift in beliefs from language being a result of identity to language being employed to
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and use different morphology in cases where the morphology is traditionally linked to gender, e.g. in
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Van Borsel, J.; Vandaele, J.; Corthals, P. (Sep 2013). "Pitch and pitch variation in lesbian women".
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Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language
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Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language
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Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language
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Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language
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Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language
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Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language
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Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language
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Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language
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in 1941. In 1995, William Leap, whose work incorporates LGBTQ culture studies, cultural theory, and
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1859:
1838:) individuals is often but not always affected by social and medical transition, including through
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Hijras are Indians who refer to themselves as neither man nor woman. Some describe hijras as a "
2246:
Traditionally it was believed that one's way of speaking is a result of one's identity, but the
4952:
4908:
4505:
Pascoe, Cheri Jo (2005). "'Dude, you're a fag': Adolescent masculinity and the fag discourse".
4085:
3965:
Jacobs, Greg (1996). "Lesbian and Gay Male Language Use: A Critical Review of the Literature".
3431:
2748:
2578:
2568:
2235:
2202:
2155:
2091:
1920:, an activist from Southern California, but note the term's rise in popularity with its use in
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4041:
3649:"Both, and: Transmedicalism and resistance in non-binary narratives of gender-affirming care"
3104:
Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Communities
2586:
2435:
An example of a distinctive way of speaking for a female community is that of female bikers.
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2309:
1867:
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with a higher frequency and longer duration than average speakers. Also, gay men may tend to
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47:
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1492:
1402:
1283:
1228:
1125:
452:
5056:; O'Donovan, Veronica (2008). "Shifting gender positions among Hindi-speaking Hijras". In
2909:(1941). "The Language of Homosexuality: An American Glossary". In Henry, George W. (ed.).
2528:, through which people jump to conclusions without sufficient elaboration, giving rise to
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43:
8:
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and the values of dominant cultures. Collaborative discourse involves resisting dominant
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of speech, and are used to index elements of identity that often do not conform with the
2211:
1722:
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1263:
1238:
1210:
1063:
803:
425:
395:
5082:(1997). "'Go Suck Your Husband's Sugarcane!': Hijras and the Use of Sexual Insult.". In
4608:(1997). "Disloyal to Masculinity: Linguistic Gender and Liminal Identity in French". In
2298:
identity in various ways, even if there is no specific gay or lesbian code of speaking.
5492:
5387:
5212:
5013:
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4386:
4160:
4058:
4039:
Rudner, William A.; Butowsky, Rochelle (1981). "Signs Used in the Deaf Gay Community".
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3884:
3784:
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A significant multitude of scholastic studies have shown that the linguistic styles of
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680:
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545:
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2946:
1878:'s 2012 doctorate dissertation followed fifteen transmasculine individuals from the
5607:
5462:
5432:
5302:
5287:
5017:
5005:
4962:
4922:
Podesva, Robert (2004). "On Constructing Social Meaning with Stop Release Bursts".
4861:
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4516:
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4013:
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3758:
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Gay men and lesbians may, through the use of language, form speech communities. A
5602:
5252:
5232:
5118:
4943:
3967:
3746:
3404:
3255:
Queen, Robin M. (1997). "'I Don't Speek Spritch': Locating Lesbian Language". In
3132:
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2590:
2467:
Issues with studying speech patterns in relation to sexuality and sexual identity
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and fundamental frequency, for one to two years after the start of masculinizing
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872:
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720:
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362:
347:
270:
228:
218:
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179:
4845:""Why be normal?": Language and Identity Practices in a Community of Nerd Girls"
4262:
4132:
1792:, adopting it is more noticeable than avoiding it, which may add to the lack of
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5202:
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in the 1990s, which "encompass a wide range of everyday language practices" in
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1008:
941:
730:
627:
352:
5009:
4866:
3714:
3697:
3665:
3648:
2506:
Issues with over-generalizations about sexual identities and linguistic styles
5668:
5527:
5482:
5407:
5382:
5292:
5057:
4983:
4966:
4773:
4667:
4520:
4471:
4136:
3941:"The Effects of Topic and Part of Speech on Nonbinary Speakers' Use of (ING)"
3780:
3723:
3674:
3633:
3586:
3551:
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3326:
2759:
2753:
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2521:
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555:
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418:
313:
233:
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572:
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5262:
5192:
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4548:
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3578:
3466:
3449:
3412:
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1907:
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1084:
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899:
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695:
577:
518:
196:
169:
4054:
4025:
4017:
3806:. Boston: Editorial. Comp. William Henry Hills The Writer. pp. 12â13.
3609:
2158:
users showed that all the gay male participants understood the sign for a
567:
5517:
5437:
5392:
5237:
5178:
5166:
5162:
4287:
Gold, David L.; Buades, Antonio Lillo; GonzĂĄlez, FĂŠlix RodrĂguez (2009).
3625:
2378:
2361:
2313:
1932:
1913:
1901:
1831:
1781:
1737:
1651:
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884:
798:
602:
540:
513:
508:
469:
295:
290:
285:
223:
191:
141:
136:
4780:
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind
4162:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
3771:
2306:
oppose cultural authority by maintaining their own varieties of speech.
2075:
2067:
5502:
5257:
5227:
5197:
4941:
Podesva, Robert (2011). "The California Vowel Shift and Gay Identity".
3880:
3527:
3159:
3147:
2792:
2634:
2492:
2471:
2403:
Goals of distinctive language use among lesbians and heterosexual women
2373:
2189:
2185:
2141:
2006:
1973:
1941:
1875:
1811:
1789:
1763:
1507:
1190:
904:
560:
447:
430:
300:
174:
3988:
3543:
1685:, has revealed a number of phonetically salient features used by many
5582:
5537:
5507:
5357:
5297:
5087:
5079:
5065:
5053:
4987:
4702:
4675:
4613:
4481:
4414:
4078:"Dyke Drama: A not-so-excellent adventure through U.S. trademark law"
3698:"The weight of the voice: gender, privilege, and qualic apperception"
3342:
3260:
3183:
2997:
2845:
Swann, Joan; Deumert, Ana; Lillis, Theresa; Mesthrie, Rajend (2004).
2802:
2627:
2332:
1871:
1823:
1482:
1477:
1313:
1303:
1195:
1185:
951:
525:
280:
4576:
Moonwomon, Birch (1995). "Lesbian Discourse, Lesbian Knowledge". In
2807:
5347:
5332:
5327:
5222:
3980:
2700:
2680:
2525:
2416:
2395:
1847:
1690:
1621:, which refers to the linguistic analysis concerning the effect of
830:
815:
238:
4724:
Joans, Barbara (1995). "Dykes on Bikes Meet Ladies of Harley". In
4236:"21 Words the Queer Community Has Reclaimed (and Some We Haven't)"
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3244:. University of California, Berkeley]], Department of Linguistics.
3059:
2388:
2369:
to outsiders while allowing group members to recognize their own.
2121:
Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
5497:
5467:
5442:
5342:
5158:
5154:
4756:
Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice
1986:
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Barrett, Rusty (1997). "The "Homo-genius" Speech Community". In
4206:"Want to reclaim 'faggot'? Great, but be careful how you use it"
3178:
Moonwomon, Birch (1997). "Toward a Study of Lesbian Speech". In
2601:
Examples of non-Western sexual identities and their language use
1858:
characteristics. A 2006 study noted that, after undergoing five
5623:
5562:
5402:
5397:
5362:
5207:
2409:
2350:
2238:
through mass culture, including film, music, and the Internet.
2083:
1635:
1200:
835:
162:
4635:
Graf, Roman; Lippa, Barbara (1995). "The Queens' English". In
3905:[Elu System, Gender Neutral Language] (in Portuguese).
2475:
unified whole and identifiable through linguistic means, this
1080:
5367:
5174:
5170:
4752:
2623:
2555:
2255:
1767:
1598:
253:
146:
94:
3747:"Narrating Transgender Identities: A Linguistic Perspective"
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3116:
2844:
2242:
Theories about the reasons for differences in language use
2119:
For more gender neutral forms in different languages, see
2419:
discourses, to establish themselves as not submissive to
2354:
1822:
Phonetics research has shown that the physical voices of
670:
4192:
Value war: public opinion and the politics of gay rights
3945:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
3922:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
3165:
3153:
3018:
4895:
Bucholtz, Mary; Liang, A.C.; Sutton, Laurel A. (1999).
4477:
Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity
4267:
Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions
3843:[You, me, he and him and non-binary language].
3242:
The Production and Perception of a Lesbian Speech Style
3198:
4899:
Reinventing Identities: the gendered self in discourse
4466:
4464:
2727:
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
1926:
Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come
3217:
2323:
These stylistic innovations are made possible by the
1713:
1699:
5112:
Annual Lavender Languages and Linguistics Conference
5062:
Language and Gender: Major Themes in English Studies
4155:
4153:
3939:
Rechsteiner, Jack; Sneller, Betsy (1 January 2023).
2703:, a convention for gender-neutral language in German
2662:
4894:
4461:
4777:
4286:
3938:
3571:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
2573:Contemporary sociolinguistic studies suggest that
2562:
2372:Some members of a community may use stylistic and
2176:One prominent example of LGBT slang is the rising
5052:
4880:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
4643:. Newark: Gordon & Breach. pp. 227â234.
4555:. Newark: Gordon & Breach. pp. 267â296.
4447:. Newark: Gordon & Breach. pp. 207â226.
4355:. Newark: Gordon & Breach. pp. 235â248.
4150:
3390:
3218:Eckert, Penelope; McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2013).
2510:
2210:(a motorcycle group that traditionally leads the
1810:has been developed and advocated for by linguist
5666:
5092:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
5042:. New York: Gordon and Breach. pp. 249â266.
4732:. Newark: Gordon & Breach. pp. 87â106.
4707:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
4680:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
4670:(1997). "Two Lavender Issues for Linguists". In
4618:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
4419:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
4383:New Perspectives on Language and Sexual Identity
4100:
3454:Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America
3265:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
3188:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
3002:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
2933:Kulick, Don (2000). "Gay and Lesbian Language".
2840:
2838:
2109:
4584:. Newark: Gordon & Breach. pp. 45â64.
3239:
2389:Goals of distinctive language use among gay men
2096:, while in French, non-binary pronouns include
4380:
4038:
4032:
3815:
3813:
3447:
2281:
1985:They may reject being referred to by gendered
716:2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States
5139:
4836:
4125:
3443:
3441:
3348:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality
3310:
3308:
3292:
2877:- Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 409â410.
2835:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
1656:Lavender Languages and Linguistics Conference
1571:
1102:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
4982:
4888:
4696:
2442:
2184:". Though still in many contexts considered
2108:). Some Portuguese speakers use the pronoun
2103:
2097:
4915:
4812:
3810:
2867:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society
2732:Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns
2206:(a comic strip that ran for 25 years), and
5146:
5132:
5033:
4992:"Theorizing Identity in Language Research"
4346:
3860:
3858:
3496:
3448:Zimman, Lal; Hayworth, Will (2020-03-23).
3438:
3305:
1800:
1681:Linguistics research, particularly within
1578:
1564:
1109:
1095:
4956:
4865:
4634:
4575:
4069:
3960:
3958:
3903:"Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em GĂŠnero"
3770:
3713:
3664:
3465:
3177:
3053:
2992:
2217:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1854:, or other drugs, all of which can alter
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
4842:
4662:
4660:
4546:
3646:
3317:"Dyke Diction: The Language of Lesbians"
2080:are used, and can be seen in terms like
4978:
4976:
4940:
4934:
4921:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4301:
3915:
3864:
3855:
3841:"TĂş, yo, elle y el lenguaje no binario"
3744:
3695:
3235:
3233:
2549:
1955:
1893:
5667:
5029:
5027:
4806:
4772:
4766:
4666:
4504:
4470:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4260:
4254:
4189:
3964:
3955:
3819:
3801:
3607:
3564:
3532:Journal of Language and Discrimination
3525:
3425:
3340:
3314:
3293:Cameron, Deborah; Kulick, Don (2003).
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3098:
3092:
3062:"The prevalence of lisping in gay men"
2932:
2905:
2863:
1029:LGBT conservatism in the United States
5127:
4723:
4657:
4604:
4381:Morrish, Liz; Saunton, Helen (2007).
4001:
3995:
3838:
3702:Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics
3653:Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics
3361:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.45
3254:
3248:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2883:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212896.013.17
2274:a shared social identity and even to
2222:
1866:values F1, F2, and F3 as well as the
1665:
16:Study of language used by LGBT people
5078:
4973:
4535:
4429:
4393:
4075:
3230:
3171:
2967:
1968:
1468:Conservative and innovative language
18:
5024:
4746:
4369:
3275:
2268:African-American Vernacular English
2165:
13:
4108:National Center for Lesbian Rights
3951:(1) – via Scholarly Commons.
3066:Journal of Communication Disorders
2917:
2320:a stereotypical 'masculine' male.
2196:), "dykes with tykes" (describing
14:
5696:
5105:
4289:Studies in Etymology and Etiology
2589:, the new framework emerged from
2542:". To understand this notion via
2535:Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things
1806:stories, linguistic activism). A
5647:
5646:
4830:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00028.x
4818:Language and Linguistics Compass
3928:(2) – via Scholar Commons.
3240:Barron-Lutzross, Auburn (2015).
2847:A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics
2679:
2665:
1882:in a long-term study focused on
1709:
1695:
1548:
1079:
23:
5072:
5046:
4717:
4690:
4628:
4598:
4569:
4498:
4340:
4314:
4295:
4280:
4228:
4198:
4183:
4076:Raab, Barbara (20 April 2006).
3932:
3909:
3895:
3832:
3795:
3738:
3689:
3640:
3601:
3558:
3519:
3490:
3419:
3384:
3334:
3110:
2972:. Newark: Gordon & Breach.
2947:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.243
2619:LGBT culture in the Philippines
2563:Multiplicity of social identity
1693:: in fact, the articulation of
3751:PuntOorg International Journal
3696:Crowley, Archie (2021-06-11).
3044:
3012:
2986:
2961:
2899:
2857:
2511:Inaccuracy of metonymic models
2126:
633:Rights by country or territory
1:
4327:Western Washington University
4212:. 6 July 2019. Archived from
4110:(2006). "What's in a Name?".
3822:Pronouns Raising and Emerging
3745:Zottola, Angela (June 2018).
3528:"Transgender language reform"
3315:Ashley, Leonard R.N. (1982).
3078:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2008.08.004
2935:Annual Review of Anthropology
2829:
2412:than about lesbian identity.
2278:sexual or gender identities.
1049:Social construction of gender
998:Academic fields and discourse
5634:Terminology of homosexuality
3647:Konnelly, Lex (2021-06-04).
3405:10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.05.005
3133:10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.04.008
2524:explained the inaccuracy of
2335:' (as further elaborated in
2180:among lesbians of the word "
1817:
1408:Functional discourse grammar
1274:Ethnography of communication
7:
5064:. Vol. III. New York:
4261:Spears, Richard A. (2007).
4082:American Sexuality Magazine
3763:10.19245/25.05.pij.3.1/2.04
3610:"other kind of coming out'"
3222:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
2913:. New York: Paul B. Hoeber.
2658:
2587:community of practice model
2399:bond its members together.
2282:Language use as performance
1980:
1931:Research on the lexicon of
1888:hormone replacement therapy
1751:
1528:Second-language acquisition
667:Blood donation restrictions
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5701:
4924:Sociolinguistics Symposium
4190:Brewer, Paul Ryan (2008).
3608:Zimman, Lal (2009-08-28).
3565:Zimman, Lal (2019-02-25).
3526:Zimman, Lal (2017-09-11).
3503:Edinburgh University Press
3497:Zimman, Lal; Hall (2009).
3299:Cambridge University Press
3224:Cambridge University Press
3038:10.1016/j.wocn.2005.05.003
2851:Edinburgh University Press
2644:
2616:
2566:
2514:
2226:
2169:
2139:
1808:trans linguistic framework
1674:
1670:
1641:
1206:Syntaxâsemantics interface
809:Grooming conspiracy theory
746:Mixed-orientation marriage
676:LGBT medical organizations
5642:
5616:
5243:Top, bottom and versatile
5185:
5010:10.1017/s0047404504334020
4867:10.1017/s0047404599002043
3916:Gratton, Chantal (2016).
3845:La Linterna del Traductor
3715:10.33137/twpl.v43i1.35969
3666:10.33137/twpl.v43i1.35968
3434:– via Academia.edu.
3345:; Barrett, Rusty (eds.).
2968:Leap, William L. (1995).
2788:LGBT linguistic profiling
2640:
2443:Changing styles of speech
2353:after it was used on the
2017:; newer pronouns include
1518:Philosophy of linguistics
1418:Interactional linguistics
1054:Socialism and LGBT rights
1004:Communism and LGBT rights
5428:Lesbian until graduation
4967:10.1215/00031283-1277501
4521:10.1177/1363460705053337
4304:Language and Masculinity
4005:Journal of Homosexuality
3826:University of Washington
2766:Elu (Portuguese pronoun)
2707:Feminist language reform
2612:
2135:
1601:communities. Related or
5096:Oxford University Press
4905:Oxford University Press
4843:Bucholtz, Mary (1999).
4711:Oxford University Press
4684:Oxford University Press
4622:Oxford University Press
4423:Oxford University Press
3868:Foreign Language Annals
3839:LĂłpez, Ărtemis (2019).
3804:That Impersonal Pronoun
3499:Language and Identities
3353:Oxford University Press
3269:Oxford University Press
3192:Oxford University Press
3006:Oxford University Press
2875:Oxford University Press
2722:Gender-neutral language
2595:voiceless alveolar stop
1912:In the 1990s, the term
1801:Transgender linguistics
917:Intersex discrimination
686:Transgender health care
4870:(inactive 2024-09-28).
3820:Conrod, Kirby (2019).
3802:Rogers, James (1980).
3579:10.1515/ijsl-2018-2016
3467:10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4728
3432:University of Colorado
3295:Language and Sexuality
2749:Elle (Spanish pronoun)
2583:speech community model
2569:Social identity theory
2236:English-speaking world
2215:preferred name by the
2203:Dykes to Watch Out For
2156:American Sign Language
2110:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
1880:San Francisco Bay Area
1852:masculinizing hormones
1683:North American English
1662:, rather than gender.
1597:as used by members of
1355:Theoretical frameworks
1309:Philosophy of language
1289:History of linguistics
741:LGBT rights opposition
276:Sexâgender distinction
5373:Flagging (hanky code)
4786:University of Chicago
4055:10.1353/sls.1981.0009
4042:Sign Language Studies
4018:10.1300/j082v01n04_03
2645:Further information:
2617:Further information:
2567:Further information:
2515:Further information:
2383:community of practice
2310:Gender performativity
1868:fundamental frequency
1249:Conversation analysis
643:Yogyakarta Principles
613:Intersex human rights
536:Same-sex relationship
259:Queer heterosexuality
4310:Ltd. pp. 47â64.
4308:Blackwell Publishers
3626:10.1558/genl.v3i1.53
3426:Zimman, Lal (2012).
3025:Journal of Phonetics
2581:are not static, the
2550:Presence of overlaps
2258:and his theories of
1956:Discursive practices
1894:Lexicon and pronouns
1742:Puerto Rican Spanish
1607:lavender linguistics
1493:Internet linguistics
1403:Construction grammar
1019:Lavender linguistics
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
5098:. pp. 430â460.
4997:Language in Society
4853:Language in Society
4713:. pp. 214â232.
4624:. pp. 349â368.
4425:. pp. 181â201.
3614:Gender and Language
3323:. pp. 123â62.
3271:. pp. 233â256.
3220:Language and Gender
3194:. pp. 202â213.
2540:conjunction fallacy
2343:gender performances
2212:San Francisco Pride
2102:(singular; plural:
1848:feminizing hormones
1428:Systemic functional
1223:Applied linguistics
1165:General linguistics
1064:Transgender studies
804:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
5493:Same gender loving
5117:2021-03-13 at the
4762:. pp. 175â89.
4387:Palgrave Macmillan
4216:on 16 October 2022
3881:10.1111/flan.12500
3166:Munson et al. 2006
3154:Munson et al. 2006
2687:Linguistics portal
2647:Hijra (South Asia)
2544:probability theory
2489:European Americans
2198:lesbian motherhood
2192:(female-exclusive
2088:and pronouns like
2060:as their pronoun.
1666:Accents of English
1660:sexual orientation
1533:Theory of language
1503:Origin of language
1458:Autonomy of syntax
1413:Grammaticalization
1259:Discourse analysis
1254:Corpus linguistics
1024:LGBTQ conservatism
638:Transgender rights
159:Sexual orientation
5680:LGBTQ terminology
5675:LGBTQ linguistics
5662:
5661:
5423:Heteroflexibility
5378:Friend of Dorothy
4686:. pp. 21â34.
4668:Zwicky, Arnold M.
3544:10.1558/jld.33139
3370:978-0-19-021292-6
2892:978-0-19-021289-6
2579:social identities
2530:prototype effects
2426:heteronormativity
1969:Non-binary people
1864:formant frequency
1623:heteronormativity
1619:queer linguistics
1595:study of language
1588:
1587:
1376:Distributionalism
1319:Psycholinguistics
1119:
1118:
962:Non-binary people
853:Domestic violence
736:Heteronormativity
608:Decriminalization
458:Awareness periods
409:
408:
336:Same-sex marriage
249:Non-binary gender
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
5692:
5650:
5649:
5629:LGBT linguistics
5608:Womyn-born womyn
5433:Lipstick lesbian
5148:
5141:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5100:
5099:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5036:Leap, William L.
5031:
5022:
5021:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4879:
4871:
4869:
4849:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4814:Munson, Benjamin
4810:
4804:
4803:
4783:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4726:Leap, William L.
4721:
4715:
4714:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4637:Leap, William L.
4632:
4626:
4625:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4578:Leap, William L.
4573:
4567:
4566:
4549:Leap, William L.
4544:
4533:
4532:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4441:Leap, William L.
4436:
4427:
4426:
4406:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4367:
4366:
4349:Leap, William L.
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4240:www.advocate.com
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4167:Houghton Mifflin
4157:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4084:. Archived from
4073:
4067:
4066:
4036:
4030:
4029:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3774:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3717:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3668:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3573:(256): 147â175.
3562:
3556:
3555:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3469:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3393:Journal of Voice
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3273:
3272:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3196:
3195:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3127:(5): 656.e13â6.
3120:Journal of Voice
3114:
3108:
3107:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2930:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2823:Sociolinguistics
2798:LGBT stereotypes
2778:He never married
2689:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2526:metonymic models
2517:Prototype theory
2477:speech community
2421:heteropatriarchy
2303:speech community
2115:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
1794:socially salient
1786:stylistic tropes
1757:Speech scientist
1735:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1615:LGBT communities
1591:LGBT linguistics
1580:
1573:
1566:
1552:
1498:LGBT linguistics
1488:Internationalism
1463:Compositionality
1324:Sociolinguistics
1299:Neurolinguistics
1294:Interlinguistics
1279:Ethnomethodology
1121:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1083:
1014:Lesbian feminism
895:Heteropatriarchy
766:Sexual diversity
726:Amatonormativity
709:Social attitudes
623:Military service
502:in New York City
485:New queer cinema
441:African-American
319:
318:
244:Non-heterosexual
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
82:
81:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5638:
5612:
5603:Unicorn hunting
5233:Butch and femme
5181:
5152:
5119:Wayback Machine
5108:
5103:
5077:
5073:
5051:
5047:
5032:
5025:
4981:
4974:
4958:10.1.1.558.7296
4944:American Speech
4939:
4935:
4920:
4916:
4907:(US). pp.
4893:
4889:
4873:
4872:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4722:
4718:
4695:
4691:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4633:
4629:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4545:
4536:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4437:
4430:
4407:
4394:
4379:
4370:
4363:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4300:
4296:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4242:. 2 August 2017
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4112:NCLR Newsletter
4105:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4074:
4070:
4037:
4033:
4000:
3996:
3968:American Speech
3963:
3956:
3937:
3933:
3914:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3863:
3856:
3837:
3833:
3818:
3811:
3800:
3796:
3743:
3739:
3694:
3690:
3645:
3641:
3606:
3602:
3563:
3559:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3505:. p. 173.
3495:
3491:
3446:
3439:
3424:
3420:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3339:
3335:
3313:
3306:
3291:
3276:
3253:
3249:
3238:
3231:
3216:
3199:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3115:
3111:
3097:
3093:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3017:
3013:
3000:, eds. (1997).
2991:
2987:
2980:
2966:
2962:
2931:
2918:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2818:Sexual identity
2717:Gay male speech
2685:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2649:
2643:
2626:are homosexual
2621:
2615:
2607:Western society
2603:
2591:practice theory
2571:
2565:
2552:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2469:
2453:Raciolinguistic
2445:
2405:
2391:
2292:social identity
2290:is one form of
2284:
2252:gender identity
2244:
2231:
2225:
2178:reappropriation
2174:
2168:
2144:
2138:
2129:
1983:
1971:
1958:
1922:Leslie Feinberg
1918:Virginia Prince
1896:
1856:sociolinguistic
1844:tracheal shaves
1820:
1803:
1760:Benjamin Munson
1754:
1733:
1727:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1677:Gay male speech
1673:
1668:
1644:
1584:
1543:
1542:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1343:Writing systems
1234:Anthropological
1224:
1216:
1215:
1166:
1158:
1115:
1074:
1073:
1034:Queer anarchism
999:
991:
990:
863:Straightwashing
848:Criminalization
784:
776:
775:
751:Media portrayal
721:Allonormativity
711:
701:
700:
658:
648:
647:
593:
583:
582:
421:
411:
410:
405:
367:
363:Stonewall riots
358:Same-sex unions
316:
306:
305:
271:Sexual identity
229:Gender variance
219:Gender identity
214:Gender fluidity
180:Gray asexuality
165:
151:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5698:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5598:U-Haul lesbian
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5458:Party and play
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5248:Bottom surgery
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5107:
5106:External links
5104:
5102:
5101:
5071:
5058:Ehrlich, Susan
5045:
5023:
4984:Bucholtz, Mary
4972:
4933:
4914:
4887:
4860:(2): 207â210.
4835:
4824:(5): 416â419.
4805:
4798:
4774:Lakoff, George
4765:
4745:
4739:978-2884491808
4738:
4716:
4689:
4656:
4650:978-2884491808
4649:
4627:
4597:
4591:978-2884491808
4590:
4568:
4562:978-2884491808
4561:
4534:
4515:(3): 329â346.
4497:
4490:
4472:Butler, Judith
4460:
4454:978-2884491808
4453:
4428:
4392:
4368:
4362:978-2884491808
4361:
4339:
4313:
4294:
4291:. p. 781.
4279:
4253:
4227:
4197:
4182:
4175:
4149:
4124:
4099:
4088:on 1 July 2007
4068:
4031:
4012:(4): 383â399.
3994:
3981:10.2307/455469
3954:
3931:
3908:
3894:
3875:(4): 850â876.
3854:
3847:(in Spanish).
3831:
3809:
3794:
3737:
3688:
3639:
3600:
3557:
3518:
3511:
3489:
3437:
3418:
3399:(5): 591â603.
3383:
3369:
3333:
3304:
3274:
3247:
3229:
3197:
3170:
3168:, p. 215.
3158:
3156:, p. 205.
3146:
3109:
3091:
3072:(2): 100â106.
3052:
3043:
3032:(2): 202â240.
3011:
2985:
2979:978-2884491808
2978:
2960:
2916:
2898:
2891:
2856:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Gayle language
2709:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2676:
2660:
2657:
2642:
2639:
2614:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2564:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2532:, in his book
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2468:
2465:
2449:Code-switching
2444:
2441:
2437:Dykes on Bikes
2404:
2401:
2390:
2387:
2338:Gender Trouble
2283:
2280:
2260:psychoanalysis
2243:
2240:
2229:Faggot (slang)
2227:Main article:
2224:
2221:
2208:Dykes on Bikes
2170:Main article:
2167:
2164:
2140:Main article:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1957:
1954:
1895:
1892:
1860:oral resonance
1840:voice training
1828:transmasculine
1819:
1816:
1802:
1799:
1753:
1750:
1675:Main article:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1648:Gershon Legman
1643:
1640:
1609:, advanced by
1605:terms include
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Prescriptivism
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Gender studies
1006:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:
976:
975:
974:
969:
964:
954:
949:
944:
939:
938:
937:
932:
924:
919:
914:
913:
912:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
855:
850:
845:
840:
839:
838:
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
801:
796:
791:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
731:Cisnormativity
728:
723:
718:
712:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
659:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
564:
563:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
522:
521:
516:
506:
505:
504:
494:
493:
492:
487:
482:
472:
467:
466:
465:
463:Largest events
460:
450:
445:
444:
443:
433:
428:
422:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
406:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
366:
365:
360:
355:
353:Gay liberation
350:
345:
340:
339:
338:
327:
324:
323:
317:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
262:
261:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
200:
199:
189:
184:
183:
182:
172:
166:
157:
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
98:
97:
91:
90:
78:
77:
60:September 2020
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5697:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5655:
5654:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Chubby chaser
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5004:(4): 501â47.
5003:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4891:
4883:
4877:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4801:
4799:9780226468037
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4758:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4491:9780415389556
4487:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4283:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4194:. p. 60.
4193:
4186:
4178:
4176:0-618-70172-9
4172:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4138:
4137:Reference.com
4134:
4128:
4121:
4118:(Winter): 1.
4117:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3635:
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3623:
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3615:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3538:(1): 84â105.
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3512:9780748635788
3508:
3504:
3501:. Edinburgh:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3410:
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3398:
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3387:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3327:H. L. Mencken
3322:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3297:. Cambridge:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3243:
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3208:
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3113:
3105:
3101:
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3087:
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3067:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
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3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2975:
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2952:
2948:
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2929:
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2912:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2849:. Edinburgh:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
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2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:Iel (pronoun)
2758:
2755:
2754:Hen (pronoun)
2752:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:Singular they
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
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2699:
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2648:
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2620:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2560:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:George Lakoff
2518:
2503:
2500:
2499:Rusty Barrett
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2440:
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2433:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2397:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2366:transvestites
2363:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2329:gender binary
2326:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:postmodernist
2239:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2194:pride parades
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:like English
1988:
1978:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:singular they
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:transfeminine
1833:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1746:Flemish Dutch
1743:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1576:
1574:
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1567:
1562:
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1559:
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1555:
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1546:
1539:
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1526:
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1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Descriptivism
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1440:Structuralism
1438:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Prague circle
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
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1387:
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1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
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1362:
1359:
1358:
1352:
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1344:
1341:
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1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Documentation
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Computational
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Transfeminism
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:Queer studies
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
936:
935:Vulnerability
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
758:
757:homosexuality
755:Religion and
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
710:
705:
704:
697:
694:
692:
691:Youth suicide
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
668:
664:
661:
660:
657:
652:
651:
644:
641:
639:
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634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
587:
586:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Socialization
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
497:LGBTQ culture
495:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
476:
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343:Homosexuality
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234:Homosexuality
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5651:
5628:
5568:Trans chaser
5553:Trache shave
5353:Female queen
5338:Fag (Faggot)
5273:Castro clone
5094:. New York:
5091:
5074:
5061:
5048:
5039:
5001:
4995:
4951:(1): 32â51.
4948:
4942:
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4876:cite journal
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4838:
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4808:
4784:. Chiacago:
4779:
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4748:
4729:
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4706:
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4617:
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4325:
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4282:
4270:. Retrieved
4266:
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4239:
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4218:. Retrieved
4214:the original
4209:
4200:
4191:
4185:
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4140:. Retrieved
4127:
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4102:
4090:. Retrieved
4086:the original
4081:
4071:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4009:
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3975:(1): 49â71.
3972:
3966:
3948:
3944:
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3925:
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3911:
3897:
3872:
3866:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3824:(Doctoral).
3821:
3803:
3797:
3772:2318/1738105
3754:
3750:
3740:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3620:(1): 53â80.
3617:
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3603:
3570:
3560:
3535:
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3498:
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3427:
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3374:. Retrieved
3347:
3336:
3324:
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3267:. New York:
3264:
3250:
3241:
3219:
3190:. New York:
3187:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3100:Atkins, Dawn
3094:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3046:
3029:
3023:
3014:
3004:. New York:
3001:
2988:
2969:
2963:
2938:
2934:
2911:Sex Variants
2910:
2901:
2866:
2859:
2846:
2813:Queer theory
2783:LGBT culture
2771:Pronoun game
2743:Ri (pronoun)
2696:Bahasa Binan
2673:LGBTQ portal
2650:
2632:
2628:Filipino men
2622:
2604:
2572:
2553:
2533:
2520:
2497:
2486:middle class
2482:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2430:gender norms
2414:
2406:
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2359:
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2322:
2318:
2308:
2300:
2285:
2275:
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2245:
2232:
2201:
2190:dyke marches
2175:
2172:Dyke (slang)
2153:
2149:
2145:
2130:
2118:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:The English
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1930:
1925:
1908:transvestite
1906:
1900:
1897:
1821:
1807:
1804:
1790:marked style
1779:
1775:creaky voice
1755:
1738:front vowels
1680:
1645:
1618:
1611:William Leap
1606:
1590:
1589:
1497:
1386:Glossematics
1366:Constituency
1338:interpreting
1176:Lexicography
1085:LGBTQ portal
1044:Queer theory
1018:
984:Trans people
900:Heterosexism
761:trans people
759: /
696:Detransition
681:Reproduction
669: /
204:Demographics
197:Pansexuality
170:Aromanticism
95:LGBTQ topics
66:
57:
33:
5685:Linguistics
5548:Top surgery
5518:Stone butch
5393:Gay-for-pay
5283:Chickenhawk
5167:transgender
5084:Livia, Anna
4788:. pp.
4699:Livia, Anna
4672:Anna, Livia
4610:Anna, Livia
4606:Livia, Anna
4508:Sexualities
4411:Livia, Anna
4272:21 December
4142:16 November
3257:Livia, Anna
3180:Livia, Anna
2994:Livia, Anna
2745:, Esperanto
2379:masculinity
2364:people and
2362:transgender
2325:iterability
2314:gender role
2037:instead of
2007:neopronouns
1942:neopronouns
1933:transgender
1914:transgender
1902:transsexual
1832:trans women
1782:Robin Queen
1764:back vowels
1652:linguistics
1538:Terminology
1513:Orthography
1433:Usage-based
1334:Translating
1229:Acquisition
1134:Linguistics
972:Trans women
957:Transphobia
926:LGBT youth
922:Lesbophobia
885:Gay bashing
799:AIDS stigma
771:Stereotypes
603:Civil union
551:Subcultures
531:QPR and QPP
514:Pride Month
490:Periodicals
470:Gay village
396:Transgender
391:Bisexuality
296:Transsexual
291:Transgender
286:Trans woman
266:Questioning
224:Gender role
209:Environment
192:Bisexuality
142:Transgender
5669:Categories
5573:Transition
5508:Scissoring
5503:Soft butch
5418:Glory hole
5408:Genderfuck
5263:Bulldagger
5258:Bugchasing
5228:Bi-curious
5088:Hall, Kira
5080:Hall, Kira
5054:Hall, Kira
4988:Hall, Kira
4703:Hall, Kira
4676:Hall, Kira
4614:Hall, Kira
4415:Hall, Kira
4333:2019-01-30
4306:. Malden:
4246:6 February
4220:6 February
4210:British GQ
3460:(1): 499.
3430:(Thesis).
3343:Hall, Kira
3261:Hall, Kira
3184:Hall, Kira
3020:Munson, B.
2998:Hall, Kira
2941:: 243â85.
2907:Legman, G.
2830:References
2793:LGBT slang
2635:Swardspeak
2472:Don Kulick
2186:pejorative
2142:LGBT slang
1997:, and use
1974:Non-binary
1950:Portuguese
1876:Lal Zimman
1812:Lal Zimman
1603:synonymous
1508:Orismology
1393:Functional
1381:Generative
1371:Dependency
1191:Pragmatics
1181:Morphology
1171:Diachronic
905:Homophobia
826:Censorship
573:Moe aikÄne
448:Dyke March
431:Coming out
372:Identities
301:Two-spirit
175:Asexuality
5413:Gold star
5388:Fruit fly
5298:Cottaging
5066:Routledge
4953:CiteSeerX
4529:145152666
4482:Routledge
4063:143473689
4049:: 36â48.
3889:234510212
3789:158507108
3781:2499-1333
3732:237844078
3724:1718-3510
3683:237909648
3675:1718-3510
3634:1747-633X
3595:150715919
3587:0165-2516
3552:2397-2645
3484:214791198
3476:2473-8689
3321:Maledicta
2955:146726837
2803:IsiNgqumo
2756:, Swedish
2739:, English
2653:third sex
2374:pragmatic
2333:abjection
2288:Sexuality
2264:pathology
2160:bathhouse
2127:Phonetics
2046:singular
2039:boyfriend
1924:'s book,
1872:cisgender
1824:trans men
1818:Phonetics
1780:Linguist
1483:Iconicity
1478:Etymology
1398:Cognitive
1361:Formalist
1314:Phonetics
1304:Philology
1196:Semantics
1186:Phonology
967:Trans men
952:Sexualism
942:Migration
890:Gayphobia
794:Arophobia
789:Acephobia
628:Parenting
568:TakatÄpui
526:Queer art
436:Community
348:Movements
281:Trans man
48:talk page
5653:Category
5583:Tribbing
5578:Travesti
5538:Tea-room
5348:Fag stag
5333:En homme
5328:En femme
5313:Down-low
5303:Cruising
5203:Bareback
5163:bisexual
5115:Archived
5090:(eds.).
4990:(2004).
4776:(1987).
4705:(eds.).
4678:(eds.).
4616:(eds.).
4474:(2006).
4417:(eds.).
4169:. 2000.
4133:"Faggot"
4092:17 March
3413:16822646
3263:(eds.).
3186:(eds.).
3141:23876941
3102:(1998).
3086:18954874
2762:, French
2701:Binnen-I
2659:See also
2491:who are
2417:feminist
2396:pronouns
2223:"Faggot"
1987:pronouns
1981:Pronouns
1752:Lesbians
1691:gay lisp
1634:such as
1627:lavender
1284:Forensic
1264:Distance
1211:Typology
1126:a series
1124:Part of
1069:Travesti
979:Violence
868:Bisexual
831:Closeted
821:Bullying
816:Biphobia
618:Marriage
598:Adoption
426:Business
401:Intersex
331:Timeline
239:Intersex
137:Bisexual
87:a series
85:Part of
42:You may
5617:Related
5523:Stealth
5498:Shemale
5473:Post-op
5468:Poppers
5463:Passing
5453:Packing
5443:Muffing
5438:M2F/MTF
5358:F2M/FTM
5343:Fag hag
5278:Chicken
5253:Breeder
5155:Lesbian
5060:(ed.).
5038:(ed.).
5018:6327079
4728:(ed.).
4639:(ed.).
4580:(ed.).
4551:(ed.).
4443:(ed.).
4351:(ed.).
4026:1018102
3757:(1/2).
2272:reflect
2035:partner
1946:Spanish
1884:formant
1874:women.
1771:culture
1687:gay men
1671:Gay men
1642:History
1632:lexicon
1593:is the
1239:Applied
1149:History
1144:Outline
930:Suicide
910:Liberal
873:Lesbian
858:Erasure
843:Comphet
578:Tourism
556:Symbols
419:Culture
386:Gay men
381:Lesbian
322:General
314:History
187:Biology
127:Lesbian
5624:Polari
5563:Tranny
5478:Pre-op
5448:Non-op
5403:Gaymer
5398:Gaydar
5363:Femboy
5208:Banjee
5016:
4955:
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4736:
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2889:
2808:PajubĂĄ
2641:Hijras
2624:Baklas
2575:styles
2410:sexism
2351:Polari
2276:create
2166:"Dyke"
2084:Latinx
2029:, and
1830:) and
1636:Polari
1617:, and
1554:Portal
1452:Topics
1201:Syntax
947:Racism
836:Outing
783:Issues
656:Health
591:Rights
519:Parade
453:Events
163:gender
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
5593:Twink
5588:Troll
5558:Trade
5528:Swish
5483:Queen
5383:Fruit
5368:Femme
5308:Daddy
5268:Butch
5218:Beard
5179:slang
5175:LGBTQ
5171:queer
5014:S2CID
4911:â331.
4848:(PDF)
4790:84â90
4760:(PDF)
4525:S2CID
4263:"Fag"
4059:S2CID
3985:JSTOR
3885:S2CID
3785:S2CID
3728:S2CID
3708:(1).
3679:S2CID
3659:(1).
3591:S2CID
3480:S2CID
3325:What
2951:S2CID
2871:(PDF)
2613:Bakla
2556:LGBTQ
2296:index
2256:Freud
2136:Slang
2005:, or
1834:(and
1826:(and
1768:queer
1734:DRESS
1723:lower
1599:LGBTQ
1154:Index
878:Trans
561:Flags
541:Slang
509:Pride
480:Films
475:Media
254:Queer
147:Queer
50:, or
5543:TERF
5323:Dyke
5318:Drag
5288:Chub
5223:Beat
5213:Bear
5186:List
5169:and
4882:link
4794:ISBN
4734:ISBN
4645:ISBN
4586:ISBN
4557:ISBN
4486:ISBN
4449:ISBN
4357:ISBN
4274:2011
4248:2020
4222:2020
4171:ISBN
4144:2013
4116:2006
4094:2007
4022:PMID
3777:ISSN
3720:ISSN
3671:ISSN
3630:ISSN
3583:ISSN
3548:ISSN
3507:ISBN
3472:ISSN
3409:PMID
3378:2022
3365:ISBN
3137:PMID
3082:PMID
2974:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2182:dyke
2105:iels
2092:elle
2072:and
2058:they
2054:they
2048:they
2013:and
2011:thon
1999:they
1948:and
1905:and
1744:and
1731:and
1728:TRAP
1725:the
1707:and
1336:and
1329:Text
665:and
161:and
5513:SRS
5488:RLE
5238:Boi
5198:Ace
5193:Aro
5159:gay
5006:doi
4963:doi
4909:313
4862:doi
4826:doi
4517:doi
4051:doi
4014:doi
3977:doi
3877:doi
3767:hdl
3759:doi
3710:doi
3661:doi
3622:doi
3575:doi
3540:doi
3462:doi
3401:doi
3357:doi
3129:doi
3074:doi
3034:doi
2943:doi
2879:doi
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2484:at
2355:BBC
2200:),
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1995:she
1993:or
1940:or
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663:MSM
132:Gay
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